ffte Discouery of Denlciilin Penki11tu is ofleof the d ien diyorercd afld Mdelt used at tibiotjcs, derired ft;tu ttL Pekici iun mouu. Read this pdssage to lean how al abseht-niidedstiektkt dk@vred thts .bug bvchaftF in hit kbotutorv and hotu it be\one us?fu! in ftdtthg dise61. hat do€s )-our do.tor pres(ibe when you aredown with fever, or ifyou cut youselfbadll? Hare you eve! been rold to take anLibiorics? Va.ious antibiorics aie 6ed to treltanumberofdiseases and io prevent ihe onsetofinfe.tionswhen our skin thefirst blrrier to disease-is somehow broken through a simple cut or a serios $ound. Today, we tdke aniibiotics for granted, but theyare i relltivety rc.ent discover). PenicillinNasdre fiist practi.allntibiotic, which was notavaitabteuntiliteearly 1940s. The disco!-) ofpenicillin gave docto.s newammunjtton to ffgbtdiseases. Before iis da.over),, niiDorwounds that becane iDfeccd o. triridl inju.ies cor d lead to death. There n a fmous storr about how penicillln was discove.ed by AlexaDder Fleming at Sr Maryi Hospital, Iondon. Fieminghad. bit of a reputation as an abscnt minded scieDtist. Ctrltures thai hevorked oD were constantlylorgottcD in lis laborarory, which vas nomllly in d stateofgreardisorder Returnlngfton a month-longva.ation in i928, Ilening noticed thdt many of his ctrhure pt.res rve.e contamiDated with a fungus which w.s a sle.ies of PerntlrbrJ. Although rhe specjes ofthe mould rvas unkno$ n to llemnrg at tle iimc, he observed that ii was iniibiting dregrolth of bacteria. '(
Transcript
ffte Discouery of Denlciilin
Penki11tu is ofle of the d ien diyorercd afld Mdelt used at tibiotjcs, derired ft;tu ttLPekici iun mouu. Read this pdssage to lean how al abseht-niided stiektkt dk@vredthts .bug bv chaftF in hit kbotutorv and hotu it be\one us?fu! in ftdtthg dise61.
hat do€s )-our do.tor pres(ibe when you are down with fever, or ifyou cutyouselfbadll? Hare you eve! been rold to take anLibiorics? Va.ious antibioricsaie 6ed to treltanumberofdiseases and io prevent ihe onsetofinfe.tionswhen
our skin the first blrrier to disease-is somehow broken through a simple cut or a serios$ound. Today, we tdke aniibiotics for granted, but they are i relltivety rc.ent discover).PenicillinNasdre fiist practi.allntibiotic, which was notavaitabteuntiliteearly 1940s. Thedisco!-) ofpenicillin gave docto.s newammunjtton to ffgbt diseases. Before iis da.over),,niiDorwounds that becane iDfeccd o. triridl inju.ies cor d lead to death.There n a fmous storr about how penicillln wasdiscove.ed by AlexaDder Fleming at Sr MaryiHospital, Iondon. Fieminghad. bit of a reputation asan abscnt minded scieDtist. Ctrltures thai hevorkedoD were constantlylorgottcD in lis laborarory, whichvas nomllly in d stateofgreardisorder
Returnlng fton a month-long va.ation in i928,Ilening noticed thdt many of his ctrhure pt.res rve.econtamiDated with a fungus which w.s a sle.ies ofPerntlrbrJ. Although rhe specjes ofthe mould rvasunkno$ n to llemnrg at tle iimc, he observed that iiwas iniibiting dre grolth of bacteria.
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IHeming re.lised that rhis.ould be sonething iftponant ald continued to study ihe antiblcterill properties ofthe mould. linally, he isolated an dtract fron the nould and nanedit penicillir. lt was certainly a historic moment, but the story does not begin or €nd tlere.
To understand the impofrance of Flemings discovery we have ro go back ro the latenineteenth century when Louis Pastelr discovered that many dneases were c.used byDicro-organisms. This resulted in a deternlned effort among scientists, {ho sed.hedfor ways to destroyth$e micro org.nisms without h.rming thr peBon shoMs infected.While the scientists wer€ carrying out thei. experiments in this field, thel often found thatthen bacterial cultures jD the laboratory |ad been contamirated by other nkro organhns,
Thus, before Flening, the sme optortuniiy cde to others who had obsened a chance.ontahinarion in ba.terial cdture, bui tben onry response was ro thiri t]]!t it had ruiredthen €xperinert dd rhey disca.ded the cultures and thought nothing mole ofit.
Fleming, on the other h&d, foUowed up on lrh obsenation, and that $as where thediftireDce lay. However, even after his disco\rry was published, not much attention was
Fid to it. Fleming did noi be.otue famous overnight, dd there we.e, in fad, many peopleFho doubted that the discovery would be of any v.lue. Imtially, Flemlng was unable toprove that it had any therapeuti. ralue and he began to doubt his own .esearch. Bur astunher tests .ontinued. be begaq to realise that penicillin was extremdy powertul as andli bacterial compound. His extmds couldbe diluted 1,000 timesand stillbe effective inkjlling bacieria. Fu.ther tesrs were done to be cerLain that penicillnr was not toxic, Theseresults were, again, very interesting, but how could they be tnnslated to practicil $e?
it was not Fleming, but one of his forner students, Dr Cecil Paine, who ws the li6t todenonst.ate the vdlue of penicillin in medicine. lainet fiBt effort at using peniciliins?s in treating patients with sycosis barbae'. This pioyed to be a failure, but dld notdanpen his enthusiasn to continue wo.king litb penicillin, His next attempt at usirgpenicillin was made while treating the lacerated eye of a miner There wds a stoneembedded in the inlected eye, dd nornally the eye would have 1o be.emoved. However,aftd Paine appiied penicnlin extract, the mine.s eye and eyesight were saved. lt was a
But Paine did not make his succe.s public. By the nid 1930s, seve.al nev discoveries innedicine took pLace od made lleming worder whether he shoLLld contintre his work withp€nicillin. A clds of synth€ti. chetuical drdgs called sulpha drugs-was developed inGermany and was effective in treating some baderial infections. Another synthelic drug$as effective apainst Dneumonia.
Ftening now began wo.king with these new drugs. Though he had stopp€d working withp€nicil-lin by 1934, he did not lose his interest.
Other scientists became inte.ested in penicilLin dound this tine. Dr Howard Walter FloreyM the forenost among them. Iloiq', however, did not work alone he had a ted rhatincludedDrE.nst Boris Chain, anotherscientistwhowouldbecone famous inrhe procesof developing penlcillln- Ilorq' also had the .dvantage of working wirh a well staffed ddeqBilped lab, which lletuing did not have.
Th€ fi.st real test fo! the llorey lab came when Albert AleMndea a 48-yeaFold Loldonpoliceman, cut hinselfwhile shaving. The c{t Ms ignored for several days, and be.aDeseptic. Alexander was taken to Iospital dd given sulpha drugs, but without succe$. Whenthe doctoB believed that he Ms goirg to die within a f€w houE, florey and Chain requestedthat thq' be given permission to beat this patieni. Thh would be then first human subjecrto whon penicilln was applied. The two scientists adminisi€red the injections themselves.After live days, Aleende. ws recovering. But then, thefe was no more penicillin available,the policeman had ! relapse and di.d five days later
Howevea the experiment did demonstrate rhat penicillin was nor hdmtul to humans. Infact, it was effective. The scientists were more successfil with rhen next patients. Aroud thesame time, Flemirgwas ako treating a patieDt witb penicillin. But the shortage ofpenicilti!kept hindering the ireathent. By 1941, it was aclnowledged that p€nkillin ms indeed aworthwhile drue and.ould save thousands ofllves.
With the number of injuries increasingduing the Second Wodd War dd the relateddises$, the demandforpenicilliD ms greaterthan before. Scientjsts sirted researchingmys and means to boost the p.oduction ofpeni.illin to match the demand.
Du.ing $n period,when mas production ofpenicillin was being perfected, Ft€ming hadlitde to do wilh it. He $as almost forSottenas the dls.overer ofpenicillin by the time itwas being na$ produced. Howeveri he wasrescued from oblivion in 1943, when he wasknighted along with Howard llorqr Twoyea6 later, llening, florq' md Chain wereaNarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology andMedicine for iheir discoveryand development
One - lne$ dier d lorhet . r iar $d Ie\ ted ha\ .ured by penk ln whicn wa' b\ . lhb l ime
-d ed c donder drus: Beiorr ' r ' dN(o\eq t le r r jor 'dbe' o deolh In ho'PrtJ ' dusg
ir" . , ' "*" - - . i , ' , u "od Po 'onins. car ler 'e 'e drPl l l 'er id ronl l - rn rheumal i '
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."Jy tr'. ao"*"s Ai of these rere sucasflllv treated wd1 Peni'illin'
The discoverv of penicillin blought about one of the biggest searches in medical historv lt
*,. ."asonea thaiirtlere *as oie aniibiotic in nature, there nusl be many more; and mdv
..."-*."ia r.a""a t" f.-a hter' However, few would be fuDgal in oigin-most of L\€m
*"Ji U" a*i""a f."- S*,eria Yet without the discovery of Penicillin aiL these other
antibiotics would Po$ibly never have been dhcovered
New words to
lnh ib i tnrg
Know-drugs that are us€d to kill bacteria and cure diseases
a group ofc€lls esp€cially growD for scientifLc strdy
made dirty or imPurei has dangerous or harnful substances in it
preventingGotuelhing) fronhapPening
living things that a.e too small to be seen witholt a m'doscope
intended to treat or cure; healing(here) woundedi skin or flesh that is torn or cuhvith a sharP object
artiliciali not obtained hom nlture
\1 . r r { . ! r Lh ! lo l l t r , inUq"E\ tn 'n \ '
Who discove!€d penicilinl Describe the 'ircumstan'es i n which it was discovered'
What had Pasteur discovered? t-hat was the result?
Why did Heming stop worhng on his discovery bv 1934?
Who was Cecil Paine? W.ite a short lote oD him'
Who was Dr llorey? What were the advantages he had over lleming'
Wl€ rere th€ majo. causes of death i! hospitals during the wai?
\ l . lhnrk .nd i ! s$c i
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D2. A repod is an a.count or statement thar desc.ibes dr even oraA newslaper .eport has the foltowing parrs:
r Headline: lt should be caichy, shonj Name of repo4e.: This ls written
wdte, Bystaff .eporter:
situation in grearderail,
lfil ,"n*u"r" tab .AIEl. Fhd.I leasr five pords
live words in which . is
E2. List.n ro the.onversarion be$vcer ltichard and Steye, After youstatencnts rs true (T) or false (F).
l Richrd is unwelt.
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2.Steve has a th.oat iDfecrion along with fever.
The docro. has given Steve some anti inflanhatory nediciqes.
imnediately below the headline. you .e atso
+ Time ofevent: The date and !la.e shoutd be nentioned b€fore the first paragraph.J Itrtroduction. Thf first parag.aph shoutd b.iefly oufl,ne rhe aent.-e Body of report. This should cortain atl rhe .elevanr detaits.
' Con.lusion:1hk an ,o,ai1 volr .ommenr( or rr,ommendar oni. .outd even'nduoe rhe oprnron ororher people.
:11' : . " l j , l : ,n: T: : ' " r " t rd Arexander I rHnr ins hd, ju,r innounced hi \ d i \ (nrerv
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in the chaprer h whicl c is tronounced .s nr oeature. fnrdpronounced $ in certre,
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cDer ee to be taken before lunch.
b oot hugry because he! al ready ea ten.
lhe oed'che. on an erpry qlomach rdr' Tdle hin nduseou.
will get some hot porato soup forSrfle.
ror l in groupr "1 f i \e . Di . \u \ , l le lo l lor i t rB \ i t f i )our Broup m.mb(F.
rde tle rUnesses tnar keep chndren away from
)ou elerhad to stay away from schopl becauset qdptohs occu(ed to indicate the illne$it remedies were prescribed by the doctor?
Did )our friends dd relatives visit you? How djd it feel?ffiat precautions do you think can be taken to p.event faliing jll?
