The Cold War Heats UpThe Cold War Heats Up

Section 2 and 3Section 2 and 3

The unsuccessful United NationsThe unsuccessful United Nations

• The international community looked to the United Nations to protect

• Because the Soviet Union was on the Security Council they used their veto power to dismiss postwar problems

• St. Laurent- was the Canadian Foreign Minister who proposed creating an organization to protect against Soviet agression

NATONATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization was developed, based on collective security, “an attack on one is an attack on all.”

• Canada, US, Italy, France, Britain etc.

• In response to NATO, the Soviet Union will create the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance with its satellite nations

Fear of Communism Grows Fear of Communism Grows StrongerStronger

• Two events heightened our fear:• Truman made the announcement that the Soviet

Union had an atomic bomb• Communist take over China

Problems in ChinaProblems in China

• China’s civil war between the Nationalists and the Communists had been an ongoing battle but was stopped in order to fend off Japan in WW II

• Now, Communist leader Mao Zedong and Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek

• The US at first helped the Nationalist but realized it was a lost battle and focused more on supporting Europe from communism

Communism at HomeCommunism at Home

• During the Great Depression many Americans joined the communist party because of disbelief in the American system

• During Stalin’s reign, people started to question and distrust the communists

• In America, those people that were communist were disregarded and their 1st amendment rights were attacked

Anxiety SpreadsAnxiety Spreads

• Americans saw the spread of communism as a threat

• China, most of Europe etc. had fallen to this opposite form of government

• There were many professionals, rumors of politicians and spies who were “communists”

HUACHUAC

• House Un-American Activities Committee, developed in 1938 to investigate disloyalty but now was used to probe out Communists in the government

• HUAC will pinpoint Hollywood because they power to influence the public

The Hollywood TenThe Hollywood Ten

• 1947, HUAC called a number of Hollywood big dogs to testify

• The Hollywood figures had little chance to defend themselves against flimsy evidence that they were communists

• When they tried to speak they were told to shut up, they refused to testify, held in contempt and served jail time

BlacklistsBlacklists

• People were outraged by the behavior of the Hollywood big stars and created a Blacklist of people who should not be hired

• Films stopped dealing with social issues such as racism and anti-Semitism

McCarran Walter ActMcCarran Walter Act

• Senator McCarran was convinced that disloyal Americans came from other countries or immigrants

• McCarran Walter Act reaffirmed the quota system and discriminated against Asian and Southern and Central European immigrants

• Truman refused to sign, said it was “ the most un-American thing he has ever seen” but was passed over the president’s veto

Can’t Trust Your NeighborsCan’t Trust Your Neighbors

• There were • 2 spy cases that really causes people to

question• 1. Alger Hiss- State department official was

accused of being a communist by Whittaker Chambers, a communist and former Time editor

• Hiss sued Whittaker but was accused of lying to a jury, and he went to jail, many felt unrightfully

ARE YOU A COMMY?ARE YOU A COMMY?

• Just a few months after Alger’s conviction Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were communists were blamed for giving out secrets to the atomic bomb

• They were found guilty of espionage and executed in 1953

• Later, after investigation of secret documents, Hiss and Rosenberg were found to guilty, Ethel was said to have known a bit but was not guilty of espionage

The Korean War, America’s The Korean War, America’s Forgotten WarForgotten War

• There had been continuous tension between China and communists and Japan

• Their was a massacre between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists

• Nationalists lost support because of their harsh treatment, high taxes, and corruption

• Mao promised equality and the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan

Dividing KoreaDividing Korea

• Korea was under the harsh rule of Japan during WW II

• They hoped that after the war ended their nation would be restored but careful plans for independence were at the end of everyone’s list

• The agreement for the time was that Soviet troops took control of the north of the 38th parellel and the US allies to the South

What Changed????What Changed????

• Because of US and Soviet presence, the North and the South became communist and pro-American

• Our forces and Soviet withdrew in 1948 and 49

• 1950 Northern troops stormed across the 38th parallel determined to reunite Korea by force

The FightThe Fight

• The US was shocked and blamed the Soviets, wrongly, they were up to it

• Now the US was scared because China was communist and now Korea

• Truman felt that through the US new policy they had to act to meet the challenger and help the weak

The disagreement at the UNThe disagreement at the UN

• The US refused to vote China into the UN, the Soviet walked out in anger, they were not there to veto the conversation on North Korea

• Everyone agreed to help the South and send in troops

• Truman sent the 17th fleet to Taiwan and air, naval and later ground troops to South Korea

Another WarAnother War

• The US will provide 80% of the fire power for this war

• Douglas MacArthur led US forces in Korea

• He was responsible for establishing a new government in Japan and most strategy in the Pacific

• Rhee, the brutal president of Korea was supported by the United States

Strategize!!!!Strategize!!!!

• MacArthur was successful in pushing back the North Koreans by attacking at Inchon behind enemy supply lines

• North Koreans went back behind the 38th parallel and there was talk of UNITED Korea but the Chinese communists feared a western take over

• They will warn the UN not to come over the border but MacArthur does not listen

Stalemate……..Stalemate……..

• The Chinese troops enforced with North Korean troops pushed UN forces past the Yalu river

• A stalemate occurred, and MacArthur wanted to open a second front

• Truman opposed the strategy fearing it would lead to wide spread war

• MacArthur will publicly attack the President’s strategy and Truman will fire him

Effects of the Korean WarEffects of the Korean War

• US frustration• 54,000 were killed and for what?• 103,000 were wounded• First war in which the whites served with blacks• Now we had permanent mobilization• Created a military-industrial complex combining

military and science employing 3.5 million

FINAL OUTLINEFINAL OUTLINE

McCarthy’s RiseMcCarthy’s Rise

• Senator McCarthy had the idea that 205 communists were in the government

• Sparked a communist scare in the US

• McCarthyism- baseless claims and bullying by McCarthy of supposed communists

• Lost creditability when went against the army televised

The years of EisenhowerThe years of Eisenhower

• Eisenhower will continue containment without the risk of war with the Soviets

• Stalin died suddenly in March of 53 and more moderate leaders came to power

• There were also problems in the Middle East- Jews sought refuge in Palestine controlled by British

• Disputes between Arabs and Jews, each wanted their own state

• Israel was Jewish and Arabs attacked

Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons

• The US and the Soviet Union were in an arms race- the struggle to gain military superiority

• Deterrence- US made their military so strong that no enemy would dare to attack

• One of our tests was 750 times stronger than the bombs dropped on Japan

• Brinkmanship-if you are afraid to go to the brink you are lost

Soviets Push AheadSoviets Push Ahead

• We were having problems launching the nuclear bombs

• The Soviet launched the Sputnik, the rocket used to launch it into space could launch bombs to American shores

Postwar EconomyPostwar Economy

• US gross national product jumped• Per capita income- the average annual income

per person increased 1,223 to 2,219• Industry focused again on consumer goods• Businesses developed conglomerates a

corporation made up of three or more unrelated businesses, because of fear of what happened during the depression

• Franchises also opened- first one McDonald’s because of new machinery

New TechnologyNew Technology

• Television- technology had been developed in 1920’s but was halted because of war (Mickey Mouse Club, American Bandstand)

• Computers became big• Nuclear power was on the rise Walt

Disney will explain to children• Advances in medicine- polio, penicillin,

heart defects

Baby BoomBaby Boom

• With people making more money and living better the birth rate will skyrocket in the mid-1940’s

• Growing families needed more room to live, so the GI Bill of Rights gave low interest mortgages to purchase new homes and educational stipends for college

• Growth of suburbs caused auto makers to change designs and highways to be built

The EndThe End

• Hand out review• Test on Thursday• A bit about Vietnam and Civil Rights• Monday and Tuesday Final Review sheet

(extra credit)• Add up skips for points• Finals