THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: A CURSORY LOOK AT SPORADIC ... · is contemporary the same as modern? n o ....

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD:A CURSORY LOOK AT

SPORADIC INTERSECTIONSJA N G R E S I L S . K A H A M B I N G

IS CONTEMPORARY THE SAME AS MODERN?

N O .

MODERNITY IS A PERIOD IN HISTORY WHICH EMPHASIZED THE

HUMAN (ANTHROPOCENTRISM). ITS CONSCIOUSNESS OR CORE

KNOWLEDGE-SYSTEM IS MODERNISM, WHICH VALORIZES MAN,

HIS INVENTIONS, AND HIS IDENTITY (POLITICS OF IDENTITY)

CONTEMPORARY IS THE CURRENT AIR WE BREATHE ALONG

WITH ITS CONTRADICTIONS AND PARADOXES.

WE ARE NOT LIVING IN THE MODERN WORLD – WE ARE LIVING

IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

2

CONTEMPORARY VIEWS

P O S T M O D E R N I S M

P O S T - S T R U C T U R A L I S M

P O S T C O L O N I A L I S M

N E O L I B E R A L I S M

P O S T H U M A N I S M

3

Critique of modern ideologies

The incredulity towards meta-narratives - Jean Francois Lyotard

There are no facts; only interpretation- Friedrich Nietzsche

CONTEMPORARY VIEWS






4

Critique of a singular structure of society (vs Marx’s economy, Saussure’s signifier-signified)

The subject is a historical product of power-relations

- Michel Foucault

Images are more real than the real- Jean Baudrillard

CONTEMPORARY VIEWS






5

Critique of colonialism and influence of power over others

Critical interrogation and publication of colonial power

- Pramoedya’s Buru Quartet

Vanishing mediator that stays as long as it does not get what it wants

- Boer

CONTEMPORARY VIEWS






6

Capitalist Rationality of the Free Market Economy

Deregulation, free trade, and individual entrepreneurship, and competitions

- Friedrich Hayek

Retroversion into narcissist, childlike, defensive, and un-autonomic and machinelike mentality

- Eric Fromm

CONTEMPORARY VIEWS






7

End of the human with a more perfect Posthuman

Genome, Cyber space, virtual reality, insertion of technology and man, transfer of consciousness

The End of sexuality; A paradoxical and traumatic process

- Slavoj Zizek

GLOBALIZATION

T H E C O N T E M P O R A R Y V I E W S A R E L E N S E S T O

S E E W H A T I S G O I N G O N T O D A Y :

W E A R E H I S T O R I C A L L Y P A R T A N D P A R C E L O F A N

O N G O I N G P R O C E S S C A L L E D

8

Political Science

• “Challenge to the nation

state.”

• Emergence of corporations

• Strength of regional blocks

• Emergence of global

political norms

9

Economics

• Increased free trade

• Speed of trade (HFT – milliseconds to trade shares)

• Global economic organizations

• Regional economic blocs

Culture and Communication

• “Global village”

• Communications technology

as “shrinking” our world

• “Cultural imperialism”

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?( w o r k i n g d e f i n i t i o n )

“Globalization refers to the

expansion and intensification of

social relations and consciousness

across world-time and world-space”

- Steger

10

GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY

G O L D S T A N D A R D

B R E T T O N W O O D S S Y S T E M

F I A T M O N E T A R Y S Y S T E M

C R E D I T E C O N O M Y

11

EVER WONDER WHY WE ALWAYS MEASURE

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS IN

DOLLARS?

12

CLASSICAL GOLD STANDARD

Beginning in 1879

Fixed value currency of gold

1 dollar = 1 ounce of gold

100% reserve ratio

13

GOLD EXCHANGE STANDARD

1.4 dollars = 1 ounce of gold

40% reserve ratio

14

BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM

By 1944, the US already had 2/3 of the

world’s gold in exchange for dollars (the

US supplied war tech and equipment).

Established the IMF (International

Monetary Fund) and International Bank

for Reconstruction and Development

(IBRD) – now World Bank (WB),

Soviet disagreed

French asked their gold back

15

FIAT (DOLLAR STANDARD)

By 1971, Nixon stopped Bretton Woods – ‘Nixon

shock’ – US dollar became a reserve currency

Paper money or coins of little or no intrinsic

value in themselves and not convertible into

gold or silver, but made legal tender by fiat

(order) of the government.

Fiat money is an intrinsically worthless object,

such as paper money, that is deemed to be

money by law.

16

CREDIT ECONOMY

1970’s wage repression

Wages = money to buy goods

If there are less wages, how will the economy circulate?

17

GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN AN INTEGRATED MARKET

P R O U C T O F D I G I T A L S U P P L Y C H A I N M A N A G E M E N T , D I G I T A L P R O D U C T D E S I G N , A N D D I G I T A L C U S T O M I Z A T I O N

18

19

MARKET INTEGRATION

TYPE OF COMPANY OPERATIONS/TRADINGINVESTMENT, STRATEGY,

AND PRODUCTSEXAMPLE

GLOBALAT LEAST 15-20 COUNTRIES AROUND THE

WORLD

MOST HAVE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI), CENTRALIZED STRATEGY, PRODUCTS

COMPLETED BY THE PARENT COMPANYCOCA-COLA, LENOVO, SHELL, MICROSOFT

INTERNATIONALEXPORTING IN COUNTRIES WITH

INVOLVMENT IN IMPORTING NO FDI, DOMESTIC DECISION MAKING, PRODUCTS COMPLETED DOMESTICALLY

WALMART, MARKS AND SPENCER

MULTINATIONAL TWO OR MORE COUNTRIESFEW FDI, CENTRALIZED STRATEGY,

PRODUCTS COMPLETED BY THE PARENT COMPANY

GENERAL MOTORS

TRANSNATIONALMIXTURE OF GLOBAL, INTERNATIONAL,

AND MULTINATIONAL

MOST HAVE FDI, DECENTRALIZED STRATEGY, PRODUCTS VARY FROM

COUNTRY TO COUNTRYBMW, NOKIA, FORD

MULTIDOMESTIC SIMILAR TO TRANSNATIONALMOST HAVE FDI, DECENTRALIZED

STRATEGY, PRODUCTS ARE DEVELOPED AS PER LOCAL TASTE AND DEMANDS

MCDONALDS, KFC, JOLLIBEE

19

The digitalization of global communication, commerce, and finance

GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN AN INTERSTATE SYSTEM

M O D E R N I N T E R N A T I O N A L P O L I T I C S , S T A T E S A R E S O V E R E I G N , I N T E R N A T I O N A L O R G A N I Z A T I O N S

20

DO YOU KNOW THAT ONE CAN BE A NATION BUT NOT

A STATE? OR THAT TWO STATES CAN EXIST IN ONE

NATION?

21

HOW DID THE NATION-STATE COME TO BE?

Through the Peace of Westphalia

Package of treaties that ended the 30 years war (1618-1648)

• Established notion of Westphalian sovereignty

• Legal equality of states

• Non-intervention

• A repudiation of supranationalism(law-making in states)

22

UNDERSTANDING NATIONS, NATIONALISM, AND NATION-STATES

What is a nation?

A people who:

• Share demographic and cultural similarities

• Possesses a feeling of community

• Want to control themselves politically

- A state (country – a loose term) is a tangible institution, but a nation is an imagined thought, an intangible – ‘a soul, a spiritual quality’ (Renan, 1995:7)

Rourke, International Politics of the World, p. 103 23


What is nationalism?

It is an ideology having a set of related ideas that

• Establish values about what is good and bad

• Direct adherents on how to act (patriotism)

• Link together its adherents

• Distinguish adherents from those that are not


Nationalism is a learnedform of political identity. None of these babies has a sense of loyalty to any of the countries represented by the flags ontheir blanket, but they soon will. As a result, even though they seem pretty much the same in this photo, each baby will come to see the others as different and perhaps even as hostile.

25


What is a state?

A country, a sovereign (independent) political organization with essential elements, such as:

• Territory

• Population

• Government

• Sovereignty

• (Recognition)



What is a nation-state?

Ideally,

a nation-state is one in which virtually all of a nation is united within the boundaries of its own state, and the people of that state overwhelmingly identify with the nation.


FROM MYTH TO REALITY:FIVE BASIC PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES

Like most ideological images, the ideal nation-state is more myth than reality (Axtmann, 2004). The reason is that the territorial boundaries of nations and states often do not coincide. Instead, most states are not ethnically unified, and many nations are split by one or more national boundaries. This lack of "fit" between nations and states is a significant source of tension and conflict (Williams, 2003).


FROM MYTH TO REALITY:FIVE BASIC PATTERNS OF NATION-STATES

1. One State, One Nation (the ideal model of a nation-state)

Lack-of-fit patterns

2. One State, Multiple Nations

3. One Nation, Multiple States

4. One Nation, No State

5. Multiple Nations, Multiple States


1. ONE STATE, ONE NATION

The United States

- More than 99% of Americans

live in the US, expressing national

pride

30

2. ONE STATE, MULTIPLE NATIONS

Canada

- Multinational states: those in which more than one nation

lies within a state. 30% of all states have no nation that

constitutes a majority

- ¼ of Canada’s 32 million people are ethnically French

(French Canadians) who identity French as their ‘mother

tongue’ and first language (Francophones), living in Quebec

- Do the Quebecois form a nation within Canada?

The answer is yes.

- Do the Quebecois form an independent nation?

The answer is no.

31

2. ONE STATE, MULTIPLE NATIONS

Rwanda

- divided between two ethnonational groups, the

minority (but politically dominant) Tutsi people

and the majority Hutu people.

- In 1994 an orgy of killing decimated Rwanda

when Hutus slaughtered some 800,000 Tutsis and

their sympathizers over about 100 days and well

over 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus fled for

their lives to neighboring countries.

32

3. ONE NATION, MULTIPLE STATES- A multistate nation occurs when a nation overlaps the

borders of two or more states.

- The Cold war (1945-1990) created a number of such

instances:

- North and South Korea (only example today)

- North and South Vietnam (reunified in 1976)

- East and West Germany (before German unification on

1990)

- People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen and Yemen Arab

Republic (before Yemeni Unification on May 22, 1990)

33

3. ONE NATION, MULTIPLE STATES- A multistate nation also occurs when

1. A nation is majority in one state and a minority in

one or more other states.

- 95% of the population in Albania are Albanians; the

others are minorities

- But 90% of the population in Kosovo, a province of

Serbia until 2008, are also Albanians.

- In 1997, fighting broke out, initiated by the Albanian

Kosovars, which led to a retaliation by Serbia.

- In 2000 and 2001, the Macedonian government also

clashed with its 25% Albanian population34

THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA

- Now known retroactively as ‘former Yugoslavia’ was

composed, after it has been dissolved on April 27,

1992, of 6 republics:

- Bosnia and Herzegovina

- Croatia

- Macedonia

- Montenegro

- Serbia (including Kosovo and Vojvodina)

- Slovenia35

3. ONE NATION, MULTIPLE STATES

36

- A multistate nation also occurs when2. A majority of the nation lives outside its associated state. - Only 28% of Azerbaijanis (Azeris) live in Azerbaijan.- Two-thirds of Azerbaijanis live in Iran, with the rest

scattered throughout nearby countries such as Georgia, Russia, and Turkey.

4. ONE NATION, NO STATE

- A stateless nation occurs when a nation is a minority

in one or more states, does not have a nation-state of

its own, and wants one (Hossay, 2002).

- Examples would be the Kurds and the Palestinians.

37

4. ONE NATION, NO STATEThe Kurds are an ancient non-Arab people

who are mostly Sunni Muslims. The most

famous of all Kurds was Saladin, the great

defender of Islam. He captured Jerusalem

from the Christians (1187) and then

defended it successfully against England's

King Richard I (the Lion-Heart) and other

invading Christians during the Third

Crusade (1189-1192).

the Kurds are spread among several states

and have no country of their own

38

4. ONE NATION, NO STATEAny attempt to establish an independent Kurdistan in northern Iraq would almost certainly have significant international ramifications. For example, Turkey might intervene militarily because, as its prime minister explained, "Most Turks think, if there is a Kurdish state in northern Iraq,.. . our own Kurds will want to join with them, and, then, we will be losing Turkey's southeastern part, and, there will be a greater Kurdistan, and, Turkey will be losing its territory." As such, the prime minister warned, "Any attempt to set up a Kurdish state in northern Iraq would be considered by the Turkish state as a vital danger to Turkey. We would not let that happen. We would ... do whatever we can ... to kill it off.

39

4. ONE NATION, NO STATEThe story of the Palestinians centers on the fact that they and another nation, the Jewish people, have long existed in the same area.

The Jewish nation and its state, Israel, now control most of that territory; the Palestinians intend to reclaim enough of it to create their own state.

Fighting for control erupted

Israel won the ensuing war in 1948

About 500,000 Palestinians fled to refugee camps in

Egyptian-controlled Gaza and elsewhere

40

4. ONE NATION, NO STATESince then, Israel has fought and won three more wars

with its Arab neighbors. In the 1967 war Israel

captured considerable territory, including Gaza from

Egypt and the West Bank (including East Jerusalem)

from Jordan. Both these areas had major Palestinian

populations. Victory, however, did not bring Israel

peace or security. The key reason is the unresolved

fate of the West Bank, which is central to Palestinians'

quest for an independent homeland.

There was hope for peace, but no sooner did conflicts

start to emerge again.

41

4. ONE NATION, NO STATEA few months later, Palestinian militants attacked an

Israeli border post, killing two soldiers and capturing

one, which led Israel to send its forces back into Gaza.

That was soon followed by a major clash and

associated regional conflict.

Polls show that most Palestinians and Israelis want

peace, but also that they are divided on the very

difficult issues between them (Nabulsi, 2004).

42

4. ONE NATION, NO STATE

Why is a “two-state solution” so difficult tofacilitate?

There are many reasons a two-state solution hasso far failed to materialize, including reluctanceon both sides to pursue talks. Wars betweenIsrael and Hamas — the organization in controlof Gaza that has been branded a terrorist groupby the United States — have sown deep mistrustand created open hostility.

One reason a separate Palestinian state lookslike a distant mirage is the spread of Israelisettlements in the Palestinian territoriesand population growth within thosesettlements. Between 2009 and 2014, thenumber of Israelis living in settlements in theWest Bank grew by 25 percent.

43

5. MULTIPLE NATIONS, MULTIPLE STATES

44

A multinational multi-state happens when several states and several nations overlap.

A common complex configuration in Afghanistan, Russia and their respective countries.

45

Afghanistan exists as a legal state, but it shakes on the edge of being a failed state, a country so fragmented that it cannot be said to exist as a unified political or national entity.

While there have been brief periods of some unity in the face of invaders or under strong rulers, the sense of being an Afghan has been much less central to the political identification of most people in the country than their ethnic identification.


2018 FRAGILE STATES INDEX (KNOWN BEFORE AS FAILED STATES INDEX)W e a k c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t

Rank Country 2018 score

1 South Sudan 113.4

2 Somalia 113.2

3 Yemen 112.7

4 Syria 111.4

5 Central African Rep. 111.1

6Democratic Republic

of the Congo110.7

7 Sudan 108.7

8 Chad 108.3

9 Afghanistan 106.6

10 Zimbabwe 102.3

47 Philippines 85.5 46

47

"You don't have a functioning state [in Afghanistan]. There is no sense of nationhood. . . . Blood [kinship] is much more important.“

Afghanistan's ethnic groups (and their percentage of the population) include the Pashtuns (42%), Tajiks (27%), Hazaras(9%), and Uzbeks (9%), with smaller groups making up the remaining 13%

All these groups are nations (ethnonationals) wanting to create states within Afghanistan.


48


RUSSIA [FORMER SOVIET UNION: UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR)]

GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN A WORLD DIVIDED

T H E T H I R D W O R L D

N O R T H A N D S O U T H D I V I D E

51

• After WWII, Cold War divided the world

• First world: NATO and the Western Alliance

• Second World: Communist countries

• Third World: Those caught in between the superpowers

THIRD WORLD

52

• 29 countries participated• Established to combat

colonialism and neocolonialism by either the US or the USSR

• Birth of the non-aligned movement for decolonizing countries

THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE (1955)

53

• Third world solidarity• Developing world, Global South

• Cementing the emphasis on national development against “neocolonial intervention.”

• Regionally-driven internationalism

LEGACIES OF BANDUNG

54

55

THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

56

THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

Main concept:• First World and Second

World countries became the North

• Third World became the South

57

59

Friedman

• The Lexus (the drive for prosperity and development) and the Olive Tree (the desire to retain identity and tradition)

60

Perspectives on the Global Divide

Lexus or Stagnation!

Friedman

• The Lexus

(progress) and the

Olive Tree

(tradition)

61

Huntington

• The Clash of the Future will be a clash of civilizations as a main source of conflict


RACEa socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of society consider important

Friedman

• The Lexus

(progress) and the

Olive Tree

(tradition)

63

Huntington

• The Clash of the Future will be a clash of civilizations as a main source of conflict

Fukuyama

“END OF HISTORY” –

The complete triumph of Western Capitalism and Liberalism

Liberal Democracy is the final and most ideal form of government


GLOBALIZATION OPERATES IN REGIONALISMS

G L O B A L I Z E D A S I A –

A S I A N R E G I O N A L I S M

64

UNDERSTANDING REGIONALISM AND REGIONALIZATION

Region is a group of countries in the same geographically specified area

Regionalization is the “societal integration and the often undirected process of social and economic interaction”

Regionalism is “the formal process of intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states

65

ASIAN REGIONS

66

67

FRAMEWORK67

Globalization

1 externalist

view

2 generative

view

3 the region

as an alternative to globalization

68

THE REGION AS AN OBJECT IMPACTED BY GLOBALIZATION

1. Colonial rule and dominance

• Advantages and disadvantages of colonial rule

• Colonized Asian countries

• Non colonized Asian countries• Case of Japan

• Case of Thailand

• 19th & 20th century: movements for nationalism and independence emerged

1 externalist

view

69

INFLUENCE ON CULTURE

• Globalization is a form of cultural westernization called McWorld

• Globalization is leading to cultural homogenization and destruction of cultural diversity• Increase in number of McDonald

stores in Asia• Rise of domestic fast food chains• Rapid expansion of supermarkets

1 externalist

view

70

GENERATING GLOBALIZATION: ASIA AS A SPRINGBOARD

1. Spice trade

2. Early modern world economy: central was Asia

3. Colonialism: influenced the colonizers as well

4. Rise of Japan on procurement of raw materials

5. Rise of China: producer and consumer

6. Rise of India • on IT / software development• Global service provider: outsourcing and offshoring

7. International migrant labor

8. Remittance from migrant workers (Ph = 11% of the Ph economy)

2 generative

view

71

GENERATING GLOBALIZATION: ASIA AS A SPRINGBOARD

2 Generative

View

72

THE ANTI GLOBAL IMPULSE: REGIONAL ALTERNATIVES TO GLOBALIZATION

1. Japan’s colonialization of the region in 1930s and 40s – East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

2. Asian way

• to reach consensus on national goals with the democratic framework to take the middle path to exercise tolerance and sensitivity towards others

• Contrast to Western values: every individual can do what he likes, free from any restraint by government;

• Asians respects hard work, thrift, authority; community over the individual

• Operates based on Harmony and consensus rather than on majority rule

3 the region as an alternative

to globalization

73Add a Footer 73

74

ASIA IS HOME OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

GLOBALIZATION INFLUENCES MEDIA CULTURE AND RELIGION

M E D I A A S C A R R I E R S O F C U L T U R E

S E C U L A R I Z A T I O N

75

“IS IT POSSIBLE FOR GLOBALIZATION TO OCCUR

WITHOUT MEDIA?”

76

GLOBAL IMAGINARY AND GLOBAL VILLAGE

• Media have linked the globe with stories, images, myths and metaphors.

• Global Imaginary - the globe itself as imagined community.

• Global Village

77

NO. THEY ARE LINKED

Media and Economic Globalization

• Media fosters the conditions for global capitalism.

• “Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible without a global commercial media system to promote global markets and to encourage consumer values” – Robert Mc Chesney

78

Media and Cultural

Globalization• Media are carriers of

culture

• Technologies of transport, of information and mediation, including social media platforms, have made possible the circulation of cultural commodities such as music.

Media and Political Globalization

• Though media corporations are themselves powerful political actors, individuals journalists are subject to intimidations as more actors contend for power.

• In the age of political globalization: government shape and manipulate the news.

WHAT HAPPENS TO RELIGION IN

GLOBALIZATION?

79

TRANSNATIONAL RELIGION AND MULTIPLE GLOCALIZATIONS

(PROGRESS BUT PRESERVING RELIGIOUS IDENTITY)

• Migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature of the worlds throughout the 20th century.

• Transnational religion emerged through the post-World War II.

80

SOCIETY IS SECULARIZED

• Secularization (‘secula’=world)

• The shift from society’s identification to religious values and institutions towards non-religious values and institutions

81

THE RELATIONSHIP OF RELIGION AND GLOBALIZATION

• Religion transnationalism = “religion going global”.

• Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites relate to deep issues of existence, it should not be surprising when religion enters the picture in times of crisis.

82

• The era of globalization brought with it 3 enormous problems, namely:

1. Identity2. Accountability3. Security

THE RELATIONSHIP OF RELIGION AND GLOBALIZATION

Religion provides answer to these problems

1. It provides a sense of identity

2. Traditional religious leadership provides a sense of accountability.

3. Religion offers a sense of security.

83

• The era of globalization brought with it 3 enormous problems, namely:

1. Identity2. Accountability3. Security

THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT RELIGION WILL LAST AS LONG AS

HUMANITY LASTS, BUT CAN SOMETHING REPLACE IT?

PERHAPS, UNDER A DIFFERENT NAME?

84

Walter Benjamin

GLOBALIZATION HOUSES GLOBAL CITIES

L E A D I N G F I N A N C I A L C E N T E R S

86

87

WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITY?

• The global city transcends boundaries of nation-states

• Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global “command centers” of the world economy• Global financial centers

88

WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITY?

• The global city transcends boundaries of nation-states

• Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global “command centers” of the world economy• Global financial centers

• Apart from being financial centers, global cities are:• Geopolitical power centers

• Cultural and trendsetting powerhouses

• Higher education hubs

• Creative Industries

• Nature of activities generates a specific labor demand:• A professional class of knowledge workers

• Highly mobile, career minded not necessarily elites

89

90

London, United Kingdom

91

92

New York, USA

93

94

Tokyo, Japan

95

Mori Foundation Global City Power Index (2018)

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES OF

GLOBALIZATION?

96

Collapsing Financial Markets Rising Unemployment Rate

Shrinking Middle Class Deeper Inequalities

1st decade of the 21st century

Extreme Indebtedness Inability of Governments to force through reforms

Climate Change ProblemsScarcity (Challenges to

Availability of Resources

1st decade of the 21st century

99

• Coined by Beck (1986)

• Ulrich Beck asserts that the main reason for the

current problems has been the inability of

modern societies to produce enough stability and

sustainability.

Global Demography and Migration

• Mortality declines –improved food storage, medicine, and public health

• Fertility declines – increase of opportunity cost for children, effect of contraceptive use

• Increase in age longevity

• Increased global population

• Migration –transnationalism, enabling systems, greener pasteurs 100

Sustainability

• Society is at risk (Risk Society)

• The challenge must be to operate in an economy with the view in mind that such operations must be sustainable.

Global Food Security• By 2050, climate change impacts

could increase the risk of food insecurity by up to 20 percent.

• Catches of the world's most relied-upon fish are expected to decrease by up to 60 percent by 2050

• To adequately feed the global population in 2050, crop production would have to doubleand fishing must be controlled.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION?

STABILITY

• Firmness in position, permanence, andresistance to change especially in a disruptiveway

• Avoiding large swings in economic activity,high inflation, and excessive volatility inexchange rates and financial markets (IMF,2012)

APPROACHES TO GROWTH

The Roll-over effect

End of Growth

Amended Growth

More Growth The more goods produced, the better for economies.

Domination of GDP index in measurements of performance of

national economies.

GDP is just one important index. There are many more indexes such as HDI (Human Development

Index).

“There are no ‘low hanging fruits’ anymore.” – Tyler Cowen

Slower pace of innovation

GLOBALIZATION REIMAGINES CITIZENSHIP AS GLOBAL

C O S M O P O L I T A N I S M

103

104

WHAT IS COSMOPOLITANISM?

• Cosmopolitanism is the perspective that reimagines the citizen as part of a single community.

• This becomes possible in globalization when values and relations are being shared.

• This is made possible through:• Economic transactions

• International relations

• International policies

105

WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITIZEN?

• A global citizen is someone who consciously commits oneself to social justice, diversity, sustainable economic development respecting the environment and a peaceful world.

• The great majority for those who take part in international humanitarian or social campaigns first consider themselves as a citizen of their respective countries but with an additional concern about international issues and the fate of individuals in other parts of the world

“I AM NOT AN ATHENIAN OR A GREEK, BUT A CITIZEN OF THE WORLD.”

― SOCRATES

O N C O S M O P O L I TA N I S M

106

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