THE CONSTITUTIONChapter
2
2.1ROOTS OF THE
CONSTITUTION
Mercantilism
Strict import/export controls
Widely ignored
Costly French and Indian War
New taxes on sugar and paper items
Sugar Act
Stamp Act
"No taxation without representation"
TRADE AND TAXATION2.1
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Why was Samuel Adams important? 2.1
Stamp Act Congress formed to address
grievances
Boston Massacre, 1770
Committees of Correspondence build
public opinion against Britain.
Boston Tea Party
Coercive Acts of 1774 (Intolerable Acts)
Quartering of British troops
FIRST STEPS TOWARD INDEPENDENCE
2.1
What really happened at the Boston Massacre? 2.1
New York Historical Society
First Continental Congress
September, 1774
56 delegates
Declaration of Rights and Resolves
THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
2.1
Battle of Lexington and Concord
Second Continental Congress
May, 1775
Olive Branch Petition (July 5, 1775)
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
2.1
Committee of Five
Thomas Jefferson
Principal author
John Locke
Social contract theory
Life, liberty, and property
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
2.1
2.2
THE FIRST ATTEMPT AT
GOVERNMENT: THE
ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION
PROBLEMS UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
No power to tax
No power to regulate commerce
No executive to implement laws
No judicial system
No coercive power over states
2.2
SHAYS'S REBELLION
Farmers protest farm foreclosures
Shays and followers shut down court
No state militia to quell the uprising
2.2
What was the result of Shays's Rebellion? 2.2
North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy
2.3
THE MIRACLE AT
PHILADELPHIA:
WRITING THE U.S.
CONSTITUTION
All wealthy white males
Most young
Some slave owners
Relatively educated
Social motives
Maintain social order which benefited them
Economic motives
Maintain property rights which benefited
them
CHARACTERISTICS AND MOTIVES OF THE FRAMERS
2.3
Virginia Plan
Large states
Powerful central government
Representation based on population
New Jersey Plan
Small states
Weak central government
Representation by state
THE VIRGINIA AND NEW JERSEY PLANS
2.3
The Great Compromise
Bicameral legislature
Number of representatives based on
population
Representatives directly elected
States given equal votes in Senate
Senators elected by state legislatures
Division of power between national and
state governments
CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES
2.3
The Issue of Slavery
No limits for 20 years
The Three-Fifths Compromise
Representation determined by counting
slaves as three-fifths of a person
Gave southern states more representatives
CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES
2.3
One-person executive
4-year term
Electoral College
Impeachment
UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH
2.3
2.4THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
Federalism
Power divided between national and state
governments
National government considered supreme
Power derived from the people
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
2.4
Separation of Powers
Executive branch
Legislative branch
Judicial branch
Checks and Balances
Each branch has powers to check the other
two branches.
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
2.4
What are the separation of powers and checks and balances under the U.S. Constitution?
2.4
trekandphoto/Fotolia
Rob Hill/FotoliaVacclav/Fotolia
Article I: Legislative branch
Enumerated powers
Necessary and proper clause
Also called the Elastic clause
Implied powers
STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION
2.4
Article II: Executive branch
commander in chief
authority to make treaties and federal
appointments
execute the laws faithfully
STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION
2.4
Why does the president deliver a State of
the Union Address?2.4
Virginia Mayo/ AP Images
Article III: Judiciary branch
Articles IV through VII
Full faith and credit
Supremacy clause
Amendment process
STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION
2.4
2.5RATIFYING THE
CONSTITUTION
Federalists favored strong national
government.
Anti-Federalists favored strong state
governments.
Ratification process was contentious
FEDERALISTS VERSUS ANTI-FEDERALISTS
2.5
85 essays by Federalists
Alexander Hamilton (51)
James Madison(26)
John Jay(3)
Appeared in New York newspapers
Theoretical, scholarly
Anti-Federalists responded with critique of
Constitution
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS2.5
Delaware first state
Small states before others
New Hampshire 9th state
New York and Virginia
WINNING SUPPORT FOR THE CONSTITUTION
2.5
Condition of ratification
Sought by Anti-Federalists to protect civil
liberties
First ten amendments to Constitution
THE BILL OF RIGHTS2.5
2.6
TOWARD REFORM:
METHODS OF AMENDING
THE CONSTITUTION
Proposal
Two-thirds members of both houses
Two-thirds of state legislatures
Never used
Ratification
Vote in state legislature
Vote in ratifying convention
FORMAL METHODS OF AMENDING
THE CONSTITUTION2.6
How can the U.S. Constitution be amended? 2.6
Which is the only constitutional amendment to be repealed?
2.6
Kean Collection/Archive Photos/Getty Images
Judicial interpretation
Supreme Court can decide if laws are
unconstitutional.
Social and cultural change
Legislation can alter balance of power
between government and states.
Technological change
Media is redefining free speech.
INFORMAL METHODS OF
AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION2.6