THE CRUSADESTHE CRUSADES1095 A.D.1095 A.D.

•Seljuk Turks invade Seljuk Turks invade Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire•Alexius I asks Pope Alexius I asks Pope Urban II for helpUrban II for help•Meet at the Council Meet at the Council of Clermontof Clermont•Urban II encourages Urban II encourages a movement to recover a movement to recover Palestine, the Holy Palestine, the Holy Land, from Muslim Land, from Muslim controlcontrol•People who People who responded to this responded to this calling were called calling were called CrusadersCrusaders

What happened?What happened?•There were altogether There were altogether Ten Crusades covering Ten Crusades covering between the 11th between the 11th through the 13th through the 13th centuries:centuries:

Beginning of the Beginning of the CrusadesCrusades

Reasons for Reasons for the the

CrusadesCrusades•Some believe the pope Some believe the pope thought that the Crusades thought that the Crusades would increase his power in would increase his power in EuropeEurope•Christians believed that Christians believed that their sins would be forgiven their sins would be forgiven if they participated in the if they participated in the CrusadesCrusades•Nobles hoped to gain Nobles hoped to gain wealth and land by wealth and land by participating in the participating in the CrusadesCrusades•Adventurers saw the Adventurers saw the Crusades as a chance for Crusades as a chance for travel and excitementtravel and excitement•Serfs hoped to escape Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression by feudal oppression by fighting in the Crusadesfighting in the Crusades

An Initial Christian An Initial Christian “Victory”“Victory”

•The First Crusade, 1095-1099, saw the Christians taking of Jerusalem from the Muslims, the slaughter of both the Muslim and Jewish populations of the city.•We have one account describing hair-raising behavior of unnecessary brutality-Thousand of Muslim men, women and children were slaughtered.•Who are the Knights Templar? (If we have time) •Banking•Holy Relics•Friday the 13th

““The poor Jews had all The poor Jews had all huddled together in a huddled together in a synagogue and this is synagogue and this is where the Crusaders where the Crusaders

found them, set the place found them, set the place on fire, and burned them on fire, and burned them

alive.” alive.” One of the Crusaders, One of the Crusaders,

joyfully recounted:joyfully recounted:"With the fall of "With the fall of

Jerusalem and its towers Jerusalem and its towers one could see marvelous one could see marvelous

work. Some of the pagans work. Some of the pagans were mercifully were mercifully

beheaded, others pierced beheaded, others pierced by arrows plunged from by arrows plunged from towers, and yet others, towers, and yet others,

tortured for a long time, tortured for a long time, were burned to death in were burned to death in

searing flames.”searing flames.”

The Second Crusade, The Second Crusade, 1147-11491147-1149

• Was organized to help the Was organized to help the Christians to recover lands which Christians to recover lands which they lost to the Turks, but it they lost to the Turks, but it ended in dismal failure. ended in dismal failure.

The Third CrusadeThe Third Crusade 1189- 1189-11921192

•Was organized after Was organized after SaladinSaladin recaptured recaptured Jerusalem. Jerusalem. •This is the Crusade in which This is the Crusade in which King Richard King Richard the Lionheartedthe Lionhearted figured. figured. •Sultan SaladinSultan Saladin beat the Crusaders at what beat the Crusaders at what was one of the most important battles in was one of the most important battles in the medieval history of the Middle East the medieval history of the Middle East (at the (at the

Horns of Hattin, which is northwest of the Sea of Galilee.)Horns of Hattin, which is northwest of the Sea of Galilee.) •There There SaladinSaladin very skillfully managed to very skillfully managed to lure the Crusaders out into the open. In lure the Crusaders out into the open. In the middle of the summer and burning the middle of the summer and burning heat, the Crusaders found themselves heat, the Crusaders found themselves vastly outmaneuvered and outnumbered. vastly outmaneuvered and outnumbered. •SaladinSaladin forbade his soldiersforbade his soldiers to kill, harm, to kill, harm, or steal from the defeated Crusaders and or steal from the defeated Crusaders and eventually granted them access to eventually granted them access to Christian holy sites there.Christian holy sites there.•SaladinSaladin was well respected and was well respected and admired admired by Christians and Muslimsby Christians and Muslims•Even though they lost Jerusalem, the Even though they lost Jerusalem, the Crusaders didn't give up. Crusaders didn't give up. •They mounted campaign after campaign They mounted campaign after campaign to regain the Holy Land. to regain the Holy Land. •They never did get Jerusalem back.They never did get Jerusalem back.

Temple Temple MountMount considered considered the holiest the holiest site in site in Judaism, Judaism, since it is since it is believed to believed to be where be where the Temple the Temple in Jerusalem in Jerusalem once stood. once stood. Widely Widely considered, considered, mainly by mainly by Sunni Sunni Muslims, as Muslims, as the third the third holiest site holiest site in Islam, in Islam, Muslims Muslims believe that believe that prophet prophet Muhammad Muhammad was was transported transported from the from the Sacred Sacred Mosque in Mosque in Mecca to al-Mecca to al-Aqsa during Aqsa during the Night the Night Journey. Journey.

Al-Aqsa Al-Aqsa MosqueMosque

Other CrusadesOther Crusades

• The Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204, saw the The Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204, saw the capture of Constantinople, which at the time capture of Constantinople, which at the time was occupied by Greek-speaking Eastern was occupied by Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians, who did not recognize Orthodox Christians, who did not recognize the authority of the Roman Pope. the authority of the Roman Pope.

• The Children's Crusade, 1212, sent thousands The Children's Crusade, 1212, sent thousands of children for the Holy Land, where they were of children for the Holy Land, where they were captured by Muslims only to be sold as slaves captured by Muslims only to be sold as slaves or to die of hunger or disease. or to die of hunger or disease.

• The Fifth Crusade, 1217-21, was aimed at The Fifth Crusade, 1217-21, was aimed at Egypt, but failed. Egypt, but failed.

• Four more Crusades mounted in the 13th Four more Crusades mounted in the 13th century failed to reverse the Muslim gains. In century failed to reverse the Muslim gains. In 1291 the last Crusader stronghold at Acre fell.1291 the last Crusader stronghold at Acre fell.

The End of the Crusades•Many Crusaders had fallen victim to their own greed, costing them their lands, and more importantly, their lives

War does not determine who is right

only who is left.

The Impact of the Crusades•Increased trade•Encouragement of Learning•Changes in the Church•Changes in the Feudal System•People of different religions grow to hate one another

HISTORY OF RELIGION

Imperial History of the Middle Imperial History of the Middle EastEast

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