CIB TG 16, Suslainable Conslruclion , Tampa , Florida, USA, November 6-9 , 1994. THE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTOR'S WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN: OPTIMIZING CONTROL AND COST William R. Mincks School of Architecture Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 USA Introduction As over 20% of the solid waste stream in the United States consists of construction and demolition waste, the construction contractor is facing an increasing amount of pressure to control and manage construction waste. Traditionally, the contractor bas disposed of unsorted construction waste in inexpensive and plentiful landfills. Construction and demolition waste is estimated to amount to about 100 million tons per year. In Los Angeles, during 1990, 400,000 tons of wood waste alone was taken to landfilJs (AJexander, 1993). Environmental reguJations have closed many landfills, restricted the acceptable material for the landfill, and bave substantially increased the "tipping fees" at the remaining landfills. High costs of waste disposal and the reduction oflandfill disposal opportUnities have made contractors aware of managing their waste generated by construction activities, seeking alternative sources for disposal. A wide variety of waste alternatives are available, providing less environmental impact than landftll disposal, and usualiy at less cost to the contractor. Planning for waste disposal is a logical activity for the contractor. Mucb like forrnuJating a jobsite safety plan, tbe contractor can fonnuJate a systematic plan for waste management. Tbe contractor needs to: evaluate the amount and type ofwaste on each construction project; exarnine the alternatives available; and optimize the opportunities. A comprehensive waste management plan is necessary to facilitate optimal use of resources and assurances to owners and public agencies. Tbe Waste Management Plan is a project-related plan for the collection, transportation, and disposal of tbe waste generated at the construction site. AJthough tbis plan may eventualJy be forced on tbe contractor by the local Municipality or tbe Owner ofthe project, and specified in the Project M8Ilual, the Waste Management Plan can serve the contractor as a management tool, helping organize jobsite activities and controlling the cost of disposal of construction waste. Further, the Waste Management Plan also facilitates examination of nontraditional disposal methods, such as recycling 8Ild reuse, to reduce the landfilJ waste stream. Use orWaste Management Plans: Public agencies at tbe Federa1, State, and Mwricipal level are active in reducing construction waste, encouraging recycling of construction waste, and the use of recycled material in construction operations. Tbe State ofCa1ifomia bas a mandate to divert 25% ofits waste stream by 1995 and 50% by the year 2000. Projections indicate that the 25% goal is being achieved, bowever, tbe remaining 25% will take new programs and concentrated effort (San Luis Obispo County Telegram-Tribune, June 30, 1994). Connecticut has banned Construction & Demolition 765
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CIB TG 16, Suslainable Conslruclion , Tampa , Florida, USA, November 6-9 , 1994.
THE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTOR'S W ASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN: OPTIMIZING CONTROL AND COST
William R. Mincks School of Architecture Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 USA
Introduction
As over 20% of the solid waste stream in the United States consists of construction and demolition waste, the construction contractor is facing an increasing amount of pressure to control and manage construction waste. Traditionally, the contractor bas disposed of unsorted construction waste in inexpensive and plentiful landfills. Construction and demolition waste is estimated to amount to about 100 million tons per year. In Los Angeles, during 1990, 400,000 tons of wood waste alone was taken to landfilJs (AJexander, 1993). Environmental reguJations have closed many landfills, restricted the acceptable material for the landfill, and bave substantially increased the "tipping fees" at the remaining landfills. High costs of waste disposal and the reduction oflandfill disposal opportUnities have made contractors aware of managing their waste generated by construction activities, seeking alternative sources for disposal. A wide variety of waste alternatives are available, providing less environmental impact than landftll disposal, and usualiy at less cost to the contractor.
Planning for waste disposal is a logical activity for the contractor. Mucb like forrnuJating a jobsite safety plan, tbe contractor can fonnuJate a systematic plan for waste management. Tbe contractor needs to: evaluate the amount and type ofwaste on each construction project; exarnine the alternatives available; and optimize the opportunities. A comprehensive waste management plan is necessary to facilitate optimal use of resources and assurances to owners and public agencies.
Tbe Waste Management Plan is a project-related plan for the collection, transportation, and disposal of tbe waste generated at the construction site. AJthough tbis plan may eventualJy be forced on tbe contractor by the local Municipality or tbe Owner ofthe project, and specified in the Project M8Ilual, the Waste Management Plan can serve the contractor as a management tool, helping organize jobsite activities and controlling the cost of disposal of construction waste. Further, the Waste Management Plan also facilitates examination of nontraditional disposal methods, such as recycling 8Ild reuse, to reduce the landfilJ waste stream.
Use orWaste Management Plans:
Public agencies at tbe Federa1, State, and Mwricipal level are active in reducing construction waste, encouraging recycling of construction waste, and the use of recycled material in construction operations. Tbe State ofCa1ifomia bas a mandate to divert 25% ofits waste stream by 1995 and 50% by the year 2000. Projections indicate that the 25% goal is being achieved, bowever, tbe remaining 25% will take new programs and concentrated effort (San Luis Obispo County Telegram-Tribune, June 30, 1994). Connecticut has banned Construction & Demolition
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waste from landfills, forcing attention to recycling alternatives (Moore, 1993). With Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, State agencies and municipalities are forced to close landfills, putting pressure on contractors to find disposal alternatives. Many communities have identified construction as a target area re1ating for waste reduction, due primarily to the potential amount of waste reduction available. These communities are providing services to encourage recycling and waste reduction. The 10gica1 step for these communities is to require or encourage contractors to formulate waste management plans for each project. Planned waste management can be much more successful than haphazard waste disposal, resulting in less material going to the Iandfill s. Regulations requiring construction waste management plans are on the horizon, particularly if the construction industry doesn't make significant advances in waste reduction on a voluntary basis.
Construction owners are also concerned !hat the contractor legally and efficiently dispose of construction waste. The construction owner is ultimately responsible for the legal disposal of waste, and may be held !iable for mitigation expenses in the future. A Construction Waste Management plan can assure the construction owner that proper disposal of construction waste was accomplished during the project. Documentation of the disposal of the material provides important substantiation of legal disposal in possible future disputes. Many construction owners are taking a positive attitude toward the environment in all of their activities, and will want to have evidence of environmental responsibility in their construction projects. Owners are beginning to include specifications within their documents to require the contractor to submit a waste management plan as part of the project requirements.
If a Construction Waste Management Plan is required by regulations or specifications, the contractors will comply with requirements, however probably only on a compliance basis. The formulated plan is necessary to provide asolid framework to guide the waste management efTorts. The contractor probably won't use a very formulated plan unless it is required. The contractor can use a Waste Management Plan to help save cost on the project and optimize the alternatives. A formalized plan will provide a format for a complete, systematic analysis of the project's waste generation and methods to optimize the disposal of the waste. A waste management plan will also document the waste disposal efTorts, for liability purposes. The Waste Management Plan will provide a uniform policy and system of dealing with construction waste management throughout the contractor's projects. By establishing a data base of waste disposal alternatives, the contractor will be able to minimize cost of waste disposal in it's projects' localities, while optimizing the opportunities for environmenta1ly sound use of waste materials.
Planning waste management at the jobsite and implementing the plan can result in cost savings for disposal efTorts, while reducing the amount of waste going to the landfill. Some examples of recent large projects, where planning and positive waste management techniques were use<!, are:
Trailblazer Arena, Portland, Oregon: A well-planned waste management program was initiated by the owner of the project and administered throughout the project. Specifications were written requiring recycling efTorts. Considerable cost savings baye been achieved by recycling alternatives, rather than sending the waste to the landfill.
City Center West Project, Pasadena, California: BenchMark Contractors, Inc. formulated a plan of collection, separation, and recycling for wood, conerete, metals, and packaging materials. This was a successful waste management prograrn, !hat resulted in cost savings and orderly waste collection.
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Getty Center Project, Los Angeles, California: A systematic analysis of alternatives for waste disposaJ by Dinwiddie Construction Company resulted in cost savings, while being able to recyc1e and reuse waste materials.
These are examples of major projects that have used a waste managernent plan that considers disposaJ alternatives, resulting in positive benefits, both in cost and in reducing the flow of waste to the landfill .
Plan Elements
The Construction Waste Managernent Plan should contain the following elements:
Analysis of the Projecr. This segment inc1udes the analysis of the waste to be generated by the project and the disposaJ opportunities availahle in the project's 10caJity.
Plan for tbe ProJect: The "Plan" is a statement of objectives of the waste management program. lt also contains the strategies and methods for disposing of the waste on the construction project. It is the staternent of the intent of the Contractor prior to the start of the project.
Implementationl Recordkeeping: As the project progresses, the plan needs to be irnplemented. Like any plan, this plan needs to be flexible, recognizing changes and emerging technologies and methods. The recordkeeping should be done as each shipment of waste leaves the jobsite.
Cost tracking/Control: As the plan is irnplemented, continuaJ cost morutoring and control should be applied to waste management activities, as for any construction activity.
Post-Project Evaluation: Compilation of data from the project is helpfuJ in establishing the plan for the next project. The owner and municipality may want a final report, indicating that their goal s were met with the project.
Analysis of tbe Project:
Analysis of the project inc1udes identification of the wastes to be generated by the project, familiarization with local regulations, and identification of all of the alternatives and costs for legal and environmentally sound waste disposaJ. This phase of the plan is basicaJly a data gathering activity. As each project generales different types and amounts of waste, and the locaJ waste disposaJ alternatives vary from time to time and 10caJity to locality, the analysis and data gathering needs to be done on each project.
The fust step is to analyze the type, amount, and timing of the construction waste. The Contractor must look at the volume, the weight, and c1assification of material. The type of material will eJiminate some disposaJ alternatives. The volume and weight of the material will determine the cost oftransportation and cost of"tipping fees", or the charge by the recipient ofthe waste. The tirning of the oCCUlTence of the construction waste will heJp suggest how often collection will be necessary, and what coUection facijities will be needed at the jobsite.
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Projects involving demoIition, either complete razing or selective demolition, normally generate more waste than projects without this element. When an entire building or structure is demolished, the amount ofwaste going to the landfill is largely a function ofthe time available to remove the structure. The majority of building razing is done by equipment or explosion, consolidating a11 building materials together, with disposal to the landfill. Piece-by-piece demolition facilitates salvage/reuse or recycling of the materials. This process is normaIly more time consuming. There are often barriers on the marketability of used building materials: some items consurne more labor cost for separation and preparation than can be realized in the sale of the material; some building codes prohibit the use of used material; and the market for used material varies greatly. A conscious effort should be made to reuse demolition material in the project, starting with the owner, as reuse may not be the most economic alternative.
Many communities have landfiU disposal sites designated as "inert construction waste landfills", receiving construction waste such as concrete, asphalt paving, and even lumber waste. This unIined landfilIis an alternative to the "municipal solid waste landfiU", which is a lined and monitored landfIll facility. There are varying regulations for types of materials accepted by these inert landfills, but generaIly they accept non-contaminated earth materials, asphalt paving, and concrete. Some of these inert landfills accept lumber pieces. Many of the inert landfills will not accept gypsum drywalJ or gypsurn pIaster, as they will produce leachates when in contact with water. These inert I andfi IIs, however, are, at best, a temporary measure while recycling and alternative disposal systems develop.
Salvage/reuse and recycling of the materials are naturaIly the most environmentaIly sound disposal alternatives. Recently, in Seattle during the construction of its new instrumentation laboratory, the Boeing Company needed to demolish a concrete office building. This building was systematicaIly demolished, with the concrete material crushed on site and used as structural fiIJ and subbase. Brick has been reused for many years, as have doors, hardware, and other easily removed items. Heavy timber can be reused fairly easily. The material that is not easily reused can be separated for various recycling operations, depending on what is available in the locality.
Table 1 indicates severaJ materials encountered in demolition and alternatives for disposal.
Table 1. CommOD DemolitioD Materials (Johnston, et aI.,1994)
MATERIAL LANDFILL D1SPOSAL ALTERNA TIVES
Asphalt Paving illert Recycle to New Asphalt; Site fiU(crushed) Concrete Inert Crushed: Site FiII, Aggregate Masonry illert Salvage/Reuse MetaIs illert Salvage/Reuse; Recycle to new metal products Lurnber lnert, MSWLF Salvage/Reuse; Shredded: Combustion,Compost Asphalt Roofmg lnert, MSWLF Recycle into asphalt products Doors, Hardware MSWLF Salvage/Reuse Plasterl Drywall MSWLF Recyde into gypsum board, absorbent products Mechanical Inert, MSWLF Salvage/Reuse; Recycle metaIs Electrical Inert, MSWLF Salvage/Reuse; Recycle metals
(MSWLF indicates the "Municipal Solid Waste Landfill", a lined and monitored landfill)
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Identification of waste in new construction can be facilitated by using the CSI Masterformat and project manual as a checklist for materials to be encountered in the project. Table 2 below Iists many of the common waste materials and some alternatives for disposaI. Much of the new construction waste is generated by subcontractors. The Contractor, as the responsible party for the project, should include subcontractor waste operations in the Waste Management Plan.
Table 2.Waste Materials in New Construction (Johnston, et al ., 1994)
MATERIAL TRADITIONAL DlSPOSAL ALTERNATIVE DlSPOSAL
Site Vegetation Landlill Chip for compost; Combustion
Topsoil Reuse at Site; Landfill Seil! Donate for Reuse Excess Earth Materials Landlill Onsite Fill; Off-site fill Lumberl Plywood Open burning; LandlilJ Combustion:
Waste-to-energy Recycle to wood products Chipped for compost
Drywall Landfil] Recycle to new gypsum board Recycle to absorbent products Recycle to agricultural gypsum
Packaging Landfill Recycle paper and plastics Combustion: Waste-to-energy
The total construction and demolition waste stream can be divided into three major categories: Concrete, asphalt, and rubble make up about 50% ofthe C&D waste stream by weight; 25% is attributed to wood (including site vegetation), Iwnber, and manufactured wood products; and the remaining 25% consisting ofmetals, packaging, gypsum drywall, and other miscellaneous materials (Nesmith, 1993).
In identifYing the construction waste to be generated, the contractor should consider reducing the total amount of waste in these areas. SoW"ce reduction is the most effective method to reduce the waste stream. Ordering of materials in specific lengths and sizes to match the project requirements can help reduce the waste. Incorporation of waste material into the project can also reduce the amount of waste generated by the project. The Contractor needs to exarnine the full afTect of reducing waste to deterrnine the feasible solutions.
After identification of the type of waste to be generated on the project, quantification of the waste is necessary. The contractor will have to convert the take-off quantity, such as square footage or board footage, to both volwne and weight. The volurne conversion is necessary to determine the size and location of the jobsite collection point, and the amount to be transported to the disposal site. As transportation is a major element of the cost of disposal, the nwnber of loads to the disposal site is a factor in the determination of the cost of disposal . Most disposal sites, including many ofthe alternative disposal sites, charge a "tipping fee" based on the weight of the
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material. Conversion of take-off quantity to weight is facilitated by using a finite conversion factoT. The volume calculation, however, is more subjective, as the volume relates to the way the material is loaded in the truck. Broken asphalt paving, for instance, probably takes up 2 to 3 times the volume of the asphalt paving in place.
The Contractor needs to consider the method and timing of collection of waste on the jobsite. The space necessary, location, and method of coUection, such as a dumpster, etc., need to be considered. As the disposal alternatives require separation of materials, the colJection area needs to be larger than the traditional system of one point for collection of all material. Construction is very sequential, in that the installation of a material is complete before another activity can start. This sequential activity chain helps in separating material, for instance, the wood framing would be complete, and waste collected and removed from the jobsite prior to the installation ofthe gypsum drywall
After identification ofthe type and quantity ofwaste to be generated, the Contractor needs to identify the disposal methods available. The Contractor also needs to determine the distance from the jobsite, material classification! separation rules, and the tipping fees for the alternatives. The Contractor probably is looking at a number of disposal destinations, rather than the traditional single destination. A1though the intent of current waste disposal efforts is to find alternatives other than the landfiU, there are still a number of materials that will be taken to a landfiU, depending on the nature of the material and the availability of alternatives in the locality.
The foUowing are some of the alternatives !hat the Contractor can exarnine for disposal of construction waste: Municipal Solid Waste Landfin (MSWLF): The Municipal Solid Waste Landfill is, in most localities, a lined and monitored landfill facility. This alternative is probably the last resort for disposal of nonhazardous materials, as the tipping fees are very Illgh. The MSWLF basically seals the waste in the earth. A1though these landfills are carefully constructed to avoid damage to the environment, the MSWLF cannot be thought ofas the best method for disposal ofwaste material. As these landfills have been severely lirnited by EP A regulations, they may be fairly distant from the jobsite.
Municipal Waste-to-Energy Plants: Many communities have adopted incineration of solid waste in lieu of landfills. There are many construction waste materials that are inappropriate for this incineration, such as concrete, asphalt paving, and gypsum drywall. Alternative means of disposal need to be located for these materials. The waste-to-energy plant is still going to charge a high tipping fee, making recycling opportunities more attractive.
Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites: Certain · construction waste materials, such as cbernical products, paints, and solvents, are designated as hazardous waste, elirninating normal disposal alternatives. These disposal sites are normally regionally located, requiring considerable travel time for transportation of the waste. Local coUection points, however, are available in many communities.
I.oert (construction) LandfiUs: These landfills are usually tmlined landfiUs that accept certain inert construction materials. They norrnally receive concrete, asphalt pavirtg, and some types of lumber. Many of these inert landfiUs will not accept gypsum wallboard or piaster. These landfills usually have lower tipping fees than the municipal solid waste landfill. These landfills are not fOWld in every community. As alternative forms of disposal develop, these landfills will be phased out ofexistence.
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Recycling operations: Recycling operations take the material, seUing it to manufacturers to make similar products and other producls. Other "recycling" operations, such as composting and combustion of the material for waste to energy, are not technically recycling, but are valid and common waste disposal alternatives. Separation of materials is normally required, as different recyclers handle specific types of materials. Varying arrangements for the materials are available: from free on-si te dumpsters to transporting the materiallong distances to the recycler. On a reeent project in the Northwest, the local meta! recycler provided a large dumpster on the site for coUection of metals. The recycler provided the dumpster, its transportation, and separation of the metals at no charge to the Contractor, but also at no premium for the meta!s, which do have so me salvage value. Gypsum recyclers recycle gypsum board back into gypsum board, but only in communities where a gypsum board plant operates, requiring large transportation costs from outside of the immediate community. Many recyclers charge a tipping fee to the contractor for receiving and processing tbe material.
Some common construction materials that are recycled are: Site vegetation: chipped/shredded; compost, combustion for waste-to-energy Asphalt paving: crushed and added to new asphalt paving Concrete materials: crushed; used as aggregate and structural fill Metals Paper, Cardboard (packaging) Lumber: chipped; can be recycled back into manufactured wood products; used in compost; or in combustion for waste-to-energy.
Each community will have different recycling entrepreneurs and opportunities. New recycling technologies are being explored by private foundations, public agencies, and private entrepreneurs, that are providing new alternatives continually.
Satvage for Reuse: Material rernoved by demolition is often appropriate for reuse. A use on the project or future use by the Owner can force reuse of the material. Reuse of material is often not economical, as tbe amount of labor necessary to clean and refurbish the material exceeds the cost of new material or the market value of the used material. Used building material retailers will often accept certain building materials, but usually require the material to be c1eaned and ready for sale. Doors, finish hardware, and some finish materials can be removed witbout damage and taken to the used building material retailer. The market for using previously used building materials is influenced by the local attitude of building officials on the incorporation of these materials in new construction.
Many municipalities, realizing the importance of recycling construction waste, publish guides and directories to recycling constru.ction waste within tbe community. In the Portland, Oregon area, Metro publishes a pamphlet entitled "Construction Site ·Recycling -- A Guide for Architects, Builders, and Developers". This guide includes tips on construction waste recycling and a directory of recyclers for many common construction waste materials. Tbe City of Los Angeles publishes several pamphlets in their "Recycling Resources Series" concerning recycling of construction waste, also including directories of recyclers for tbis material. Tbere are numerous resources available in most communities and states, including publications by the federal EPA, State agencies, municipal agendes, and private foundations, conceming recycling and alternative waste disposaJ techniques and opportunities.
Tbe Contractor will want to select the most cost effective alternative after the correlation with the waste and the local alternatives. As with any cost analysis, it is essential to assembJe the
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full cost impact of each alternative, making a fair comparison. The following cost elements should be included in a cost comparison: collection labor; sortinglcleaning labor; ttansportation Costs: equipment and labor; and tipping fees. Obviously, more than just the tipping fees need to be considered. The cost of ttansportation from the jobsite to the disposal site can greatly affect the cost of the alternative. As there is some competition for the waste material, each recyc1er tries to make their alternative as cost effective to the Contractor as possible. The tipping fee is normally adjusted to be competitive with other alternatives. Recyclers will also provide pick up of the material aOli/or satellite collection sites, in some localities.
Tbe Construction Waste Management Plan:
The Bctual Construction Waste Management Plan is B custom-prepared document for the use of the Contractor and to submit to the Owner, Municipality, or other regulatory agencies. The plan should be a job-related, easy to understand document. The emphasis for writing the plan should be a rea1istic plan for the project., rather than just producing a compliance document.
The elements ofthe written plan are: Statement ofGoals and Objectives for Was te ManaKement on the project: One of the goals of the plan should be to reduce the construction waste stream. Among the objectives could be statements relating to minimizing the cost of waste disposal , and optimizing the use of recycling opportunities. 10 the statement of goals, the Contractor should indicate a conunitment to the goals, objectives, and the construction waste management plan.
Implementation Officer: The plan should identify the individual at the jobsite responsible for the implementation of the plan for the project. This typieally could be the superintendent., field engineer, or foreman.
Listing ofWaste Material and Planned Disposal: This section is the correlation of the identified waste materials on the project and the disposal method deterrnined to be the most feasible. Tbe level of detail will depend on the project attributes and the loeal disposal alternatives avaiJable. Typieallisting of this information could be accomplished by a simple matrix., as folIows:
The Contractor may want to include further information in the listing, such as: transportation distance and time; method of transportation; method of collection; and jobsite responsibility --crew, subcontractor.
This listing should provide the Contractor with information to reference during the project, and assure the Owner and regulatory agencies that a genuine effort is being made to proactively manage the waste on the construction site.
Documentation: This section of the plan will inc1ude the particular documentation forms and procedures for the disposal of the construction waste. A single form can be used for a1l types of construction waste, keeping the implementation of the disposal of construction waste as simple as possible, while
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maintaining accurate documentation. Documentation protects both the Contractor and the Owner, sbowing that the disposal of the waste was made within current regulations.
Evaluation: The plan should inc1ude provisions for evaluating and summarizing the actuaI waste management efforts of the project. As the plan can change during the project., a summary should be made indicating what actuaIly was done on the project. The Contractor's data base of alternatives should also be updated. The Contractor, of course, will be interested in knowing the comparison of the estimated and actuaI cost of waste disposal for the project.
Distribution of the Plan: The plan should inc1ude a matrix for distribution of the plan. The Contractor will want to have a copy of the plan at the borne office and at the jobsite. The Owner will normally want a copy of the plan. The Architect, as the Owner's agent, will probably also need a copy of the plan. Regulations may require the plan to be fiJed with the mun.icipality, the State environment aI agency, and possibly even the EPA.
lmplementation o( the Plan:
The implementation of the plan is the critical step in construction waste management if an actuaI reduction in the waste strearn is to be realized . As with any plan, the plan should alIow flexibility throughout the duration of the projecl. Conditions may change during the project. Recyc1ers, due to the experimental nature oftheir businesses, have the tendency to come and go as time passes. New technologies are constantly being deve10ped and applied, possibly providing more attractive disposal opportunities. Tbe contractor should be encouraged to explore and use these new alternatives.
Documentation of the disposal of construction waste is an important element in the irnplementation of the plan. Documentation of the waste management activities serves severaI purposes. Documentation of the waste shipments indicates to the Owner and local agencies compIiance to the plan. Documentation also provides a long-term record for the Contractor and Owner of the legal and appropriate disposal of the material. As regulations change over time, it is fairly important to have records of legal disposal of the material at the time it was done.
A single form for recording each load of waste shipped from the jobsite will simplity paperwork. Although there are several possible destinations for the waste, the form should adapt to a11 situations. The foUowing information should be inc1uded on a waste disposal form:
Classification ofthe waste: Hazardous, MSWLF waste, Inert Waste Description ofthe material: lumb er, sorted; drywall, sorted,etc. Disposal Alternative: Hazardous waste disposal, MSWLF, Waste-to-Energy, Inert Landfill, recycling, salvage for reuse, recyc1e to composting, recyc1e to combustion. Amount ofwaste disposed: should indicate volume and weight ofthe load Date removed fromjobsite Date received at the disposal site Signature, if possible, of receiving party Tipping Fees charged Mileage, labor/equipment hours for disposal Description ofthe material: Demolition drywall, painted, small pieces, etc.
A wide variety of forms for documentation can be used to provide adequate documentation of the actual disposal activities.
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Cost Tracking/Control:
Cost control of the disposal activities will be treated as a construction activity by the contractor. This has not always been the case, as the cost of disposal of waste has traditionally been a minor cost item. Waste disposal was always considered as a miscellaneous expense, and probably wasn't coded specifically. As the rost of waste management has risen significantly, and costs still continue to rise unexpectedly, cost monitoring of the actual cost of waste disposal is necessary. Continual comparison of estimated and actual costs is necessary to determine the status and action necessary to maintain the cost target for waste management.
Post-Project Evaluation:
Evaluation of the plan's successes, failures, and increased data base is necessary in a flITß's continuing waste management program. Evaluation needs to be made on the compliance to local regulations and goals, as weil as examining the cost effectiveness of the methods used. Updating of the waste disposal alternatives data base should be completed at the end of the project, providing current information for alternatives in the particular locality. The Contractor will want to access this information for estimation and project management of future projects in the locality.
The Owner or tbe municipality may be interested in a summary of tbe waste management activities accomplished during the project. This summary should indicate the quantities of specific materials and the disposal of that material. Emphasis should be made in the summary on quantities of material sent to recycling and otber alternatives, reducing the amount sent to the traditional landfill. The Contractor may want to use this information as Public Relations information, to demonstrate a commitrnent to conserving our environment.
The Construction Waste Management Plan can help the contractor plan and implement waste management on the construction site. The plan can also help the Owner and municipality show that concerted efforts are being made to reduce construction waste going to the landfill. Properly specified, the Construction Waste Management Plan can effectively contribute to conserving our environment.
Johnston, Hal, Margot McDonald., and William R. Mincks, 1994: Specifications, Regu1ations, and Planning for Pro-active Construction Waste Management Programs, Proceedings of the Sustainable Bui/ding Conforence, Los Angeles Chapter, Construction Specijications Institute, Pasadena, California
Nesmith, Lynn, 1993: Ready or Not, Construction Recycling is on the Way, Architectural Record, Decernber, 1993, 18-23.
