The colonies were generally unpreparedThe colonies were generally unprepared for warfor war

Unformed nationUnformed nation1/3 population of Britain1/3 population of BritainInferior economic and Inferior economic and military resourcesmilitary resourcesEnemy: world’s greatest armed powerEnemy: world’s greatest armed powerAmericans deeply dividedAmericans deeply divided

The Second Continental CongressThe Second Continental CongressTwo polesTwo polesPole 1: John Adams, Samuel AdamsPole 1: John Adams, Samuel Adams

Richard Henry Lee:Richard Henry Lee:Complete independence Complete independence

The Second Continental CongressThe Second Continental CongressTwo polesTwo poles

Pole 2: John Dickinson of PA and other Pole 2: John Dickinson of PA and other moderates: modest reforms in the moderates: modest reforms in the imperial relationship that would permit imperial relationship that would permit early reconciliationearly reconciliation

Olive Branch Petition Olive Branch Petition

King rejected, proclaimed colonies inKing rejected, proclaimed colonies in rebellionrebellion and asked Parliament for naval and asked Parliament for naval blockade.blockade.

One last conciliatory appeal to the kingOne last conciliatory appeal to the king

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity…Declaration of the Causes and Necessity…British government had left the colonies withBritish government had left the colonies withonly 2 alternatives: unconditional submissiononly 2 alternatives: unconditional submissionto the tyranny of irritated ministers or to the tyranny of irritated ministers or resistance by force.resistance by force.

47 page pamphlet47 page pamphletExpose folly of continuing to Expose folly of continuing to believe reconciliation was believe reconciliation was possible possible Root of the problem was Root of the problem was the English Constitutionthe English ConstitutionThe king and the system thatThe king and the system that permitted him to rule that permitted him to rule that was to blamewas to blameEngland was no more fit to rule England was no more fit to rule the the American continent than a American continent than a satellite was satellite was fit to rule the sunfit to rule the sun

Thomas Paine: Thomas Paine: Common Sense-Common Sense-

The SecondThe SecondContinental Continental CongressCongress

Independence Hall in Philadelphia, PA

Met in May 1775Met in May 1775;;by June, most by June, most Delegates favored Delegates favored independence independence Congress president Congress president John HancockJohn Hancock

Selected a Committee of Five Selected a Committee of Five to write a Declaration of to write a Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

The Committee of Five:

B. FranklinChairman

T. Jefferson

R. Sherman J. Adams

R. Livingston

The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence In writing the Declaration, Jefferson In writing the Declaration, Jefferson drew upon the writings of drew upon the writings of Enlightenment authors Enlightenment authors John Locke John Locke

and Jean Jacques and Jean Jacques RousseauRousseau

June 7, 1776—Richard Henry June 7, 1776—Richard Henry Lee of Virginia moved that Lee of Virginia moved that “ “these United Colonies are, these United Colonies are, and of a right ought to be,and of a right ought to be, free and independent States.”free and independent States.”

George Mason of George Mason of Virginia: “All menVirginia: “All menare created equal.”are created equal.”

                                

Colonists in 1775Colonists in 1775

PATRIOTSPATRIOTS LOYALISTSLOYALISTS

divideddivided

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation

Created by the Second Continental Created by the Second Continental Congress in 1777; ratified March 1781Congress in 1777; ratified March 1781Loosely tied together the 13 Loosely tied together the 13 independent statesindependent states

Had to be ratified by all 13 states Had to be ratified by all 13 states Many leaders wanted a loose Many leaders wanted a loose confederation of independent states confederation of independent states because they feared a strong because they feared a strong national government as being a threat national government as being a threat to states and individual freedoms to states and individual freedoms

Challenges in Equipping Continental ArmyChallenges in Equipping Continental ArmyPrimarily captured weapons and materielPrimarily captured weapons and materielSome obtained from friendly nationsSome obtained from friendly nationsInsufficient American industryInsufficient American industryCongress had to request funds from Congress had to request funds from state governmentsstate governmentsCongress sold long-term bonds; fewCongress sold long-term bonds; few Americans could afford themAmericans could afford themCongress issued paper moneyCongress issued paper money Led to inflationLed to inflationBorrowed heavily from friendly nationsBorrowed heavily from friendly nations

Continental Army and colonial Continental Army and colonial militias.militias.Commander in Chief:Commander in Chief:

George Washington George Washington ofof Virginia—43 year oldVirginia—43 year old veteran of French &veteran of French & Indian War.Indian War.

Symbol of stability around Symbol of stability around which soldiers and the which soldiers and the nation could rally. Most successful nation could rally. Most successful in in holding the new nation together.holding the new nation together.

Respective advantages/disadvantagesRespective advantages/disadvantagesBritish:British: Greatest navyGreatest navy Best-equipped army Best-equipped army Resources of an Resources of an empireempire Coherent structure of Coherent structure of commandcommand

But…several egregious blunders and But…several egregious blunders and miscalculationsmiscalculations

Respective advantages/disadvantagesRespective advantages/disadvantagesAmerican:American: Fighting on their own Fighting on their own groundground Many Americans Many Americans deeply committeddeeply committed British people only British people only half-hearted support half-hearted support for the warfor the war Substantial support from abroad Substantial support from abroad

Three phases of the warThree phases of the war

Phase 1: New Phase 1: New England and England and CanadaCanadaPhase 2: Mid-Phase 2: Mid- Atlantic RegionAtlantic RegionPhase 3: The Phase 3: The SouthSouth

The Battle of Bunker HillThe Battle of Bunker HillJune 1775—colonials laying siege to June 1775—colonials laying siege to Boston.Boston.

June 17, 1775—Gage attacks Breed’s Hill,June 17, 1775—Gage attacks Breed’s Hill, north of Boston, with 2,400 Redcoats north of Boston, with 2,400 Redcoats Colonel Prescott: “Don’t fire until youColonel Prescott: “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”see the whites of their eyes.”British hampered by heat and heavyBritish hampered by heat and heavy uniforms. uniforms.

Colonials fight back 2 charges then runColonials fight back 2 charges then run low on ammunition. low on ammunition. Redcoats take hill.Redcoats take hill.

The Battle of Bunker HillThe Battle of Bunker HillCasualties:Casualties:Colonials Colonials BritishBritish

311311 1000 1000Deadliest battle of American Revolution.Deadliest battle of American Revolution.

Canadian operations Canadian operations

ArnoldArnold

MontgomerMontgomeryy

Convinced British not a local MA affair Convinced British not a local MA affair

““These are times that try men’s souls.”These are times that try men’s souls.” Thomas PaineThomas Paine

The Howes: General William The Howes: General William and Admiral Richard (top)and Admiral Richard (top)

Battle of LongBattle of Long Island—MarchIsland—March 1776-August1776-August 1776.1776.

British:British:32,000 regulars32,000 regularsHessian mercenariesHessian mercenaries

Continental Army:Continental Army:19,000 untrained 19,000 untrained recruits/poor equipmentrecruits/poor equipment

British victory: heavy British victory: heavy continental lossescontinental losses

Washington retreats across Washington retreats across Delaware River into PA.Delaware River into PA.

Christmas night, 1776 Washington Christmas night, 1776 Washington leads the Continental Army across the leads the Continental Army across the Delaware River into New Jersey.Delaware River into New Jersey.Key victory: Battle of TrentonKey victory: Battle of Trenton— —

--surprise attack, --surprise attack, defeated defeated HessiansHessians with minimal with minimal

ammunition.ammunition.

January 1777,January 1777, American victory American victory Battle of PrincetonBattle of Princeton

Spring 1777, General Howe Spring 1777, General Howe winswins Battle of Brandywine CreekBattle of Brandywine Creek thenthentakes Philadelphia. takes Philadelphia. Also wins laterAlso wins laterBattle at Germantown in MarylandBattle at Germantown in Maryland..

Spring 1777—British plan: Burgoyne Spring 1777—British plan: Burgoyne moves south from Canada moves south from Canada to link to link with Howe in Albany, NY.with Howe in Albany, NY.

Continentals harassed Continentals harassed British in wooded British in wooded areas; many British areas; many British casualties. Finallycasualties. Finally surrounded andsurrounded and defeated defeated by Benedict by Benedict Arnold and Horatio Arnold and Horatio GatesGates at Saratoga.at Saratoga.

Battle of SaratogaBattle of Saratoga

Burgoyne surrenders to Burgoyne surrenders to Gates Gates

Results of Battle of SaratogaResults of Battle of SaratogaBritish remained along seacoast British remained along seacoast for remainder of war.for remainder of war.British confidence dropped—British confidence dropped—diddid not previously believe colonials not previously believe colonials could defeat them in battle.could defeat them in battle.Led to alliance with France (1778)Led to alliance with France (1778) and French commitment to sendand French commitment to send troops as well as weapons andtroops as well as weapons and ammunition.ammunition.

Winter 1778--Winter 1778--Howe still controlled PhiladelphiaHowe still controlled PhiladelphiaContinental Army—deadly winterContinental Army—deadly winter at Valley Forge, PA at Valley Forge, PA Little funds for supplies or toLittle funds for supplies or to pay troops.pay troops.Congress sold bonds toCongress sold bonds to American investors & foreignAmerican investors & foreign governmentsgovernmentsCongress printed AmericanCongress printed American money leading to money leading to inflation.inflation.

Europeans aided AmericansEuropeans aided AmericansBaron Friedrich von Baron Friedrich von SteubenSteuben from Prussia from PrussiaDrillmasterDrillmaster—made—made““soldiers out of countrysoldiers out of country bumpkins.”bumpkins.”

Marquis de Lafayette—Marquis de Lafayette— 20 year old French 20 year old French aristocrataristocrat

The War in the SouthThe War in the South

The War in the SouthThe War in the SouthBritish government British government imposed new limits onimposed new limits on its commitment to the its commitment to the war after Saratogawar after SaratogaDecided to enlist the Decided to enlist the support of loyalists in order to underminesupport of loyalists in order to undermine the Revolution from withinthe Revolution from within

The War in the SouthThe War in the South

End 1778:End 1778:Lord CornwallisLord Cornwallis takes Savannahtakes Savannah

May 1780—May 1780— Cornwallis and Cornwallis and Henry Clinton takeHenry Clinton takeCharles Town, SC—Charles Town, SC—5,500 American POW.5,500 American POW.

The War in the SouthThe War in the SouthJanuary 1781January 1781Battle of CowpensBattle of Cowpens

The PatriotThe Patriot

Guilford Court HouseGuilford Court HouseCostly British win—Costly British win—Lost 25% of force.Lost 25% of force.

The War in the SouthThe War in the South

Continental Army, one French army Continental Army, one French army and 2 French fleets surroundand 2 French fleets surround Cornwallis.Cornwallis. One month siege. One month siege. Cornwallis surrendered 17 Oct 1781Cornwallis surrendered 17 Oct 1781

Battle of Battle of YorktownYorktown

Brumidi: “The Surrender of Cornwallis Brumidi: “The Surrender of Cornwallis

Treaty of ParisTreaty of ParisSeptember 1783September 1783

U.S., GB, FranceU.S., GB, France and Spainand Spain

U.S. negotiators: John Adams, U.S. negotiators: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin & John JayBenjamin Franklin & John JayGreat Britain, France & SpainGreat Britain, France & Spain recognized U. S. independencerecognized U. S. independence

Nation’s borders confirmedNation’s borders confirmed

Loyalists after the RevolutionLoyalists after the RevolutionHounded by PatriotsHounded by PatriotsHarassed by judicial Harassed by judicial & legislative actions& legislative actions100,000 fled to 100,000 fled to England and to England and to Canada: created Canada: created the first English-the first English- speaking community speaking community in Quebecin Quebec

Social Change after the Social Change after the RevolutionRevolutionAnglican Church disestablished Anglican Church disestablished and and government subsidies government subsidies eliminated eliminated

Social Change after the Social Change after the RevolutionRevolutionQuakers in Pennsylvania were Quakers in Pennsylvania were weakened weakened

Social Change after the Social Change after the RevolutionRevolutionPosition of Catholics improvedPosition of Catholics improved(Charles Carroll) (Charles Carroll)

Social Change after the Social Change after the RevolutionRevolutionAfrican Americans African Americans

Some: freedom, most noSome: freedom, most no changechangeRevolution exposed the Revolution exposed the continuing tension continuing tension between the nation’s between the nation’s commitment to liberty andcommitment to liberty and its commitment to slaveryits commitment to slavery

Social Change after the Social Change after the RevolutionRevolutionNative Americans Native Americans

Most tribes ultimately Most tribes ultimately chose to stay out of thechose to stay out of the warwarRevolution greatly Revolution greatly weakened the positionweakened the position of Native Americans in several of Native Americans in several waysways

Social Change after the Social Change after the RevolutionRevolutionWomen Women Left in charge of Left in charge of familiesfamiliesSome food riots and Some food riots and attacks on British attacks on British troopstroopsCamp followersCamp followersMolly PitcherMolly PitcherWomen of significant value to Women of significant value to army army

Social Change after the Social Change after the RevolutionRevolutionWomen Women Unmarried: some legal Unmarried: some legal rightsrightsMarried: no rights at allMarried: no rights at all No propertyNo property No contractsNo contracts No legal authority over herNo legal authority over her childrenchildren No voting No voting Revolution did little to Revolution did little to changechange

Concept of republicanismConcept of republicanismPower came from Power came from people people Ideal of small Ideal of small freeholderfreeholderConcept of equalityConcept of equalityNo aristocracyNo aristocracyNo equality of condition, but equality No equality of condition, but equality of opportunityof opportunityExcluded women, blacks, Native Excluded women, blacks, Native Amer. Amer.

Two phases of state Two phases of state constitutions constitutions All written All written Phase 1Phase 1Fear of bloated executiveFear of bloated executive powerpowerPowerful legislaturesPowerful legislaturesProperty requirements forProperty requirements for voters in all statesvoters in all states

Two phases of state Two phases of state constitutions constitutions Phase 2Phase 2Significant strengtheningSignificant strengthening of executiveof executive Directly electedDirectly elected Fixed salaryFixed salary Expanded appointment Expanded appointment powerspowers Veto powerVeto powerMore balance in governmentMore balance in government

During the Revolutionary War,During the Revolutionary War, the first American national governmentthe first American national government formed under a document known as formed under a document known as

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation

Created 1777; Created 1777; formally formally approved or:approved or: ratified by ratified by all 13 states in 1781all 13 states in 1781

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation A loose confederation of independent A loose confederation of independent statesstatesBasis: Fear that a strong central Basis: Fear that a strong central government would threaten power government would threaten power of states and individual freedoms of states and individual freedoms

Limited power of national government Limited power of national government

National government National government actually impotentactually impotent

Oh, Nooooooo

o

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation Unicameral legislature (Congress) Unicameral legislature (Congress)

Each state delegation had 1 vote Each state delegation had 1 vote State delegations chosen by the State delegations chosen by the state legislature of each statestate legislature of each stateMajority vote on regular issuesMajority vote on regular issuesNine “Aye” votes for major decisions Nine “Aye” votes for major decisions such as warsuch as warUnanimous approval for amendmentsUnanimous approval for amendments

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation No executive No executive

No judiciary No judiciary

Only Congress: Only Congress: Declare war Declare war

Conduct foreign policy Conduct foreign policy Borrow Money Borrow Money Establish military forcesEstablish military forcesSettle arguments between states Settle arguments between states

Weaknesses of the Articles of Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Confederation No president or executive to enforce No president or executive to enforce laws laws No national court systemNo national court systemNo power to tax No power to tax

No power to regulate trade No power to regulate trade No power to establish a national armed No power to establish a national armed forces—each state raised its own forces—each state raised its own troops) troops) Major laws required 9/13 votes in Cong. Major laws required 9/13 votes in Cong.

Problems stemming from the Problems stemming from the weaknesses in the Articlesweaknesses in the Articles

Difficulty in achieving unity Difficulty in achieving unity Different states—different Different states—different religious and cultural traditions religious and cultural traditions

Economic differencesEconomic differencesSlavery issue Slavery issue

Poor inter-state Poor inter-state transportation transportation systems systems

Some states Some states

Problems stemming from the Problems stemming from the weaknesses in the Articlesweaknesses in the Articles

Refused to pay taxes to the Refused to pay taxes to the national government, obey laws national government, obey laws passed by Congress, respect terms passed by Congress, respect terms of foreign treaties of foreign treaties Negotiated individual treaties withNegotiated individual treaties with foreign governmentsforeign governmentsFormed their own armed forces Formed their own armed forces Charged tariffs on goods from other Charged tariffs on goods from other statesstates

Key events under the Articles of Key events under the Articles of ConfederationConfederation

Victory in the American Revolution. . .Victory in the American Revolution. . . but problems keeping the but problems keeping the Continental Army equipped and fed Continental Army equipped and fed The Treaty of Paris—ending the The Treaty of Paris—ending the War for Independence and extendedWar for Independence and extended U. S. territory to the Mississippi RiverU. S. territory to the Mississippi RiverThe Northwest Ordinance of 1787 The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Procedures for admitting new Procedures for admitting new states, equal to the original 13 states, equal to the original 13 Banned slavery in Northwest Territory Banned slavery in Northwest Territory Bill of rights for territories Bill of rights for territories

Ordinance of 1784Ordinance of 1784120,000 people west of 120,000 people west of the Appalachian dividethe Appalachian divide

10 self-governing districts10 self-governing districts Petition Congress for Petition Congress for statehood when populationstatehood when population equal to number of free equal to number of free inhabitants of smallest inhabitants of smallest existing stateexisting state

Northwest Ordinance Northwest Ordinance

Northwest Ordinance Northwest Ordinance Created single Northwest Territory Created single Northwest Territory out out of lands north of the Ohio Riverof lands north of the Ohio RiverTerritory might be subsequently Territory might be subsequently divideddivided into three to five territoriesinto three to five territoriesPopulation of 60,000 as a minimum Population of 60,000 as a minimum for for statehoodstatehoodGuaranteed freedom of religion, Guaranteed freedom of religion, right to right to trial by jury and prohibited slaverytrial by jury and prohibited slavery

Early Battles With Native AmericansEarly Battles With Native AmericansNative Americans continuedNative Americans continued to claim tribal lands into claim tribal lands in northwest. northwest.

Miami people key victoriesMiami people key victories over U. S. Army 1790-1791over U. S. Army 1790-1791

Mad Anthony WayneMad Anthony Wayne

The Battle of Fallen Timbers The Battle of Fallen Timbers

Early Battles With Native AmericansEarly Battles With Native Americans

August 20, 1794 August 20, 1794

Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers

Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville Miamis gave up most land inMiamis gave up most land in Ohio for $10,000 a year.Ohio for $10,000 a year.

Key Event: Shay’s Rebellion (1786)Key Event: Shay’s Rebellion (1786)Prevent the state of Prevent the state of Massachusetts from Massachusetts from seizing property of seizing property of debtors debtors Many in the U.S. saw Many in the U.S. saw this incident as clear this incident as clear evidence of the evidence of the weaknesses of the weaknesses of the Articles Articles Led to the ConstitutionalLed to the Constitutional Convention in Convention in Philadelphia Philadelphia