The Composition of Air

5.1 The Composition of Air

ITeach – Science Form 1

Topic 5 Topic 5 The Air Around UsThe Air Around UsTopic 5 Topic 5 The Air Around UsThe Air Around Us


The Composition of AirTopic 5 The Air Around Us

The Composition Of Air

Air is a mixture of few gases

Nitrogen (78%)

Oxygen (21%)

Inert gases + other substances (0.97%)

Carbon dioxide (0.03%)

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 1

Komposisi UdaraTopik 5 Udara Di Sekeliling Kita

Komposisi Udara

Udara ialah campuran beberapa jenis gas

Nitrogen (78%)

Oksigen (21%)

Gas nadir + bahan lain (0.97%)

Karbon dioksida (0.03%)



Experiment To Show The Percentage Of Oxygen In Air

Percentage of oxygen in air = (x - y) cm × 100% x cm

Discussion

Water rose to one-fifth of the height of the gas jar at the end of experiment.

Gas jar

Candle

Cork

Water

x cmy cm

At the beginning of the experiment

At the end of the experiment

This shows that one-fifth of the air is used up for the combustion.

Air consists of 21% of oxygen.



Eksperimen Untuk Menunjukkan Peratus Oksigen Di Udara

Peratus oksigen di udara = (x - y) cm × 100% x cm

Perbincangan

Air naik sehingga satu per lima tinggi kelalang gas di akhir eksperimen

Kelalang gas

Lilin

Gabus

Air

x cmy cm

Di awal eksperimen

Di akhir eksperimen

Satu per lima daripada kandungan udara digunakan untuk pembakaran

Udara terdiri daripada 21% oksigen.



Discussion: The liquid collected changes the colour of cobalt chloride paper

from blue to pink.

Retort stand Retort stand

Ice Ice

Liquid

Drops of water

Water vapour in the air condenses to form drops of water when in contact with cold surface.

At the beginning of the experiment At the end of the experiment

Experiment To Show That Air Contains Water Vapour

Air contains water vapour.



Perbincangan: Cecair yang terkumpul menukarkan warna kertas kobalt klorida

biru menjadi merah jambu

Kaki Retort Kaki Retort

Ais Ais

Cecair

Titisan air

Wap air di udara terkondensasi lalu membentuk titisan air apabila wap air bersentuhan dengan permukaan sejuk

Di awal eksperimen Di akhir eksperimen

Eksperimen Untuk Menunjukkan Udara Mengandungi Wap Air

Udara mengandungi wap air



Discussion:

The dust in the air falls on the sticky side of the cellophone tape.

SlideCellophane tape with sticky side facing up

Sterile petri dish

Sterile nutrient agar exposed to air

White colonies present on the agar.

Experiment To Show That Air Contains Dust Particles And Microorganisms

Dust present in the air

Microorganisms are present in the air.



Perbincangan:

Debu di udara jatuh ke bahagian pita selofon yang melekit.

SlaidPita selofon dengan bahagian melekit diletakkan di atas

Piring petri steril

Agar bernutrien dan steril dibiarkan terdedah kepada udara

Koloni putih tumbuh dalam agar

Eksperimen Untuk Menunjukkan Udara Mengandungi Debu dan Mikroorganisma

Debu hadir dalam udara.

Mikroorganisma hadir dalam udara.

5.2 The Properties Of Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide



Turns hydrogen carbonate indicator to yellow


The Properties Of Oxygen And Carbon DioxideTopic 5 The Air Around Us

Comparison Between Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide

OxygenOxygen PropertiesProperties Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

Solubility in waterSolubility in water

Reaction withsodium hydroxide solution

Reaction withsodium hydroxide solution

Reaction with glowing andburning splinter

Reaction with glowing andburning splinter

Reaction with moist blue and red litmus paper

Reaction with moist blue and red litmus paper

Slightly soluble

Not soluble

Glowing splinter relights

No effect on both litmus paper

Slightly soluble

Very soluble (forms sodium carbonate)

Burning splinter is extinguished

Changes moist blue litmus paper to red

Reaction with lime waterReaction with lime water

Reaction with hydrogen carbonate indicator

Reaction with hydrogen carbonate indicator

No effect

No effect

Lime water turns cloudy

ColourColour Colourless Colourless

OdourOdour Odourless Odourless

Warna penunjuk bikarbonat berubah kepada

kuning


Sifat-sifat Oksigen Dan Karbon DioksidaTopik 5 Udara Di sekeliling Kita

Perbandingan Antara Oksigen dan Karbon Dioksida

OksigenOksigen SifatSifat Karbon DioksidaKarbon Dioksida

Kelarutan dalam airKelarutan dalam air

Tindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida

Tindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida

Tindak balas dengan kayu uji menyala dan kayu uji berbaraTindak balas dengan kayu uji menyala dan kayu uji berbara

Tindak balas dengan kertas litmus merah dan biru lembapTindak balas dengan kertas

litmus merah dan biru lembap

Larut sedikit

Tidak larut

Kayu uji menyala terbakar

Tiada kesan pada kedua-dua kertas litmus

Larut sedikit

Sangat larut (membentuk natrium karbonat)

Kayu uji berbara terpadam

Kertas litmus biru berubah kepada merah

Tindak balas dengan air kapurTindak balas dengan air kapur

Tindak balas dengan penunjuk hidrogen karbonat

Tindak balas dengan penunjuk hidrogen karbonat

Tiada kesan

Tiada kesan

Air kapur menjadi keruh

WarnaWarna Tidak berwarna Tidak berwarna

BauBau Tiada bau Tiada bau

5.3 Oxygen Is Needed For Respiration



The process of oxidizing digested food in the body cells to produce heat energy, carbon dioxide and water.


Oxygen Is Needed For RespirationTopic 5 The Air Around Us

Respiration

Food + O2 CO2 + H2O + Heat Energy

Proses pengoksidaan makanan tercerna dalam badan bagi menghasilkan tenaga haba, karbon dioksida dan air.


Oksigen Diperlukan Untuk RespirasiTopik 5 Udara Disekeliling Kita

Respirasi

Makanan + O2 CO2 + H2O + Tenaga haba



To Show That Living Things Use Oxygen During Respiration

Wire gauze Glass tube

Drop of red ink (indicator)

Cotton soaked in sodium hydroxide solution

Cockroach

Germinating green beans

A

B

C

Observation : Boiling tube Observation

A Indicator moved inwards

B Indicator moved inwards

C Indicator remains at the original position

Conclusion : Living things use oxygen and release carbon dioxide during respiration. The volume of air in the tube will decrease when sodium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide. This causes the indicator to moves inwards.



Untuk Menunjukkan Benda Hidup Menggunakan Oksigen Semasa Respirasi

Dawai kasa Tiub kaca

Titisan dakwat merah (penunjuk)

Kapas direndam dalam larutan natrium hidroksida

Lipas

Biji benih bercambah

A

B

C

Pemerhatian : Tabung didih Pemerhatian

A Penunjuk bergerak ke dalam tabung didih

B Penunjuk bergerak ke dalam tabung didih

C Penunjuk tidak bergerak

Kesimpulan : Benda hidup menggunakan oksigen dan membebaskan karbon dioksida dalam proses respirasi.



To Show That Living Things Give Out Carbon Dioxide During Respiration

Observation : Boiling tube Colour changes of the indicator

P Red to yellow

Q Red to yellow

R Remains unchanged

Conclusion : Living things release carbon dioxide during respiration.

Cockroach

Hydrogen carbonate indicator

Germinating green beans

Wire gauze



Untuk Menunjukkan Benda Hidup Membebaskan Karbon Dioksida Semasa Respirasi

Pemerhatian : Tabung didih Perubahan warna penunjuk

P Merah kepada kuning

Q Merah kepada kuning

R Warna kekal merah

Conclusion : Benda hidup membebaskan karbon dioksida dalam proses respirasi.

Lipas

Penunjuk hidrogen karbonat

Biji benih bercambah

Dawai kasa



Composition Of Inhaled And Exhaled Air

Gas Inhaled air

Oxygen 21 %

Carbon dioxide 0.03 %

Exhaled air

16 %

4 %

Nitrogen 78 %

Inert gases 0.97 %

78 %

0.97 %

Water vapour Lesser More



Komposisi Udara Sedutan dan Udara Hembusan

Gas Udara Sedutan

Oksigen 21 %

Karbon dioksida 0.03 %

Udara Hembusan

16 %

4 %

Nitrogen 78 %

Gas-gas nadir 0.97 %

78 %

0.97 %

Wap air Berkurang Bertambah

5.4 Oxygen Is Needed For Combustion



A chemical process that occurs when fuel is burnt in oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and energy.


Oxygen Is Needed For CombustionTopic 5 The Air Around Us

Combustion

Combustion of carbon :

Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Heat combustion

Combustion of hydrocarbon :

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat combustion

Suantu proses kimia yang berlaku apabila bahan api terbakar dengan kehadiran oksigen dan membebaskan karbon dioksida dan tenaga haba


Oksigen Diperlukan Untuk PembakaranTopik 5 Udara Disekeliling Kita

Pembakaran

Pembakaran karbon :

Karbon + Oksigen Karbon dioksida + Tenaga haba pembakaran

Pembakaran hidrokarbon :

Hidrokarbon + Oksigen Karbon dioksida + Air + Tenaga Habapembakaran


Oxygen Is Needed For CombustionTopic 5 The Air Around Us

The Importance Of Combustion

Provides heat

Provides light

Transportation


Oksigen Diperlukan Untuk PembakaranTopik 5 Udara Disekeliling Kita

Kepentingan Pembakaran

Memberikan haba

Memberikan cahaya

Pengangkutan

5.5 Air Pollution




Air PollutionTopic 5 The Air Around Us

Air Pollution

High Concentration of pollutants in air

PollutantsHarmful substances that

are added in the air

PollutantsHarmful substances that

are added in the air

Dust Smoke Pesticides

Nitrogen oxide

Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide


Pencemaran UdaraTopik 5 Udara Disekeliling Kita

Pencemaran Udara

Kepekatan bahan pencemar udara yang tinggi di udara

Bahan pencemarBahan berbahaya yang

terdapat di udara

Bahan pencemarBahan berbahaya yang

terdapat di udara

Debu Asap Racun

serangga

Nitrogen oksida

Karbon monoksida

Karbon dioksida



Sources Of Air Pollutant

Combustion Carbon dioxide

Dust

Smoke

Deforestation

Dust

Smoking Carbon dioxide

Motor vehicles

Leaded fuels

Agricultural activity Pesticide

Carbon dioxide

Industrial activity

Carbon monoxide

Sulphur dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Smoke

Carbon dioxide

Nicotine, tobacco, tar

Carbon dioxide



Sumber Bahan Pencemar Udara

Pembakaran Karbon dioksida

Debu

Asap

Penebangan hutan

Debu

Rokok Karbon dioksida

Kenderaan

Bahan api berplumbum

Aktiviti pertanian Racun serangga

Karbon dioksida

Aktiviti industri

Karbon monoksida

Sulfur dioksida

Karbon dioksida

Asap

Karbon dioksida

Nikotin, tembakau, tar

Karbon dioksida



Air Pollution Causes Health Problem

Smoke and dust – respiratory disease

Carbon monoxide or nitrogen dioxide – headache, dizziness, death

Sulphur dioxide – bronchitis, pneumonia and lung cancer



Pencemaran Udara Menyebabkan Masalah Kesihatan

Asap dan debu – penyakit berkaitan pernafasan

Karbon monoksida atau nitrogen dioksida – sakit kepala, pening, kematian

Sulfur dioksida – bronkitis, pneumonia dan kanser paru-paru

Bronkiol normalBronkiol normal BronkitisBronkitis



Air Pollution Causes Environmental Problem – Acid Rain

Sulphur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide + rain → acid rain

Water in ponds or river turns acidic – aquatic plants and animal die

Corrodes and damages buildings



Pencemaran Udara Menyebabkan Masalah Alam Sekitar-Hujan Asid

Sulfur dioksida atau nitrogen dioksida + hujan → hujan asid

Air kolam dan sungai menjadi berasid – tumbuhan dan haiwan akuatik mati

Menghakis dan memusnahkan bangunan



Air Pollution Causes Environmental Problem –Thinning Of The Ozone Layer

Chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) destroy the ozone layer

Allow more ultraviolet rays to reach the earth

Causes skin cancer and damage our eyes



Pencemaran Udara Menyebabkan Masalah Alam Sekitar – Penipisan Lapisan Ozon

KlorofluoroKarbon ( CFC ) memusnahkan lapisan ozon

Menyebabkan lebih banyak sinar ultaungu sampai ke bumi

Menyebabkan kanser kulit dan merosakkan mata



Air Pollution Causes Environmental Problem –The Greenhouse Effect

Carbon dioxide prevents heat from the Earth from escaping into space

Increase of the Earth’s temperature causes global warming or greenhouse effect

Melting of ice at the poles causes rising sea levels



Pencemaran Udara Menyebabkan Masalah Alam Sekitar – Kesan Rumah Hijau

Karbon dioksida menghalang haba daripada Bumi terbebas ke angkasa

Peningkatan suhu Bumi menyebabkan pemanasan global atau kesan rumah hijau

Ais di kutub melebur menyebabkan peningkatan paras air laut

5.6 The Importance of Keeping The Air Clean




The Importance of Keeping The Air CleanTopic 5 The Air Around Us

The Importance of Keeping The Air Clean

To ensure the survival of human being and other

living organisms

To maintain and guarantee the good

health of the community


Kepentingan Mengekalkan Kebersihan UdaraTopik 5 Udara Disekeliling Kita

Kepentingan Mengekalkan Kebersihan Udara

Untuk memastikan kemandirian manusia dan organisma hidup

yang lain

Untuk mengekalkan dan menjamin kesihatan

manusia



Steps to Prevent and control Air Pollution

Society

Avoid open burning.

Reuse, recycle and reduce.

Science and technology

Use unleaded petrol

Use ozone friendly gases.

Build tall chimneys for factories.

Legislation

Enforce acts in controlling air pollution

Education

Carry out campaigns and advertisement through media



Langkah-Langkah Untuk Menghalang

Dan Mencegah Pencemaran Udara

Masyarakat

Elakkan pembakaran terbuka.

Guna semula, kitar semula dan kurangkan

Industri

Gunakan petrol tidak berplumbum

Gunakan gas mesra ozon

Membina corong tinggi bagi kilang

Perundangan

Menguatkuasakan undang-undang baru

Pendidikan

Kempen, seminar, aktiviti atau iklan melalui media masa



Ways To Keep The Air Clean Ways To Keep The Air Clean

Reduce the use of air-conditioner

Avoid open burning

Stop smoking

Plant more trees for reforestation

Use public transport (LRT, Commuter train)

Recycle, reuse, reduce.

Car pool



Cara-Cara Mengekalkan Udara Bersih

Cara-Cara Mengekalkan Udara Bersih

Kurangkan penggunaan penyaman udara

Elakkan pembakaran terbuka

Berhenti merokok

Penanaman semula tumbuhan

Gunakan pengangkutan awam (LRT, komuter)

Kitar semula, guna semula dan kurangkan

Perkongsian kereta

The End

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Date post:	23-Oct-2014
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The Composition of Air

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