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Albert Einstein writes letter to Albert Einstein writes letter to FDR FDR Telling him about the Telling him about the
possibility of an atomic bomb possibility of an atomic bomb ANDAND
That Germany might be That Germany might be working on oneworking on one
Special Theory of Relativity Special Theory of Relativity (E=mc(E=mc²)²)Mass can be converted to Mass can be converted to
Energy where “c” is the speed Energy where “c” is the speed of lightof light
A small amount of mass can A small amount of mass can create a huge amount of energy create a huge amount of energy
Code name for the project Code name for the project to develop the Atomic to develop the Atomic BombBomb Named for site of Columbia University where much of Named for site of Columbia University where much of
early research doneearly research done
125,000 workers125,000 workers2.2 Billion 2.2 Billion
dollarsdollarsComplete Complete
secrecysecrecy Most did not Most did not
know the know the ultimate purpose ultimate purpose of their work of their work until news of until news of Hiroshima Hiroshima bombingbombing
Leo SzilardLeo Szilard Fled Germany in 1933Fled Germany in 1933 Conducted Conducted 11stst controlled controlled
nuclear reactionnuclear reaction Created Created 11stst Nuclear Nuclear
Reactor w/ Enrico FermiReactor w/ Enrico FermiJ. Robert OppenheimerJ. Robert Oppenheimer
Headed Headed Los Alamos Los Alamos LabLaboratoryoratory
Helped to direct Helped to direct 11stst test of test of atomic bombatomic bomb
Maj. Gen. Leslie GrovesMaj. Gen. Leslie Groves Director of Manhattan Director of Manhattan
ProjectProject Credited with success of itCredited with success of it
FissionFission – – the splitting of an atomic nucleus the splitting of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of large amounts of resulting in the release of large amounts of energyenergy
Energy Released Energy Released from Each from Each FissionFission200 MeV 200 MeV
((million electron million electron volts) volts)
Includes gamma Includes gamma radiation radiation (deadly)(deadly)
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/FissionMov1.shtml
Chain ReactionChain Reaction – – Process in which Process in which neutrons released in neutrons released in fission produce an fission produce an additional fissionadditional fission
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie1.shtml
Time of Reaction –Time of Reaction – Released neutron Released neutron
travels at speed of 10 travels at speed of 10 million meters per million meters per secondsecond
Complete Process of a Complete Process of a bomb explosion is a bomb explosion is a microsecond (1 microsecond (1 millionth of a second)millionth of a second)
Critical MassCritical MassThe point at which the The point at which the
chain reaction becomes chain reaction becomes self sustaining.self sustaining.
Manufacturing & Manufacturing & Separating Isotopes Separating Isotopes NecessaryNecessary U235 – only 0.7% of U235 – only 0.7% of
uraniumuranium P239 – not naturally P239 – not naturally
occurring, had to be occurring, had to be mademade
Creating & Creating & Controlling Chain Controlling Chain Reaction / Bomb Reaction / Bomb DesignDesign How do you set it off How do you set it off
without blowing without blowing yourself up?yourself up?
The will work but The will work but are they safe?are they safe?
Uranium BombUranium Bomb220 lbs220 lbs
Simpler – More Simpler – More FissionableFissionable
900lbs total900lbs totalGun - TypeGun - Type
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie9.shtml http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie9.shtml
Plutonium BombPlutonium BombMore Complicated ProcessMore Complicated ProcessImplosionImplosion started chain started chain
reactionreactionStrongerStronger of the two bombs of the two bombs
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie3.shtml http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie3.shtml
Alamogordo, Alamogordo, New New MexicoMexico
Plutonium BombPlutonium BombJuly 16, 1945 July 16, 1945 – 1– 1stst
SuccessfulSuccessful Test of Test of Atomic BombAtomic Bomb
Explosion Explosion larger than larger than expectedexpected Equivalent to 20,000 Equivalent to 20,000
tons of TNTtons of TNT Shock felt 160 miles Shock felt 160 miles
awayaway broke windows 120 broke windows 120
miles awaymiles away
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/mushroomcloud.shtml http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/mushroomcloud.shtml
Vaporization pointVaporization point (1/2 mile – 98% fatalities, 3000(1/2 mile – 98% fatalities, 3000 - 4000 - 4000C)C)
Total destruction zoneTotal destruction zone (1 mile – 90% fatalities, all buildings destroyed)(1 mile – 90% fatalities, all buildings destroyed)
Severe blast damage areaSevere blast damage area (1.75 miles – 65% fatalities, 35% injuries – larger structures (1.75 miles – 65% fatalities, 35% injuries – larger structures
collapsed, bridges & roads damaged)collapsed, bridges & roads damaged)
Severe heat damage Severe heat damage (2.5 miles – 50% fatalities, 45% injuries – everything some kind (2.5 miles – 50% fatalities, 45% injuries – everything some kind
of burn, people killed from suffocation – Oxygen used by fire)of burn, people killed from suffocation – Oxygen used by fire)
Severe fire and wind damageSevere fire and wind damage (3 miles – 15% fatalities, 50% injuries – home & buildings (3 miles – 15% fatalities, 50% injuries – home & buildings
damaged, people blown around, 2nd degree burns, if they damaged, people blown around, 2nd degree burns, if they survived)survived)
Ground Zero Ground Zero (hypocenter)(hypocenter)Point on earth directly Point on earth directly
under point of under point of detonationdetonation
Thermal EffectsThermal EffectsRadiation = HeatRadiation = HeatTravels at speed of lightTravels at speed of lightVisible Light – Visible Light –
““flash blindness” – lasts flash blindness” – lasts several minutesseveral minutes
Skin Burns Skin Burns (2(2ndnd & 3 & 3rdrd Degree)Degree)10,000 severe burn cases10,000 severe burn cases
Can cause fires in Can cause fires in homes & buildingshomes & buildings
Thermal PulseThermal Pulse
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/thermalpulse.shtml http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/thermalpulse.shtml
Blast EffectsBlast EffectsCauses most Causes most
damagedamageShockwave of air Shockwave of air
can crush & can crush & knockdown objectsknockdown objects
Large buildings Large buildings destroyed by destroyed by change in air change in air pressurepressure
People & Objects People & Objects destroyed by winddestroyed by wind
Destruction can Destruction can lead to fireslead to fires
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/blastwave.shtml http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/blastwave.shtml
Nuclear RadiationNuclear RadiationInitial – radiation Initial – radiation
that arrives during that arrives during 11stst minute minute Strongest near Strongest near
ground zero – few die ground zero – few die from itfrom itWhy?Why?
Residual – From Residual – From radioactive falloutradioactive fallout
FalloutFalloutRadiation received Radiation received
from radioactive from radioactive particles that are particles that are distributed at distributed at varying distancesvarying distances
Carried by wind and Carried by wind and rainrain
Radiation Effects on Radiation Effects on HumansHumansHair LossHair LossBrain – seizures, Brain – seizures,
immediate deathimmediate deathIncreased Increased
susceptibility to susceptibility to infectioninfection
Increased risk for Increased risk for leukemia & lymphomaleukemia & lymphoma
Heart failure & deathHeart failure & deathBloody vomiting, Bloody vomiting,
diarrheadiarrheaSometimes sterilitySometimes sterility
Long Term EffectsLong Term EffectsBlood DisordersBlood DisordersCataractsCataractsMalignant Tumors Malignant Tumors
(Cancers)(Cancers)Keloids