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Journal of Science and today's world 2013, volume 2, issue 8, pages: 1144-1159

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Journal of Science and today's world

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Review Article

The Critic of power and relationship

Between political ideas and social Cognition

Alireza Golshani1, Masoud Jafarinejad

2 and Abdollah Rasekhi

3

1Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Politics Department; Shahreza - Iran

2Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Politics Department; Shahreza - Iran 3A Doctoral student in Politics, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch- Iran

Received: 27 July 2013 / Accepted: 22 August 2013 / Published: 09 September 2013 Copyright © 2013 Alireza Golshani. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which

permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract This article, studies the effect of power on social cognition and the creation of political ideas. Because

of this reason, which idea is a mental case and implies on meaning and belief, it uses for explanation

of events and behavior of individuals. Ideology also means cognition or the study of idea. Cognition

is an internal affair and means perception, understanding or receiving something. In this article, the

main question is such as: how social cognitions give shape to political ideas? This research is in

search of explanation of Islamic and western epistemological and comparison of them, and study of

Correspondence should be addressed to Abdollah Rasekhi, A Doctoral student in Politics, Islamic Azad University,

. [email protected]; Iran -Shahreza Branch

http://www.journalsci.com/

mailto:[email protected]


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constructivism factors dimensions of social cognition. The issue of research use from the case of

cognition category, in Islamic philosophy and by use of the theory "knowledge – power" in the light

of constructivism factors ideology. Data in this research have collected, according to library system,

and by use of the method of constructivism factors will be analyzed. Whatever which gains from this

research, is that the power in creating political ideas is more effective than social cognitions.

Keywords: Social Cognitions, Political Ideas, Constructivism, Knowledge – Power.

1. Introduction It is necessary here which, we investigate about power and sociology of cognition. "Power" is an

issue which, intellectuals have expressed it, in different ways. Whereas Luces describes, the

power as the ability of one or groups of functions for influencing on others, in spite of their

resistance [24] Bachrach and Baratz believe that power has the face of assemblage of tendency

which occurs in institutions. According to Arendt, parsons and polentas, power has collective and

social state which, by means of that, common interests or class interests will gain. In Dahl's idea,

power is like the appearance of intentional functions or is based on will [7]. In Hobbes idea,

Power appears in techniques and technics that probably, it will influence on other's functions

[16]. Weber, considers power as, the ability of persons or groups for accomplishing their own

will's, in one collective action, even if it is opposite to the will of others, which attended in this

collective action [39]. According to Giddens, point of view, power is a changeable capacity. In a

manner which, it creates by dominance structures, the accomplishment of that depends on the

results, which is dependant to other's agent, focused on the ability of functionary; it is in need of

open relationship and dependency which have produced in social government [14]. Michel

Foucault in power issue considers, the manner of using it and the sources. In a way that he

believes the power in all the levels of society is current and transmissible [11]. He believes that,

power has a root in society net and it is considered in all social stages, and human's relations.

Power, goes round and acts like a chain. It is everywhere, and originates from all places, it boils

from down up to high [36]. Foucault believes that, power is merely a series of nets and interning

packages. It is a kind of technology with relation to knowledge; it is responsible for disciplinary

Rolland acts in Institutions frame work [23]. Power is a strategy and has hegemony effects, as

maneuvers, tactics techniques and actions [10]. Power is captured in Institutions and is visualized

in techniques. Power is relating to dominance, and exerts by the use of nets. It passes from

people. Power is hierarchy maker and Asymmetrical). In this article, we study more, the matter of

power, according to Michel Foucault's point of view and the approach of constructivism. Look

[9] ''Sociology of cognition'' has improved and grown in different countries, Germany, France,

England, Italy and America.


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A – The sociology of cognition in Germany: intellectuals of this faith are such as: Hegel, Marx,

Diltay, Sheler, Weber and Mannheim. So, Marx has emphasized on the role of economic factors

and class in marking, social cognitions, and political ideas. Sheler also has referred to the role of

blood, relationship and economic and political factors. Mannheim has considered, also the rank,

jobs and generation groups. This faith has two customs as Marxisim and non Marxisim, the

custom of Marxi contains of the thoughts of George Lukach, Korsh, Ernest Bluch, critical theory

and Frankfort school as, Herbert Markoze, Erik from, Max Horkheimer and Jourgen Hobermass.

The non marxisim custom contains some, views and thoughts of Yearvazlem, Paul Landsberge,

Werner Sombart and Geronvald.

B – Sociology of recognition in France: Intellectuals of this faith is containing 2 customs, such as

dourkheim and left. So, in the first the views of dourkheim, (emphasized on society) Marcel

Mous, Raymon Aron, Marcel Granet (has emphasized on time and place), Fransis Cornford

(which has refered to huge structures), Moris Halbwachs (which has emphasized on group living)

has described and in left custom of French the thoughts of Jeorge Koroyich, John Paul Sarter,

Merler Ponti and Michel Foucault has explained.

C- Sociology of cognition in England: this kind of sociology of cognition is containing the

thoughts of Varner stark, Michel Polanyi (in sheleri custom) and tom batamor (in left custom).

D- Sociology of cognition in Italy: this kind of sociology of cognition is contains more, the

thoughts, of wilferdu pareto (from right custom) and Antonio Gramshi (from left custom).

E- Sociology of cognition in America: the intellectuals of this faith from approach point of view

and the type of works have, three branches:

1- Theoretical branch of European, the type which is contain views of Alfred Schutz, talkot

parsons, Robert Merton (which has emphasized on the social and cultural existence),

Peterim Sorokin, Florin Znaniecki (which has emphasized on requests in social and

cultural fields) Remling Torston Veblen (has emphasized on constitution framework)

Haward Beker, Arthur child, Louis Coser, Searght Mills and court, H, Worlf.

2- Pragmatistic Behavioral approach, which is contains of the thoughts of john Dewey (who

has emphasized on society and professional roles) George Herbert mead (has emphasized

on social structures) Yames pierce and Peter Berger.

3- Sociology of operational cognition (which is contain approaches of Teodor Caplow, Race

Jerom McGee and Cren which, they study about various more matters on evaluation and

analysis of public opinion, means of mass media and journalism, political orientation,

kind of cloths, artistic talent and music.

The sociology of cognition also, has some consequences. So we can refer to, making social

meaningful world (the approach of Alfred shoots and Thomas Lukmen) social structure reality of

(views of peter Berger and Thomas Lukmen) system and semantics (such as: Nicholas Lowman)

analysis of Erving Gufman theoretical frame work, post structuralism of michel Foucault


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habituated and cultural studies of Piere Bordiuo. The sociology of science, distribution of social

cognition, epistemological and managing of cognition, are also some consequences of cognition

sociology. Sociology of cognition in Islamic thoughts: Islamic philosophies in the field of

cognition sociology such as Ayat Allah Mouhamad Bager Sadr, Allameh Mouhamad Taghi Jafari

and professor Morteza Motahari, have useful and valuable approaches, relate to this matter. So

they gained considerable growth and progress. These philosophers have found in sociology of

cognition, the issues of cognition, means and sources of cognition, the methods of cognition,

kinds of cognition, schools of cognition and theories of cognition expression of research issue.

2. Statement of the problem The questions which in this research came to mind are such as: what is idea? What is the

difference between ideas with thought? What can be the relations of idea with ideology? What is

social cognition? After planning the questions above, now we say that the main issue for us in

this research really was that: What is the relationship between political ideas with social

cognition? We can say about, the relationship between political ideas with social cognition

which, there can be two approaches:

A- Ideas themselves are current, in political analysis and thoughts.

B- Political ideas are take to consideration in relationship with social cognitions shapes the

ideas. In this article we investigate, the second field. In this paper the issues will be

investigated with the use of basis of Islamic methodology and aid of the constructivism.

The main issue of research for us, in fact is that, how the relationship between political

ideas and social relations will be establish?

The issue with the assistance of the constructivism will plan, so it knows, what is the view of

constructivism factorial about idea and cognition? What kind of relationship idea and reality can

have? Knowledge will create, under which circumstances? The issue of research can organize,

around a central question. Hence, the main question in this article is that, how the political ideas

will gain, from social cognitions? We were in search of investigating; the hidden angles of

political ideas relationships with social cognition. Hence, we search for point of view of famous

intellectual, Michel Foucault's theory of knowledge - power. Miss approach provide for us,

special probabilities in theorization field. So it provides a condition that it can manage, much

explaining about the relationship between political ideas and social cognition. We used of

cognition approach in Islamic philosophy too, which be able to describe and explain real

situations. For answering the main question, in order to reach a right hypothesis, relate to power

which contains constructivism approach, we helped from theory of Foucault's "knowledge –

power". With the use of Islamic bases methodology we can find right answer to, different angles

of issues and also for our main questions, and presents, necessary explanations. Such an article

has formed, with the use of Islamic thought and by getting help from constructivism. We can say


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about the importance and necessity of doing this research, that we will investigate the political

issues from, the dimensions of being meaningful and methodology. This research can have a

considerable help to: It presents the specifications of possible models, in future by reviewing and

reconstruction in sociology path and use of all, experiences and cultural capacities at present and

past times, the cooperation of courses like sociology and social thoughts, sociology and the

philosophy of mutual comprehension of cognition and over reaching to active cooperation and

positive exchanges. The main question of research is such as: How the social cognitions will

shape, political ideas? The main hypothesis of research is as: social cognitions which have

influenced, by power and causes formation of political ideas. It can say relate to methodology of

research which, the data collects in library system and then it will be analysized, dissolved and

concluded by the use of constructivism method. About the mechanism of methodology

constructivism which will help us in research it should be said that how mentality is made in

collective form, between people and it has not the personal style but it is in collective form. Here,

with consideration to the importance of expressing "cognition in Islamic philosophy",

constructivism ideology, we investigate, presentation the theory of "knowledge – power" under

the constructivism.

3. Cognition in Islamic Philosophy Base on Islamic philosophy, cognition, is an inward or mental event and means understanding,

comprehending or receiving something. The means of cognition are such as: sense and wisdom.

Resources cognition is such as wisdom, heart, nature and history [30]. The methods of cognition

is consists of inner self, sense, wisdom, heart and revelation. Natural cognition is expressed as the

root of cognition. Inner self propositions are in the unconscious mind of humans, ego, which

reach to self-awareness level with the perfection of ego and mind. In other words meanings and

images like GOD is in inner self of human, that spirit perceive that from internal being of itself

[35]. Sensuous cognition: from Koran point of view, senses have granted to human beings, after

burning and means to present knowing. So Koran refers to eye and ear. In this kind of cognition,

transferring of matter is through senses to mind. Sensuous cognition has characteristic such: it is

slight and belongs to person, it has (superficially) look, and isn't in search of entity and internal

relationship. It doesn’t comprehend the dominance necessity between cause and effect, it belongs

to the present time and is not relate to the past and future, it is limited to the special arena, [30].

Sensuous cognition is called sometimes, with the titles of shallow cognition and potential

wisdom. Sensuous cognition is the introduction of rational cognition. Molasadra presents, the

theory of promotion in converting, the sensuous cognition to rational cognition: mind with

converting the quantity to quality, passes from the sense level to higher level, without changing


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entity. AbuAli Sina and Khajeh Nasiredin Toosi, called it in title of hidden comparison:

intellection and direct comprehension, without the existence of sense and experience [30].

Empiricism: This thought approach has described in sensuous cognition. The belief in this

approach is base on this view, that human is empty of every perceptions at birth, and humans'

field of thought is limited to experience, circumstances of thought is from detail to general

(inductive); principles and general rules are the product of experiences; universally obeyed

cognitions and common rules are probable and are not absolute, the probability of their rightness

certainly is according to much experiences, which are base on them. Experimental views are base

on independent rational propositions, that experiment is unable to reach them. Empiricism has

two stages: first, sensuous stage, second, paretic and theory stage (experiment, comprehendible

and conclusion) or rational. Sense, experiment and action are, start point of cognition, so they are

continuation and complement of making the theory and meaning in mind. According to Ayat

Allah sadr's idea, the transformation of sense cognition, to the stage of paretic and theory is done

by the primitive knowledge that is independent from experience and give us the probability of

conclusion and getting the meaning [35]. Rational Cognition: Divinitism doesn't consider the

source of cognition, limited to senses, and knows the wisdom as an independent source, for

cognition [29] Deep or comprehension cognition takes place in wisdom [30]. Human cognition

has rational source, so rational perception is in direct form. In rational cognition, two types of

propositions ate explained: clear propositions (necessary and primitive) and theoretical

propositions. The first one is accepted without any reason. The second is accepted by means of

the first one. Rational cognition the first one accepted with has specification such as: to be living

that cognition has been, before experience (inner self) and the limitation of cognition goes higher

than sense and experience. In other words, wisdom is second stage of cognition and exists after

sensuous cognition in fact; there is probability of testing the metaphysic propositions; the

movement of thought is from details to generals (comparative); the belief is based on causality

relationship [34]. Cognition by means of heart: Theosophistism knows the way to getting to real

cognition by means of heart. From their point of view, the path of sense and wisdom reach to

detailed cognition real cognition is by means of ego purification and heart inspiration [30].

Allameh Mohammad Taghi Jafari, called cognition by means of senses and theoretical ordinary

wisdom, detailed cognition and cognition by means of witness, purification and complementation

of sprits, is called total cognition. So he knows all kinds of knowledge, related to the first one and

believes that total cognitions, are the products of supreme comprehension and exalted wisdoms

[18]. Some elements are effective in cognition. So in primitive cognition, normal and mental

constraint, and in supreme cognition to benefit from life opportunity, to benefaction from social

and economical status, gaining interests and power, inward enthusiasm, morality (blossoming of

positive dimensions for logical life), love, believe to the realities and faith to truth [19]. Allameh

Jafari refers to different kinds of cognition: exploratory cognition accompanied by effort and


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interest to reality, achieving the necessary knowledge, reaching to an unknown mental agent),

illumination cognition (getting rid of belongings completely and avoiding of passions and

selfishness, research about meaning and present relationship, to search for matters with excellent

emotions, together with eminent love), witness cognition (cognition in a dramatic and abstraction

state), revel cognition (mental spark which contains the conception of visual matters and solve

scientific issues and events of life), documentary cognition to revelation (which is formed from

reality by means of prophet on behalf of God) and Mystic cognition (cognition by heart) He

mentions some cognitions from approach of Koran: Direct cognition (direct relationship of

human with realities such as, relationship with appearances and parts, and their relationships),

indirect cognition (speeches, books and different trainings), perceptive cognition (to put into

action the result from introduction) and certain cognition [19].

4. The School of Constructivism

Constructivism is a methodological approach being used in the area of sociology, psychology,

international relations and. It puts emphasis on how social-political reality forms in mind,

considering it as the basis for conceiving the reality and, at the same time, considering the reality as

an inter-subject and constitutive social thing. From constructivism point of view, ideas are entangled

or interacting with material affairs. Social world is constructed in us and cognition results from mind

reaction which is achieved by active participation of social world. Mind is a developed thing which,

in the framework of society, makes the history and the identity of social world and attains cognition

[21]. According to constructivism, human activities not only transform physical environment but

also form social relations, structures and institutions. More importantly, they construct social reality.

This political and social reality makes sense based on how individuals talk and think. Reality is

produced when it becomes meaningful. Constructivism sereaches the methods of such

meaningfulness and production and re-production of reality. Furthermore, constructivism deals with

how social reality and its re-production are understood. We should also bear in mind that reality is

constantly being produced. Constructivism considers social affairs as constitutive social. Moreover,

cognition is not a mere mental thing but is on a social basis and is formed in community. Therefore,

we can talk about production of reality in the framework of a social thing which has been reflected

in cognition. In constructivism, cultural and interpretative components are paid the highest attention.

Also, an emphasis is placed on belief and knowledge. Belief is connected with meaning and

knowledge is not an absolute thing. Science is considered as representation, i.e. the image of reality

together with reality. Intention and actions of scientist’s actions become important. The field of

theory is the domain of idea. Science turns to the manner of phenomena. In constructivism,

representation supersedes objectivity, based upon which new theories have been developed in

politics, e.g. interpretability rather than absolutism in politics, paying attention to subjects as well as


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values in discussions, and the role of subject in production. From constructivism viewpoint, social

science is produced under social circumstances, so that the position of discovery has become

important and is connected with object process. There is a relation between knowledge and culture.

In constructivism, mental order supersedes casualty. There is relation between functional and

semantic affairs, which contributes to the formation of social structures. Truth is formed and justified

in scientist’s mind and is tuned into belief in the framework of social structure. In constructivism,

ideas are fully mental and are formed along with reality. Contemporary realities are the product of

our values. Reality is an inter-subjective thing whose formation is influenced by agency. Also,

cognition is an inner thing and is developed in society. Reality is produced in community and is

reflected in cognition. From authors view, contemporary reality is due to our values and knowledge

(social sciences) is related to social condition. Knowledge and cognition cannot be a superficial

thing. Constructivism has gone from structuralism, but pays no attention to agency. While in Islamic

philosophy view, the agent is the main point.

5. Knowledge – power« theory This theory is described in Michel Foucault's theory of genealogical. In his idea, every subject

will change in the model of knowledge – power. In transformation means, common forms of

research, create and give the transformation shape to phenomenon and make them analectic. Here

(The issue of positive knowledge) is considered. Ideas take into consideration, as in the frame

work of "Knowledge – Power". In theory of "Knowledge –Power" one eventful and endless issue

(Knowledge) shaped in relation with regimes of power then, it becomes mental and so it forms, in

the shape of reality From Foucault's point of view, there are some interpretations in mind, which

make a kind of formalizing and create objectives. The meaning of setting down the learning will

capture the place of structure, in structures. Setting down of learning is a series of dominant

fitness on one period, which the knowledge has come out from the center of that. In other words

special field of cognition will express which frame work, knowledge and speech shape in special

culture and specific periods. Creates cognition regimes. We enter to orderly thoughts, after that

and this ordered thoughts, make the reality. Order is in relationship with thought and things.

knowlegde order , is the same as construct. We can say about the critical subject of Foucault,

which setting the knowledge is the same structure and it cannot be infrastructure. In other words

knowlegde order is effective in creation of cognition, but it can’t be the cause of cognition

directly. Affairs in relation with "knowledge – power" specify in language and action. Language

is something which has done, in history and is specification in speech. History and discourse are

under the "knowledge – power". The basis of dissolving is specification. Specification has

dialectic and linguistic aspect. Between specification and doing, establish a joint [8]. From

Foucault's view Knowledge, hence will relate to power and transition of both, can be seen besides


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each other. Whereas, according to author’s point of view, there is no objection about relation

knowledge to power, but power is not producer. The conception of discourse is born, mainly by

transition in science, and emphasis is on the engaging of scientific model of cognition in crises.

Agents, will mixes with social world. So knowledge is a kind of engaging with social word

Knowledge puts into, action in some special situations, and time positions. Knowledge is a

positional historical issue, and changeable. Whereas according to authors, the root of knowledge

is in images, sense and self-evident propositions. In "knowledge – power" approach, power, will

improve by knowledge and has basis on that. So, one, has denote on others and they have the

correlation condition, it means here we consider companionship, and the appearance of one, is in

another one. Power and knowledge in joint together, will make field. Joint and field of

knowledge and power, take places in companionship framework. In frame work of field, a kind

of objectification, will take place. Field is the matter to study. Power as a force, is described and

has effects on fields. Power, produces knowledge. Power fitness exists besides creation of

knowledge field correlation. Knowledge which is requiring of power fitness will create power

fitness, at the same time. Knowledge enriches the effects to power and strengthen them. Then

knowledge (cognition) will create in power fitness. From authors’ point of view this is the same

infrastructure and surface structure of power and knowledge. It means knowledge is just

stimulant motor of power and it exists under influence of power knowledge and cognition get

influence from power not that it obtains from power. For Foucault power is a distributive affair. It

acts as Net – like organization. The meaning of net has 2 characteristic: it hasn't center and joint,

rapidly. In net society power is a circulated faceless and exigency affair. Fields of power, joint

rapidly. Power has different forms as scattered form, indefinite, multi faces and producer, and is a

kind of relationship net, which is scattered in all the place of society. Power is the square of

capacities and representation. Power, for putting into practice needs a form of knowledge. Power,

is done by knowledge [6]. The Foucault's approach "Knowledge – Power" in cognition issue, is

related to "power affair". So, power originates from the assemblage of non-personal factors such

as, institutions, norms, rules and discourse. Power is producer, and it produces material and

ceremonies of reality: person and his cognition is the product of this productive procedure. Every

knowledge cognition exists, according to its power structure in every period. Every period, has

some special features. So, recognizing of that features, can help the knowing of the cognition.

Power has relationship with dignity, privileges, interest, customs, structures and institution as,

government, faith, family, political parties, assembly, educational institutions and so on. Social

structure, language and social – political action have relationship to each other. Here emphasis is

on the social dimension. Meaning is totally historical and produces inside the text. In this

approach, power causes, cognition and idea. From writers’ point of view the objection of

Foucault's is that, he believes, Knowledge creates from power. Whereas, they have relationship


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with each other, but power is not the case of knowledge (cognition) but it can be the reason for

cognition.

6. Political ideas The questions which are mentioned here are such as: what is idea? What is the difference

between idea and thoughts? What is ideology and what is the relationship of that with idea? We

can answer that, idea, means thought, belief, view, image, fantasy, guess, intention and meaning.

Idea in expression of belief and request means conception, [18]. Idea is the historical product of

thoughts. "Thought" is a series of consideration about phenomenon. It is unsystematic

consideration, which is done, by philosopher or non philosoper and shows more contains personal

ideas. The difference between idea and thought is that, idea is beyond the thought, and has more

meaningful dimension and itself, in thought. The movement is exalting from thought, toward

idea. Idea is inner in its natureand is general and people, learn gradually exchange their views to

each other and share understanding. People, also for describing their events in physical world and

explaining their own behavior and ideas to others use, from mutual ideas. Ideas, opposite to point

of views are common [31]. In expressing the "ideology" we can also say, that means the science

of meaning or study of ideas. Pareto has called "ideology" as "derivatives" and sorel has called it

"myths". "derivatives" of Pareto and "myths" of Sorel are series of ideas, which justify the actions

of group and guide them to some extent. This actions in Pareto's point of view arise from

"instinct" which are match with what he calls them "residues". The intention of him from

"residues" is common aspects of different ideas, after monition of whatever which has entered to

them because of time and place conditions. What is called by Sorel, myths, justify the action

arises from internal motive .Althusser receives "ideology" as detailed portion of structure of

social life. In his belief, human being by means of ideology lives in total social relationship [1].

Ideas, beliefs and approach, have relationship with social situations. So they grow in some

conditions. Some social situations help to the growth of some knowledge courses.

7. Social cognitions The questions which are expressed here are such as: what is cognition and how it will appear?

What is "social cognition"? What is the meaning of "epistemology", "social epistemology" and

sociology of cognition? It can say as answering to this questions which "cognition" means

perception, understanding or receiving something. Cognition contains different kinds of

scientific, literal, artistic, and world viewing cognition [19]. "Social cognitions" is perception of

this issue, which epistemologies are not merely personal affairs, but appear their social principles

in personal cognitions. Social situations for instance, cause to thought. Social position also causes

to social viewpoints."Epistemology" means philosophical theorization, about knowledge


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Epistemology explains that, mental actions have social basis. "Social epistemology" means,

social dimensions, has effects on cognition out comes. "Social epistemology" in field of scientific

studies has emphasis on institutions. Awareness and existence (world) for instance are match

together our knowledge have the position. "Sociology of cognition" deals with the study of

relationships between thinking and society. It has intention to relate studied ideas to, social –

historical back grounds. In sociology express two types of cognition. First, rational elements,

which are theoretical and knowledgeable and belong to the match stages of thoughts to social

realities the second one is emotional and valuable elements, which is the product of lacking

agreement of thoughts, with social realities. From sociology cognition point of view, knowledge

has tree sources: first, studies about ethnology, ethnography civilization, second research in the

field of sociology of faith, third, investigations in the field of knowledge, world views, theory,

approaches and ideologies [2]. August Comt, believes that "collective knowledge" (mental

beneficent and interests) will effect on cognition. He also refers to three kinds of social cognition:

religious period, philosophical period and scientific period. So in the first period, there isn't the

possibility of natural phenomenon and their reasons for human. In the second period, Human

beings related the reason of events to the gem of materials. In the third period, Human beings find

positive observation which means observation and experience. He introduces cognition in the

social order framework and grants it to social regimes of distribution [20]. Francis Bacon in

cognition issue describes different kinds of "idols". Tribal idols, personal idols, market idols and

show idols [3]. In Bacons belief, belief, idols are a false image which prevents human’s

conception and doesn't permit the human reach to reality. Bacon knows the duty of science,

cleaning the mind from idols till he reaches to reality [4]. His mental preoccupation is that he

takes cares of rational cognition, from every intervention [28]. Bacon by removing the cover

from the face of ideology smoothes the path for getting cognition. Bacons idols, next, converted

to Kondiyak prejudgments [22].

8. Political ideas and social cognitions Ideas and fitness or social institutions appear in social texture. There is co relationship between

social fitness, economics and encounters and beliefs. Social fitness effected on innovation of

theories,and beliefs; there is relationship between social fitness and ideas. Cognitions shape the

ideas. Hence, political ideas have taken to consideration in relationship with social cognitions.

9. Michel Foucault and the relationship of political ideas with social

cognitions Foucault investigates in the introduction of the book "order of things" about this matter witch

according to the positive of knowledge, how the theory possibility of knowledge will create. It


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means he investigates the uprising of ideas according to the positive knowledge affairs. From his

point of view, ideas don't arise incidentally, but they arose from sources, which they explain

according to the relationship of "knowledge – power". In Michel Foucault's discussions, ideas in

positive knowledge affairs and frame work appear as discourse of speech on positive style on

tongue and they are affairs, which occur in action [5]. Foucault like Nietzsche knows cognition in

distorted form of will relate to power. In his belief power produces reality. Cognition is the

product of this process. From Foucault's point of view, mind, cognition and history have mutual

relationship. Cognition is an order system of production work, regulations, divisions and

reconstruction of speeches. It also produces by power and spreads. This power is fitness between

power which they are inside action procedures and economic production [20]. To critic on this

subject on this subject, we can say, Foucault introduces. Power as infrastructure, whereas from

Islamic philosopher's point of view, the basis is on experience, wisdom, narration and

observation. The studies of Michel Foufault contain of “ontology” and “genealogy” and his main

topic of cognition sociology is in search of detecting the relationship between, comprehension

(cognition) and power as processes of visual reality. Human beings are like a subjective which is

engaged in hidden discourse of dominance, power and resistance. In this method it tries to

describe the methods and hidden rules of discourse formation, and their mutual relationships of

high class and low class in societies. So, “ontology” is a kind of epistemology studies of positions

engaged in power which trains in itself the mental structure and human being cognition [10].

Foucault in genealogy believes that in modern period, science has controlled the making of

cognition. From Foucault's point of view power and knowledge (cognition) are realities which are

contain of mutual relationship. Every knowledge appears according to the structure of power in

every period. Power makes it’s creation, through the meaning which has gained from knowledge

and shows it[11]. Relationships between power and knowledge, or domination and knowledge

and human beings cognition in different forms, is the most important key meaning of theoretical

process of cognition sociology [32].For Foucault Power gives special meaning to everything in

every period of times. Power, uses methods and means for achieving the goals [10].

10. Conclusion Idea is a mental affair and denotes on meanings and belief. It also uses for expressing the events

and people’s behavior. So, there is co-relationship between social, economic, belief and ideas

fitness. Ideas also form with reality a and contemporary realities are effective from our values.

So, we can say it is an inter subjective. Ideology also means cognition or studying the idea.

Cognition is an internal affair, which means perception, comprehension or receiving something.

The methods, which use for this cognition are contains of inner self, sense, wisdom, heart and

revelation. So, inner self, propositions are in unconscious ego of human and get to self knowing

level by complementation of mind. In sensuous cognition, the transference of subject is through


4411 | P a g e

senses to mind. In sensuous cognition, is detailed and belongs to one person in present time and

is limited to the special arena. In rational cognition, more over to senses, wisdom is an

independent source for cognition too. The obvious and theoretical propositions described in that.

In rational cognition, there is a belief to inner sense and the level of cognition goes beyond than,

sense and experience. The important matter is that, the west emphasis on sense and wisdom

cognition, has some mistakes separately, so sensuous and rational cognition, are lonely incoplete

and sensuous cognition really, is and introduction to rational cognition. Cognition by heart also

gains through witness and purification of ego. That is necessary, but is not enough, lonely. The

sources which exploit for cognition are, nature, history, experience and specialized knowledge.

With all descriptions, motivations, such as, profiting from life, benefiting from social and

economical position, gaining interests and power, natural eagerness, morality, love, belief to

reality, faith to fact and, having motivations make, human beings till they achieve cognition

affairs. Real cognition, is such a cognition which human beings, cognitions are contain of inner

self cognition, sensuous cognition, rational cognition and the cognition of heart, is accompanied

by cognition based on revelation. In knowledge – power relation,and the relation of social

cognitions with political ideas,it can be said that Foucault's in knowledge – power knows power

as infrastructure and knowledge as surface structure (cognition). Whereas according to Islamic

philosophy the basis is on experience, wisdom, narration and observation. According to the point

of view of Islam, Thought is substructure. So, power cannot be the producer of knowledge and

cognition. But knowledge and cognition influenced by power, and it effects on creation of social

cognitions and political ideas. But knowledge (cognition) is producer of power. So social

Cognitions and idea are two related meaning. So, social cognition causes creation of political

ideas.

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