The EarlyCold War:1947-1970

The EarlyCold War:1947-1970

Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NYNY

Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NYNY

Part I:

“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

Part I:

“Reconstruction &

Confrontation”

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL of US spread democracy- “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA-47]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition -Communist govt. & economy ran by Gov.'s. Democratic govt. & capitalist economy “Private ownership of wealth”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

An An iron curtainiron curtain of tension has descended of tension has descended horz.down Europe. “Behind that line lies horz.down Europe. “Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe”Europe” -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.

2.2. Civil War Breaks out in GreeceCivil War Breaks out in Greece

3.3. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program”Program”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

Arms Race Begins:Arms Race Begins:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 19491949..

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

Arms Race

• Satellite-Sputnik-(US_NASA)• American B-29 Aircraft-detected Atmospheric

radiation over Alaska drifting from Russia• Russia Had tested an Atomic Bomb• Heightens tension• US creates H-Bomb• Stockpile Weapons-Mutually Assured

Destruction (MAD)

Eisenhower & Khrushchev

• Decreased military Spending

• Massive Retaliation

• IKE Doctrine: Supported Democracy

• In Russia-Stalin Dies-Nikita Khrushchev new president

-Rolling back Communist –Free elections

-“Peaceful co-existence of the two powers”

North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)NATOOrganization (1949)NATO

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

An Historic Irony: Sergei An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Khrushchev, American

CitizenCitizen

Who buried who?Who buried who?

China-Mao’s Com. China-Mao’s Com. Revolution: 1949Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

China-Becomes Communist

• U.S supported Jiang Kai-shek-Democracy

• Russia backed Mao Zedong Communist

• US sent millions $$$ -Jiang Kai-Shek

• Corrupt - spent the money

• People of China backed Mao

• Shek asked -US army to intervene /NO..

• Mao took control Renamed: “Peoples Republic of China”-Blame Truman

The Korean War: -”Mc The Korean War: -”Mc Arthur” (1950-1953)Arthur” (1950-1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

Korean War

• After WWII-North Korea-Communist/South. K-Democrat-Divided by 38 Parallel line

• US pulled out of S. Korea 1949

• In June 1950-N. K forces attacked S. Korea armed with Soviet weapons

• US aided S. Korea-UN supported Truman

• Mac Arthur-drives back Korean Army

Korean War

• Mac Arthur wants to go past the 38 P. line

• Take all of N. Korea -Democratic

• Truman Afraid China may join war

• Pushed on with consent of UN

• Reached China Border-300,000 Chinese soldiers attacked

• China now in the war

• Settles for Stalemate At 38. P Line

The Suez Crisis: 1956-The Suez Crisis: 1956-19571957

Suez Crisis

• -Middle East conflict• -Egypt’s Pre.-Nasser uses US

& Russian tension to his advantage • -Nasser Nationalizes Suez Canal• - Impact on –Oil Flow to Europe • -Britain & France & Israel take back

the canal• -Eisenhower did not support action

Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty

USSR

• After WWII Eastern Europ. Countries

• Satellite Countries of Russia

• -Wanted Free Elections

• Denied by Russia

• Rise up for Independence-POLAND, HUNGARY, CZECHOSLOVAKIA

The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956

Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian

Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free

elections.elections.

} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.

HUNGARY

• - HUNGARIAN STUDENTS –

WORKERS ORGANIZED HUGE

DEMONSTRATIONNS

-Hung. Wanted Soviet troops out

• -Non communist political parties

\ organized

• -Revolution crushed-Rev. Leaders killed

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”“Kitchen Debate”

(1959)(1959)

Cold War ---> Cold War --->

TensionsTensions

<--- Technology <--- Technology

& Affluence & Affluence

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspaceSoviet airspace..

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.

Berlin Wall Goes Up-E/W Berlin Wall Goes Up-E/W (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963(1963))

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with themwith them!!

Khrushchev Embraces Khrushchev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962(1962))

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)

Former Czech President, Former Czech President, Alexander DubčekAlexander Dubček

Communism with a human Communism with a human face!face!

““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!

Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a

free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

French -1945-1958French -1945-1958

1.1. Democratic-politically unstable Democratic-politically unstable

2.2. Weak President; powerful Weak President; powerful legislaturelegislature

3.3. Failure to leave IndochinaFailure to leave Indochina

4.4. Botched Suez WarBotched Suez War

5.5. Failed to settle Algerian Crisis.Failed to settle Algerian Crisis.

55thth French Republic French Republic(1958-Present)(1958-Present)

1.1. Powerful President.Powerful President.* first: * first: Charles Charles DeGaulle DeGaulle

2.2. Weak Cabinet.Weak Cabinet.

3.3. Weakened Weakened legislature.legislature.

4.4. Separation of Separation of powers.powers.

DeGaulle’s AchievementsDeGaulle’s Achievements1.1. Settled the Algerian Settled the Algerian

Crisis.Crisis.

2.2. Made France a Made France a nuclear power.nuclear power.

3.3. Sustained general Sustained general prosperity.prosperity.

4.4. Maintained a stable, Maintained a stable,

democratic democratic government.government.

5.5. Made France more Made France more politically politically independent.independent.

BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social BUT, late ’60s student unrest and social changes challenged him. In 1968 he changes challenged him. In 1968 he resigned & died of a heart attack in resigned & died of a heart attack in

1970.1970.

Student Riots in ParisStudent Riots in Paris(May, 1968)(May, 1968)

Clement Attlee & the Labor Clement Attlee & the Labor Party: 1945-1951Party: 1945-1951

1.1. Socialist program-Socialist program-

modern welfare statemodern welfare state

1.1. Nationalized-Coal mines, Nationalized-Coal mines, public utilities, steel public utilities, steel industry, Bank of industry, Bank of England, RRs, motor England, RRs, motor transportation, and aviation. transportation, and aviation.

2.2. Social Insurance legislation: Social Insurance legislation:

““Cradle-to-Grave” securityCradle-to-Grave” security..

1.1. Socialized Medicine Socialized Medicine Gov. funded Gov. funded national health care.national health care.

BritainBritain

6.6. Britain big debt!Britain big debt!

7.7. Beginning of end of British Beginning of end of British EmpireEmpire

India – 1947India – 1947

Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948

Kenya Kenya Mau Mau Mau Mau uprising - 1955uprising - 1955

Churchill Returns: 1951-Churchill Returns: 1951-19551955

He never really He never really tried to destroy tried to destroy

the “welfare the “welfare state” state”

established by established by Attlee’s Attlee’s

government.government.

Republic OF GermanyRepublic OF Germany

1.1. Created 1949 Capital Created 1949 Capital

BonnBonn

1.1. Army limited toArmy limited to12 divisions [275,000].12 divisions [275,000].

2.2. Konrad Democrat,Konrad Democrat,-1-1stst President President

Coalition moderates/ conservatives.Coalition moderates/ conservatives.

Pro-Western foreign policy.Pro-Western foreign policy.

German “economic miracle.”German “economic miracle.”

3.3. ““Father of Modern Germany.”Father of Modern Germany.”

Italy After WW IIItaly After WW II

1.1. Alcide de Alcide de GasperiGasperi was was Italy’s P.M. Italy’s P.M. from 1948-from 1948-19531953

2.2. Coalition Coalition governments governments [short and [short and unstable!]unstable!]

Part II:“European

Union”

Part II:“European

Union”

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

1.1. 1947 GATT 1947 GATT GGeneral eneral AAgreement greement on on TTariffs & ariffs & TTrade rade

23 nations23 nations

Foundation of Postwar Global Foundation of Postwar Global CommerceCommerce

Procedures to handle Global Procedures to handle Global Complaints.Complaints.

By 1990, 99 nations By 1990, 99 nations participatingparticipating

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

1952 1952 Formed Formed EEuropean uropean CCoal oal & & SSteel teel CCommunity [ECSC].ommunity [ECSC].

HQ LuxembourgHQ Luxembourg

““Inner Six” Inner Six” Benelux Benelux nations- nations- France, Italy, France, Italy, W. Germany. W. Germany.

Placed coal & steel Placed coal & steel industries under a form of industries under a form of supranational authority.supranational authority.

Eliminated tariff duties Eliminated tariff duties and quotas on coal and and quotas on coal and steel.steel.

European Economic European Economic CommunityCommunity

3.3. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]

HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.

Treaty of RomeTreaty of Rome..

EECEEC

3.3. 1957 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic CCommunity [EEC]ommunity [EEC]

Free Trade UnionFree Trade Union

Eliminate trade barriers.Eliminate trade barriers.

One common tariff with One common tariff with outside worldoutside world

Free movement of capital & Free movement of capital & labor BETW.European labor BETW.European CountriesCountries

ECSC +EEC=ECECSC +EEC=EC4.4. 1967 1967 formed formed EEuropean uropean

CCommunity ommunity

HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.

European Parliament.European Parliament.

““Eurocrats.”Eurocrats.”

518 members [elected by all 518 members [elected by all voters in Europe].voters in Europe].

Only limited legislative powerOnly limited legislative power

Court of JusticeCourt of Justice

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

5.5. 1991-92 1991-92 Maastricht AgreementsMaastricht Agreements

EEuropean uropean UUnion [EU] created from ECnion [EU] created from EC

One currency, one culture, one One currency, one culture, one social area, and one environment!social area, and one environment!

Create a “frontier-free” Europe Create a “frontier-free” Europe a a common EU passportcommon EU passport

One large “common market”One large “common market”

Goods coming into the EU would Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs placed on them have high tariffs placed on them

2002 2002 Common Currency [ Common Currency [EuroEuro]]

2003 2003 60,000 men EU rapid defense 60,000 men EU rapid defense force was created. force was created.