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The Crusades
A Long Tragic History
General Background
The Old Roman Empire Lawless Very aggressive Divided into small
kingdoms,estates, and manors
Semi-Barbaric (semi-Christian
Very poor lower class (serfs)
Uneducated upper and lower class
The Byzantine Empire Strong Central
Emperor Large Barbarian
(pagan) populations in the East and South
Great Wealth Relatively high levels
of learning and technology
Immediate Causes of the Crusade
Challenges to Papal Authority (the power of the Pope)
Unceasing warfare in the Old Roman Empire Defeat of a Byzantine army at Manzikert by the
Muslim Seljuk tribe.
How the First Crusade Began In 1095, Pope Urban II gathered
kings and nobles at Clermont, France
He told the kings and nobles that Infidels (Muslims) endangered the holy places in Palestine
He called on the kings and nobles to save the holy places by gathering an army and going to battle against the Infidels.
He promised all who went on this crusade that their souls would be saved from damnation.
The Development of the First Crusade
Two groups organized to go on crusade One was led by
kings and nobles The other was led
by a poor religious leader called Peter the Poor.
Most crusaders went over land by way of Constantinople
The Peasants' Crusade The Peasants' Crusade
killed, raped, and pillaged Jews and others on their way through Eastern Europe
When the Peasants arrived at Constantinople, the Emperor, afraid of the crowd of poor, put them on boats and sent them on their way.
The Peasants were destroyed by a Muslim army in what is now Turkey.
First Crusade (continued)
Participants in the main crusade gathered at Constantinople
As they continued south toward Palestine, some groups left to capture lands for themselves (Antioch)
The Capture of Jerusalem The remaining
Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099.
They killed all the inhabitants of Jerusalem -- men,women and children.
They created a crusader capital and chose a king.
The crusaders ruled in Jerusalem until 1187 when they were defeated at the Battle of Hattin.
The End of the Major Crusades Because of additional attacks
by Muslims, new crusaders were sent.
Richard I and Saladin were two famous opponents.
The last Crusader stronghold, Acre, was captured by the Muslims in 1291.
Crusaders altogether controlled Palestine for 192 years.
There were later Crusades, but none were able to control the Holy Land.
How did the Crusades Change the World
Crusaders sold much of their property to pay for their expenses
Land changed ownership Peasants were freed from
their lands to go on the Crusades
New foods, medicines, and technology were brought back from the Crusades
The Crusades unlocked the feudal system.
How did the Crusades Change the World
The Crusades opened up trade between the East and the West.
The trading nations of the West developed a merchant and business class which eventually took over from the nobles and knights.
The Muslim world developed a strong suspicion of the West.