THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE MICRO-ORGANISMSMICRO-ORGANISMS

Monera Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protoctista KingdomProtoctista Kingdom

Fungi Kingdom Fungi Kingdom

I.E.S. “Luis de Góngora” (Córdoba); Dept. Biology and GeologyI.E.S. “Luis de Góngora” (Córdoba); Dept. Biology and Geology

Juan Manuel Barroso Fernández Juan Manuel Barroso Fernández

Bilingual Educational Project.Bilingual Educational Project.

Science 1º ESO – Unit 10Science 1º ESO – Unit 10

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGSCLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

To classify things a To classify things a criterion criterion is needed. is needed. In the case of living things criteria may be:In the case of living things criteria may be:

artificial artificial (according to external characteristics)(according to external characteristics) naturalnatural (according to internal structure, that is to say, (according to internal structure, that is to say,

its familiar relationships).its familiar relationships).

Natural systemNatural system is the classification system is the classification system which is based on evolution, so it is looking for which is based on evolution, so it is looking for similarities between organisms due to a common similarities between organisms due to a common ancestorancestor..

Vertebrates ( with a vertebral column)

Arthropods (with jointed appendages)

Molluscs (with mantle cavity)

TERRESTRIALTERRESTRIAL

FLYINGFLYINGAQUATICAQUATIC

fishfish

dolphindolphin

Sea turtleSea turtle

butterflybutterfly

batbat

crowcrow snakesnake

ladybirdladybird

catcat

snailsnail

lobsterlobster

octopusoctopus

How can you classify them?This is an ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION, because in the same group there are very different organisms

What about this classification?This is a NATURAL CLASSIFICATION, because in the same groups we have organisms with the same internal structure, which means they have a commom ancestor

TAXONOMIC CATEGORIESTAXONOMIC CATEGORIES Due to the huge amount of organisms, it is Due to the huge amount of organisms, it is

essential to essential to classify classify them into different them into different categories with a categories with a hierarchic organizationhierarchic organization called called taxonomic categoriestaxonomic categories. .

Hierarchic organization means that a certain Hierarchic organization means that a certain number of units of the same level join to form a number of units of the same level join to form a single unit of the next highest level. This new single unit of the next highest level. This new unit , in turn, joins other units of the same level unit , in turn, joins other units of the same level to form a newer one of higher level, and so on.to form a newer one of higher level, and so on.

The taxonomic categories are (from biggest to The taxonomic categories are (from biggest to smallest): smallest):

KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIESKINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES

DEFINITION OF SPECIESDEFINITION OF SPECIES

A species is a group of organisms A species is a group of organisms

with with similar characteristicssimilar characteristics

which which can reproducecan reproduce among themselves among themselves

and and

that are able to have a that are able to have a fertile offspringfertile offspring..

KINGDOM KINGDOM (animals)(animals)

PHYLUMPHYLUM

CLASSCLASS(mamm(mammals)als) dolphindolphin

fishfish

snailsnail

ORDER ORDER (carnivores)(carnivores)

FAMILY FAMILY (felids)(felids)

GENUS (Panthera)GENUS (Panthera)

Tiger

(Panthera tigris)

SPECIES SPECIES ((lion) ((lion)

(Panthera leo)

Wolf (canis lupus)

Cat (Catus

familiaris)

(vertebrates)(vertebrates)

lobsterlobster

KINGDOM KINGDOM (plants)(plants)

palm palm

tree clovertree clover

The Five KingdomsThe Five KingdomsCell Cell

Type Type OrganisationOrganisation NutritionNutrition

MONERA MONERA

PROTOCTISTA PROTOCTISTA

FUNGI FUNGI

PLANT PLANT

ANIMAL ANIMAL

ProkaryoticProkaryotic

EukaryoticEukaryotic,, some of them some of them with with cellulosecellulose

cell wallcell wall

EukaryoticEukaryotic, , with with chitin chitin cell wallcell wall

EukaryoticEukaryotic, , with with cellulose cellulose

cell wallcell wall

EukaryoticEukaryotic, , with with nono cell cell

wallwall

UnicellularUnicellular

UnicellularUnicellular or or multi-cellular multi-cellular with no tissueswith no tissues

UnicellularUnicellular or or multi-cellular multi-cellular with no tissueswith no tissues

Multi-cellularMulti-cellular with tissueswith tissues

Multi-cellularMulti-cellular with tissueswith tissues

Autotrophic or Autotrophic or heterotrophicheterotrophic

Autotrophic or Autotrophic or heterotrophicheterotrophic

HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

AutotrophicAutotrophic

EUKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC CELLSCELLS

WITH WITH TISSUESTISSUES

Without cell wall

ANIMALANIMAL

WITHOUT WITHOUT TISSUESTISSUES

Never chitin cell wall

PROTOCTISTAPROTOCTISTA

With chitin cell wall

FUNGIFUNGI

With cell wall

PLANTSPLANTS

PROKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC CELLSCELLS

MONERAMONERA

PLANT

PLANT

KING

DOM

KING

DOM

FUNG

I

FUNG

I

KING

DOM

KING

DOM

ANIMAL

ANIMAL

KING

DOM

KING

DOM

PROTO

CTISTA

PROTO

CTISTA

KING

DOM

KING

DOM

MO

NERA

MO

NERA

KING

DOM

KING

DOM

THE FAMILY TREE OF THE FAMILY TREE OF LIVING THINGSLIVING THINGS

Monera KingdomMonera Kingdom

Spherical bacteria: cocciSpherical bacteria: cocci Stick-shaped bacteria: bacilliStick-shaped bacteria: bacilli Spiral-shaped bacteria: spirilliSpiral-shaped bacteria: spirilli Comma-shaped bacteria: vibriaComma-shaped bacteria: vibria

CocciCocci

BacilliBacilli

SpirilliSpirilli

VibriaVibria

Protoctista KingdomProtoctista Kingdom Unicellular heterotrophic organisms (with Unicellular heterotrophic organisms (with

no cell wall): no cell wall): ProtozoansProtozoans::• CilliatesCilliates• FlagellatesFlagellates• RhizopodsRhizopods• SporozoansSporozoans

Autotrophic with no tissues organisms: Autotrophic with no tissues organisms: AlgaeAlgae: :

• Green algaeGreen algae• Brown algaeBrown algae• Red algaeRed algae

CilliatesCilliates

Paramecium Vorticella

Flagellates:Flagellates:

Paranema Trypanosome

Rhizopods: Rhizopods: amoebaamoeba

Sporozoans: Sporozoans:

Green algae: spyrogiraGreen algae: spyrogira

Brown algae: sargassumBrown algae: sargassum

Red algaeRed algae

Fungi KingdomFungi Kingdom Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells Unicellular or multi-cellular with no tissuesUnicellular or multi-cellular with no tissues Chitin cell wallChitin cell wall

Mushrooms Mushrooms are reproductive structures of some fungiare reproductive structures of some fungi

Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces)Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces)

Blue mould (saprophitic fungi)Blue mould (saprophitic fungi)

Bread mouldBread mould

Penicillium Penicillium

Parasitic fungiParasitic fungi

Candidiasis Athlete's Foot Disease

Lichens are symbiotic associations Lichens are symbiotic associations of a fungus with an algaof a fungus with an alga

Virus: Virus: They are no authentic living thingsThey are no authentic living things

AIDS virus

T4 virus (bacteriophage)T4 virus (bacteriophage)