Please add relevant logo here
Photo: Alex Schreyer
Terry Pattillo, AIARegional Director – WoodWorksAIA Convention, NYC June 22, 2018
Framework, Portland, OR, Image: Lever Architecture
The Confluence of Resiliency and Sustainability: Timber's Role in Modern Urbanization
Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.___________________________________________
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Course Description
Due to their high strength, dimensional stability and positive environmental performance, mass timber building products are quickly becoming materials of choice for sustainably-minded designers. This presentation will provide an overview of the variety of mass timber products available, including glue-laminated timber (glulam), cross laminated timber (CLT) and nail laminated timber (NLT), with an emphasis on their resilience. Applications for their use in systems such as seismic post-tensioned, self-centering rocking walls; tornado and blast-resistant structures; hurricane and high wind-resisting systems; and fire and life safety elements will be highlighted. The environmental performance of these systems will also be reviewed, utilizing life cycle analysis (LCA) data to compare to other building systems.
Learning Objectives
1. Identify mass timber products available in North America and consider how they can be used under current building codes and standards.
2. Review completed mass timber projects that demonstrate a range of applications and system configurations.3. Discuss benefits of using mass timber products, including structural versatility, prefabrication, lighter carbon
footprint, and reduced labor costs.4. Highlight possibilities for the expanded use and application of mass timber in larger and taller buildings.
Urban Construction GrowthGlobal Population
7.3 billion now9.7 billion by 2050
33% increase
Urban Population6.4 billion by 2050
62% increase Source: United Nations Department
of Economic and Social Affairs
ResiliencySustainability
Fire & Life Safety
Construction TrafficMaterial Stockpiles
NoiseLabor Costs
Labor AvailabilityWeather Risks
Urban Construction Growth
mass timber
Mass timber is a category of framing styles often using small wood members formed into large panelized solid wood construction including CLT, NLT or glulam panels for floor, roof and wall framing
Mass timberWhat is it?
Building frame systems
Post and Beam
Light Frame
Mass Timber
Mass timber productshorizontal framing
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)Nail-Laminated Timber (NLT)
Glue-Laminated Timber (GLT)
Tongue & groove
decking (T&G)
Image source: structurecraft
Structural composite LumberTimber concrete composite
Mass timber productsglulam
Photo Credit: alex schreyer
Mass timber productsglulam
Glulam = a structural composite of lumber and adhesives
• Recognized in IBC 2303.1.3 using ANSI/AITC A 190.1 and ASTM D 3737• Can be used for floor, roof purlins, beams, arches, columns
Mass timber productsGlue-laminated timber (gLT) panels
Photo credit: unalamPhoto credit: Structure Fusion
Lemay america auto musuemPhoto Credit: western wood structures
104’ Span Glulam ArchesGlulam purlins @ 4’ o.c
The Cathedral of Christ The Light, Oakland, CAPhoto: Timothy Hursley, Cesar Rubio, and John Blaustein
Buffalo Harbor Center Rink 1, Buffalo, NYPhoto: Harborcenter.com
Nail Laminated Timber
Photo credit: structurecraft
Mass timber productsNail-laminated timber (NLT) panels
Nail-laminated timber (nlt) =
a structural panel of square-edged dimensional lumber laminations (usually 2x) set on edge and nailed wide face together• Recognized in IBC 2304.8.3 (mechanically
laminated decking)• Nds 15.1.1 provides distribution factors
for concentrated loads• Can be used for floor, roof decking.
Occasionally used for shaft walls
Mass timber productsNail-laminated timber (NLT) panels
Content includes:• Architecture• Fire• Structure• Enclosure• Supply and Fabrication• Construction and Installation• Erection engineeringhttps://www.rethinkwood.com/webform/download-nlt-handbook
Bullitt centerSeattle, wa
Photo Credit: bullitt center
Bullitt centerSeattle, wa
Photo Credit: John Stamets
Nail-Laminated Timber Decks Provide:Maximized Spans, Reduced Number of Columns, More Open Space
Flexibility, Minimized Structure Depth
Mass timber productsCross-laminated timber (cLT)
Mass timber productsCross-laminated timber (cLT)
4 1/8” to 19 1/2”
10’X40’8’X64’
What is clt?Solid wood panel3 layers min. of solid sawn lams90 deg. cross-lamsSimilar to plywood sheathing
Minor Axi
s
Major Axis
Washington Latin Public Charter School GymWashington, DC
Image Credit: KLH USA
• 11,266 SF Gym addition
• 3-PLY CLT Wall and Roof Panels• 75 ft span glulam roof beams
• Completed 2016
Mass timber productsCross-laminated timber (clt)
In 2015 IBC, CLT is now defined in Chapter 2 Definitions:
And is referenced in Chapter 23:
Mass timber productsCross-laminated timber (clt)
1. Introduction2. Manufacturing3. Structural4. Lateral5. Connections6. DOL and Creep7. Vibration8. Fire9. Sound
10. Enclosure11. Environmental12. Lifting
www.rethinkwood.comPhoto Credit: David Sundberg and Gray Organschi Architecture
Umass design buildingAmherst, ma
Image Credit: Alex Schreyer
Umass design buildingAmherst, ma
completed Spring 2017
Photo Credit: alex schreyer
Umass design buildingAmherst, ma
completed Spring 2017
Photo Credit: alex schreyer
Fire resistance
Photo Credit: fp innovations
Mass timber designFire resistance
Source: Aitc
Mass timber designFire resistance
Similar to heavy timber, mass timber products have inherent fire resistance properties
Source: AWC’s TR 10
Mass timber designFire resistance
For Exposed Wood Members: IBC 722.1 References AWC’s NDS Chapter 16 (AWC’s TR 10 is a design aid to NDS Chapter 16)
Mass timber designFire resistance
Many successful clt fire tests have been conducted, both with and without gypsum board protection
Contact WoodWorks for information
TA L L W O O D IN T H E U.S .
» Current Code Limit – 6 stories or 85 feet
» Over 6 Stories - Alternate Means and Methods Request (AMMR)
» But first, tall wood is not something new in the U.S.…
HISTORIC TALL WOOD9 STORIES IN 1906
Butler Brothers Building – 500,000 sf – Minneapolis, MN
MODERN TALL WOOD7 STORIES IN 2016
T3 Office Building – 230,000 sf – Minneapolis, MN
Image: Michael Green Architects/Hines Group
t3 minneapolisMinneapolis, mn
Image Credit: Ema Peter
MODERN TALL WOOD8 STORIES IN 2017
Carbon 12 – 32,000 sf – Portland, OR
Photos: Baumberger Studio/PATH Architecture/Marcus Kauffman
MODERN TALL WOOD12 STORIES IN 2018
Framework – 90,000 sf – Portland, OR
Images: Lever Architecture
U.S. BUILDING CODE STATUS
U.S. BUILDING CODESDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES
Objective: Submission of code changes for the 2018 Group A Cycle (IBC) in January 2018 – changes for 2021 IBC
U.S. BUILDING CODESDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES
Testing & research aiding ad hoc efforts in development of code change proposals for prescriptive code allowances of tall wood buildings
Mass Timber Fire Testing at ATF Lab Beam to Column Seismic Testing
Mass timber appeal
Mass timber appeal
Primary driversConstruction speed & efficiency
Construction site constraints – urban infillInnovation/aesthetic
Secondary driversCarbon reductions
Structural performance – light weight
1 Floor = 3 Days
17 Floors Erected in 9.5 Weeks
Mass timber appealReduced construction time
Mass timber appealMaterial mass
75% lighter weight than concrete
Mass timber appealPrefabricated and precise
Mass timber elements fabricated to tight tolerances (1/16” is common)
Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC)
connections Photo credit: naturally wood
Mass timber appealMinimal waste
75-95% Waste
Reduction
Mass timber appealEnergy efficient
CLT has an R-value of approximately 1.25 per inch of thickness. Source: US CLT Handbook
Reduced Embodied Carbon
…from one school
Mass timber appealReduced embodied carbon
Mass timber appealDisaster resilient
Usfpl wood tornado shelter
Mass timber appealDisaster resilient
Live blast performance of mass timber
• Base construction requires labor to pass a background check
• Labor rates are prevailing wage• Many military base sites are infill
sites requiring minimum stand off distances
• Growing trend in government owned projects entering privatized agreements for development
•Government/Military Markets
Government Agencies Recognize the Value
Live Blast TestSite Layout
G rade V 1 Structure
G rade E1 Structure
G rade V 4 Structure
(E) 8” Concrete Slab
• Test Plan Overview• Test 1: µ ≈ 1 for Grade V1/V4 structures• Test 2: µ ≈ 1 for Grade E1 structure• Test 3: µ ≈ 2 for Grade E1 structure
• Based on ultimate resistance defined by PRG-320.
Live Blast TestConstruction
Total Construction Time = less than 8 days• Including delays• 2 days to set foundation anchorage.
Blast Testing – Test 3 HD Normal Speed
Blast Testing – Test 3 Cam#1
Conventional Construction Standoff3-Ply CLT – EIFS Cladding (~10 psf)
Wall Type Sections Span
Min. Static
Material Strength
EWIStandoff Distance
EWII StandoffDistance
Reinforced Concrete ≥ 6” 12’ – 20’ 3,000 psi 66 16
Reinforced Masonry 8” – 12” 10’ – 14’ 1,500 psi 86 30
CLT – EIFS 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade E1 120 50
CLT – EIFS 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade V4 250 95
CLT – EIFS 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade V1 250 100
Steel Studs – EIFS600S162-43; 600S162-54;
600S162-688’ – 12’ 50,000 psi 361 151
Conventional Construction Standoff3-Ply CLT – Brick Veneer Cladding (~44 psf)
Wall Type Sections Span
Min. Static
Material Strength
EWIStandoff Distance
EWII StandoffDistance
Reinforced Concrete ≥ 6” 12’ – 20’ 3,000 psi 66 16
CLT – Brick Veneer 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade E1 75 25
Reinforced Masonry 8” – 12” 10’ – 14’ 1,500 psi 86 30
CLT – Brick Veneer 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade V4 150 45
CLT – Brick Veneer 3-ply 10’ – 12’ Grade V1 155 55
Steel Studs – Brick Veneer
600S162-43; 600S162-54;600S162-68 8’ – 12’ 50,000 psi 187 75
Force Protection – Ballistics
Ballistics Testing – Georgia Tech
• Conducted summer 2016 & 2017 at two Army research facilities
• Investigated a variety of striking velocities
• Gathered data on residual velocity for perforations or depth of penetration
• Examined two different species of wood (SPF-S and SYP)
Target
US Army Engineering Research & Development Center
Army Research Laboratory
• Micro-computerized tomography (CT) scan shows projectile path (non-destructive imagery technique)
• Cut out cross-section of projectile path demonstrates localized damage caused by projectile
• Visible cross-lamination influence
• How much energy is absorbed?
Micro-CT scans of embedded projectile path
Cross-section of complete penetration projectile path
Ballistics Testing – Georgia Tech
Has it been done?
Candlewood suitesRedstone arsenal, al
Image Credit: IHG® Army Hotels, Lendlease
Candlewood suitesRedstone arsenal, al
Image Credit: Lend Lease & schaefer
Candlewood suitesRedstone arsenal, al
• 62,600 sf, 4 story hotel, 92 private rooms
• CLT utilized for walls, roof panels, and floor panels
• 1,557 CLT Panels; Typical floor panel is 8’x50’ & weighs 8,000 lbs
• Completed Late 2015
Image Credit: Lend Lease & schaefer
43%
37% Compared to typical light gauge steel construction
Photo Credit: tom harris
Questions?This concludes The American
Institute of Architects Continuing
Education Systems Course
Terry Pattillo
Regional Director | DC, DE, MD,
NJ, OH, PA, WV, VA
WoodWorks
(919) 995-6672
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© The Wood Products Council 2018
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