The Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces
NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical D. Reidel Publishing Company and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and Lancaster
D Behavioural and Social Sciences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers E Engineering and The Hague, Boston and Lancaster
Materials Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York and Tokyo
Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 158
The Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces
edited by
AlexC.Tobi Earth Science Institute, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
and
Jacques L. R. Touret Earth Science Institute, The Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on The Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces Moi, Norway 16-30 July, 1984
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Deep Proterozoic crust in the North Atlantic provinces.
(NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; vol. 158) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Deep Proterozoic Crust in
the North Atlantic Provinces, Moi, Norway, 16-30 July, 1984"-T.p. verso. Includes index. 1. Geology, Stratigraphic-Pre-Cambrian-Congresses. 2. Geology-North Atlantic
Ocean Region-Congresses. 3. Earth-Crust-Congresses. I. Tobi, Alex C., 1924-II. Touret, Jacques L. R., 1936- III. NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces (1984: Moi, Norway) IV. Series. QE653.D44 1985 551.7'15 85-14484
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8907-4 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-5450-2
e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5450-2
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All Rights Reserved © 1985 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1985
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface Acknowledgements
THE DEEP PROTEROZOIC CRUST IN THE NORTH-ATLANTIC PROVINCES
I. Opening address Knut S. Heier (*)
ix xii
2. Precambrian geodynamical constraints 3 Nico J. Vlaar (*)
3. Seismic reflection results from Precambrian Crust 21 Scott B. Smithson3 William R. Pierson3
Sharon L. Wilson and Roy A. Johnson
4. Proterozoic anorthosite massifs 39 Ron F. Emslie (*)
5. Sm-Nd isotopic studies of Proterozoic anorthosites: systematics and implications 61
Lewis D. Ashwal and Joseph L. Wooden
6. Temperature, pressure and metamorphic fluid regimes in the amphibolite facies to granulite facies transition zones
Robert C. Newton (*) 75
7. Fluid enhanced mass transport in deep crust and its influence on element abundances and isotope systems IDS
William E. Glassley and David Bridgwater
8. C-O-H fluid calculations and granulite genesis 119 William M. Lamb and John W. Valley
THE PROTEROZOIC PROVINCES IN NORTH AMERICA AND GREENLAND
9. Tectonic framework of the Grenville Province in Ontario and western Quebec, Canada
Antony Davidson (*) 133
vi T ABLE OF CONTENTS
10. A 1650 Ma orogenic belt within the Grenville Province of northeastern Canada lSI
Andre Thomas, Gerald A.G. Nunn and Riohard J. Wardle
II. A reassessment of the Grenvillian Orogeny in western Labrador 163
Toby Rivers and Gerald A.G. Nunn
12. Geological evolution of the Adirondack mountains: A review 175
John M. MoLelland and Yngwar W. Isachsen (*)
13. Polymetamorphism in the Adirondacks: wollastonite at contacts of shallowly intruded anorthosite 217
John W. VaHey
14. Pb-isotopic studies of Proterozoic igneous rocks, West Greenland, with implications on the evolution of the Greenland shield 237
Feiko Kalsbeek and Paul N. Taylor
IS. Correlations between the Grenville Province.and Sveconorwegian orogenic belt - implications for Proterozoic evolution of the southern margins of the Canadian and Baltic Shields 247
Charles F. Gower
THE PROTEROZOIC PROVINCES IN SOUTH SCANDINAVIA: GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE
16. The evolution of the South Norwegian Proterozoic as revealed by the major and mega-tectonics of the Kongsberg and Bamble sectors 259
Ian C. Starmer
17. Tectonic environment and age relationships of the Telemark Supracrustals, southern Norway 291
Tom S. Brewer and Dennis Field
18. Geotectonic evolution of southern Scandinavia in light of a late-Proterozoic plate-collision 309
Torgeir Falkum (*)
19. The Mandal-Ustaoset line, a newly discovered major fault zone in South Norway 323
EllenM.O. Sigmond (*)
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
20. Terrane displacement and Sveconorvegian rotation of the Baltic shield: A working hypothesis 333
Tore Torske
21. Proterozoic development of Bohuslan, south-western Sweden 345
Lennart Samuelsson and Karl Inge ~hall
22. Late Presveconorwegian magmatism in the Ostfold-Marstrand Belt, Bohuslan, SW Sweden 359
Karl Inge ~hall and John S. Daly
23. The West Uusimaa complex, Finland: an early Proterozoi.c thermal dome 369
Laszlo Westra and Jan Sahreurs
THE PROTEROZOIC PROVINCES IN SOUTH SCANDINAVIA: GEOCHRONOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY
24. Geochronological framework for the Late-Proterozoic evolution of the Baltic Shield in South Scandinavia 381
Rob H. Versahure (*)
25. Isotope geochronology of the Proterozoic crustal segment of southern Norway: A review 411
Daniel Demaiffe (*) and Jean Miahot (*)
26. Neodymium isotope evidence for the age and origin of the Proterozoic of Telemark, South Norway 435
Julian F. Menuge
27. The Rogaland anorthosites: facts and speculations 449 Jean-Claude Duahesne (*), Robert Maquil and Daniel Demaiffe (*)
28. Metamorphic zoning in the high-grade Proterozoic of Rogaland-Vest Agder, SW Norway 477
Alex C. Tobi (*), Cd A.E.M. Hermans, Comelis Maijer and J. Ben H. Jansen (*)
29. Geothermometry and geobarometry in Rogaland and preliminary results from the Bamble area, South Norway 499
J. Ben H. Jansen (*), Rob J.P. Blok, Ariejan Bos and Mies Saheelings
30. Fluid regime in southern Norway: The record of fluid inclusions 517
Jaaques L.R. Touret (*)
viii T ABLE OF CONTENTS
31. Geochemical constraints on the evolution of the Proterozoic continental crust in southern Norway (Telemark Sector) 551
P. Cpaig Smattey and Dennis Fietd
32. Geochemical evolution of the 1.6 - 1.5 Ga-old amphibolite-granulite facies terrain, Bamble Sector, Norway: dispelling the myth of Grenvillian high-grade reworking 567
Dennis Fietd, P. Cmig SmaUey, R.C. Larrib and Arne Rflheim
33. A preliminary study of REE elements and fluid inclusions in the Homme granite, Flekkefjord, South Norway 579
Topgeir Fatkum (*), Jens Konnerup-Madsen and John Rose-Hansen
SUBJECT INDEX 585
(*) Invited Speaker, NATO ASI.
PREFACE
The Proterozoic terrains of South Scandinavia and the Grenville
Province in North-America have many common features : Regional high
grade metamorphism (Granulite-facies), anorthosites, etc. They are
separated by the Caledonian orogeny and, above all, by the Atlantic
Ocean. During the time of the great continental drift controversy, few
people were ready to admit that both sides on the Atlantic were once
an unique province. Now everybody agrees on the Post-paleozoic age of the
Atlantic and, consequently, on the intrinsic homogeneity of the much
older. rocks which occur around it. But a detailed comparison is not
easy. The Grenville Province is much larger than South Scandinavia, both
regions have been investigated by a great number of different schools,
using various methods, approaches and concepts. After several attempts,
and long discussion, it was felt by a small group of individuals,
that literature study would not be enough and that nothing could re
place the direct contact, in the field, of specialists who had a first
hand knowledge of all involved regions. The formula of a NATO Advanced
Study Institute, which gives a unique opportunity to meet and mix people
of various origin and levels, came almost by itself.
Much work was needed, much help has been obtained, as detailed in the
"Acknowledgements". We present here the results of the lectures given
during the Institute, not only by invited speakers, but also by parti
cipants who wanted to contribute and whose presentation was retained
by the organizing committee. We were extremely surprised by the number
and quality of these contributions and by the desire of all authors
to cope with the rather complicated rules of manuscript presentation.
This enforces us in the idea that the scope of the Institute was
well founded and that it did correspond to a real demand from the
geological community.
For the beauty and exceptional character of many minerals and rocks, ix
x PREFACE
South Scandinavia - and especially Southern Norway - has played a key
role in the development of earth sciences : Kongsberg native silvers
were king presents at the time of Enlightment and names like T. Scheerer,
W.C. Bragger, A. Lacroix (to cite a few among a long list) have given
an international reputation to the region. Before 1960, many minerals
and rocks were first identified and named from localities in S. Norway,
e.g., norite by Esmark (1838). Famous were, among others, C.F. Kolderup,
later followed by P. Michot, for their study of the anorthosites of SW
Norway, and J.A.W. Bugge for his studies on the Arendal region.
In 1960, the Baltic countries presented a synthesis of their know
ledge in reports, geological maps and excursion guides on the occasion
of the 21st International Congress in Copenhagen. Among the scientists
involved T.F.W. Barth, one of the first to write a book on "Theoretical
Petrology", deserves special mention. He contributed in many fields and,
as far as we know, was the first to organize a Nato Advanced Study
Institute in the earth sciences (Oslo 1962, first meeting on feldspars) .
Under his guidance, the Mineralogical-Geological Museum in Oslo be
came during the sixties an unique meeting place for young geologists
from allover the world; several participants to this meeting, notably
two organizers (T. Falkum and J. Touret), were his direct students and
he suggested several of the research topics reported in the present
volume.
Soon after 1960 tools became available to start four-dimensional
modelling of the evolution during the Precambrian and to interpret the
significant resemblances which had been known for a long time between
the Grenville and South Scandinavia : refinement of geochronology, geo
thermometry and geobarometry, fractionation sequences of magmatic
rocks, distribution of trace elements, and last but not least plate
tectonics. These then are among the topics extensively treated in this
volume. The emphasis is on South Scandinavia: the assembled reports
give a fair impression of the work now being done. During the Institute
the lectures were supplemented by a "lO-day excursion, during which much
of the discussions took place. After its publication in the series of
the Norwegian Geological Survey (NGU) the excursion guide may serve as
PREFACE
a companion to this volume; in a preliminary form it was presented to
the participants of the Institute.
Papers with a more general bearing, and from other regions, notably
from the Grenville Province, contributed significantly to the aim of
comparing the various "North-Atlantic" terrains.
xi
The editors modestly state that the moment to organize this Institute
appears to be well-chosen. The subject fits in the Lithosphere Program
which has just started, and the excursion section almost coincides with
one of the planned E-W traverses of the European Geotraverse. The new
edition of the geological map 1:1.000.000 of Norway and the first edition
of the MandaI sheet 1:250.000 have just been published, and the Arendal
sheet will follow soon.
We think most participants enjoyed the contacts the Institute pro
vided. Of course the comparison could not be completed. Only few authors
adapted their text after the discussions, so many conclusions remain
for the readers to draw.
There are a few obvious points of disagreement (e.g. the age of
metamorphic events in South-Eastern Norway). Each author has been
completely free to express his own opinion, under his own responsi
bility, and we feel that the variety of interpretation reflects the
never ending interest of the region : much remains to be done and the
present volume is less a definite conclusion than an introduction for
further work. Some participants have commented that the much greater
size of the Grenville Province (including Labrador) often called for
a different approach. They will have much to show us! It was tentati
vely suggested during the Institute that a second meeting should be
planned in North America in about four years from now. OUr under
standing of Proterozoic evolution rapidly increases : no,doubt a more
coherent picture of the North-Atlantic provinces will result next
time !
The Editors
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, the editors wish to express their gratitude to the other
members of the organizing committee, whitout whose help this Institute
would never have taken place. Members were:
Jacques Touret, Amsterdam (director, editor)
Alex C. Tobi, Utrecht (treasurer, editor)
Cornel is (Cees) Maijer, Utrecht (editor excursion guide)
Rob H. Verschure, Amsterdam (secretary)
Ellen Sigmond, Trondheim (representative NGU)
R. Keith O'Nions, Cambridge
Jean-Clair Duchesne, Liege
Torgeir Falkum, Aarhus
Jacques Martignole, Montreal
The acknowledgements to follow are also made on their behalf.
With the aim of the Institute in mind, we are grateful for the response
the aim of the Institute in mind, we are grateful for the response
obtained from the USA and Canada. In general, we thank all participants
for their vived interest and their significant contributions.
Thanks are due to the NATO Scientific Affairs Division for allotting
two grants. The first was obtained by H.R. Wynne-Edwards to explore the
comparison of the North-Atlantic provinces. J. Touret and T. Torske bene
fited from this grant by joining him in the field. The second is that
which led to this Institute. We have greatly appreciated the smooth and
efficient engineering of the granting procedure.
Much additional research was needed to complete the excursion program
and to fill gaps in the lecture and poster data.
Besides constant help and support from Dutch Universities (Rijks
universiteit Utrecht and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) and from
A.W.O.N. (Earth Sciences Research in the Netherlands, a subdivision
of the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure
xii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Research (ZWO)), these activities were made possible by substantial
grants from the Dr. H.M.E. Schurmann Foundation, which are here grate
fully acknowledged.
xiii
N.G.U. kindly paid for one of the touring cars, was helpful in
getting permission to enter private grounds, and provided geological
maps for each of the participants. Torgeir Falkum and Ellen Sigmond
kept the cost of lodging at a reasonable level, so that all partici
pants can receive a free copy of this volume. 'We thank the municipality
of Arendal for a memorable reception and the Lundheim folkeh¢gskole
in Moi, the Ph¢nix Hotell in Arendal and the Farsund Fjell Hotell for
their splendid hospitality. We thank Thor for remaining at sufficient
distance to allow for a sun-bathed excursion most of the time, and
the bus drivers of Lillesand & Topdalens Bilruter A.S. Kristiansand
for their punctual and friendly service. The student-assistants are
thanked for their indispensable services (including the 'dispensary'
of beer!). Our secretary, Mrs. D. Huisman-Erkens is thanked for many
typing and administrative jobs, and the drawing and photography depart
ments of the Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht for other contributions to
prepare the manuscripts of excursion guide and proceedings. All these
required occasionally high tension to meet the deadlines.
Finally we thank publisher Reidel for his finishing touch: the
last deadline is his!
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