The Crusades!The Crusades!

Holy Wars or Holy Wars or

Barbarous Blasphemy?Barbarous Blasphemy?

What were the CrusadesWhat were the Crusades

The The CrusadesCrusades were a series of several were a series of several military campaigns—usually military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the sanctioned by the PapacyPapacy—that took —that took place during the place during the 11th11th through through 13th centuries13th centuries. Originally, they were . Originally, they were Roman CatholicRoman Catholic Holy Wars to Holy Wars to recapture recapture JerusalemJerusalem and the and the Holy LandHoly Land from the from the MuslimsMuslims, but some were , but some were directed against other Europeans… directed against other Europeans…

wikipedia.comwikipedia.com

Crusade FactoidsCrusade Factoids There were 9+ crusades (depending There were 9+ crusades (depending

how you count them)how you count them)

The spark: Conquest of Byzantium The spark: Conquest of Byzantium by Seljurk Turks and Pope’s by Seljurk Turks and Pope’s response.response.

Holy war against Muslim Moors had Holy war against Muslim Moors had already began in Spain for over 100 already began in Spain for over 100 yrs.yrs.

WHY?WHY? In 1071 at Manzikert, the shock that launched In 1071 at Manzikert, the shock that launched

the Crusade, would have destroyed us-but for the Crusade, would have destroyed us-but for the Crusade. Constantinople would have the Crusade. Constantinople would have fallen; all Europe would have been involved-fallen; all Europe would have been involved-but under that stimulus the West moved. Gual but under that stimulus the West moved. Gual and the Rhine, Normandy, Flanders, Aquiaine, and the Rhine, Normandy, Flanders, Aquiaine, Lorraine armed, faced East, and went forward.Lorraine armed, faced East, and went forward.

The issue was the life or death of Christendom.The issue was the life or death of Christendom.

-Hilaire Belloc-Hilaire Belloc

Role of the PopeRole of the Pope

In the year 1095 Pope Urban II promoted the In the year 1095 Pope Urban II promoted the First Crusade, preached by Peter the First Crusade, preached by Peter the Hermit. The purpose of the Crusade was to Hermit. The purpose of the Crusade was to take back the Holy City of Jerusalem, where take back the Holy City of Jerusalem, where Islam had desecrated the Holy Sepulcher of Islam had desecrated the Holy Sepulcher of the Lord. After hearing the preachings of the Lord. After hearing the preachings of the Pontiff, the Faithful responded: the Pontiff, the Faithful responded:

""Dieux Le Volt!Dieux Le Volt!" Meaning, God Wills it!" Meaning, God Wills it!

What would Jesus do?What would Jesus do? We believe that the Greeks have been punished through [the We believe that the Greeks have been punished through [the

Crusades] by the just judgement of God: these Greeks who Crusades] by the just judgement of God: these Greeks who have striven to rend the Seamless Robe of Jesus Christ ... Those have striven to rend the Seamless Robe of Jesus Christ ... Those who would not join Noah in his ark perished justly in the who would not join Noah in his ark perished justly in the deluge; and these have justly suffered famine and hunger who deluge; and these have justly suffered famine and hunger who would not receive as their shepherd the blessed Peter, Prince of would not receive as their shepherd the blessed Peter, Prince of the Apostles.the Apostles.

-- -- Pope Innocent IIIPope Innocent III, to the Greek (Byzantine) Emperor, after , to the Greek (Byzantine) Emperor, after sending a group of crusaders to Constantinople in 1204 in sending a group of crusaders to Constantinople in 1204 in humble obedience to the edict of Christ in Luke 19:27: "But humble obedience to the edict of Christ in Luke 19:27: "But those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me" (the chronicler them, bring hither, and slay them before me" (the chronicler Geoffrey Villehardouin said that never since the creation of the Geoffrey Villehardouin said that never since the creation of the world had so much booty been taken from a city), world had so much booty been taken from a city),

in G. G. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty (1969), p. 164-5, in G. G. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty (1969), p. 164-5, quoted from Helen Ellerbe, quoted from Helen Ellerbe, The Dark Side of Christian HistoryThe Dark Side of Christian History

Time Line of major events:Time Line of major events: 1095 Pope Urban II preaches 11095 Pope Urban II preaches 1stst Crus. Crus. 1099 Euros take Jerusalem1099 Euros take Jerusalem 1169 Saladin controls Egypt, take Damascus ’741169 Saladin controls Egypt, take Damascus ’74 1187 Saladin takes Jerusalem1187 Saladin takes Jerusalem 1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople 1244 European forces lose Jerusalem for last 1244 European forces lose Jerusalem for last

timetime 1248 Louis IV invades Egypt1248 Louis IV invades Egypt 1258 Mongols sack Baghdad1258 Mongols sack Baghdad 1291 Sultan Khalil takes last Frankish state in 1291 Sultan Khalil takes last Frankish state in

Palestine – end of Crusades.Palestine – end of Crusades.

http://www.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/timeline/timeline3.htmlhttp://www.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/timeline/timeline3.html

Church of the Holy Church of the Holy SepulchreSepulchre

10091009, when the , when the FatimidFatimid caliphcaliph of of CairoCairo, , al-Hakim bi-al-Hakim bi-AmrAmr Allah Allah, had the , had the Church of the Holy Church of the Holy SepulchreSepulchre in in Jerusalem destroyed.Jerusalem destroyed.

Seljuk Turks later took Syria Seljuk Turks later took Syria (including Jerusalem) from the (including Jerusalem) from the Fatimids. Fatimids.

SaladinSaladin Saladin was born into a Kurdish Saladin was born into a Kurdish

family in Tikrit and was sent to family in Tikrit and was sent to

Damascus to finish his education. Damascus to finish his education.

His father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, His father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub,

was governor of Baalbek. was governor of Baalbek.

In Damascus, Saladin lived for ten In Damascus, Saladin lived for ten

years at the court of Nur ad-Din years at the court of Nur ad-Din

(Nureddin).(Nureddin).

Occupied Fatimid Egypt, becameOccupied Fatimid Egypt, became

Sultan. Broke away from Abbs. and Sultan. Broke away from Abbs. and

Seljuks and founded own Dynasty.Seljuks and founded own Dynasty.

Saladin was born into a Kurdish family in

Crusades (1095-1291) Estimated totals:

Individual Events: Davies: Crusaders killed up to 8,000 Jews in Rhineland Paul Johnson A History of the Jews (1987): 1,000 Jewish women in Rhineland comm. suicide to avoid the mob, 1096.

Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, v.5, 6 1st Crusade: 300,000 Eur. k at Battle of Nice [Nicea]. Crusaders vs. Solimon of Roum: 4,000 Christians, 3,000 Moslems 1098, Fall of Antioch: 100,000 Moslems massacred. 50,000 Pilgrims died of disease. 1099, Fall of Jerusalem: 70,000 Moslems massacred. Siege of Tiberias: 30,000 Christians k. Siege of Tyre: 1,000 Turks Richard the Lionhearted executes 3,000 Moslem POWs. 1291: 100,000 Christians k after fall of Acre. Fall of Christian Antioch: 17,000 massacred. [TOTAL: 677,000 listed in these episodes here.]

http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm

James Trager, James Trager, The People's ChronologyThe People's Chronology (1992) (1992)

1099: Crusaders slaughter 40,000 inhabs of 1099: Crusaders slaughter 40,000 inhabs of Jerusalem. Dis/starv reduced Crusaders from Jerusalem. Dis/starv reduced Crusaders from 300,000 to 60,000. 300,000 to 60,000.

1147: 2nd Crusades begins with 500,000. 1147: 2nd Crusades begins with 500,000. "Most" lost to starv./disease/battle. "Most" lost to starv./disease/battle.

1190: 500 Jews massacred in York. 1190: 500 Jews massacred in York. 1192: 3rd Crusade reduced from 100,000 to 1192: 3rd Crusade reduced from 100,000 to

5,000 through famine, plagues and 5,000 through famine, plagues and desertions in campaign vs Antioch. desertions in campaign vs Antioch.

1212: Children's Crusade loses some 50,000. 1212: Children's Crusade loses some 50,000. [TOTAL: Just in these incidents, it appears [TOTAL: Just in these incidents, it appears

the Europeans lost around 650,000.] ABOUT the Europeans lost around 650,000.] ABOUT 1.5 mill total.1.5 mill total.