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THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe Chiba, Tokyo • Japan Hans – J. Grossmann , GOC Engineering GmbH
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Page 1: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ?

GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe Chiba, Tokyo • Japan

Hans – J. Grossmann ,

GOC Engineering GmbH

Page 2: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

■ Introduction

■ Main characteristics

■ Market situation

■ Terminal configuration

■ Modularization

■ Safety and permitting

■ Conclusions

Grossmann Hans - GOC 2

Content

Page 3: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 3

Introduction

■ Ultra-small-scale LNG facilities are commonly LNG Fuel stations with a storage capacity of approx. 30 m³– 70 m³

■ Small-scale LNG facilities for LNG bunkering/local distribution with storage capacity up to 10000 m³, could be LNG fuel stations too

■ Mid-scale LNG terminals up to 50 000 m³ storage capacity are in usage as peak shaving plant or actual as fuel storage e.g. for smaller power plants . A typical size for regional distribution of LNG

Page 4: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 4

Main Characteristics Ultra-small-scale facilities

■ Pressurized storage vessels < < 500 m³

■ Send out LNG mainly

■ LNG fueling station for trucks

■ CNG fueling for trucks/cars

■ (LNG fueling of inland vessels)

Source: Gasum

Page 5: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 5

Main Characteristics Small-scale I

■ Pressurized storage vessels up to 1000 m³ x n

■ LNG loading for LNG bunker vessels

■ LNG loading for road tankers

o Send out system to gas grid

o LNG Truck fueling station

o LNG bunker station for ships

Source: Chart/public domain

FIC

LNG Pump

LNG from/to

Truck

Vapor Return

ERC

PT LT LZHTT

PT FT TT

PBU

LNG to Bunkering

(Vapor Return)

ERC

ERC

ERC

PT

PT

FT

TT

HC

Optional

BOG Handling

LNG Storage Tank

Others

Gas grid

LIN CoolingPT

LNG(LCNG Fuel Station

HP Pump + Vaporizer ( NG to a gas grid)

Typical Configuration Small-Scale LNG

Bunkering

Page 6: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 6

Main Characteristics Small-scale II

■ Key players in competition with project partners from other business involved (new stakeholders)

■ Sites in urban areas

■ Competition with other technologies / market player (Oil price discussion)

■ Less investments (niche area with ref to financing)

■ Local acceptance varies (NIMBY, street)

■ Expansion plans risky mainly speculative, contract duration

■ Could be greenfield but mainly on existing industrial or urban areas

■ Authorities have not a clear view of permit issuesSource. public domain

Page 7: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 7

Main Characteristics Mid-scale I

■ Cryogenic low pressure site erected flat bottom tanks

■ Send out system with LNG export pumps

■ Send out system LNG in gaseous form

■ Loading for LNG bunker vessels

■ LNG loading facilities for road tankers

■ BOG Handling System

Page 8: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 8

Main Characteristics Mid-scale II

■ Key players in competition with project partners from other business involved (new stakeholders)

■ Moderate investments

■ Local acceptance and support

■ Expansion plans limited

■ Only few number of terminals per country

■ Number of projects goes up

Source. Skangass/public domain

Page 9: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 9

Market Situation Two faces I

■ Increased environmental restrictions gives pressure on Ship-owner, investor, financer to decide on replacements/investments

■ Trade expected to raise , no shortfall of LNG

■ Market share of LNG Spot cargo (< 2 years contracts) is substantial

■ New players enters the market

■ “Environmental-friendly” becomes a marketing tool for a wider range within the industry

■ Still areas of the world needs more energy, and environmental issues extends the need for a more cleaner energy source

■ A small infrastructure with LNG fueled ships / small LNG loading points creates a the end the need for medium scale LNG distributions terminals (e.g. Baltic sea)

Page 10: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 10

Market Situation Two faces II

■ Base load terminals e.g. in Europe under-utilized

■ Land base projects stagnate (FID`s not decided)

■ Exiting terminals adding small scale facilities as extra services

■ Low oil price still attracts ship owner (cost for conversion to LNG 30% plus)

■ Don’t forget Floating storage options also in medium size terms

■ A robust business market/trade pattern is still not in place

■ Investments/financing only in functional business environmental

■ Number of expected ships running to be still lowSource. public domain

Page 11: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Table 1: Capacities and tank size

Grossmann Hans - GOC 11

Storage volume

Class| m³

Storage *) Capacity

metric ton

Loading capacity Metric ton

Operations

Truck fuel tank

**

40 ft ISO container

max. truck fueling

Max ISO container

LNG bunker Vessel

I 50 23 0,240 20 95 Not feasible Not feasible

II 100 46 0,240 20 191 2 Not feasible

III 500 230 0,240 20 958 11 Not feasible

IV 1000 460 0,240 20 1916 23 Not feasible

V 5000 2300 0,240 20 Yes Yes Up to 5000m³ class

VI 10000 4600 0,240 20 Yes Yes Up to 7500 m³ class

*) density LNG 460kg/m³ @ -160°C ;**) single tank

Note: A 40ft ISO container represents a typical bunker capacity for an inland ship/ coastal ferry,

could also be a LNG truck operation.

Terminal Configuration Throughput I

Page 12: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 12

Terminal Configuration Throughput II

■ Class I (50 m³ storage) sufficient to fuel close to 100 trucks

■ ISO container filling service (e.g. for a ship bunker operation) is not feasible as it will empty your tank directly

■ Class II (100 m³) onwards, need for a good mixing of services. As a robust market is still not in place it will be hard to rely on a single service (e.g. truck fueling) only

■ Limitation Truck fueling: installed number of LNG dispensers

■ Class IV (1000 m³), good size to start with ship bunker operation e.g. a small ferry operator using up to 1000 t /p.a.

Source: Nauticor

Page 13: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 13

Terminal Configuration Throughput III

■ Class VI (10000 m³) gives you max flexibility in LNG bunker operations and trading LNG with truck/ISO container

■ A single LNG supply contract for a medium scale container vessel can generate an annual LNG supply volume of 35- 40 TSD t per year!

l

Source: Public domain

Page 14: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 14

Terminal Configuration Not enough costumer

■ Modern BOG Handling system is needed

■ Re-liquefaction with nitrogen, Inside tank/outside with HEX

■ Back to a Gas grid (peak shaving)

■ Fuel for CHP

■ Second fuel option in neighborhood

■ Pressurized insulated (mostly vacuum) tanks have the comfort of a long holding time in case of no send out and at low pressure (50 days +, depends on liquid level)

Source: ENGIE

Page 15: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 15

Terminal Configuration Warm/cold LNG I

■ Typical temperature/pressure figures:

Cryogenic low pressure flat bottom tank

Design pressure. 0,150- 0,300 bargOperation pressure 0,1 bargStorage temperature -160°C @ OP

Pressurized vacuum insulated tanks Design pressure. 10 bargOperation pressure 5 bargStorage temperature -134,8°C

Source: public domain

Page 16: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 16

Terminal Configuration Warm/cold LNG II

■ Pressurize storage systems allows to store energy into the stored product

■ This give you a flexibility in operation

Design pressure 10 barg Operation pressure range 1 - 5 - 8 barg Storage temperature -134,8 °C

■ To operate the pressure tanks also at low pressure (e.g. 2 bara)

allows to load a LNG bunker vessel at a higher pressure

with subcooled LNG

No vapor handling in the ship tank is required !

Page 17: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 17

Modularization Objectives I

■ Operational purpose >> Change of operations such as truck filling, truck fueling, ship fueling, LNG bunker ship loading

>> define a base case

>> define operation/expansion strategy

■ Location of the facility >> Spacing strategy

■ Technical constrains >> >>Size/type /orientation of storage tanks

■ Safety an environmental constrains >> Stakeholder, neighborhood

Page 18: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 18

Safety & Permitting Terminal extension I

A larger inventory leads normally to intensive permit discussion:

■ Increase of inventory with considerable enlargement of a single mass>> Increase of the stored LNG inventory (above 200 to)

■ Increase of throughput>> Frequency of truck fueling operations, adding of LNG bunkering services

>> Infrastructure/accessibility

■ Environmental aspects>> FSRUs on waterways in Europe ?

Source: DUSUP

Page 19: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 19

Safety & Permitting Terminal extension II

■ Increase / variation of operation parameters, such as pressure and/or temperature

>> LP LNG and HP CNG

■ Introduction of a new process/ or operation

>>from truck fueling to truck/container loading

■ Increase / Introduction of a new more hazardous medium

>> add hydrogen fueling station (“multi-service station”)

Introduction of a new process/ or operation

■ Siting/ relocation of safety-related systems towards protected areas

>>truck fueling/ ship fueling close to your LNG storage

Page 20: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 20

Safety & Permitting Terminal extension IV

■ Consequences

o More hazards >> increase safety distances, more risks

o Difficult if not considered at project start

o A wrong or to0 “fast” siting could create problems!

o You may be trapped without having change to expand your facility, e.g. to install a large horizontal storage tank (s).

o Further typical siting mistake is insufficient accessibility / waiting areas for trucks

Page 21: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 21

Safety & Permitting View from Authorities

It happens

Source: Brandweer BRZO/NL

Page 22: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Conclusions

■ Increase in LNG inventory leads to permit discussion, therefore carefully review your terminal requirements now and in medium term future

■ Extract the “ nice to have” systems from your project

■ Look also to pumping capacity/ max pressure / Infrastructure

■ Invest in a robust site selection evaluation

■ Apply for a moderate storage capacity/project size

■ Start an early dialog with lead authority

Grossmann Hans - GOC 22

Page 23: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Conclusions

■ Take action to stimulate innovations ( “clean”, “green”, “safe”, “better”)

■ To be prepared before the market awakes

■ Transfer a moderate risk in the next project phase only

■ Key decision factors of clients:

Price flexibility (volume) supply security (LNG Spot) contract duration (competition is growing)

Grossmann Hans - GOC 23

Page 24: THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG … Grossmann_… · THE CONFIGURATION OF SMALL-SCALE LNG TERMINALS TODAY AND FOR THE FUTURE ? GASTECH 2017 • 4-7 April 2017 • Makuhari Messe

Grossmann Hans - GOC 24

GOC Services & Contact details

Consultancy / DD

Concepts/Studies

Authority Engineering

Basic Design

Engineering

Procurement Assistance

Commissioning Assistance

Project Management

Hans –J. Grossmann

GOC Engineering GmbH

Ubierstr. 83

53173 Bonn, Germany

[email protected]

[email protected]

www.goce.de

LNG

Natural Gas

Ethylene

Ethane

Propylene

Propane, Butane

Ammonia

Contact Details

Since more than 17 years Engineering and Consultancy for the Gas Industry •• •


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