The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 27 The New Power Balance, 1850-1900 Cover Slide...

The Earth and Its Peoples

3rd edition

Chapter 27

The New Power Balance,

1850-1900

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Dreyfus being shunnedAlfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. In 1898 and 1899, the case split France apart; it became known as the Dreyfus affair. Leaving an 1899 reconsideration of his original court martial, Dreyfus receives an insulting "guard of dishonor" from soldiers whose backs are turned. Top army leaders were determined to brand Dreyfus as a traitor. (Bibliotheque nationale de France)

Dreyfus being shunned


Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel

Garibaldi and Victor EmmanuelFor centuries many Italians had dreamed of national unity, but the reality was not achieved until 1861. This painting/fresco by Cesare Maccari (1840-1919) depicts the historic meeting between the successful military leader of the unification drive, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and the king of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel, at the Bridge of Teano in the fall of 1860. This meeting sealed the unification of northern and southern Italy. With only the sleeve of his red shirt showing, Garibaldi offers his hand--and his conquests--to the uniformed king and his modern monarchical government. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)


Garibaldi leading "Red Shirts"The revolutionary Italian firebrand Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) set sail for Sicily in May 1860, with but a thousand poorly armed, red-shirted followers, to help the island overthrow its Bourbon ruler. This painting shows Garibaldi leading his "Red Shirts" to victory over the Neapolitan Army. Garibaldi's successful conquests in the south and Count Camillo di Cavour's in the north opened the way for Italian unification. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Garibaldi leading "Red Shirts"


Japanese view of AmericaJapanese publishers memorialized the opening of Japan to foreign trade with popular woodblock prints. An 1860 American newspaper illustration showing the visit of the Japanese embassy to the sewing and laundry rooms of the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., inspired this 1861 Japanese print by Issen Holn (Yoshikazu). The Americans pose with symbols of their technology--a pocket watch and a sewing machine. The Japanese text celebrates American wealth, power, and technological superiority, which the Japanese admired and soon imitated. (Private Collection)

Japanese view of America


Jewish market, New YorkThis hand-colored photograph shows a Jewish market in New York City in 1900. The center of economic and social life in the Lower East Side was the market. Jewish immigrants could usually find work with Jewish employers, and New York's Jewish population soared from 73,000 in 1880 to 1.1 million in 1910. (The Granger Collection, New York)

Jewish market, New York


Language Ordinance demonstration, 1897, ViennaThe Language Ordinances of 1897, which were intended to satisfy the Czechs by establishing equality between the local language and German in non-German districts of Austria, produced a powerful backlash among Germans. This wood engraving shows troops dispersing German protesters of the new law before the parliament building. (Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek)

Language Ordinance demonstration, 1897, Vienna


MarxThis sepia photograph depicts Karl Marx (1818-1883) in a dignified and confident pose. Interpreting history in economic terms, Marx predicted that socialism would replace capitalism. In his Communist Manifesto (which he published with Friedrich Engels) he called for the proletariat to overthrow capitalism and to establish a classless society. (Corbis)

Marx


Meiji skyscraperMeiji Japan's fascination with things Western led to the construction of Western-style buildings. Japan's first elevator made possible this twelve-story tower constructed in Tokyo in 1890. Built in the entertainment district, it was filled with shops, theaters, bars, and restaurants. (Department of Historical Documents, National Institute of Japanese Literature/International Society for Education Information, Japan )

Meiji skyscraper


Nationalist Uprising, Bulgaria 1879This 1879 lithograph by Georgi Dancov, Free Bulgaria, depicts Bulgaria in the form of a maiden--protected by the Russian eagle, breaking her chains, and winning liberty from the Ottoman Empire. Semi-autonomy in 1879 was followed by unification under Alexander of Battenberg. (St. Cyrus & Methodosius National Library, Sofia)

Nationalist Uprising, Bulgaria 1879


Paris lit up by electricityThe electric light bulb was invented in the United States and Britain, but Paris made such extensive use of the new technology that it was nicknamed "City of Lights." To mark the Paris Exposition of 1900, the Eiffel Tower and all the surrounding buildings were illuminated with strings of light bulbs while powerful spotlights swept the sky. (Civica Raccolta delle Stampe Achille Bertarelli, Milan)

Paris lit up by electricity


Riots in Italian parliamentParty strife and conflicts between individuals in the Italian parliament were so severe in the late nineteenth century that often they degenerated into fisticuffs. This colored engraving from the July 16, 1899 copy of La Domenica del Corriere, an Italian newspaper, catches a particularly violent moment of parliamentary debate. (Madeline Grimoldi)

Riots in Italian parliament


Urban growth, Vienna, 1873This 1873 chromolithograph by G. Veith gives a panoramic view of the Ringstrasse, a broad and handsome boulevard that had replaced the old ramparts of Vienna, which were pulled down in 1857. Within the Ring--which was lined with public buildings--lay the old city, clustered round the cathedral of St. Stephen. (Museen der Stadt, Vienna)

Urban growth, Vienna, 1873


US emigrant waiting roomThe opening of the western region of the United States attracted settlers from the east coast and from Europe. These migrants are waiting for a train to take them to the Black Hills of Dakota during one of the gold rushes of the late nineteenth century. (Library of Congress)

US emigrant waiting room


Wilhelm proclaimed EmperorThe ultimate blow to French pride and the culmination of the German nationalist movement was the proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on January 18, 1871. This painting by the German painter Anton von Werner (1843-1915) depicts William I presiding over the creation of the Second Reich, while Otto von Bismarck, the nation builder, and the military theoretician Helmuth von Moltke stand at his feet. (Bismarck Museum/akg-images)

Wilhelm proclaimed Emperor


Yamagata AritomoAs a young man, Yamagata Aritomo had joined with other provincial leaders to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1867-1868 and effect the Meiji Restoration. In 1910 he was still leading the government. Yamagata modernized Japan's army and remained a formidable force in Japanese policymaking until his death in 1922. (Asahi Shimbun Photo)

Yamagata Aritomo


Map: Expansion and Modernization of Japan, 1868-1918

Expansion and Modernization of Japan, 1868-1918As Japan acquired modern industry, it followed the example of the European powers in seeking overseas colonies. Its colonial empire grew at the expense of its neighbors: Taiwan was taken from China in 1895. Karafutu (now Sakhalin) from Russia in 1905, and all of Korea became a colony in 1910. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Indian Cession of Lands to the United States

Indian Cession of Lands to the United StatesForced removal of the Creek, Cherokee, and Chickasaw Indians led to the death of thousands on the Trail of Tears to reservations in Oklahoma, as well as to the destruction of their cultures. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The Unification of Germany, 1866-1871

The Unification of Germany, 1866-1871This map deserves careful study. Note how Prussian expansion, Austrian expulsion from the old German Confederation, and the creation of a new German Empire went hand in hand. Austria lost no territory, but Prussia's neighbors in the north suffered grievously or simply disappeared. The annexation of Alsace-Lorraine turned France into a lasting enemy of Germany before 1914. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870

The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870The leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont and nationalist fervor were decisive factors in the unification of Italy. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The United States, 1850-1920

The United States, 1850-1920This map shows the expansion of the United States from the coasts into the interior of the continent. In the western half of the continent, only California and Texas were states in 1850; territories located further from the coasts became states later. The economic development, shown by the railroad lines, followed much the same pattern, radiating west and south from the northeastern states and--to a lesser extent--eastward from California. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


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