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THE DIGITAL CLOCKWORK MUSERob Saunders; John S. GeroKey Centre of Design Computing and CognitionThe University of Sydney, NSW 2007, [email protected]; [email protected] Computational Model of Aesthetic Evolution
THE CLOCKWORK MUSEThe Clockwork MuseColin Martindale (1990)The development of stylesLiterature, music, visual arts, and architectureThe search for noveltyImportant determinant of stylistic change
THE LAW OF NOVELTYOutlaws repetition in word or deedContinual search for noveltyPenalty worst than death to be ignoredApplied in its purest form in the artsStyles become more complex over timeExpression ever more concrete and specific
AESTHETIC EVOLUTIONMemes and VariationsSpread of innovations through a social groupsCollective theory formationCollaborative groups are more creativeFixed definitions of creativityEmergent definitions of what & who is creative
DEFINING CREATIVITYPersonal definitions of creativityCreative thought processesSocio-cultural definitions of creativityHonorific notion of creative personObjective definitions of creativityArtefact is creative if novel and useful
INTERESTINGNESSInterestingness in discovery systems43/242 heuristics in AM for interestingnessObjective vs. subjective interestingnessData-centric vs. user-centric interestingnessUnexpectedness and/or actionabilityNovel and/or useful (objective creativity)
THE DIGITAL CLOCKWORK MUSEEconomy of NoveltyCredit for production of noveltyCurious Design AgentsSelf directed learning based on interestingnessGenetic ArtworksEvolved artworks similar to Sims (1991)
CURIOUS AGENTSSelf-directed learnersSchmidhuber (1991)Too similar boredomPredictable subspace of artworksToo different incomprehensionUnpredictable subspace of artworks
A TOOL-USING CURIOUS AGENT
img
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Evolutionary System
Sends Evolved Images
Selects Interesting Images
Curious Agent
Process
Images
Calc. Interest
Learn Images &
Detect Novelty
GENETIC ARTThis example is taken from the archive of human evolved genetic artworks kindly provided by John Mount, Scott Neal Reilly and Michael Witbrock as part of the International Interactive Genetic Art Project.
ARTISTIC GENETICSTree-structured genotypeGenetic programming (Koza)Mathematical expression4D Quaternion mathematicsEvaluated at every pixelSubstitution of x and y variables
sin
rand
+
x
x
x
x
y
(+ (sin x) (* (rand x y) x)
IMAGE PROCESSINGOriginal imageProcessed inputsEdge detect& threshold
LEARNING AND NOVELTYSelf-organising mapKohonen (1993)Short term memorySmall volatile networkError as noveltySimple but effective
A
B
C
D
E
F
1
2
3
4
5
6
INTERESTINGNESSBerlynes theory of arousalNovelty as arousal devicePleasure/painReward/punishmentThe Wundt CurveThe Hedonic Function
THE WUNDT CURVE
HEDONIC VALUE
NOVELTY
Nx
Hx
Reward
Punish
0
1
-1
n1
n2
ACTIONABILITYSelection of parent artworksMost interesting artwork at current timeCommunication of interesting artworksInterestingness of evolved artworkPayment for interesting artworksInterestingness of received artwork
AN ECONOMY OF NOVELTYBORINGINTERESTINGSelects Evolved ImageSelects Received ImagePays Sender
FRACTAL DIMENSIONMeasure of complexityFractional dimension between 0.0 and 2.0Box-counting methodSimple approx. to fractal dimensionEmpirical studies of real artistsJackson Pollock; (Taylor et al., 1999)
THE BOX-COUNTING METHODThe fractal dimension is calculated by plotting the count of boxes containing detected edges against the number of boxes per side on a log-log graph and performing a linear regression. The gradient of the line produced is taken to be an estimate of the fractal dimension.
HEDONIC COMPLEXITYTwo agents are initialised with the same prototype image but with different hedonic function favouring different levels of novelty. The fractal dimension of the images evolved by each agent was measured. The agent that sought greater novelty evolved more complex images.
Chart5
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Fractal Dimension
Novelty = 11
Novelty = 18
Time
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0.500.000.000.400.290.401.000.710.690.970.850.750.870.981.110.550.890.571.071.021.071.111.151.141.041.111.191.151.201.231.371.351.381.471.421.521.481.471.451.451.721.671.871.891.781.981.981.961.971.921.961.951.961.981.991.971.530.170.370.800.860.990.671.051.131.111.191.371.471.461.611.851.971.951.971.830.861.371.97
0.790.000.000.290.000.290.690.790.850.760.630.870.720.660.720.600.710.921.021.071.001.221.051.141.111.001.111.171.211.251.451.201.371.461.471.441.441.591.541.541.691.631.851.901.781.941.961.971.971.971.971.801.951.961.891.971.920.260.190.780.750.700.741.031.141.071.211.341.451.531.621.841.951.971.911.930.751.341.91
0.000.500.000.400.210.500.790.660.500.740.741.001.110.841.000.900.571.101.001.001.001.011.161.131.001.131.001.211.271.171.491.441.371.421.481.481.471.541.441.441.771.701.851.811.901.941.961.941.921.971.961.811.951.971.911.951.920.170.370.650.830.980.861.001.101.041.221.431.461.491.641.851.951.951.911.930.831.431.91
0.000.500.000.400.290.500.850.790.660.921.070.660.720.790.961.100.770.771.110.941.111.131.141.101.131.241.181.271.241.281.381.381.341.561.511.351.531.581.511.511.791.831.901.861.861.971.941.921.961.981.961.741.931.981.941.951.740.170.400.770.880.830.881.051.121.181.261.361.471.541.711.871.941.971.881.880.881.361.88
0.000.000.000.290.290.500.500.850.660.661.051.070.970.750.740.920.760.851.000.821.081.101.131.141.201.091.131.241.251.311.291.291.331.531.491.341.451.511.481.481.771.791.911.901.891.941.941.941.991.961.901.931.941.971.941.921.610.000.360.670.930.820.840.971.121.141.271.311.451.481.681.901.941.951.951.820.931.311.95
0.000.500.500.210.500.211.000.950.500.880.921.000.790.830.751.080.700.921.071.081.071.141.171.131.201.201.081.281.341.181.271.331.431.361.531.511.481.471.461.461.861.821.911.911.881.941.941.941.971.941.991.891.961.961.661.931.680.330.310.820.930.790.901.071.151.161.271.341.461.471.711.901.941.971.941.750.931.341.94
0.000.000.000.500.210.290.850.900.950.790.850.870.900.840.830.900.811.060.981.001.001.121.211.171.121.091.001.311.241.191.431.411.371.421.511.511.461.461.631.631.751.791.881.891.871.961.931.941.941.941.941.971.961.961.981.911.770.000.330.900.840.860.930.991.171.071.241.401.481.521.731.881.941.941.971.890.841.401.97
0.000.000.500.210.210.000.900.710.850.660.870.850.790.940.870.810.810.971.131.041.001.151.271.071.161.251.091.311.321.241.171.371.311.491.401.441.601.471.461.461.671.751.891.921.911.951.971.941.961.941.911.961.961.961.971.911.750.170.140.820.790.870.871.061.161.171.291.281.451.511.631.911.951.941.961.880.791.281.96
0.000.000.000.500.370.500.900.730.710.830.830.500.901.070.790.790.910.001.110.751.121.071.071.061.121.171.151.211.351.321.321.311.381.401.491.461.601.601.601.601.731.781.921.941.931.971.841.971.941.941.941.931.981.941.971.981.800.000.460.780.720.920.570.991.061.151.301.341.451.601.711.931.931.941.951.920.721.341.95
0.500.500.000.370.210.500.960.790.790.870.870.370.950.950.900.771.080.791.071.120.751.071.191.151.231.191.121.321.211.251.361.401.451.451.401.471.591.601.621.621.821.641.901.961.801.961.921.951.941.941.881.961.931.951.981.991.920.330.360.850.700.940.880.981.141.181.261.401.441.601.691.881.941.921.951.960.701.401.95
0.50-0.000.000.500.500.210.791.000.870.950.790.871.070.901.000.830.880.671.081.100.871.111.131.061.121.161.061.351.251.251.451.311.351.401.451.251.451.611.571.571.541.681.921.871.731.921.931.841.951.951.921.941.921.961.961.851.980.170.400.890.870.990.791.021.101.111.281.371.371.551.601.841.901.941.941.930.871.371.94
0.00-0.000.000.290.400.211.001.000.370.790.570.790.921.000.850.880.940.771.181.231.101.011.060.960.901.181.001.341.281.261.461.371.311.451.441.381.621.571.511.511.641.541.901.921.871.951.851.951.941.941.901.921.921.841.961.851.77-0.000.300.790.720.920.861.171.011.031.301.381.421.571.561.901.921.921.891.860.721.381.89
0.000.000.000.290.290.501.000.791.000.830.951.001.001.070.670.940.670.641.101.271.140.971.001.110.991.121.041.251.311.301.471.471.461.531.471.431.571.541.521.521.691.651.881.901.881.851.911.951.981.931.821.901.931.921.841.981.770.000.360.930.930.920.751.171.031.051.291.461.481.551.621.891.901.911.921.860.931.461.92
0.500.000.000.290.160.290.900.841.000.871.000.881.001.000.840.640.690.911.241.141.021.000.941.011.171.101.311.231.391.221.511.501.481.471.441.461.611.611.491.491.651.521.861.851.861.951.951.941.941.911.931.921.951.931.811.981.750.170.250.910.920.950.751.140.981.191.281.501.451.571.551.851.951.921.931.850.921.501.93
0.170.160.090.260.230.260.820.860.810.830.900.910.890.870.860.980.910.901.081.071.041.131.161.141.121.131.111.381.391.401.351.351.391.461.361.471.501.551.561.561.671.631.801.801.721.901.851.871.891.901.891.931.931.941.911.901.80
0.050.140.030.020.250.010.020.830.030.050.880.030.020.880.020.030.930.050.021.060.010.011.140.020.011.120.010.011.390.010.021.360.030.071.430.040.031.540.020.061.620.050.061.770.030.021.870.030.001.890.010.001.930.000.071.870.04
12345678910111213141516171819
0.140.250.830.880.880.931.061.141.121.391.361.431.541.621.771.871.891.931.87
0.050.020.020.050.020.030.020.010.010.010.020.070.030.060.060.02000.07
0.030.010.030.030.020.050.010.020.010.010.030.040.020.050.030.030.0100.04
Sheet1
00.030.05
00.010.02
00.030.02
00.030.05
00.020.02
00.050.03
00.010.02
00.020.01
00.010.01
00.010.01
00.030.02
00.040.07
00.020.03
00.050.06
00.030.06
00.030.02
00.010
000
00.040.07
Hedonic Function
Fractal Dimension
Sheet2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Fractal Dimension
Max. Hedonic = 11
Max. Hedonic = 18
Time step
Sheet3
NOVELTY VS. COMPLEXITYRepeating the same experiment for a range of agents with different hedonic functions reveals a linear relationship between the level of novelty sought and the complexity of the resulting images. Performing a linear regression on the data indicates that for every extra unit of novelty sought the fractal dimension of the evolved images rises 0.1.
Chart3
0.14
0.25
0.83
0.88
0.88
0.93
1.06
1.14
1.12
1.39
1.36
1.43
1.54
1.62
1.77
1.87
1.89
1.93
1.87
Hedonic Function (N)
Fractal Dimension
Sheet1
12345678910111213141516171819
0.000.740.000.500.210.001.000.001.000.941.001.000.541.100.681.421.000.940.881.291.000.941.000.941.111.061.620.211.431.721.111.481.351.480.001.490.881.211.451.451.420.001.401.610.901.961.271.211.521.321.061.781.381.401.781.811.83
0.000.000.000.790.290.500.661.000.850.921.001.000.790.500.841.081.001.081.081.061.291.051.000.941.161.201.061.721.381.531.181.601.441.400.001.481.421.151.661.661.361.421.611.461.301.971.001.151.631.711.201.901.781.561.971.781.81
-0.000.290.000.29-0.000.790.290.710.661.001.130.610.680.680.790.980.941.071.051.081.141.501.500.981.061.161.101.531.521.571.341.181.451.480.851.771.151.421.741.741.591.491.461.561.251.861.501.971.931.741.561.951.811.901.931.781.97
-0.000.000.000.290.210.500.161.160.790.861.130.790.740.740.971.001.080.871.031.081.051.051.051.041.211.181.061.311.531.291.281.281.491.560.291.811.321.741.781.781.601.591.551.461.201.831.861.791.931.781.641.981.951.961.941.801.77
0.000.00-0.000.290.290.210.581.060.160.790.630.860.870.610.740.870.861.001.000.851.051.051.370.851.180.911.211.301.291.001.351.281.391.441.561.801.211.801.671.671.551.601.801.551.181.731.751.791.811.811.931.961.981.991.961.721.79
0.000.000.000.000.00-0.000.400.790.581.000.701.110.890.870.751.290.941.041.290.980.850.851.251.211.071.051.191.461.321.271.391.281.411.331.231.441.351.731.531.531.611.551.661.801.451.901.791.731.921.921.911.971.991.991.951.941.94
0.500.500.000.00-0.000.290.791.001.000.700.690.790.950.710.951.331.071.081.101.000.931.071.161.131.141.071.061.611.311.321.361.361.441.521.381.431.671.671.781.781.661.671.821.661.311.791.841.791.901.941.931.991.971.991.971.961.92
0.500.000.50-0.000.29-0.000.791.080.730.690.740.940.840.950.901.021.161.061.251.250.941.371.191.191.061.191.161.411.331.261.281.431.451.431.391.421.531.701.741.741.711.831.681.771.191.861.791.841.921.931.941.991.951.941.941.951.88
0.500.000.50-0.000.000.000.711.001.080.740.950.660.711.070.950.921.031.021.251.251.251.471.070.971.161.061.081.781.261.301.281.411.561.391.351.441.491.491.531.531.621.771.771.691.821.821.771.851.571.921.891.971.941.951.931.951.96
0.500.500.000.50-0.00-0.000.500.941.160.900.720.950.920.761.001.220.940.941.221.221.200.970.951.201.081.151.031.491.301.381.381.281.471.531.441.521.561.561.501.501.771.621.701.751.681.821.841.841.551.891.941.971.971.991.761.941.92
0.00-0.000.000.000.290.210.900.790.790.880.901.260.950.920.761.270.880.941.071.041.071.191.461.251.131.150.981.471.491.471.401.381.531.521.531.381.641.501.631.631.721.641.751.731.691.851.881.821.631.881.961.991.981.991.971.921.91
0.50-0.000.000.500.210.290.500.900.610.791.261.050.960.790.961.351.070.711.001.101.041.161.511.261.151.171.201.381.571.581.361.361.361.381.401.491.601.631.471.471.751.721.751.751.891.911.881.881.891.961.871.981.991.981.911.911.74
0.000.500.000.210.210.211.000.610.791.000.790.971.160.741.161.270.941.000.981.001.231.041.191.291.201.041.081.321.601.521.371.361.441.401.331.481.611.581.601.601.721.751.801.691.731.881.871.871.881.721.961.971.981.921.921.971.95
0.500.000.00-0.000.210.210.790.900.790.971.001.001.100.770.741.351.081.271.101.231.001.151.161.281.041.191.031.601.471.651.401.381.441.451.421.441.491.691.571.571.781.721.841.841.741.901.971.921.961.651.941.951.951.971.911.941.80
0.000.500.000.21-0.000.160.900.790.791.080.791.000.940.810.741.311.061.040.941.091.081.141.041.271.061.081.071.471.661.681.351.371.381.451.441.511.571.701.691.691.701.711.751.731.731.961.981.901.951.971.941.931.951.941.861.961.83
0.500.290.000.210.500.130.940.660.161.000.791.000.960.790.741.161.041.041.151.151.071.141.111.201.151.061.241.651.621.691.241.461.401.551.451.441.621.671.661.661.651.701.781.731.841.941.781.971.661.941.971.841.911.971.931.921.93
0.000.500.500.160.500.500.900.900.660.791.001.290.810.790.721.161.140.901.081.080.901.201.201.231.171.091.231.741.711.701.111.381.421.471.441.521.571.691.631.631.721.801.721.781.751.911.911.981.661.941.951.941.951.971.871.891.88
0.500.000.000.210.16-0.001.000.900.900.791.101.320.791.050.820.971.231.231.121.121.081.121.061.221.141.071.341.711.601.581.411.321.431.491.521.381.571.641.451.451.631.701.871.811.731.861.891.861.951.971.971.951.941.921.851.691.94
0.000.500.000.21-0.000.371.001.001.061.100.671.270.760.760.940.950.901.251.141.061.091.131.131.060.991.101.141.651.581.601.481.201.481.441.471.421.631.451.571.571.681.671.881.841.811.941.871.841.941.971.951.881.921.941.771.731.85
0.210.290.000.210.37-0.001.001.000.900.170.901.161.050.940.940.831.001.161.041.081.061.141.251.101.130.991.081.581.581.251.491.291.571.421.441.471.671.631.571.571.731.681.871.811.781.901.981.891.951.851.951.971.881.971.861.821.91
0.500.000.000.290.290.161.001.001.000.291.161.160.980.830.970.901.251.061.001.061.081.111.111.141.081.181.041.441.651.301.361.261.531.401.401.371.571.591.541.541.671.701.831.741.781.981.971.891.951.951.951.941.971.971.871.871.87
0.000.000.000.210.500.290.850.501.000.360.881.070.610.610.721.001.061.161.051.130.951.121.141.111.121.280.961.651.441.281.401.261.261.411.561.421.591.611.571.571.711.621.801.831.851.971.971.881.851.861.931.971.971.961.951.791.85
0.000.000.000.000.000.211.000.790.500.841.070.880.830.960.261.061.110.871.120.950.931.191.161.250.961.241.071.591.281.591.361.331.261.531.571.461.571.631.561.561.701.641.831.851.761.891.981.971.961.931.931.971.951.971.941.851.92
0.000.000.000.290.160.370.850.660.790.501.161.030.790.920.820.821.000.841.051.081.051.091.121.191.081.241.051.471.291.751.361.311.311.571.401.411.611.471.611.611.661.551.871.831.801.931.781.961.931.951.901.951.941.971.991.821.90
0.000.000.500.160.370.290.661.060.851.160.920.500.791.100.791.000.981.161.041.121.041.111.191.161.071.081.081.031.171.601.181.311.281.511.461.561.581.621.571.571.701.661.871.871.821.921.801.801.901.941.951.971.961.971.891.891.19
0.000.000.000.40-0.000.290.691.061.061.041.080.921.080.790.730.980.921.071.161.161.121.071.071.241.211.051.141.751.031.681.281.351.221.571.511.431.571.521.471.471.691.751.901.871.781.781.801.781.951.941.941.961.971.941.901.931.69
0.000.00-0.000.290.000.000.660.870.791.001.211.080.940.881.080.920.670.980.981.081.051.251.261.161.231.081.111.601.681.661.221.461.321.371.461.371.541.471.381.381.551.691.851.851.891.781.921.911.951.921.941.941.971.951.911.941.70
0.000.000.000.160.290.160.940.790.841.210.920.961.001.000.790.670.650.651.000.980.961.281.161.211.191.231.151.291.661.621.321.401.351.381.401.441.381.471.571.571.651.651.841.841.901.781.911.931.951.881.931.951.971.971.861.951.88
0.000.500.000.660.290.160.790.941.230.920.960.901.000.790.790.901.050.661.081.100.891.201.211.251.171.191.121.261.621.711.381.361.281.521.411.381.561.551.471.471.591.471.841.901.901.921.931.931.921.861.961.981.971.961.961.991.89
0.000.000.000.210.210.210.790.850.791.030.900.900.790.791.041.050.950.741.061.020.961.161.081.161.121.171.091.271.711.311.411.411.381.371.371.401.361.541.561.561.631.691.871.901.871.851.851.751.901.961.971.941.981.961.941.951.89
0.000.000.500.210.210.290.940.851.080.900.900.740.791.001.040.950.790.761.070.931.041.161.191.161.161.041.051.211.311.341.391.221.341.511.441.561.491.521.491.491.641.631.811.871.811.931.881.851.891.961.931.901.961.981.941.971.90
0.000.000.290.210.290.160.901.080.850.740.740.690.930.950.791.050.700.651.121.111.111.161.161.191.091.111.161.241.281.251.331.331.371.471.431.431.601.491.511.511.631.651.831.771.831.751.891.881.931.931.971.891.961.961.951.901.84
0.000.500.000.160.400.160.850.900.940.500.850.731.001.020.870.860.850.731.041.111.091.211.231.170.961.111.111.331.351.231.361.291.421.531.541.341.441.441.481.481.551.671.681.911.701.851.951.931.961.971.951.891.961.941.931.861.64
0.000.000.000.160.290.501.040.941.160.710.730.851.040.871.180.850.650.711.091.091.031.231.131.231.121.120.961.231.171.211.421.331.241.491.571.581.491.441.481.481.631.551.861.881.861.891.961.901.971.941.931.891.931.961.941.921.66
0.500.000.500.290.290.501.161.041.000.851.040.710.940.971.020.970.830.711.000.891.001.201.211.121.121.241.121.311.211.271.421.241.321.411.571.531.481.481.611.611.751.611.751.881.751.961.901.961.961.971.941.961.891.941.901.881.56
0.500.500.00-0.000.40-0.000.711.000.660.630.660.791.021.120.970.710.680.681.021.051.021.121.231.141.201.181.041.201.231.311.201.331.441.441.571.571.441.451.621.621.671.701.591.871.631.951.761.941.961.911.961.981.941.931.911.831.34
0.500.000.000.400.290.401.000.710.690.970.850.750.870.981.110.550.890.571.071.021.071.111.151.141.041.111.191.151.201.231.371.351.381.471.421.521.481.471.451.451.721.671.871.891.781.981.981.961.971.921.961.951.961.981.991.971.53
0.790.000.000.290.000.290.690.790.850.760.630.870.720.660.720.600.710.921.021.071.001.221.051.141.111.001.111.171.211.251.451.201.371.461.471.441.441.591.541.541.691.631.851.901.781.941.961.971.971.971.971.801.951.961.891.971.92
0.000.500.000.400.210.500.790.660.500.740.741.001.110.841.000.900.571.101.001.001.001.011.161.131.001.131.001.211.271.171.491.441.371.421.481.481.471.541.441.441.771.701.851.811.901.941.961.941.921.971.961.811.951.971.911.951.92
0.000.500.000.400.290.500.850.790.660.921.070.660.720.790.961.100.770.771.110.941.111.131.141.101.131.241.181.271.241.281.381.381.341.561.511.351.531.581.511.511.791.831.901.861.861.971.941.921.961.981.961.741.931.981.941.951.74
0.000.000.000.290.290.500.500.850.660.661.051.070.970.750.740.920.760.851.000.821.081.101.131.141.201.091.131.241.251.311.291.291.331.531.491.341.451.511.481.481.771.791.911.901.891.941.941.941.991.961.901.931.941.971.941.921.61
0.000.500.500.210.500.211.000.950.500.880.921.000.790.830.751.080.700.921.071.081.071.141.171.131.201.201.081.281.341.181.271.331.431.361.531.511.481.471.461.461.861.821.911.911.881.941.941.941.971.941.991.891.961.961.661.931.68
0.000.000.000.500.210.290.850.900.950.790.850.870.900.840.830.900.811.060.981.001.001.121.211.171.121.091.001.311.241.191.431.411.371.421.511.511.461.461.631.631.751.791.881.891.871.961.931.941.941.941.941.971.961.961.981.911.77
0.000.000.500.210.210.000.900.710.850.660.870.850.790.940.870.810.810.971.131.041.001.151.271.071.161.251.091.311.321.241.171.371.311.491.401.441.601.471.461.461.671.751.891.921.911.951.971.941.961.941.911.961.961.961.971.911.75
0.000.000.000.500.370.500.900.730.710.830.830.500.901.070.790.790.910.001.110.751.121.071.071.061.121.171.151.211.351.321.321.311.381.401.491.461.601.601.601.601.731.781.921.941.931.971.841.971.941.941.941.931.981.941.971.981.80
0.500.500.000.370.210.500.960.790.790.870.870.370.950.950.900.771.080.791.071.120.751.071.191.151.231.191.121.321.211.251.361.401.451.451.401.471.591.601.621.621.821.641.901.961.801.961.921.951.941.941.881.961.931.951.981.991.92
0.50-0.000.000.500.500.210.791.000.870.950.790.871.070.901.000.830.880.671.081.100.871.111.131.061.121.161.061.351.251.251.451.311.351.401.451.251.451.611.571.571.541.681.921.871.731.921.931.841.951.951.921.941.921.961.961.851.98
0.00-0.000.000.290.400.211.001.000.370.790.570.790.921.000.850.880.940.771.181.231.101.011.060.960.901.181.001.341.281.261.461.371.311.451.441.381.621.571.511.511.641.541.901.921.871.951.851.951.941.941.901.921.921.841.961.851.77
0.000.000.000.290.290.501.000.791.000.830.951.001.001.070.670.940.670.641.101.271.140.971.001.110.991.121.041.251.311.301.471.471.461.531.471.431.571.541.521.521.691.651.881.901.881.851.911.951.981.931.821.901.931.921.841.981.77
0.500.000.000.290.160.290.900.841.000.871.000.881.001.000.840.640.690.911.241.141.021.000.941.011.171.101.311.231.391.221.511.501.481.471.441.461.611.611.491.491.651.521.861.851.861.951.951.941.941.911.931.921.951.931.811.981.75
0.170.160.090.260.230.260.820.860.810.830.900.910.890.870.860.980.910.901.081.071.041.131.161.141.121.131.111.381.391.401.351.351.391.461.361.471.501.551.561.561.671.631.801.801.721.901.851.871.891.901.891.931.931.941.911.901.80
0.050.140.030.020.250.010.020.830.030.050.880.030.020.880.020.030.930.050.021.060.010.011.140.020.011.120.010.011.390.010.021.360.030.071.430.040.031.540.020.061.620.050.061.770.030.021.870.030.001.890.010.001.930.000.071.870.04
12345678910111213141516171819
0.140.250.830.880.880.931.061.141.121.391.361.431.541.621.771.871.891.931.87
0.050.020.020.050.020.030.020.010.010.010.020.070.030.060.060.02000.07
0.030.010.030.030.020.050.010.020.010.010.030.040.020.050.030.030.0100.04
Sheet1
00.030.05
00.010.02
00.030.02
00.030.05
00.020.02
00.050.03
00.010.02
00.020.01
00.010.01
00.010.01
00.030.02
00.040.07
00.020.03
00.050.06
00.030.06
00.030.02
00.010
000
00.040.07
Hedonic Function
Fractal Dimension
Sheet2
Sheet3
HEDONIC COMPLEXITYN=0N=1N=2N=3N=4N=5N=6N=7N=8N=9N=10N=11N=12N=13N=14N=15N=16N=17N=18N=19
THE LAW OF NOVELTYGeneral (N=11)Avg. creativity = 5.57Conservative (N=3)Ignored: too similarAvante Garde (N=19)Ignored: too different
Agent
ID
Preferred
Novelty
Attributed
Creativity
0
N=11
5.43
1
N=11
4.49
2
N=11
4.50
3
N=11
3.60
4
N=11
4.48
5
N=11
1.82
6
N=11
6.32
7
N=11
8.93
8
N=11
10.72
9
N=11
5.39
10
N=3
0.0
11
N=19
0.0
NOVELTY CLIQUESTwo GroupsNovelty N=6, N=15Self-reinforcingLimited paymentsExceptionsAgent-1 gets no credit Agent-4 pays Agent-5 one credit
_1045017944.doc
2
8
2
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
1
1
3
4
5
2
5
2
2
3
3
1
1
6
3
5
3
4
5
1
3
5
1
4
4
3
2
4
1
4
4
4
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
7
6
8
9
Sender
Receiver
NOVELTY CLIQUES
REFINING THE LAW OF NOVELTYNovelty and ComplexityExtension to linear relationshipIgnoring the avante gardeSearching for too much noveltySelf-reinforcing behaviourPayment of credit within cliques
FUTURE RESEARCHInvestigationsE.g. role of mediators between cliquesDevelopmentsE.g. extend sensors, effectors and contextsApplicationsE.g. modelling user preferences (Baluja et al.)