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The depression after the Wall Street Crash made many more people vote for the Nazis. In 1933 Von Papen convinced Hindenburg that Hitler should become Chancellor.

Ironically, the government agreed as they thought Hitler posed no real threat and could be easily manipulated.

January 1933

February 1933The Reichstag building burnt down.

A communist was found inside the building. He admitted responsibility.

Chancellor Hitler was able to convince people that the Communists were trying to take power by terrorism.

He was able to have the Communists banned from the Reichstag, thus riding the government of his main opposition

• Passed on March 23, 1933

• Formal name was the “ Law to Remedy the Distress of the people and the Nation”

• Helped Adolf Hitler get closer to his goal of achieving full control over the German Parliament

• Although many members of parliament disagreed with the idea of the Enabling Act, the military influence of Hitler’s “SA men” forced them to change their minds

• It granted Hitler the right to enact laws without consulting the German Parliament for a period of four years

• Formed the legal and constitutional basis for the Third Reich because it allowed Hitler’s plans to deviate from the existing constitution

• It encouraged the dissolving of all parties other than the Nazi party, and formed the platform for Hitler’s dictatorship

The night of the Long Knives took place between June 30TH and July 2nd 1934.

Hitler moved against the SA and its leader Ernst Rohm because he saw them as a threat to his power, he also moved against conservative critics of his regime.

Over 100 people were killed for political reasons by the SS and the Gestapo and more than 1000 were arrested.

August 1934

PRESIDENT HINDENBURG’SDEATH GAVE HITLER THEOPPORTUNITY TO COMBINETHE ROLE OF CHANCELLORAND PRESIDENT. HE CALLEDHIMSELF ‘DER FUHRER’.

Every soldier swore a personal oath of loyalty to ADOLF HITLER.

HITLERBECAMECHANCELLOR

THE REICHSTAGFIRE

THEENABLING

ACT

THE NIGHTOF THELONG

KNIVES

DEATH OFPRESIDENT

HINDENBURG

OATH OFLOYALTY

TOHITLER

So…..

Understandings of FascismPolitical Ideas Economic Ideas Social Ideas

•Cult of the leader and the elite rule•Extreme nationalism (ultranationalism)•Organized violence and war and military force•It is in the country's national interest to expand its territory

•A government-directed private enterprise economy to serve the needs and interests of the state•Anti-union/ anti-workers rights

•Inequalities between individuals and groups of people•Racial purity•Racial or national superiority•National strength more important than individual rights

FEATURES OF FASCISM IN NAZI GERMANY

Anti – Liberalism- Anti-parliamentarianism

-Individual worth in serving the state

Racism-Superiority of the Aryan

Race-Violent Anti-Semitism

Eugenics

Collectivism- Every citizen works together for greater

good of Germany

Big Business-State-Military Partnerships

- Wealthy industrialists cooperated with state- The state prevents formation of labour

unions

Extreme Nationalism- Establishment of central

European empire- Unify German speaking

lands-militarism, expansionism

See page 186

Hitler and the Economy Six million Germans were unemployed in

1932, by 1936 there were fewer than 1 million unemployed.

Public projects such as the building of roads and the re-arming of the military stimulated the economy

Subsidies were given to farmers Yet, workers had few rights and industrialist

benefited from the banning of unions and protests.

In most cases, women were not allowed to work outside the home, and couples received payment for each child.

Hitler and the Youth

Boys – focused on future military roles Girls – focused on domesticity

Cubs

- ages 6-10

Young German Boys - ages 10-14

Hitler Youth - age 14

Labour service or armed forces

- 18 onward

Young Maidens - 10-14

League of German Maidens

- 14 onward

Children were encouraged to report any inappropriate (ie: anti-Nazi) behaviour or comments

Read “Nazism Reacting to Feminism” on page 193 and complete the

questions

VIEW:“Education for Death: The Education

of one of Hitler’s Children”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASW3UCc17AI

Nazi’s Profound Use Of Propaganda

Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s minister for pubic enlightenment and propaganda, established a huge propaganda organization that controlled all forms of the media.

The use of radio, movies, public address systems, giant posters, pamphlets, flyers, newspapers, and mass meetings helped to strengthen Hitler’s image and his message to the people.

“Today Germany, tomorrow the whole world.”

Propaganda and the Nazi Youth

Nazi German propaganda poisons young German minds: "The Jew is the most dangerous poison mushroom in existence," a pious mother teaches her son in this 1938 children's book, which was illustrated by the anti-Semitic cartoonist "Fips" (Philip Rupprecht). The success of Julius Streicher's political newspaper allowed him to publish such books as Der Giftpilz (The Poisonous Mushroom) to educate German youngsters in proper Nazi attitudes. Determined to have children well-indoctrinated before adulthood, the Nazis built propaganda into the school curriculum, screened teachers for

adherence to the party line, and shaped science programs around their notions of "blood purity."

Nazi German propaganda poisons young German minds: "The Jew is the most dangerous poison mushroom in existence," a pious mother teaches her son in this 1938 children's book, which was illustrated by the anti-Semitic cartoonist "Fips" (Philip Rupprecht). The Poisonous Mushroom was written to educate German youngsters in proper Nazi attitudes. Determined to have children well-indoctrinated before adulthood, the Nazis built propaganda into the school curriculum, screened teachers for adherence to the party line, and shaped science programs around their notions of "blood purity."

Poster from Nazi anti-Semitic Hate Film, The Eternal Jew.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8_eFDuaiUk

• Germany ceased paying reparations altogether

• Began secret rearmament

• Germany began to build an air force

• Reoccupied the Rhineland, which had remained a part of Germany but was remilitarized under the terms of the Versailles treaty

• Annexation of Austria

• Annexed Memel ( in Lithuania)

• The Nuremburg laws were denaturalization laws passed in 1935 that were used as a basis for racial discrimination against Jewish people

• Some of the laws were:

• Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden. Marriages concluded in defiance of this law are void, even if, for the purpose of evading this law, they were concluded abroad.

• Extramarital intercourse between Jews and subjects of the state of Germany or related blood is forbidden

• Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors(For more restrictions placed on the Jewish population, see pg 189)Read the section “Nazi Eugenics” on pages 190-191 and compare with the accounts under “Lives of Aryan Germans”

It occurred on March 12, 1938. It was the annexation of Austria and Germany, in a Nazi attempt to unify all German speaking people & regions. Austria’s Austro-fascist leadership was internally overthrown by the German supported National Socialist Party, with no violence. A plebiscite was held a month later, in which 99% of people voted for the Nazi Party.

Earlier that year before the annexation , Hitler met with Chancellor of Austria, Kurt Schuschnigg in order to convince him to lift the ban on political parties in Austria and to free imprisoned Nazis. Hitler threatened military action if the Chancellor did not comply. Austria agreed to Hitler's requests and appointed government positions to several Nazis.

A referendum was called on March 9, 1938 when it was realized that the Nazis appointed were trying to take over the government , and Schuschnigg tried to inflame patriotism in Austria. The German military invaded before any results could be determined

Austria remained under Hitler’s power up until the end of WWII, when the Anschluss was declared null and void.

The Nazi-Soviet Pact(August, 1939)

a) World Shock• Arch enemies

b) Secret Terms• Allowed for division

of Poland between the two nations

• Successor states to be carved up.

a) Self-determination and the Sudetenland Issue• 3 million German speaking people• Wanted the right to self-determination

b) The Munich Agreement (1938)• Chamberlain (Britain)• Deladier (France)• Mussolini (Italy)• Hitler (Germany)

c) March, 1939• Hitler takes all of Czech.

Agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland

APPEASEMENT AND THE MUNICH AGREEMENT

The Munich Agreement was signed on September 30, 1938

• It was an attempt to avoid another full-scale war

• British Prime Minister Chamberlain met with Hitler on September 15 and 16, where it was agreed that Germany would not make any military advances on Czechoslovakia. A plebiscite was held in the Sudetenland and all areas that were more than 50% German were annexed by Germany

• Britain and France had promised to protect Czech sovereignty after WWI, yet the decision was made without a representative from Czechoslovakia present.

• The people of France and Britain did not want another war, and were anxious to avoid confrontation

• The signing of the agreement was celebrated in Britain; in Czechoslovakia it was viewed as a betrayal.

World War II Begins…September 3, 1939

Britain & France declare war on Germany after Hitler refuses to withdraw from Poland.

Although war is declared no actual battles will be fought until 1940.

September 17, 1939

USSR invades Poland and then continues north to capture the Baltic Republics. (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland)

On November 9, 1938 a massive coordinated attack on the Jews occurred through the German Reich. Mob violence broke out as the regular German police stood by and crowds of spectators watched. Nazi storm troopers along with members of the SS beat and murdered Jews, broke into and wrecked their homes, as well as torturing Jewish women and children. 25,000 Jewish men were sent to concentration camps.

The Warsaw ghetto was the largest of all the ghettos in

which Jewish people were sectioned off

from the rest of the population.

It was filled with disease and

starvation and the people who lived within it were in constant fear of random killings

The ghetto was first established in 1940 when its

estimated population was 440,000 but as people were deported to concentration

camps the population decreased to about 70,000

The Holocaust The Final Solution or liquidation of all Jews,

Gypsies, and most Slavs in Europe. (including all who opposed the Nazi Party)

Death camps were created to rid the Third Reich of the unwanted.› Auschwitz (12 000/per day)

Liberation of Auschwitz› 67% (6 million) of Jewish population in Europe

was annihilated. (90% in Poland/Germany)

The Holocaust

Group Jews

Gypsies/Romas Homosexuals

Communists/Socialists Mentally/Disabled

Peoples

6 Million Jews

Approximately 12 million killed total in the Holocaust

• Located across all areas controlled by Germany prior to and during WWII

• Were built to torture the people within and use them as cheap labor

• Housed political prisoners and “undesirables” such as Jews and outspoken journalists

• Camps became larger to house more prisoners after the start of WWII and became more vicious

• Deeper into the war the prisoners began being used as medical experiments under the German doctors

• Were built in WWII and were used for the sole purpose of executing all prisoners who entered

• Largest camp was Auschwitz-Birkenau (this camp was also used as a work camp)

• Largest camp meant for the sole purpose of killing was Chelmno

• Prisoners were mainly executed in gas chambers (Zyklon B) and mass shootings