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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

Edited by

Nicholas Holmes

GLASGOW 2011



All rights reserved byThe International Numismatic Council

ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6

Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ET

Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.

International Numismatic Council

British Academy



PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIV th INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

II





PrefaceEditor’s note

Inaugural lecture

‘A foreigner’s view of the coinage of Scotland’, by Nicholas MAYHEW

Antiquity: Greek

I Delfini (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO

Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL

Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol : una verifica della documentazione

disponibile, by Marta BARBATO

Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by RachelBARKAY

Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica – the case ofKoshary, by Jarosław BODZEK

The ‘colts’ of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravel’sPeriod V, by Lee L. BRICE

Not only art! The period of the ‘signing masters’ and ‘historical iconography’,by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO

Les monnaies pr éromaines de BB’T-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by LaurentCALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI

Mode iconografiche e determinazioni delle cronologie nell’occidente ellenistico,by Benedetto CARROCCIO

La phase postarcha ï que du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-AlbertCHEVILLON

A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORFÙ

Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, by

Antonio CRISÀ

La politica estera tolemaica e l’area del Mar Nero: l’iconografia numismaticacome fonte storica, by Angela D’ARRIGO

1819

23

35

42

48

52

58

67

73

81

89

97

105

114

123

CONTENTS



CONTENTS2

New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPER-GEORGIADES

The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by Dimitar DRAGANOV

The ‘royal archer’ and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in theSeleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT

ὖ ὰ ῖ ῖ . Retour sur les critères quidéfinissent habituellement les ‘imitations’ Athéniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT

On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA

Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULIŃSKA

Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dell’anticaCaulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO

La circulation monétaire à Argos d’apr ès les monnaies de fouille de l’ÉFA(École française d’Athènes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN

Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by JeanHOURMOUZIADIS

Seleucid ‘eagles’ from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, by

Panagiotis P. IOSSIF

Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN

Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELEŞ

Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-MarieKNOBLAUCH

The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis,by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS

The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by Constantine LAGOS

Évidence numismatique de l’existence d’Antioche en Troade, by Dincer SavasLENGER

131

140

163

170

178

184

189

199

203

213

230

237

246

251

259

265



CONTENTS 3

Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necr ó polis Feno-Púnica delos cuarteles de Varela, Cádiz, España, by Urbano LÓPEZ RUIZ & Ana Mar í aRUIZ TINOCO

Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by Evangeline MARKOU

Göttliche Herrscherin – herrschende Göttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischenMünzen, by Katharina MARTIN

Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Bética costera, by ElenaMORENO PULIDO

Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend ‘ΚΟΣΩΝ’, by LucianMUNTEANU

‘Une monnaie grecque inédite: un triobole d’Argos en Argolide’, by EleniPAPAEFTHYMIOU

The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA

Le tr ésor des monnaies perses d’or trouvé à Argamum / Orgamé (Jurilovca, dép.de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMAŢCHI & V. IONIŢĂ

The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classification anddating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV

Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI

Tesoros sertorianos en España: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by IsabelRODRÍGUEZ CASANOVA

‘Ninfa’ eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personificazioni cittadine,by Grazia SALAMONE

The coin finds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC – thirdcentury AD, by Ziad SAWAYA

Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO

Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by LaviniaSOLE

La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI

269

280

285

293

304

310

319

331

337

350

357

365

376

382

393

405



CONTENTS4

Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI

Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by CliveSTANNARD

The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Oğuz TEKIN

Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Górtyn, by Burkhard TRAEGER

Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by AdrianaTRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI

La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria DanielaTRIFIRÒ

Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A.TZAMALIS

The pattern of findspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by Dubravka UJES MORGAN

The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by FranckWOJAN

The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by E.V. ZAKHAROV

Antiquity: Roman

The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN

Coin finds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland).Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins fromthe Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIËN

The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin finds from Kalkriese, by FrankBERGER

Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. first -fourth century AD, by Line BJERG

The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORIĆ-BREŠKOVIĆ

417

427

436

441

447

461

473

487

497

500

509

514

527

533

538



CONTENTS 5

Die Münzpr ägung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus(161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER

The denarius in the first century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING

Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by Dario CALOMINO

La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by RaffaellaCASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO

Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di età antonina del IV municipiodi Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI

I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by AlessiaCHIAPPINI

Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during theTetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEÓN-REINA, F.J.FORTES, L.M. CABALÍN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA

L’Oriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna D’OTTONE

Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DEPACE

A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina

(Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMÍNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRAN-AYMERICH

Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth inthe culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING

Les fractions du nummus frappées à Rome et à Ostie sous le r ègne de Maxence(306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST

Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in theFlavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS

‘The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument’ by Jane DeRoseEVANS

La circulation monétaire à Lyon de la fondation de la colonie à la mort deSeptime Sévère (43 av. – 211 apr. J.C.): premiers résultats, by Jonas FLUCK

545

557

569

576

580

592

595

605

613

621

629

635

645

657

662



CONTENTS6

Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des expérimentations auxétudes numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPÈNE, FlorianTÉREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE

New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO

Les bronzes d’Octave à la proue et à la tête de bélier (RPC 533) attribués àToulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles découvertes, by Vincent GENEVIÈVE

Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Romancoins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DIGENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI

Deux médaillons d’Antonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA

Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius:iconological considerations with special reference to the emperor’scorrespondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jürgen HAMER

The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrian’s eastern silver coinages, by F.HAYMANN

The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Romanempire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND

Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS

Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNÆS

Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappée à Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN

New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fifth century, by Vujadin IVANIŠEVIĆ & Sonja STAMENKOVIĆ

Die augusteischen Münzmeisterpr ägungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeldzwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KÜTER

Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aládar KUUN

The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH

Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius a pr ès la mort de César, by RaphaëlleLAIGNOUX

668

676

686

696

709

715

720

726

732

742

749

757

765

772

780

785



CONTENTS 7

L’ultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA

Claudius’s issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by BarbaraLICHOCKA

La chronologie des émissions monétaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan etSiscia, by Jérôme MAIRAT

La circulation monétaire à Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin supérieur aupremier siècle après J.-C., by Stéphane MARTIN

The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIŠKEC

A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare(Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI

Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la colecciónantigua del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolomé MORASERRANO

Monete e ritualitá funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni (Ferrara – Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI

Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI

La trouvaille monétaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse,

by Yves MUHLEMANN

Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Städte des Ostens: ein Projekt derKommission f ür alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLLÉ

Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibérica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romanade Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRÓS MARTÍ, DanielVÁZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA

I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by AndreaPANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA

Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fifth-century context coming fromthe N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI

Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografia, by Rossella PERA

Could the unof ficial mint called ‘Atelier II’ be identified with the of ficinae ofChâteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON

794

800

809

816

822

828

839

846

856

864

872

878

888

893

901

906



CONTENTS8

Coin finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA

El poblamiento romano en el área del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): unaaproximación a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismáticos, by AlfredoPORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ

The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: reflections oncultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by VagnerCarvalheiro PORTO

The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI

Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-easternAlps, by Andrej RANT

A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo

della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI

L’image du pouvoir impériale de Trajan et son évolution idéologique: étude desfrappes monétaires aux types d’Hercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI

The inflow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia ( Mazowsze) andPodlachia ( Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI

Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the finds from the Basilica Hilariana,by Alessia ROVELLI

Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I, by ClareROWAN

An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO& Alessandro CAVAGNA

Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria andMesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER

Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpinearea and western Pannonia, by Andrej ŠEMROV

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione edinnovazione, by Alessandra SERRA

A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS

911

916

926

933

941

954

964

973

983

991

999

1004

1013

1019

1020

1025



CONTENTS 9

La ‘corona radiata’ sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by GiovanniMaria STAFFIERI

The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica inthe second and first centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD

Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI

Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors – Greek imperialissues, by Yannis STOYAS

Les monnaies d’or d’Auguste: l’apport des analyses élémentaires et le problèmede l’atelier de N î mes, by Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND &Michel AMANDRY

The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of

imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA

Gold and silver first tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. ScottVANHORN

Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., by

Daniela WILLIAMS

Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA

Antiquity: Celtic

La moneda ibérica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior : consideraciones sobresu cronologí a y función, by Marta CAMPO

Les bronzes à la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by PhilippeCHARNOTET

Les imitations de l’obole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.)entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER

Le monnayage à la légende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER& Julia GENECHESI

Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armuña deTajuña, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS

Données expérimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrés, by Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, MichelPERNOT & François ALLIER

1037

1045

1056

1067

1073

1082

1092

1103

1115

1135

1142

1148

1155

1165

1173



CONTENTS10

Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKIĆ

Les monnaies gauloises trouvées à Paris, by Sté phane MARTIN

Die keltischen Münzen vom Oberleiserberg (Nieder österreich), by Jiři MILITKÝ

New coin finds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany)and Rheinau (Switzerland) – a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?,by Michael NICK

Le dépôt monétaire gaulois de Laniscat (Côtes-d’Armor): 547 monnaies de bastitre. Étude préliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE &Gérard AUBIN

Antiquity: general

La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. AR ÉVALOGONZÁLEZ

Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Münzen und Gemmen,by Angela BERTHOLD

Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by AlessandraBOTTARI

Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches toreading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL

The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov(1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER

Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum,by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI

Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG project, by Marici Martins MAGALHÃES

La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by RosaMaria NICOLAI

The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by Isabelle A. PAFFORD

Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at theUniversalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER

1182

1191

1198

1207

1218

1231

1240

1247

1254

1261

1266

1278

1292

1303

1310



CONTENTS 11

Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI

Il volume 21 delle Antichit á Romane di Pirro Ligorio ‘Libri delle Medaglie da

Cesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo’ , by Patrizia SERAFIN

Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the Çorum Museum, by D. ÖzlemYALCIN

Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)

The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN

Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe,by Anne-Francine AUBERSON

Die Pegauer Brakteatenpr ägung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223):

Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER

Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI

Le retour à l’or au treizième siècle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD

Le monete a leggenda ΠAN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo diAntinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO

Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche,

medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI

La aportación de los hallazgos monetarios a ‘la crisis del siglo XIV’ en Cataluña,by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL

Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE

Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Fr édéric ELFVER

Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankishempire, by Hubert EMMERIG

Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSØY

Münzen des Moskauer Grossf ürstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij IvanowitschDonskoj (1359-1389) (ü ber die Ver öffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des ‘Korpusder russischen Münzen des 14-15. Jhs.’), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN

1323

1334

1344

1355

1360

1372

1382

1392

1401

1408

1411

1418

1426

1431

1436

1441



CONTENTS12

Brakteatenpr ägungen in Mähren in der zweiten Hälfte des dreizehntenJahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK

A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by Wolfgang HAHN

Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 1000-1250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON

Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by CharlieKARUKSTIS

Interpreting single finds in medieval England – the secondary lives of coins, by

Richard KELLEHER

Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & MarcinWOŁOSZYN

Die fr üheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Münze?, by IvarLEIMUS

Coinage and money in the ‘years of insecurity’: the case of late ByzantineChalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS

Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di

S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI

The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and itsimplications, by Michael MATZKE

Ü berlegungen zum ‘Habsburger Urbar’ als Quelle f ür Währungsgeschichte, by Samuel NUSSBAUM

Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by Borys PASZKIEWICZ

Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presenciaaragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo

PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNÁNDEZ

L’atelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMYTOURNELLE

1452

1458

1464

1470

1477

1492

1500

1509

1517

1535

1542

1552

1557

1564

1570



CONTENTS 13

La ubicación de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino deLeón, by Antonio ROMA VALDÉS

New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoardrevisited, by Elina SCREEN

The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fifth and sixth centuries inKlapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav ŠEPAROVIĆ

A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J.SIMENSEN

A clippe from Femern, by Jørgen SØMOD

The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by PeterSPUFFORD

A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL,Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO

OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspectsof German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by SebastianSTEINBACH

Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe siècle, by StanislawSUCHODOLSKI

Palaeologian coin findings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their reflections.by Ceren ÜNAL

The hoard of Tetí n (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions inthirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jiři MILITKÝ

The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fifteenth century, by MichalZAWADZKI

Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)

Die neuzeitliche Münzstätte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by Rahel C. ACKERMANN

The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST

Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC

1580

1591

1597

1605

1614

1620

1625

1633

1640

1649

1664

1671

1679

1687

1693



CONTENTS14

A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI

The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: astarting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA

Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG

The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by Michael MÄRCHER

Patrimonio Numismático Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORÁN

Moneda local durante la guerra civil española: billete emitido por elayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTÍNEZPASTOR & Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ

Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary problems, by Robert PIE ŃKOWSKI

Representaciones del café en el acervo de numismática del Museu Paulista -USP , by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO

Freiburg im Üechtland und die Münzreformen der französischen K önige (1689-1726), by Nicole SCHACHER

La aparición de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, ¿1618 o 1640? Una

nueva hipótesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBÁÑEZ

Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI

The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins fromJáchymov (Joachimsthal) in the first half of the sixteenth century, by PetrVOREL

The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to theEnglish Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV

Oriental and African coinages

The meaning of the character寳 bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH

Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura,by Pratipal BHATIA

1704

1713

1719

1725

1734

1744

1748

1752

1758

1765

1774

1778

1783

1789

1796



CONTENTS 15

Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches onStanzani Collection history, by Arianna D’OTTONE

The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG

The first evidence of a mint at Miknāsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, adirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfiq IBRAHIM

L’âge d’or de la numismatique en Chine: l’exemple du Catalogue des Monnaies

Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI

Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage.Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by Keiichiro KATO

The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS

A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER

Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth –nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH

Silver fragments of unique Būyid and Ḥamdānid coins and their role in the Kelč hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVÁK

Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde,

by A.V. PACHKALOV

Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVI e au XIXe siècles, by Josette RIVALLAIN

Les imitations des dirhems carrés almohades: apport des analyses élémentaires,by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND

À propos du monnayage de Kiến Phúc (1883-1884), by François THIERRY

Glass jetons from Sicily: new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato,by Christian WEISS

Medals

Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by Kathleen ADLER

1807

1813

1821

1826

1832

1841

1847

1852

1862

1869

1874

1884

1890

1897

1907



CONTENTS16

Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection ofthe numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA

De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusión de la efigie de Juan VIIIPaleólogo en la peninsula Ibérica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS

Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse François, by Paola GIOVETTI

Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in derdeutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND

The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by JanPELSDONK

Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenthcentury?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN

‘Shines with unblemished honour’: some thoughts on an early nineteenth-century medal, by Tuukka TALVIO

General numismatics

Dall’iconografia delle monete antiche all’ideologia della nazione future. Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di D’Annunzio sulla nuova monetazione

Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO

Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon

BERESKA

The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by François deCALLATAŸ

Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifico in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by Fiorenzo CATALLI

Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER

Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz BorbaFLORENZANO

A prosopography of the mint of ficials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by Luca GIANAZZA

Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by DagmarGROSSMANNOVÁ & Jan T. STEFAN

1920

1931

1937

1945

1959

1965

1978

1985

1993

1999

2004

2012

2017

2022

2027



CONTENTS 17

Les collections numismatiques du Musée archéologique de Dijon (France), by

Jacques MEISSONNIER

Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public,by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarianmuseums – a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & SvetoslavaFILIPOVA

„Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance“, by Ulrike PETER

Le sel a servi de moyen d’échange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT

The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of theInternational Numismatic Libraries’ Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS

The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON

Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Münzsammlung, by Simone VOGT

From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI

Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra PieridesCollection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU

Index of Contributors

2036

2044

2046

2047

2058

2072

2082

2089

2100

2102

2112

2118





THE COUNT OF CAYLUS (1692-1765)AND THE STUDY OF ANCIENT COINS

FRANÇOIS DE CALLATAŸ*

The Count of Caylus stands out as a major figure of the eighteenth century. Born at the very foot ofthe French throne (his mother was a niece of Madame de Maintenon and he grew up in the vicinityof the Sun king), Anne-Claude-Philippe de Tubières-Grimoard de Pestels Levieux de Lévis, comtede Caylus, had many lives. He quickly renounced the military career he first embraced. He trainedhimself to be an engraver and attained respectable achievements. Curious by nature, he hauntedcircles, artistic and not, where few aristocrats of his quality dared to venture. He made a name forhimself as the presumed author of many bawdy books (‘littérature paillarde’). A generous benefac-tor since his youth, he sponsored different kinds of artists. Also as a youth he made ‘le voyage enItalie’ and, with years, he increasingly devoted most of his time to antiquities. The days of the lastdecades of his life were split in two parts: to visit and sponsor his artists during the mornings, such

as Edmé Bouchardon or Jean-Marie Vien, and to write about antiquities in the evenings, with verylittle time devoted to the many entertainments a man of his rank and fortune may have enjoyed (hehad a yearly rent of 60,000 French pounds, which may be compared to the 4,000 French poundsgiven by Choiseul for Barthélemy).

A member of both the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (1731) and of the Aca-démie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1742), Caylus was very influential in encouraging therevival of Greco-Roman antiquity in the arts against the vapidity of the ‘style rocaille’. A naturaltarget for the Encyclopedists and the instigators of the Enlightenment, he was hated by Diderotwho made a cruel epitaph when he died: ‘Ci-gît un antiquaire acariâtre et brusque; ah qu’il est

bien logé dans cette urne étrusque!’ (‘here lies a short and cantankerous antiquarian; how well heis housed in this Etruscan urn!’).

His reputation faded quickly after his death, and for a long time oscillated between – to takethe words of his first biographer – the bad (to have been the incarnation of the losing party of theAntiquarians against the Philosophers) and the worst (to be presumed as the author of bawdy lit-erature).1 Rediscovered more recently as a potential father of scientific archaeology, Caylus is nowinvolved in another dispute, along with Johann Joachim Winckelmann, propagated by moderncommentators who try, sometimes with a touch of nationalistic feeling, to establish a hierarchy be-tween these two characters.2 When they were alive, Caylus and Winckelmann disliked each other,so it would be easy to establish a catalogue of differences between the two.

Caylus himself explicitly made clear his aversion to collecting coins: ‘Wishes are often un-

limited: the one for coins is not only the most extended, but the necessity of completing the series

we suffer to see incomplete, and the impossibility of gathering the coins already mentioned in

other cabinets, are both a matter of grief and disgust I experienced in my youth. These reasons

have prevented me from following their study’ (my translation).3 Still, as a determined antiquarian,Caylus had no problem acknowledging how coins could be helpful in understanding history, allthe more since their images and legends are the results of of ficial and contemporary desires. In acompromising and somewhat ambiguous statement, he even dared to place coins before texts, and

* I would like to express my warm thanks to my friend Peter van Alfen,

who kindly improved my English1 Rocheblave 1889, p. VII.

2 Ibid., pp. 328-66.3 Caylus, Recueil d’antiquités égyptiennes, grecques, étrusques et

romaines (hereafter ‘Recueil’), IV, Paris, 1759, p. 143.



FRANÇOIS DE CALLATAŸ2000

4 Caylus, Recueil , VI, 1764, pp. 151-2, pl. XLV, N° 1.5 As was made clear in the letter written by Caylus on 5 January 1730 to the

abbot Antonio Conti (see Rocheblave 1889, p. 154, n. 3 and Rees 2006, p. 73).6 See Babelon 1928, pp. 22-4.7 Rocheblave 1889, p. 93, n. 4.8 On his poor knowledge of Latin, see Sérieys 1802, p. 183 (letter

XXXV of Barthélemy to him).9 Babelon 1928, p. 13.10 Caylus, Recueil , I, 1752, p. XIV.11 See Sainte-Croix 1797, p. XXXVII. This suggestion was presented as

likely by Rocheblave 1889, p. 93 and was taken for granted by Babelon

1928, p. 9.

so proved to be not too far from the now famously mocked abbé Hardouin, who held only coins astrustworthy witnesses of the past, dismissing at once almost all our literary evidence.4

I would like to argue in this paper that Caylus is worthy of quotation in the history of numis-matics, definitively more so in that respect than Johann Joachim Winckelmann. A first but unim- portant reason is that he left his name on a numismatic book published soon after his death withoutindication of place or date, but which was produced in his youth (c. 1730):5 the publication of theRepublican and Imperial Roman gold coins belonging to the king of France, ( Numismata aurea

Imperatorum Romanorum e Cimelio Regis Christianissimi delineata et aeri incise, s.l. [Paris], s.d. [1766?], 68 plates). All the coins – approximately 1,500 – were drawn and engraved in copper byCaylus himself, whose name appears in bold letters on the title page. No text was provided withthe plates, on which the engravings are of a decent quality.

His real tribute to numismatics is to be found in his opus magnum, his Recueil d’antiquités

égyptiennes, grecques, étrusques et romaines, the first volume of which appeared in 1752 and theseventh and last one in 1767, shortly after his death in 1765. These seven volumes form an ex-traordinary disparate monument in which coins are actually rarely reproduced but, as we shall see,when they are, they are done so with an original and surprisingly modern angle.

Caylus and the French numismatists: Claude Gros de Boze, Jean-Jacques Barthélemy,

Joseph Pellerin and the others

The second reason is more profound: the Count of Caylus knew everybody in the small world ofantiquarians, and among them the numismatists. He knew Claude Gros de Boze (1680-1753) verywell, who was the keeper of the royal coin cabinet (1719-1753), as well as the perpetual secretaryof the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (from 1706).6 Gros de Boze used to receive fordinner every Tuesday and Wednesday a group of Academicians.

Jean-Jacques Barthélemy.It was there that Barthélemy met Caylus for the first time in the late 1740s.7 Caylus, now

in his fifties and passionate about antiquities, quickly became acquainted with this ‘long abbot’(as he was later nicknamed), so gifted with the knowledge of ancient languages. Caylus himselfnever studied Greek and tried courageously to improve his Latin when he became recognized asan antiquarian.8 His knowledge of the secondary literature was not great, leading him sometimesto reveal his insuf ficiencies, as when he comically charged Paciaudi to send his best greetings toCyriacus of Ancona (died in 1455).9 The services the young Jean-Jacques Barthélemy (born 24years after Caylus) may have provided to him were evident, as well as the social openings Caylusmay have offered to Barthélemy.

For sure, Barthélemy became one of his ‘faiseurs’ and this is plainly recognized in the intro-duction of the first volume.10 But to what extent? Was he really the instigator of the Recueil ? Didhe suggest, and then convince the count to embark on, what remains his most important achieve-

ment, as argued by Sainte-Croix, the biographer of Barthélemy?11 Should we recognize the longabbot behind any comments in the inscriptions? Thefirst edition of Barthélemy’s works is far morerestricted: it ends with a notice entitled ‘ Dans le recueil d’Antiquités de Caylus’ which attributes



THE COUNT OF CAYLUS (1692-1765)AND THE STUDY OF ANCIENT COINS 2001

12 Sainte-Croix, 1797-1798, IV, p. 226.13 Archives de l’Institut, C9 – see Fumaroli 1995.14 Nisard 1877, p. 355 (Letter LXIX).15 Ibid ., p. 372 (Letter LXXII, 24 Oct. 1763), p. 423 (LXXXIII, 26

February 1764), p. 461 (LXXXIX, 1st April 1764).16 Ibid ., pp. 280-1 (Letter XXXIV, 14 Oct. 1765).

17 Charles Le Beau, ‘Eloge de Caylus’, in Mémoires de l’Académie des

Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, XXXIV, 1770, p. 221 (?) – see Rocheblave

1889, p. 121, n. 3.18 Nisard 1877, p. 372 (Letter LXXII of Caylus to Paciaudi, 24 Oct.

1763).19 Ibid ., p. 343 (Letter LXIX of Caylus to Paciaudi, 26 Sept. 1763).

to him four passages, the only four about which Caylus is explicit about his debt to Barthélemy.A Nota bene adds: ‘ Barthélemy a fourni encore diverses remarques au comte de Caylus pour ce

recueil, et l’a aidé beaucoup dans la rédaction du premier volume’.12 Caylus and Barthélemy never became friends. Both disliked obligations and they were both

obliged to each other. Barthélemy, whose printed autobiography is mute about these details, notonly owed to Caylus his election at the Académie des Inscriptions but, partly, also his position asthe successor of Claude Gros de Boze as keeper of the royal coin cabinet.13 But, as exemplified by several passages of his correspondence to Paciaudi, Barthélemy denied considering Caylus atrue antiquarian but constantly treated him as a ‘grand seigneur’. Caylus, on his side, moderatelyappreciated this lack of esteem disguised with high consideration. In September 1763, he wrote toPaciaudi: ‘ Ne craignez rien de ce que je puis dire à Barthélemy. Sans éclat, j’ai retiré tout douce-

ment mes troupes. Il en sait trop long pour moi, et nous sommes comme nous serons le reste de

notre vie’.14 Sarcasms against Barthélemy are clearly expressed in his late correspondence withPaciaudi.15 There we find that Caylus disliked the too close relationship of the abbot with the duch-ess of Choiseul, born Louis-Honorine Crozat, who was often left alone by a too busy husband.When Caylus died, Barthélemy wrote to Paciaudi : ‘Depuis nous avons perdu ce pauvre comte ; je

l’ai regretté et le regrette encore bien vivement. Mais ma douleur a été au comble par la mort dece pauvre ambassadeur (Solar) , à qui vous savez combien j’étais attaché’ .16 Barthélemy could nothave been more explicit about his priorities.

Joseph Pellerin. The other major numismatic character of the time in Paris was Joseph Pellerin, called ‘the old’

since he lived nearly a century (1684-1782). Pellerin built the largest collection of ancient coinsof his time, about 33,000 coins, especially strong in Greek coins. Pensioned in 1745, Pellerin,already nearly blind, devoted the rest of his long life to studying his coins. From 1762 to 1778,he published the ten volumes of his numismatic Recueil with different subtitles, such as Recueil

de médailles de peuples et de villes qui n’ont point encore été publiées ou qui sont peu connues .This numismatic monument may have been inspired by Caylus himself, as is claimed by Charles

Lebeau.17 There are several similarities between these two gigantic Recueils: not only the titles andthe sizes of the enterprises, but also the very idea of publishing interesting pieces as they comealong. It is not unlikely that Caylus engraved some of the coins reproduced by Pellerin, as we mayinfer from a letter to Paciaudi where, speaking of the fourth volume of Pellerin, he says ‘auquel je

travaille’.18 In any case, we see Caylus following the progresses of the Recueil de médailles, wellaware of what would likely be the considerable interest in the publication of Latakie’s hoard, thefirst hoard of Greek coin to have ever been published. 19

Relations between Caylus and Pellerin are well attested. Pellerin, who ended his career asPremier commis de la Marine and was living in Rue de Richelieu, had a large network of corre-spondents too but, in 1759, his confidence was broken in the man he used to employ as his inter-

mediary in Italy. Caylus asked Paciaudi tofi

nd another correspondent for him adding that Pellerinhad one of the most beautiful and largest coin cabinets in Europe. This commission was dif ficultand Paciaudi failed. Paciaudi himself was versed in numismatics and praised Pellerin ‘as by far

superior to Patin, Vaillant, Spanheim and all the band of antiquarians’ . 20 He once sent him some



FRANÇOIS DE CALLATAŸ2002

20 Sérieys 1802, p. 297 (Letter LXXI of Paciaudi to Caylus, 8 Oct. 1763).21 Nisard 1877, p. 318 (Letter II of Mariette to Paciaudi, 6 April 1759).22 Caylus, Recueil V, 1762, pp. 313-4 and Pl. CXII, No. I-II.23 Caylus, Recueil , I, 1752, pp. 284-5 and Pl. CV, No. I.24 Ibid., pp. 286-91 and Pl. CV, No. II.

25 Caylus, Recueil , V, 1762, pp. 159-60 and Pl. LVI, No. VI.26 The question of moulds was of prime interest for Caylus who gave them

long comments in Recueil , IV, 1759, pp. 343-54 (discussing the quality of

clays, oils to be used and materials in which moulds can be made).

coins found in Venice through the intermediary of Caylus, who felt very obliged. The counterpartof these mediations for Caylus was free access to the coin collection of Pellerin who, in addition,offered him some pieces.

Caylus was truly instrumental for advancing everybody’s agenda and he enjoyed appearing assuch, even in numismatic matters as exemplified by a letter of Pierre-Jean Mariette to Paciaudi:‘J’aurais souhaité vous envoyer la notice de quelques médailles de l’ancienne Ithaque, supposé que

M. Pellerin en ait quelqu’une dans sa collection, mais M. de Caylus, qui était présent à l’ouverture

de votre lettre, s’est saisi de la commission, et ce sera par lui que vous en serez éclairci’ .21

The modernity of Caylus

Barthélemy and Pellerin were the leading numismatic authorities of their time and certainly Cayluswas not in a position to compete with them, but I would argue that Caylus was more modern than bothof them, and that the rare numismatic passages dispersed in his Recueil des antiquités are possiblymore illuminating for current research than the much more extended writings of the two French cory- phées of eighteenth-century numismatic science.

Caylus simply looked at the coins differently or, better still, left the coins to numismatists whilehe concentrated on all their contextual surroundings. Typical is his commentary on a mounted goldRoman coin of Maximus. His interest goes far beyond the coin itself: it goes to the fact that, because itwas mounted, this coin is remarkably well preserved; moreover, it attests to a social habit: the flatteryof citizens towards their emperors.22 Above all, Caylus was interested in how things were produced. Itcomes as no surprise then that he succeeded in acquiring the only surviving coin-die out of two foundin 1739 in the fountain in Nîmes23 which he compared with the one kept at the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève. Not only did he provide accurate measurements of length and height, as he was wont to dosystematically, but he slightly filed the edge of the die to test its composition and analyze its differentcomponents. Caylus’s attention was also drawn to the clay moulds, found in Lyon at the very begin-ning of the eighteenth century, prepared to produce cast coins.24 His explanations could easily find a

receptive audience today. He tried to cast coins himself and succeeded in reproducing the operationwith the same clay moulds. Hence his conclusion that these moulds were not necessarily the worksof counterfeiters, but may have served as an expedient in production, especially since they were usedto reproduce bad silver coins. He argued that beside struck coins, Roman emperors may have also is-sued cast coins, and that this phenomenon was not limited to them. Indeed, Caylus provided anotherexample in his volume V of some bronzes of Massalia (which, in addition, he sent to La Monnaie deParis to be tested).25 This is truly a modern approach, if we consider, for example, how the same pointof view has recently been expressed for Ptolemaic bronzes. Being far more advanced than traditionalantiquarians, here taken mainly as philologists, he typically concludes : ‘Mais c’est aux antiquaires qui

joignent à d’autres connaissances celle du métal, à juger de mes vues et des conséquences que j’en ai

tirées’ (p. 291).26 Despite the claim that Barthélemy was greatly instrumental in the first volume, it is

clear that these comments have to be attributed to Caylus only. Ironically, Barthélemy is, however, re-sponsible for a not too fortunate comment in the second volume: it deals with a golden leaf found on anEgyptian mummy for which the ‘long abbot’ assumed that it could be the first money of the Egyptians,an hypothesis which has received no support since.27 Lead weights were another matter of interest for



THE COUNT OF CAYLUS (1692-1765)AND THE STUDY OF ANCIENT COINS 2003

Caylus, who published one found in Chio lent to him for study by Joseph Pellerin. 28 Tesserae formedanother category of material close to the coins. Caylus commented on three of them engraved in ivoryin his third volume.29 Noticing that each of these ivory tesserae had to be cut individually, he made thesensible and general comment that they are proofs of a Roman magnificence funneled into small de-tails. In addition, on the same plate, Caylus illustrates some lead pieces with monetary images. Insteadof identifying them as trial-pieces, as has often been the case (wrongly in my mind) in recent scholar-ship, he considers them as simple fantasies.30 Comparing coins and gems, either cameos or intaglios,Caylus’s sentiment is that gems have more often provided a model for die-cutters than the opposite. 31

Finally, Caylus is to be remembered as a pioneer of Celtic coins, which are usually neglected,since, as he reminds his reader, they cannot be dated or localized and so are consequently of no use tothe historian.32 Caylus sent a batch of these coins to M. de Quévanne at La Monnaie de Paris, whoseanalyses proved that the people who issued these coins were very fine metallurgists. Hence the ques-tion: how tribes who had such a poor taste in the arts were so knowledgeable in technology? Our ap- preciation for Celtic art has changed considerably in the twentieth century, but our surprise at the skillof Celtic metallurgy remains unchanged.

To conclude, it is true to say that, generally speaking, the count of Caylus had only a modest

interest in coins. But at the same time, what he did was really remarkable and surprisingly modernfor his time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Babelon, J. (1929), Choix de bronzes de la Collection Caylus. Tome II : Les trésors du cabinet des

Antiques, Paris.

Caylus (1766 ?), Numismata aurea imperatorum romanorum e cimelio regis christianissimi, de-

lineata et aeri incisa a comite de Caylus, s. l., Paris.

Caylus (1752-1767), Recueil d’antiquités égyptiennes, grecques, étrusques et romaines, 7 vols., Paris.

Fumaroli, M. (1995), ‘Le comte de Caylus et l’Académie des Inscriptions’, CRAI 139, pp. 225-250.

Le Beau, Ch. (1770), ‘Eloge de Caylus’, Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-

Lettres XXXIV, p. 221-34.

Nisard, Ch. (1877), Correspondance inédite du comte de Caylus avec le P. Paciaudi, théatin

(1757-1765) ; suivie de celles de l’abbé Barthélemy et de P. Mariette avec le même, Paris.

Rees, J. (2006), Die Kultur des Amateurs : Studien zu Leben und Werk von Anne Claude Philippe

de Thubières, Comte des Caylus (1692-1765), Weimar.

Rocheblave, S. (1889), Essai sur comte de Caylus, l’homme, l’artiste, l’antiquaire, Paris.

Sainte-Croix, G. de (1797-1798), Œuvres diverses de J.-J. Barthélemy, 4 vols., Paris.

Sérieys, A. (1802), Lettres de Paciaudi au Comte de Caylus, Paris.

27 Caylus, Recueil , II, 1756, pp. 18-22 and Pl. IV, No. II.28 Ibid ., pp. 143-4 and Pl. XLIX, No. I.29 Caylus, Recueil , III, 1759, pp. 283-4 and Pl. LXXVII – on tesserae,

see also Recueil , IV, 1759, pp. 160-1 and Pl. LIV, No. V and VI.

30 Caylus, Recueil , III, 1759, p. 287 and Pl. LXXVII, No. VII.31 Caylus, Recueil , IV, p. 243 and Pl. LXXVI, No. 2)32 Caylus, Recueil , VI, 1764, pp. 328-31 and Pl. CIV.

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The count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins / François de Callataÿ

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