The Culture of The Culture of Modernism in the Modernism in the

1920’s1920’sandand

Reactions to Reactions to ModernismModernism

Postwar Prosperity Postwar Prosperity Scientific and technical Scientific and technical

innovations caused the 1920’s innovations caused the 1920’s known as the "Second known as the "Second Industrial Revolution." Industrial Revolution."

Electricity became Electricity became widespread widespread

Industrial production became Industrial production became more efficientmore efficient

Mass produced goods became Mass produced goods became available at attainable prices. available at attainable prices.

Communication innovations Communication innovations contributed to the contributed to the homogenization of ideas that homogenization of ideas that led to national popular led to national popular culture culture

Americans began using Americans began using credit, which further fueled credit, which further fueled consumerism.consumerism.

Consumerism led to advances in advertising techniques.

Postwar ProsperityPostwar Prosperity

The cycle that created the business boom in the 1920's: The cycle that created the business boom in the 1920's: standardized mass production led to standardized mass production led to more efficient machines, which led tomore efficient machines, which led to higher production and wages, which led to higher production and wages, which led to increased demand for consumer goods, increased demand for consumer goods, which perpetuated more standardized mass production. which perpetuated more standardized mass production.

Postwar ProsperityPostwar Prosperity

Industries began to employ automated machinery and "scientific Industries began to employ automated machinery and "scientific management" to increase efficiency. management" to increase efficiency.

The reorganization of work to maximize production resulted in more The reorganization of work to maximize production resulted in more spare time and disposable income for average workers.spare time and disposable income for average workers.

Scientific management practices also led to a decline in the importance Scientific management practices also led to a decline in the importance of skill and craftsmanship in favor of discipline and subordination. of skill and craftsmanship in favor of discipline and subordination.

The Automobile and The Automobile and American CultureAmerican Culture

The explosive growth of the The explosive growth of the automobile industry automobile industry revolutionized American life. revolutionized American life.

Henry Ford's innovative Henry Ford's innovative production techniques made production techniques made cars affordable for average cars affordable for average Americans and set new Americans and set new standards for industry. standards for industry.

By the end of the decade, By the end of the decade, there were enough cars on there were enough cars on the road for every one in five the road for every one in five persons. persons.

Related industries sprang up Related industries sprang up including service facilities, including service facilities, filling stations, and motels. filling stations, and motels.

Mass Culture: The Mass Culture: The Movies Movies

With mass communication With mass communication came the parallel ascendancy came the parallel ascendancy of consumer culture and the of consumer culture and the cult of celebrity. cult of celebrity.

A new culture of youth and A new culture of youth and celebrity emerged with the celebrity emerged with the popularity of the movies. popularity of the movies.

Films celebrated themes like Films celebrated themes like consumerism, romance, consumerism, romance, exotic locales, and new exotic locales, and new fashions. fashions.

Young people emulated the Young people emulated the glamorous Hollywood elite glamorous Hollywood elite just as they do today, raising just as they do today, raising much concern among much concern among parents. parents.

Mass Culture: The Mass Culture: The MoviesMovies

Although it was not the first film to incorporate an element of Although it was not the first film to incorporate an element of sound, the 1927 Warner Brothers film sound, the 1927 Warner Brothers film The Jazz SingerThe Jazz Singer is widely is widely credited with heralding in the age of "talkies" and the end of the credited with heralding in the age of "talkies" and the end of the silent film era. silent film era.

The star Al Jolson appears in blackface in the film. The star Al Jolson appears in blackface in the film.

Mass Culture: The Mass Culture: The MoviesMovies

Mary Pickford, known as Mary Pickford, known as "America's Sweetheart" in the "America's Sweetheart" in the 1910's and 1920's appears in 1910's and 1920's appears in an advertisement for beauty an advertisement for beauty cream. cream.

Pickford embodied the movie Pickford embodied the movie icon as a marketing tool in icon as a marketing tool in the new era of mass culture the new era of mass culture and consumption. and consumption.

Mass Culture: The Mass Culture: The MoviesMovies

Rudolph Valentino and Clara Bow- two sex symbols and film icons Rudolph Valentino and Clara Bow- two sex symbols and film icons of the Jazz Age.of the Jazz Age.

Mass Culture: RadioMass Culture: Radio After war-time restrictions on After war-time restrictions on

civilian radio use were lifted, civilian radio use were lifted, amateurs began amateurs began experimenting with experimenting with broadcasting. broadcasting.

After years of limited After years of limited broadcasts by amateurs and broadcasts by amateurs and experimental stations, large experimental stations, large corporations such as AT&T, corporations such as AT&T, Westinghouse and GE began Westinghouse and GE began to recognize the profit to recognize the profit potential in radio.potential in radio.

As the popularity of radio As the popularity of radio expanded, advertisers began expanded, advertisers began sponsoring radio shows to sponsoring radio shows to appeal to consumers. appeal to consumers.

By the end of the decade, By the end of the decade, 40% of homes had radio 40% of homes had radio receivers. receivers.

Mass Culture: Music and Mass Culture: Music and the Music Industry the Music Industry

Although the phonograph Although the phonograph first became available at the first became available at the turn of the century, the turn of the century, the device became more popular device became more popular as sturdy disc recordings as sturdy disc recordings replaced delicate wax replaced delicate wax cylinders during World War I. cylinders during World War I.

As America developed mass As America developed mass culture through film, culture through film, advertising, and radio, advertising, and radio, previously isolated musical previously isolated musical styles blended to produce styles blended to produce lively and often rebellious lively and often rebellious radio hits. radio hits.

Record companies profited as Record companies profited as Americans snapped up dance Americans snapped up dance records and new, exciting records and new, exciting types of music.types of music.

Literature and Poetry in the Literature and Poetry in the Jazz Age: The Harlem Jazz Age: The Harlem

Renaissance Renaissance In the wake of the black exodus In the wake of the black exodus

from the South, known as the from the South, known as the Great Migration, the Harlem Great Migration, the Harlem section of New York City section of New York City became home to a number of became home to a number of African American intellectuals, African American intellectuals, artists, and writers. artists, and writers.

The seminal magazine feature The seminal magazine feature "Harlem: Mecca for the New "Harlem: Mecca for the New Negro" in Negro" in Survey GraphicSurvey Graphic summarized the cultural summarized the cultural phenomena this way: phenomena this way: "If The Survey reads the "If The Survey reads the

signs aright, such a signs aright, such a dramatic flowering of a new dramatic flowering of a new racespirit is taking place racespirit is taking place close at home among close at home among American Negroes, and the American Negroes, and the stage of that new episode is stage of that new episode is Harlem." Harlem."

Literature and Poetry in the Literature and Poetry in the Jazz Age: The Harlem Jazz Age: The Harlem

RenaissanceRenaissance“Epilogue” by Langston Hughes

I, too, sing America.I am the darker brother.

They send me to eat in the kitchenWhen company comes,

But I laugh,And eat well,

And grow strong.Tomorrow,

I'll sit at the tableWhen company comes.

Nobody'll dareSay to me,

"Eat in the kitchen,"Then.

Besides,They'll see how beautiful I am

And be ashamed,--I, too, am America.

Literature and Poetry in the Literature and Poetry in the Jazz Age: The Lost Jazz Age: The Lost

Generation Generation F. Scott Fitzgerald often wrote F. Scott Fitzgerald often wrote

critically about the illusions of critically about the illusions of wealth and fame, while at the wealth and fame, while at the same time partaking in the same time partaking in the excesses of celebrity and excesses of celebrity and striving for immortality in striving for immortality in literature. Fitzgerald succumbed literature. Fitzgerald succumbed to alcoholism and his wife to to alcoholism and his wife to mental illness after years behind mental illness after years behind the facade of glamour and the facade of glamour and celebrity.celebrity.

Ernest Hemmingway’s dense, Ernest Hemmingway’s dense, understated writing style understated writing style became a model for generations became a model for generations of writers. He wrote for "the lost of writers. He wrote for "the lost generation," of young men who generation," of young men who came of age in the trenches of came of age in the trenches of World War I and were unable to World War I and were unable to settle back into the norms of settle back into the norms of traditional society.traditional society.

The New Woman and the The New Woman and the New MoralityNew Morality

The image of the flapper and The image of the flapper and the "new woman," who the "new woman," who bobbed her hair, wore make-bobbed her hair, wore make-up, danced to jazz music, and up, danced to jazz music, and smoked cigarettes is smoked cigarettes is synonymous with the 1920's. synonymous with the 1920's.

The emerging advertising The emerging advertising industry and mass media industry and mass media promoted more sexualized promoted more sexualized images of women, thus, images of women, thus, giving license for young giving license for young women to shed some of the women to shed some of the old sexual mores that were old sexual mores that were perceived as "Victorian." perceived as "Victorian."

Actress Louise Brooks, an icon of flapper glamour.

The New Woman and the The New Woman and the New Morality New Morality

Changes in the feminine ideal: The well-bred Gibson girl of the turn of the century and the decidedly more dangerous flapper of the Roaring 20’s.

The New Woman and the The New Woman and the New Morality New Morality

In 1920, the 19th Amendment In 1920, the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. gave women the right to vote.

The notable birth control The notable birth control activist Margaret Sanger activist Margaret Sanger campaigned across the campaigned across the country to educate women country to educate women about family planning, about family planning, remove the social stigma remove the social stigma attached to contraceptives, attached to contraceptives, and make safe birth control and make safe birth control accessible to every class of accessible to every class of women.women.

Sanger began her campaign Sanger began her campaign for birth control after for birth control after spending years as a nurse in spending years as a nurse in poor communities.poor communities.

Prohibition, "A Noble Prohibition, "A Noble Experiment"Experiment"

Along with the social changes of Along with the social changes of the interwar era came reactions the interwar era came reactions to those trends. to those trends.

Prohibition went into effect in Prohibition went into effect in January 1920 as a result of January 1920 as a result of decades of campaigning by decades of campaigning by temperance groups, rural temperance groups, rural Protestants, and some Protestants, and some progressives who felt that progressives who felt that alcohol represented a scourge alcohol represented a scourge on family life and a catalyst to on family life and a catalyst to crime.crime.

Although the 18th Amendment Although the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act outlawed and the Volstead Act outlawed the sale, transport, and the sale, transport, and consumption of intoxicating consumption of intoxicating beverages, many otherwise law-beverages, many otherwise law-abiding Americans defied the abiding Americans defied the regulations. regulations.

The black market for alcohol The black market for alcohol was a boon for organized crime.was a boon for organized crime.

Detroit police discover a clandestine still.

Nativism and Immigration Nativism and Immigration RestrictionsRestrictions

As cities underwent explosive As cities underwent explosive growth, rural populations and growth, rural populations and traditionalists sometimes felt traditionalists sometimes felt threatened by foreign threatened by foreign cultures and modernism. cultures and modernism.

As Catholic and Jewish As Catholic and Jewish immigrants from southern immigrants from southern and eastern Europe began to and eastern Europe began to outnumber those from outnumber those from northern and western northern and western Europe, nativist sentiments Europe, nativist sentiments inflamed by the war inflamed by the war coalesced into a "100% coalesced into a "100% American" movement fueled American" movement fueled by pseudo-scientific theories by pseudo-scientific theories of race. of race. Ellis Island,

1920

Nativism and Immigration Nativism and Immigration RestrictionsRestrictions

The 1921 Immigration Act:The 1921 Immigration Act: limited new arrivals to 350,000 limited new arrivals to 350,000

andand set caps for European set caps for European

countries- the maximum number countries- the maximum number of immigrants from a given of immigrants from a given country could not exceed 3 country could not exceed 3 percent of the number of its percent of the number of its natives already in the United natives already in the United States as counted by the 1910 States as counted by the 1910 census. census.

The 1924, the Johnson-Reed The 1924, the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act:Immigration Act:further restricted immigration further restricted immigration by cutting the maximum total of by cutting the maximum total of immigrants to 164,000 and immigrants to 164,000 and changed the caps to 2 percent changed the caps to 2 percent from a given country, as counted from a given country, as counted by the 1890 census (when even by the 1890 census (when even fewer natives from these fewer natives from these countries resided in the U.S.) countries resided in the U.S.)

The Resurgence of the Ku The Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan Klux Klan

One of the most disturbing One of the most disturbing manifestations of nativist manifestations of nativist sentiment in the United States sentiment in the United States in the 1920's was the brief in the 1920's was the brief resurgence of the Ku Klux resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan.Klan.

Originated after the Civil War Originated after the Civil War as an instrument of white as an instrument of white terror against the newly freed terror against the newly freed slaves, the Klan's influence and slaves, the Klan's influence and membership faded by the membership faded by the 1870's. 1870's.

In the 1920's, the new Klan In the 1920's, the new Klan added advocacy of "100% added advocacy of "100% Americanism" to its agenda, Americanism" to its agenda, which engendered hatred of which engendered hatred of Jews, Catholics, foreign born Jews, Catholics, foreign born citizens, and communists in citizens, and communists in addition to African Americans. addition to African Americans.

The Resurgence of the Ku The Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan Klux Klan

The Klan's purported "law The Klan's purported "law and order platform" made it and order platform" made it appealing to those who appealing to those who rejected modernism and saw rejected modernism and saw the organization as a the organization as a champion of patriotism, champion of patriotism, female purity, temperance female purity, temperance and Christian morality. and Christian morality.

In many circumstances, the In many circumstances, the Klan represented itself as an Klan represented itself as an opportunity for people to opportunity for people to socialize feel connected by socialize feel connected by ritualized gatherings. ritualized gatherings.

In some states like Texas and In some states like Texas and Indiana, Klan members were Indiana, Klan members were influential in politics and law influential in politics and law enforcement. enforcement.

The Resurgence of the Ku The Resurgence of the Ku Klux KlanKlux Klan

The membership of the KKK The membership of the KKK rapidly declined from around rapidly declined from around 3 million in 1925 to several 3 million in 1925 to several hundred thousand in the late hundred thousand in the late 1920's, due in part to the 1920's, due in part to the implication of its leaders in implication of its leaders in various scandals.various scandals.

In response to growing In response to growing disillusionment and defection disillusionment and defection by its members, the KKK by its members, the KKK staged a march down staged a march down Pennsylvania Avenue in Pennsylvania Avenue in August 1928. August 1928.

Religious Religious Fundamentalism Fundamentalism

Nostalgia for the past in Nostalgia for the past in reaction changing social reaction changing social mores characterized the mores characterized the growing influence of religious growing influence of religious fundamentalism in the Jazz fundamentalism in the Jazz Age. Age.

Conservative Christians Conservative Christians struggled to maintain their struggled to maintain their beliefs and the beliefs of their beliefs and the beliefs of their children in the face of the children in the face of the culture of consumerism, culture of consumerism, changing gender roles, the changing gender roles, the teaching of evolution, and the teaching of evolution, and the influence of mass media. influence of mass media.

Fundamentalism centers on Fundamentalism centers on belief in the literal truth of belief in the literal truth of the Bible and claims the Bible and claims adherents in all adherents in all denominations of Christianity.denominations of Christianity.

Former baseball player and famous revivalist Billy Sunday delivered dynamic and impassioned sermons nationwide.

Religious Religious FundamentalismFundamentalism

The tension between liberal The tension between liberal and fundamentalist and fundamentalist Christians, often within the Christians, often within the same congregation, was same congregation, was symptomatic of the larger symptomatic of the larger struggle between modernists struggle between modernists and those who longed to "get and those who longed to "get back to basics" in interwar back to basics" in interwar America. America.

The division between these The division between these groups would become a groups would become a national preoccupation with national preoccupation with the drama of the Scopes Trial the drama of the Scopes Trial in 1925 in 1925

Evangelist and faith healer Aimee Semple McPherson

used showmanship to engage her congregations.

The Scopes TrialThe Scopes Trial The Scopes Trial provides the The Scopes Trial provides the

most dramatic illustration of the most dramatic illustration of the cultural tension of the Jazz Age, cultural tension of the Jazz Age, pitteing secularists and pitteing secularists and modernists against modernists against traditionalists and traditionalists and fundamentalists in a carnival fundamentalists in a carnival atmosphere that was tailor-atmosphere that was tailor-made for the tabloids and new made for the tabloids and new mass media. mass media.

The 1925 Scopes "Monkey Trial" The 1925 Scopes "Monkey Trial" in Dayton, Tennessee was not a in Dayton, Tennessee was not a spontaneous occurrence.spontaneous occurrence.

In response to legislation In response to legislation outlawing the teaching of outlawing the teaching of evolution, the ACLU offered to evolution, the ACLU offered to finance the defense of any finance the defense of any teacher willing to challenge the teacher willing to challenge the law. 25 year old biology teacher law. 25 year old biology teacher John Scopes agreed to John Scopes agreed to participate after some urging by participate after some urging by local townspeople. local townspeople.

Hunter’s Civic Biology- the text Scopes’ students saw.

The Scopes TrialThe Scopes Trial The trial was not about whether The trial was not about whether

or not Scopes was guilty, nor or not Scopes was guilty, nor was it about the $100 penalty was it about the $100 penalty he faced. he faced.

Scopes’ agnostic lawyer Scopes’ agnostic lawyer Clarence Darrow wanted to Clarence Darrow wanted to appeal the case the to the appeal the case the to the Supreme Court and have the Supreme Court and have the law declared unconstitutional. law declared unconstitutional.

Populist and former Populist and former presidential candidate William presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan was motivated Jennings Bryan was motivated by a need to defend Christianity by a need to defend Christianity and the integrity of the and the integrity of the fundamentalist cause. fundamentalist cause.

Although, as expected, Bryan Although, as expected, Bryan won the legal case, Darrow won the legal case, Darrow triumphed in the court of public triumphed in the court of public opinion. opinion.

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