The Cold War ContinuesThe Cold War Continues

From the 1970’s From the 1970’s to the Presentto the Present

The Space RaceThe Space Race The U.S. and the Soviet Union were The U.S. and the Soviet Union were

fighting the Cold War by spending money fighting the Cold War by spending money on the tools of war. Many of these tools on the tools of war. Many of these tools were rockets, to send bombs across the were rockets, to send bombs across the world. world.

Americans felt that it would be dangerous Americans felt that it would be dangerous to lose this race. They realized that if the to lose this race. They realized that if the Soviets could work or travel in space, they Soviets could work or travel in space, they could easily spy on or attack the United could easily spy on or attack the United States. States.

The space race began with both countries The space race began with both countries trying to be the first to get a human into trying to be the first to get a human into space.space.

Sputnik LaunchSputnik Launch

Space RaceSpace Race The Soviet Union won the first round with The Soviet Union won the first round with

its launch of Sputnik in 1957.its launch of Sputnik in 1957. In response, the U.S. formed the National In response, the U.S. formed the National

Aeronautic and Space Administration Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA). (NASA).

In July 1969, the U.S. moved ahead in the In July 1969, the U.S. moved ahead in the race by sending a rocket to the moon with race by sending a rocket to the moon with three men aboard. The space craft was three men aboard. The space craft was Apollo 11.Apollo 11.

Since 1969, the U.S. has led the world in Since 1969, the U.S. has led the world in space exploration.space exploration.

Vietnam Vietnam

Vietnam ConflictVietnam Conflict

As part of the policy of containment, As part of the policy of containment, the U.S. tried to keep other countries the U.S. tried to keep other countries from turning communist.from turning communist.

The U.S. government did not want to The U.S. government did not want to declare war against North Vietnam. declare war against North Vietnam. For that reason, the fighting was For that reason, the fighting was officially called the Vietnam Conflict.officially called the Vietnam Conflict.

Troops in VietnamTroops in Vietnam

Vietnam TimelineVietnam Timeline

By 1954, the U.S. was training the South By 1954, the U.S. was training the South Vietnamese to fight the communists.Vietnamese to fight the communists.

By 1963, there were about 17,000 American By 1963, there were about 17,000 American soldiers in Vietnam.soldiers in Vietnam.

Soon U.S. troops were fully involved in combat.Soon U.S. troops were fully involved in combat. By 1969, there were more than 500,000 U.S. By 1969, there were more than 500,000 U.S.

troops in Vietnam. troops in Vietnam. In 1973, U.S. troops withdrew.In 1973, U.S. troops withdrew.

In 1975In 1975, , South Vietnam fell to communist North South Vietnam fell to communist North Vietnam.Vietnam.

The Vietnam ConflictThe Vietnam Conflict U.S. soldiers were dropped into U.S. soldiers were dropped into

jungles with mountainous terrain that jungles with mountainous terrain that was unfamiliar. was unfamiliar.

Guerilla warfare tactics were used that Guerilla warfare tactics were used that included random, surprise attacks that included random, surprise attacks that come from any direction at any time come from any direction at any time of day or night. Sometimes North of day or night. Sometimes North Vietnamese soldiers did not wear Vietnamese soldiers did not wear uniforms so they could not be uniforms so they could not be identified. They often used women identified. They often used women and children in their attacks to deliver and children in their attacks to deliver explosives to kill American soldiers.explosives to kill American soldiers.

Helicopters were used for the first Helicopters were used for the first time in war. It provided mobility in time in war. It provided mobility in moving troops to various locations as moving troops to various locations as well as evacuating the wounded.well as evacuating the wounded.

Vietcong SoldiersVietcong Soldiers

Prisoners of WarPrisoners of War

U.S. Leaders U.S. Leaders

During the course of the Vietnam During the course of the Vietnam Conflict, each of the following men Conflict, each of the following men served as President of the U.S. and served as President of the U.S. and sent money, weapons, and/or troops sent money, weapons, and/or troops to Vietnam:to Vietnam:• Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower• John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy• Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson• Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon

Dwight D. Eisenhower

““Unassisted, Viet-Nam cannot at this Unassisted, Viet-Nam cannot at this time produce and support the military time produce and support the military formations essential to it or, equally formations essential to it or, equally important, the morale—the hope, the important, the morale—the hope, the confidence, the pride—necessary to confidence, the pride—necessary to meet the dual threat of aggression meet the dual threat of aggression from without and subversion within its from without and subversion within its borders.borders.

……Strategically, South Viet-Nam’s Strategically, South Viet-Nam’s capture by the Communists would capture by the Communists would bring their power several hundred bring their power several hundred miles into a hitherto free region. The miles into a hitherto free region. The remaining countries in Southeast Asia remaining countries in Southeast Asia would be menaced by a great flanking would be menaced by a great flanking movement…The loss of South Viet-Nam movement…The loss of South Viet-Nam would set in motion a crumbling would set in motion a crumbling process that could, as it progressed, process that could, as it progressed, have grave consequences for us and have grave consequences for us and for freedom.”for freedom.”

John F. Kennedy “…“…the United States the United States

is determined to help is determined to help Viet-Nam preserve its Viet-Nam preserve its independence, independence, protect its people protect its people against Communist against Communist assassins, and build a assassins, and build a better life through better life through economic growth.”economic growth.”

Lyndon B. Johnson

““It may be helpful to outline four It may be helpful to outline four basic themes that govern our basic themes that govern our policy in Southeast Asia.policy in Southeast Asia.

First, America keeps her word.First, America keeps her word.

Second, the issue is the future of Second, the issue is the future of Southeast Asia as a whole.Southeast Asia as a whole.

Third, our purpose is peace.Third, our purpose is peace.

Fourth, this is not just a jungle Fourth, this is not just a jungle war, but a struggle for freedom on war, but a struggle for freedom on every front of human activity.”every front of human activity.”

Richard Nixon In a nationally televised In a nationally televised

major policy speech on major policy speech on Vietnam on November 3, Vietnam on November 3, 1969 President Nixon 1969 President Nixon said his Administration said his Administration had adopted a plan in co-had adopted a plan in co-operation with the South operation with the South Vietnamese for the Vietnamese for the complete withdrawal of complete withdrawal of all U.S. combat ground all U.S. combat ground forces "on an orderly forces "on an orderly scheduled timetable."scheduled timetable."

The Conflict at HomeThe Conflict at Home At home in the Untied States, people At home in the Untied States, people

watched the fighting in Vietnam on watched the fighting in Vietnam on television. Because this was the first time television. Because this was the first time battles could be filmed and seen on T.V., battles could be filmed and seen on T.V., the fighting seemed more real and harsh the fighting seemed more real and harsh than any war before.than any war before.

Many people began to question what was Many people began to question what was happening in Vietnam. happening in Vietnam.

Anti-war protesters held sit-ins and sang Anti-war protesters held sit-ins and sang protest songs. protest songs.

Some young men who did not want to join Some young men who did not want to join the army, burned their draft cards or the army, burned their draft cards or moved to Canada. These men were called moved to Canada. These men were called “draft dodgers.” “draft dodgers.”

Unequal Opportunities Unequal Opportunities for Womenfor Women

Women in the United States had the same legal Women in the United States had the same legal rights as men, but they did not always have the rights as men, but they did not always have the same opportunities. same opportunities.

The number of women in the workforce increased The number of women in the workforce increased after 1950.after 1950.

Women were generally expected to care for their Women were generally expected to care for their homes and families. Many women still enjoyed homes and families. Many women still enjoyed this traditional role, but by the 1950s, many this traditional role, but by the 1950s, many women looked for work outside the home. women looked for work outside the home.

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act The Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made it illegal to discriminate against of 1964 made it illegal to discriminate against women.women.

Today, women have more opportunities, but it is Today, women have more opportunities, but it is still not equal since many men make more money still not equal since many men make more money than women doing the same job.than women doing the same job.

Pop Culture and Mass MediaPop Culture and Mass Media

Pop culture also began to change after the war.Pop culture also began to change after the war. ““Pop” culture is the culture of average people.Pop” culture is the culture of average people. Television changed how families lived.Television changed how families lived. By the 1950’s:By the 1950’s:

• Families watched tv shows like comedies, sports, and Families watched tv shows like comedies, sports, and game shows while they ate dinnergame shows while they ate dinner

• Homes and furniture changed to make room for tv’s in Homes and furniture changed to make room for tv’s in the living roomthe living room

• The whole country had access to televisionThe whole country had access to television• Television brought the outside world into people’s Television brought the outside world into people’s

homes homes

Pop CulturePop Culture

Cold War TensionsCold War Tensions Rise Again Rise Again

Jimmy Carter was elected President in 1976. One Jimmy Carter was elected President in 1976. One of Carter’s goals was to try to help bring peace of Carter’s goals was to try to help bring peace between Egypt and Israel by diplomatic between Egypt and Israel by diplomatic strategies.strategies.

Diplomacy means solving differences through talk Diplomacy means solving differences through talk and negotiations.and negotiations.

Egypt and Israel are two nations that are among Egypt and Israel are two nations that are among the countries in Southwest Asia that make up the the countries in Southwest Asia that make up the region known as the Middle East. region known as the Middle East.

Egypt and Israel had been enemies for a long Egypt and Israel had been enemies for a long time and had fought several wars. Carter invited time and had fought several wars. Carter invited the leaders of both nations to the United States. the leaders of both nations to the United States. They worked out a peace treaty, which was They worked out a peace treaty, which was signed in March 1979. signed in March 1979.

The Cold War WeaponsThe Cold War Weapons When the 1980s began, no end was in sight for the When the 1980s began, no end was in sight for the

Cold War.Cold War. The new President, Ronald Reagan, believed the U.S. The new President, Ronald Reagan, believed the U.S.

needed to strengthen its military in order to block needed to strengthen its military in order to block the Soviets from spreading communism around the the Soviets from spreading communism around the world. world.

The United States and the Soviet Union was The United States and the Soviet Union was spending large amounts of money on weapons.spending large amounts of money on weapons.

The Soviet economy was not as strong as the United The Soviet economy was not as strong as the United States economy. The Soviet Union was spending so States economy. The Soviet Union was spending so much money on weapons that their people often did much money on weapons that their people often did not have enough food or other necessities. The not have enough food or other necessities. The Soviet people were tired of having no rights and so Soviet people were tired of having no rights and so few freedoms. few freedoms.

Mikhail Gorbachev:Mikhail Gorbachev:A New Kind of Soviet LeaderA New Kind of Soviet Leader

In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the new In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the new leader of the Soviet Union.leader of the Soviet Union.

Gorbachev began allowing more political and Gorbachev began allowing more political and economic freedom. economic freedom.

Relations with the United States began to Relations with the United States began to improve. improve.

In 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed a new In 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed a new arms control agreement. The U.S. and the Soviet arms control agreement. The U.S. and the Soviet Union agreed to destroy some of their nuclear Union agreed to destroy some of their nuclear weapons. The arms race was over.weapons. The arms race was over.

George Bush was elected President in 1989. George Bush was elected President in 1989. Bush continued working with Gorbachev to ease Bush continued working with Gorbachev to ease Cold War tensions. Cold War tensions.

The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall

Meanwhile, people in Eastern Europe Meanwhile, people in Eastern Europe gained more freedoms and they began gained more freedoms and they began working to overthrow their communist working to overthrow their communist governments. Communists governments governments. Communists governments were often replaced with elected were often replaced with elected governments and free enterprise governments and free enterprise economies. economies.

The Berlin Wall, a visible example of The Berlin Wall, a visible example of communist control, was destroyed. The communist control, was destroyed. The Cold War was overCold War was over. .

Former Soviet UnionFormer Soviet Union

A New Role in the WorldA New Role in the World After the fall of communism, the United After the fall of communism, the United

States was the world’s only superpower. States was the world’s only superpower. This position brought many new This position brought many new

challenges and questions, such as: how challenges and questions, such as: how should the United States use its power? should the United States use its power? Should the American government and Should the American government and military play a leading role in trying to end military play a leading role in trying to end conflicts around the world? The United conflicts around the world? The United States faced these questions in the Persian States faced these questions in the Persian Gulf War. Gulf War.

South AfricaSouth Africa At the same time, the end of apartheid, or racial At the same time, the end of apartheid, or racial

segregation, was a major development in South segregation, was a major development in South Africa.Africa.

Under apartheid, black South Africans were not Under apartheid, black South Africans were not allowed to vote and they had few rights. allowed to vote and they had few rights.

Apartheid finally came to an end in the early Apartheid finally came to an end in the early 1990s. 1990s.

In 1994, black and white South Africans elected In 1994, black and white South Africans elected Nelson Mandela as their President. Mandela had Nelson Mandela as their President. Mandela had spent 28 years in prison for leading opposition to spent 28 years in prison for leading opposition to apartheid. Now he was the leader of a changing apartheid. Now he was the leader of a changing nation. nation.

The period, 1964 - 1990, The period, 1964 - 1990, was Nelson Mandela's was Nelson Mandela's prison years. He was prison years. He was sentenced to life sentenced to life imprisonment in June imprisonment in June 1964 and sent to Robben 1964 and sent to Robben Island maximum security Island maximum security prison. He was held there prison. He was held there until April 1982 when he until April 1982 when he was transferred to was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town. In December 1988 Town. In December 1988 he was moved to Victor he was moved to Victor Verster Prison near Paarl Verster Prison near Paarl and held there until his and held there until his release on 11 February release on 11 February 19901990..

In my country we go to prison first and then become President. Nelson Mandela

Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War In 1990, Iraq invaded its neighbor Kuwait. Iraq’s In 1990, Iraq invaded its neighbor Kuwait. Iraq’s

dictator, Saddam Hussein, wanted to take control dictator, Saddam Hussein, wanted to take control of Kuwait’s rich oil supply. The United Nations of Kuwait’s rich oil supply. The United Nations demanded that Iraq leave Kuwait, but Hussein demanded that Iraq leave Kuwait, but Hussein refused and President George Bush sent American refused and President George Bush sent American troops to the Middle East. troops to the Middle East.

The hope was that the presence of American The hope was that the presence of American troops would prevent Iraq from invading Saudi troops would prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia. Arabia.

Hussein was ordered to withdraw troops by Hussein was ordered to withdraw troops by January 15, 1991, but he refused. The United January 15, 1991, but he refused. The United States led an alliance of more than 20 nations in States led an alliance of more than 20 nations in Operation Desert Storm. Operation Desert Storm.

The fighting lasted only six weeks. Iraq was The fighting lasted only six weeks. Iraq was driven from Kuwait. driven from Kuwait.

Saddam HusseinSaddam Hussein

The InternetThe Internet One of the most important developments of the 1990s was One of the most important developments of the 1990s was

the rise of the Internet. the rise of the Internet. The Internet is a world wide network of computers. The Internet is a world wide network of computers. The Internet started as a result of the Cold War. During the The Internet started as a result of the Cold War. During the

1960s, the United States wanted to build a communications 1960s, the United States wanted to build a communications system that would continue working even after a nuclear system that would continue working even after a nuclear attack. American scientists came up with the idea of attack. American scientists came up with the idea of linking computers together. linking computers together.

At first, only the military and universities used this network. At first, only the military and universities used this network. As the Internet grew, it became important to businesses, As the Internet grew, it became important to businesses, and soon people could access the Internet from their and soon people could access the Internet from their homes. homes.

Today, millions of people use the Internet every day to Today, millions of people use the Internet every day to receive news, shop online, play games, do research, and receive news, shop online, play games, do research, and send e-mails. The Internet has dramatically changed the send e-mails. The Internet has dramatically changed the way people communicate, learn, and do business.way people communicate, learn, and do business.

The internet has had a huge impact on the economy around The internet has had a huge impact on the economy around the world.the world.

September 11, 2001September 11, 2001 September 11, 2001 is a famous date in our September 11, 2001 is a famous date in our

history. On that date, terrorists carried out a history. On that date, terrorists carried out a massive attack against the United States. massive attack against the United States.

Terrorists are people who use violence and fear to Terrorists are people who use violence and fear to try to achieve their goals.try to achieve their goals.

Early in the morning of September 11Early in the morning of September 11thth, a group , a group of terrorists hijacked four airplanes. They flew of terrorists hijacked four airplanes. They flew two airplanes and crashed into the twin towers of two airplanes and crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center. They crashed a third the World Trade Center. They crashed a third plane into the Pentagon. The fourth hijacked plane into the Pentagon. The fourth hijacked plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania.

More than 3,000 people were killed including More than 3,000 people were killed including people from 90 different countries. people from 90 different countries.

Americans UnitedAmericans United The American people united with courage and The American people united with courage and

caring in response to the attacks. caring in response to the attacks. President George W. Bush said, “As long as the President George W. Bush said, “As long as the

United States of America is determined and United States of America is determined and strong, this will not be an age of terror. This will strong, this will not be an age of terror. This will be an age of liberty here and across the world.”be an age of liberty here and across the world.”

He declared a war on terrorism. He asked He declared a war on terrorism. He asked Congress for laws that would make it easier to Congress for laws that would make it easier to find terrorists in the U.S.find terrorists in the U.S.

The “Patriot Act” gave new powers to the The “Patriot Act” gave new powers to the government.government.

It allowed the government to monitor the It allowed the government to monitor the American people to find terrorists.American people to find terrorists.

George W. BushGeorge W. Bush

On September the 11th, enemies of On September the 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war freedom committed an act of war against our country. Americans against our country. Americans have known wars, but for the past have known wars, but for the past 136 years they have been wars on 136 years they have been wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941. Americans have known the in 1941. Americans have known the casualties of war, but not at the casualties of war, but not at the center of a great city on a peaceful center of a great city on a peaceful morning.morning.

Americans have known surprise Americans have known surprise attacks, but never before on attacks, but never before on thousands of civilians.thousands of civilians.

All of this was brought upon us in a All of this was brought upon us in a single day, and night fell on a single day, and night fell on a different world, a world where different world, a world where freedom itself is under attack.freedom itself is under attack.

The Struggle Against TerrorismThe Struggle Against Terrorism The United States determined that the attacks were The United States determined that the attacks were

planned by a terrorist group called al Qaeda (al KEYE dah).planned by a terrorist group called al Qaeda (al KEYE dah). Al Qaeda was headed by Osama bin Laden. Al Qaeda was headed by Osama bin Laden. Since 1997, al Qaeda had been based in the country of Since 1997, al Qaeda had been based in the country of

Afghanistan. Afghanistan. The U.S. demanded that Afghanistan capture Osama bin The U.S. demanded that Afghanistan capture Osama bin

Laden but the government of Afghanistan, the Taliban, Laden but the government of Afghanistan, the Taliban, refused. refused.

President Bush and Congress decided to take military President Bush and Congress decided to take military action. On October 7, 2001, U.S. forces began attacking action. On October 7, 2001, U.S. forces began attacking Taliban troops and al Qaeda training bases in Afghanistan. Taliban troops and al Qaeda training bases in Afghanistan. In December 2001, the Taliban government surrendered. In December 2001, the Taliban government surrendered.

Some terrorists were captured, but Osama bin Laden Some terrorists were captured, but Osama bin Laden escaped. escaped.

Working with the United Nations, the United States began Working with the United Nations, the United States began helping Afghanistan rebuild and establish a new, helping Afghanistan rebuild and establish a new, democratic government. democratic government.

War In IraqWar In Iraq President Bush told the American people that the fighting in President Bush told the American people that the fighting in

Afghanistan was the beginning of a long, difficult war Afghanistan was the beginning of a long, difficult war against terrorists around the world.against terrorists around the world.

When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, part of the agreement When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, part of the agreement to end the war included Saddam Hussein’s promise to to end the war included Saddam Hussein’s promise to destroy Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction.destroy Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction.

Weapons of mass destruction include nuclear weapons and Weapons of mass destruction include nuclear weapons and weapons that spread poison chemicals or deadly diseases. weapons that spread poison chemicals or deadly diseases.

Saddam Hussein did not cooperate with the United Nations. Saddam Hussein did not cooperate with the United Nations. The United States and Great Britain led a group of military The United States and Great Britain led a group of military troops to remove Hussein from power. troops to remove Hussein from power.

On March 20, 2003, American forces began bombing On March 20, 2003, American forces began bombing Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. After the war, the Iraqi people Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. After the war, the Iraqi people pulled down a statue of Saddam Hussein. pulled down a statue of Saddam Hussein.

Saddam Hussein was captured, and a trial was held in Iraq. Saddam Hussein was captured, and a trial was held in Iraq. Hussein was found guilty and was put to death in 2006. Hussein was found guilty and was put to death in 2006.

War continuesWar continues

The war in Iraq is still a dangerous The war in Iraq is still a dangerous war.war.

American troops do not control the American troops do not control the whole country.whole country.

American troops are still in American troops are still in Afghanistan to help with controlling Afghanistan to help with controlling the insurgents.the insurgents.

Terrorism remains a problem for the Terrorism remains a problem for the whole world.whole world.

Current IssuesCurrent Issues

The U.S. elected our first African The U.S. elected our first African American President in November American President in November 2008. 2008.

Barak Obama took office in January Barak Obama took office in January 2009.2009.

He has faced many difficulties in his He has faced many difficulties in his short time as president, such as the short time as president, such as the suffering economy and continued suffering economy and continued acts of terrorism.acts of terrorism.

Barak ObamaBarak Obama

NAFTANAFTA

AmendmentsAmendments 1313thth Amendment which set slaves free Amendment which set slaves free 1414thth Amendment which gave citizenship to all born in Amendment which gave citizenship to all born in

the U.S.the U.S. 1515thth Amendment which gave all men the right to Amendment which gave all men the right to

vote regardless of skin colorvote regardless of skin color 1616thth Amendment approved income tax Amendment approved income tax 1919thth Amendment gave women the right to vote Amendment gave women the right to vote 2323rdrd Amendment allowed citizens in Washington, Amendment allowed citizens in Washington,

D.C. the right to vote (because it is not a state)D.C. the right to vote (because it is not a state) 2424thth Amendment ended poll taxes being charged Amendment ended poll taxes being charged 2626thth Amendment changed the legal voting age to 18 Amendment changed the legal voting age to 18