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The Dangers of Solar Storms and Solar Cycles
The Sun: Composition
For every 1 million atoms of hydrogen in the entire sun 98,000 atoms of helium 850 of oxygen 360 of carbon 120 of neon 110 of nitrogen 40 of magnesium 35 of iron 35 of silicon
The Sun: Composition
Plasma Gas whose temperature is so hot it
becomes sensitive to magnetism Ionized due to high temperatures
The Sun: Energy Output
Most energy is lost to electromagnetic radiation Visible light Infrared
Particle radiation also emits energy Flares and coronal mass ejections release
intense concentrations of energetic particles
Hazardous to astronauts in orbit and satellites
The Sun: Magnetic Field
The sun’s magnetic field resembles that of a bar magnet
Field gets distorted by two things Sun rotates more rapidly at the equator The inner parts of the sun rotate more
rapidly than the surface
The Sun: Magnetic Field
Magnetic concentration: thousands of times stronger Creates loops in the solar atmosphere Sunspots form at the points where the
loops cross the surface The number of sunspots depends on
the distortion of the field lines Sunspot cycle lasts approx. 11 years Field switches polarity with each cycle
What are TheyWhat Causes ThemEtc.
MinimumsMaximumsEtc.
Impact on CommunicationsEarth’s Magnetic FieldEtc.
Overview
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
Launch date: 1995The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory's spectrographs and cameras have provided much of what we know about space weather and solar physics today.
Location in orbit (L1 position) What Where When Why How
Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO)
Launch date: 2006A pair of satellites, the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, will generate the first 3-D views of solar flares and coronal mass ejections and will predict which events threaten Earth.
What Where When Why How
Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)
What Where When Why How
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Launch date: 2008 NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory will observe processes like convection and sunspot formation,
with the goal of predicting solar storms weeks before they erupt. What Where When Why How
Solar Sentinel Launch date: 2015 Four satellites in Solar Sentinel will fly in varying orbits around the sun, monitoring a solar storm's
path all the way to Earth. A fifth orbiter will watch the far side of the sun. What Where When Why How
Basic Calculation Related to Solar Storms Wavelength/Energy Related Speed at which CME Travels Something Related to 11.3 yr cycle Nuclear Calculation Solar Storm Magnetic Energy Required to
Produce X Amps of Current in an Alaskan Pipeline
Something about Increased Corrosion Rate
Team Gemini