The effect of anthropometry measurement
and ergonomic advice mainly reduce neck
pain in computer worker.
Submitted by:
DABHI ZARANA
DAVE CHARMY
12SPTPT11019
12SPTPT11020
6th semester, JUNE-2015
Guided by:
Dr.RAMESH N
Neuro (MPT)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “Title of study the importance of
anthropometry and ergonomics measurement in computer workers has been
undertaken and written under my supervision and it describes the original research
work carried out by Miss Dabhi Zarana & Charmy Dave registered at RK University
in 6th semester Bachelors of Physiotherapy.
Designation:-assistant professor,R.K.University
Signature of Guide
Name:-Dr.Ramesh N
Degree: neuro (MPT)
Designation: Assistant
professor, R.K.University
I
II
DECLARATION
We hereby certify that we are the authors of this project work. We certify to the best of
our knowledge, our project does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any
proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material
from the work of other people included in our project published or otherwise, are fully
acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. We declare that
this is a true copy of our project, including any final revisions, as approved by my
project review committee.
Signature Of candidate:- Signature of candidate:-
Zarana Dabhi Charmy Dave
12sptpt11019 12sptpt11020
Date:-2-6-2015 Date:-2-6-2015
Place:-R.K.University Place:-R.K.University
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to thank my parent Dabhi pravinkumar & Dabhi Indiraben &
Dave Narendranhai &Dave Geetaben who are my living Gods and my brother Nirav &
Paragfor their valuable support and encouragement, blessing and love which has always been
a source of inspiration and strength in accomplishing this academic task.
My heartfelt gratitude to almighty God who has guided me this far and to whom goes
all the honour and glory for the successful completion of this study.
I wish to express my regards to my Director Dr.PrriyanshuRathod School of
Physiotherapy, R.K.University for his whole hearted guidance and meticulous suggestions in
the completion of this work and for all the facilities and support extended to me during this
study. I am extremely thankful for her constant encouragement and inspiration during the
course of this study.
With due respect, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my guide Dr. Ramesh N
Senior lecturer of School of Physiotherapy, R.K.University, for his judicious information,
expert suggestions, valuable guidance, continuous support, incessant reassurance during every
stage of this work and interest shown in this dissertation without which this work would not
have been possible.
I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to assistant lecturer, Dr.Ramesh for their
valuable guidance, constant help and support throughout this study and all the lecturers of my
college who have taught me and gave their valuable suggestions during the course of the study.
My sincere thanks to Dr.Ramesh N for taking keen interest in my study, guiding me
through the path, giving me support and motivation during the course of study.
I wish to express my thanks to Harshal sir our librarian for their timely help in lending me
books and journals for my reference all the time.
I shall fail my duties if I don’t acknowledge my Colleagues and Friends for their
suggestions and criticism while assisting me in this study.
Last but not the least I would like to thanks all the Individuals in my study without whom
this task would not have been possible.
My sincere thanks to all the contributors whose names I might have missed but who
truly deserve my gratitude.
I would like to thank once again to all who have helped me all the while.
Signature:- Signature:-
Name: Zarana Dabhi Name: Charmy Dave
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BACKGROUND:-Ergonomics derived from Greek word: ergon mean work and
nomoi mean natural law, to create a work that mean the science of work and a
person’s relationship to that work.
Anthropometry means (Greek) anthropos man and metron measure.
Anthropometry refers to measurement of human individual.
The study of the scientific body and its movement, often involving research into
measurement relating to people. It also involves collecting statistics or measurement
relevant to the human body, called Anthropometry Data.
In computer worker neck pain commonly occurs, due to abnormal posture.
AIMS:- To reduce pain in computer workers by using anthropometryergonomics
measurement.
To reduce the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorder by giving ergonomics advice.
METHODOOGY:-Computer workers with informed consent were taken as
subjects. Pain assessment was taken for all the individuals, this Type of
painSite of painOnset of painIntensity of painIntensity of pain was measured
with VAS.Pre VAS for each individual was taken. Then all the subjects
underwent ergonomics advice. Followingmeasurement were also taken:
1. Viewing distance
2. Cervical angle
3. Cervical extension for ROM
1. Viewing distance:-The distance between the eye and the top edge of the computer
screen is measure.
2. Cervical angle:-Angle between the following line is measured:-
a. Line from the eye to the top edge of the screen.
b. Line from the eye to the bottom edge of the screen.
3. ROM of cervical spine:- Extension ROM is measured with goniometry.
After 2 week, VAS measurement for pain was taken.
The result obtained will be compared statistically with Wilcoxon widely test and Mean.
Result:-In result we can analysis that VAS as a pain intensity measure use of mean
and stander deviation is seen that pre and post data of result in graph. The study
shows as follows:
Conclusion:-The data is indicated to that proper distance is needed to maintain for decrease in
neck pain. On the basis of our anthropometry study there is significant result between ergonomic
and computer users.
Key word:-ergonomic, anthropometry measurement, computer worker.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No. TITLE Page No.
VI
1. INTRODUCTION 11
2. AIMS & OBJECTIVES 16
3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 20
4. METHODOLOGY 22
5. RESULTS 28
6. DISCUSSION 30
7. CONCLUSION 37
8. SUMMARY 40
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 42
10. ANNEXURES 45
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
INTRODUCTION
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
INTRODUCTION
Ergonomics is derived from two Greek words: ergon, meaning work, and nomoi, meaning
natural laws, to create a word that means the science of work and a person’s relationship
to that work.
The International Ergonomics Association has adopted this technical definition:
ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system,s and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize
human well-being and overall system performance.
That is not the most efficient definition of what ergonomics is. Let us keep things simple.
Ergonomics is the science of making things comfy. It also makes things efficient. And
when you think about it,comfy just another way of making things efficient. However for
simplicity, ergonomics makes things comfortable and efficient. (By Mr. Chris Adams)
Anthropometry (from Greek ἄνθρωπος anthropos, "man" and μέτρον metron,
"measure") refers to the measurement of the human individual. An early tool of physical
anthropology, it has been used for identification, for the purposes of understanding human
physical variation, in paleoanthropology and in various attempts to correlate physical with
racial and psychological traits. Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of
the physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size
and shape.[1]
Today, anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design,
ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body
dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles,
nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body
dimensions.
1
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Ergonomics is the scientific study of people at work. The goal of ergonomics is to reduce
stress and eliminate injuries and disorders associated with the overuse of muscles, bad
posture, and repeated tasks. This is accomplished by designing tasks, work spaces,
controls, displays, tools, lighting, and equipment to fit.
Neck pain is a common complaint. Neck muscles can be strained from poor posture —
whether it's leaning into your computer at work or hunching over your workbench at home.
Wear-and-tear arthritis also is a comm1on cause of neck pain.
Rarely, neck pain can be a symptom of a more serious problem. Seek medical care if
your neck pain is accompanied by numbness or loss of strength in your arms or hands or
if you're experiencing shooting pain into your shoulder or down your arm
There are many causes of lower back pain that we face in our daily lives both at work and
at home. Both men and women are equally at risk to develop some form of lower back
pain in their life, typically between ages 30-60. According to the American Chiropractic
Association up to 80% of the population of the United States will have back pain at some
point in their lives and according to the Global Burden of Disease in 2010 they reported
that low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide.
We need to measure the eye level as well as the knee angle of the subjects for the
study.
2
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
NEED OF STUDY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
NEED OF STUDY
To goal of ergonomics is to reduce stress and eliminate injuries and disorder
associated with overuse of muscle, bad posture and repeated tasks.
3
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
To reduce neck and cervical pain.
Other disorder like cervical radiculopathy, back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, leg
pain.
To reduce pain in computer workers by using anthropometry measurement.
To reduce the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorder in computer worker by
giving ergonomic advice.
4
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
HYPOTHESIS
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis
There is no significance change in VAS of neck pain after correction of ergonomic
advice.
Alternative hypothesis
There is significance change.
5
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(1)Paula T Hakala ,Lea A saarni ,Raija-Leena Punamaki ,Marjut A Walenius ,clas-
Hakan Nygard and Arja H Rimpela concluded that pain intensity and inconvenience to
everyday life:a cross-sectional study.
(2)Shahla M Eltayeb ,J Bart Staal ,Amar A Hassan ,Salwa S Awad and Rob A de Bie
concluded that complaints of the arm ,neck and shoulder among computer office
workers in sudan:a prevalence study with validation of an Arabic risk factor
questionnaire
. (3) Meenaxi Sharda ,Pankanj Jain,ATUL Gupta(2006) physical factor and functional
characteristics that may explain a sex/gender in work related disorder neck/shoulder
concluded that implication on the understanding personal factor may affect NSMSD risk.
With better understanding, particitioners can make more appropriate decision to prevent
work-related NSMSD (neck/shoulder musculoskeletal disorder).
(4) Pater W Buckle, J Jason Devereux May(2002),applied ergonomic the nature of
work-related neck and upper limb musculoskeletal disorder concluded that this condition
result in pain and functional impairment and may affect, beside other the neck hand. It
also affect tendons, ligament, nerves, muscle, circulation and pain are present.
(5) Chantal HP de koning, Sylvia P van den Heuvel, J Bart staal July(1998) clinometric
evaluation of method to measure muscle functioning in patient with non-specific neck
pain: a systematic review concluded that recommend using the muscle endurance for
short neck flexor, that patient instructed to rise their head in a crook-lying position with
of chin tuck by cervical test.
6
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
METHODOLOGY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
METHODOLOGY
Study Design: observational study
Study Setting: Rajkot
Sampling Technique: Observational method
Study Population: male female both
Study Sample: 30 subjects
Study Duration: Training duration –
Total Study duration -10 weeks
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION
INCLUSION CRITERIA
25 to 50 age group
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
1. Neuromuscular disorder
2. Cardiovascular involvement
MATERIALS USED IN THE STUDY
Paper
Pen
Measure tap
Goniometer
7
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
METHOD
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
METHOD
Computer workers with informed consent were taken as subjects.
Pain assessment was taken for all the individuals, this:
Type of pain
Site of pain
Onset of pain
Intensity of pain
Intensity of pain was measured with VAS.
Pre VAS for each individual was taken.
Then all the subjects underwent ergonomics advice.
Following measurement were also taken:
1. Viewing distance
2. Cervical angle
3. Cervical extension for ROM
1. Viewing distance,
The distance between the eye and the top edge of the computer screen is
measure.
2. Cervical angle,
Angle between the following line is measured:-
a. Line from the eye to the top edge of the screen.
b. Line from the eye to the bottom edge of the screen.
3. ROM of cervical spine,
Extension ROM is measured with goniometry.
After 2 week, VAS measurement for pain was taken.
The result obtained will be compared statistically with Wilcoxon widely test
and Mean.
8
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
9
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
RESULT
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Result
A total number of 30 patients in this study. The anthropometric measurement of cervical
extension, viewing distance and viewing angle taken from the subjects.
In result we can analysis that VAS as a pain intensity measure use of mean and stander
deviation is seen that pre and post data of result in graph. The study shows as follows:
Table no. 1
Data analysis done by graph prism 5 in windows 8.1.
Table no.2
Mean Standard deviation
Pre 3.7666 1.9137 Post 1.2666 1.3113
There is significant to the computer worker that the decrease in neck pain after
ergonomics advice.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
PRE POST
Axi
s Ti
tle
pre post VAS graph
Series1
Series2SD
MEAN
10
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Table 3.
t value P value
12.38 <0.0001
11
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
DISCUSSION
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Discussion
There are articles (16 august 2000) representing importance of anthropometry and
ergonomic in computer workers. The articles contain that if a worker keeps distance of
40-70 cm and angle of 30 chances of neck of pain decrease. If this advice is not
maintain they have chance to occur cervical radiculopathy, forward head posture and
neck pain.it has been shown with the help of VAS scale that after teaching them
ergonomics of keeping proper distance and angle there is decrease in pain.
The pre-post data taken shows that after teaching ergonomics there is decrease in
neck pain. (May 21, 2003) Neck pain has been most common chief complain among
working-aged woman visiting their physicians.1,2 The prevalence of chronic neck pain
has been reported to be 7% in women and 5% in men is seen.4 Excessive physical
strain may cause micro trauma in connective tissue, and psychosocial stress may lead
to increase muscular tension.6 Female experienced more musculoskeletal pain than
males .
This could be due to gender differences as the physical and physiological
characteristics of males and female are different. Males and female differ in their muscle
strength as females tend to have lower muscle strength than males, particularly in the
upper limb musculature as supported by Katzmarzyk et all (1998).
The response to independent questions indicated that adolescents experience a low
level of musculoskeletal pain with little effect on everyday life .On the other hand, our
finding indicate that computer use of 14 or more hours is related to computer associated
pain at all measured anatomical site.
In our study, the pain intensity was lower than that reported in some previous
studies.[18,19,24],but approximately same level as in Finnish follow up study by Saarin
et al. with 88 participants [17].Our result confirm earlier findings, that girls report more
severe pain than do boys.
There is some limitation to the present study. The convince sample of the present study
does not necessarily represent the entire population of that age, although it is unlikely
that this would influence the studied relationship.
The first question measured musculoskeletal pain that children that says attributed to
their computer use. Using two different questions gives more reliable picture and a
wider perspective to the association between musculoskeletal symptoms and computer
use. The question and their VAS category were started in different sections of the
12
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
questionnaire; computer-associated pain was started in the ICT- section and
musculoskeletal pain in the section concerning health status.
Thus it was left to the respondents to report whether these symptoms were due
specifically to computer use. Being a questionnaire survey, the rate of occurrence of
computer-associated and musculoskeletal symptoms, the pain intensity and
inconvenience of to everyday life based on self-reports, and therefore memory bias is
possible and different between individual interpretations cannot be ruled out [27].
13
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
LIMITATION OF THE
STUDY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The viewing angle is not accurate due to we measure it help of photograph and
measure tape.
Equality of distance measure individuals in patient.
14
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
FURTHER
RECOMMANDATIONS
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
FURTHER RECOMMANDATION
There should be large sample size is include.
The study should be including all musculoskeletal disorder which are present in a
computer worker.
15
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
CONCLUSION
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
CONCLUSION
The data is indicated to that proper distance is needed to maintain for decrease
in neck pain.
On the basis of our anthropometry study there is significant result between
ergonomic and computer users.
Musculoskeletal symptoms causing moderate pain and inconvenience to
everyday life are common among adolescent computer users .Daily computer
use of 2 hour or more increase the risk for pain at most anatomic sites.
16
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
SUMMARY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Summary
The anthropometry data for computer user measurement. We measure 3
techniques:
For viewing distance, distance measure from eye to upper edge of computer
screen.
For viewing angle, angle measure from eye to upper n bottom edge of computer
screen.
For cervical extension, use of goniometry measure it.
The material used was pen, paper, goniometry, measure tape.
For decrease musculoskeletal disorder in computer in one of best advantage in
our project.
There seen in graph pre-post result of VAS.
17
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Bibliography
www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/324
1. Torsheim T,Eriksson L,Schnohr CH,Hansen F,Bjarnason T,Valimaa R Screen-
based activities and physical complaints among adolescents from the
Nordic countries.
2. Hakala PT,Rimpela AH,Saarni LA,Salminen JJ: Frequent computer-related
activities increase the risk of neck-shoulder and low back pain in
adoloscents.
3. Zapata AL,Moraes AJP,Leone C,Doria-Filho U,Silva CAA:Pain and
musculoskeletal pain syndromes related to computer and video game use
in adoloscents.
4. Smith L,LOUW Q,Crous L,Grimmer-Somers K:Prevalence of neck pain and
heacaches:impact of computer use and other associative factors.
5. Smith L, Louw Q, Crous L, Grimmer-Somers K: Prevalence of neck pain and
headaches: impact of computer use and other associative factors.
6. Astfalck RG, O’Sullivan PB, Straker LM, Smith AJ: A detailed characterization
of pain, disability, physical and psychological features of a small group of
adolescents with non-specific chronic neck pain.
7. Stinson JN, Kavanagh T, Yamada J, Gill N, Stevens B: Systemic review of the
psychological properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain
intensity measure for the use in clinical trials in children and adolescents.
8. Palm P, Hansson Riaberg E, Mortimer M, Palmerud G, Toomingas A, Wiguaeus
Tornqvist E: Computer use, neck and upper extremity symptoms, eyestrain
and headache among female and male upper secondary school students.
9. Tove Ask, Liv Heide Magnussen, Jan Sture Skouen, Anne Skaar, Alice Kvale:
Experiences with a brief functional evaluation for employees with
musculoskeletal disorder as perceived by the employees and their
supervisors.
10. T. Ask, J.S. Skouen, J.Assumus, A. Kvale: Functional evaluation of health
care workers with musculoskeletal disorders on full, partial or not on sick
leave.
11. T.Dragesund, T.Ask, A. Kvale: Self-reporyed and tested function in workers
with musculoskeletal disorders. Difference in function between employees
at work versus on sick leave.
18
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNEXURES
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNEXURES 10.1
CONSENT FORM
ETHICAL INFORMED CONSENT FORM
Study title: “EFFECT OF ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT AND
ERGONONIC ADVICE TO REDUCE NECK PAIN IN COMPUTER
USERS”
Subject’s Name:___________________________________________________________
Age : ____________Years Sex:__________
Occupation: ____________________
Address of the Subject______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
I have been explained in details about the various questions/tests that will be asked/performed is
to assess my functional capacity & health status etc. I have also been explained that all the tests
are non-invasive and without any side effect.
I understand that my participation in the study is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at any
time, without giving any reason, without my medical care or legal right being affected.
I understand that the data obtained through the study may be used for research paper publication
and I also understand that my identity will not be revealed at any cost. I agree to give my consent
for taking my photograph and have no objection against it.
I agree to take part in the above study
Signature of the subject:
Date:
Name of Witness:
Signature of the Witness:
19
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Signature of Investigator: Date:
ANNEXURE 10.2
DATA COLLECTION FORM
ASSESSMENT FORM
DATE:- NO.
NAME:-__________________________________________________________
AGE:-__________________GENDER:-_________________
ADDRESS:-
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________M:_______________________
CHIEF COMPLAIN:__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
PAIN HISTORY:
1.SITE:___________________________________________________________
2.TYPE:__________________________________________________________
3.DURETION:_____________________________________________________
4.ONSET:_________________________________________________________
5.AGGRAVATING FACTORS:__________________________________________
6.RELIVING FECTORS:_______________________________________________
7. INTENSITY (VAS)
ERGONOMIC ADVICE:-______________________________________________
20
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
REMARKS:-_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
21
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Measurement site Unit
Viewing distance
Viewing angle
Cervical extension
22
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNEXURE 10.3
MEASUREMENT TOOL
Measure tape
Goniometer
Paper-pen
23
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNEXURE 10.4
SCALES USED IN OUTCOME MEASURES
Name:
Pre VAS:
0_____________________________________________________________10
Post VAS:
0_____________________________________________________________10
I
24
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNOXURE 10.5
MASTER CHART
Sr.no. Name Age Gender
Viewing distance
Viewing angle Cervical extension VAS
pre post 1 Amit sir 32 Male 75 cm 28 25 7 5
2 Naresh sir 42 Male 60 cm 20 15 2 1
3 Harshal sir 33 Male 75 cm 14 10 7 4
4 Mira mam 27 Female 65 cm 15 22 1 0
5 Jigna mam 28 Female 65 cm 28 18 6 2
6 Dipak sir 30 Male 65 cm 20 10 2 0
7 Pritesh sir 47 Male 50 cm 20 14 3 1
8
Jignahsa mam 38 Female 50 cm 15 12 4 0
9
Zankhana mam 42 Female 65 cm 24 20 5 1
10 Narendra sir 50 Male 45 cm 20 14 4 2
11 Rajesh sir 43 Male 109 cm 34 10 5 2
12 Hardik sir 28 Male 66 cm 20 15 7 2
13 Vishal sir 31 Male 74 cm 30 16 1 0
14 Ajit sir 25 Male 64 cm 25 20 3 1
15 Priyanshu sir 37 Male 81 cm 25 24 2 0
16 Nikhil sir 32 Male 89 cm 32 10 7 3
17
Madhuri mam 24 Female 60 cm 28 25 1 0
18 Jyoti mam 32 Female 73 cm 25 14 4 1
19 Rajesh sir 32 Male 87 cm 20 22 5 1
20 Riya mam 27 Female 57 cm 14 10 7 3
21
Manisha mam 27 Female 73 cm 30 20 2 0
22 Kamlesh sir 40 Male 81 cm 25 22 1 0
23 Arvind sir 35 Male 50 cm 35 30 4 1
24 Rudresh sir 26 Male 55 cm 34 28 3 1
25
Khushbu mam 26 Female 64 cm 30 20 4 2
26 Kuldeep sir 32 Male 60 cm 28 24 5 3
27 Nikunj sir 27 Male 79 cm 24 25 3 1
28 Hetal mam 42 Female 70 cm 28 24 2 0
25
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
29 Bharat sir 40 Male 75 cm 25 14 3 0
30 Prashant sir 26 Male 85 cm 24 20 3 1
26
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
INTRODUCTION
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
INTRODUCTION
Ergonomics is derived from two Greek words: ergon, meaning work, and nomoi, meaning
natural laws, to create a word that means the science of work and a person’s relationship
to that work.
The International Ergonomics Association has adopted this technical definition:
ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system,s and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize
human well-being and overall system performance.
That is not the most efficient definition of what ergonomics is. Let us keep things simple.
Ergonomics is the science of making things comfy. It also makes things efficient. And
when you think about it,comfy just another way of making things efficient. However for
simplicity, ergonomics makes things comfortable and efficient. (By Mr. Chris Adams)
Anthropometry (from Greek ἄνθρωπος anthropos, "man" and μέτρον metron,
"measure") refers to the measurement of the human individual. An early tool of physical
anthropology, it has been used for identification, for the purposes of understanding human
physical variation, in paleoanthropology and in various attempts to correlate physical with
racial and psychological traits. Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of
the physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size
and shape.[1]
Today, anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design,
ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body
dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles,
nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body
dimensions.
1
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Ergonomics is the scientific study of people at work. The goal of ergonomics is to reduce
stress and eliminate injuries and disorders associated with the overuse of muscles, bad
posture, and repeated tasks. This is accomplished by designing tasks, work spaces,
controls, displays, tools, lighting, and equipment to fit.
Neck pain is a common complaint. Neck muscles can be strained from poor posture —
whether it's leaning into your computer at work or hunching over your workbench at home.
Wear-and-tear arthritis also is a comm1on cause of neck pain.
Rarely, neck pain can be a symptom of a more serious problem. Seek medical care if
your neck pain is accompanied by numbness or loss of strength in your arms or hands or
if you're experiencing shooting pain into your shoulder or down your arm
There are many causes of lower back pain that we face in our daily lives both at work and
at home. Both men and women are equally at risk to develop some form of lower back
pain in their life, typically between ages 30-60. According to the American Chiropractic
Association up to 80% of the population of the United States will have back pain at some
point in their lives and according to the Global Burden of Disease in 2010 they reported
that low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide.
We need to measure the eye level as well as the knee angle of the subjects for the
study.
2
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
NEED OF STUDY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
NEED OF STUDY
To goal of ergonomics is to reduce stress and eliminate injuries and disorder
associated with overuse of muscle, bad posture and repeated tasks.
3
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
To reduce neck and cervical pain.
Other disorder like cervical radiculopathy, back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, leg
pain.
To reduce pain in computer workers by using anthropometry measurement.
To reduce the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorder in computer worker by
giving ergonomic advice.
4
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
HYPOTHESIS
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis
There is no significance change in VAS of neck pain after correction of ergonomic
advice.
Alternative hypothesis
There is significance change.
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(1)Paula T Hakala ,Lea A saarni ,Raija-Leena Punamaki ,Marjut A Walenius ,clas-
Hakan Nygard and Arja H Rimpela concluded that pain intensity and inconvenience to
everyday life:a cross-sectional study.
(2)Shahla M Eltayeb ,J Bart Staal ,Amar A Hassan ,Salwa S Awad and Rob A de Bie
concluded that complaints of the arm ,neck and shoulder among computer office
workers in sudan:a prevalence study with validation of an Arabic risk factor
questionnaire
. (3) Meenaxi Sharda ,Pankanj Jain,ATUL Gupta(2006) physical factor and functional
characteristics that may explain a sex/gender in work related disorder neck/shoulder
concluded that implication on the understanding personal factor may affect NSMSD risk.
With better understanding, particitioners can make more appropriate decision to prevent
work-related NSMSD (neck/shoulder musculoskeletal disorder).
(4) Pater W Buckle, J Jason Devereux May(2002),applied ergonomic the nature of
work-related neck and upper limb musculoskeletal disorder concluded that this condition
result in pain and functional impairment and may affect, beside other the neck hand. It
also affect tendons, ligament, nerves, muscle, circulation and pain are present.
(5) Chantal HP de koning, Sylvia P van den Heuvel, J Bart staal July(1998) clinometric
evaluation of method to measure muscle functioning in patient with non-specific neck
pain: a systematic review concluded that recommend using the muscle endurance for
short neck flexor, that patient instructed to rise their head in a crook-lying position with
of chin tuck by cervical test.
6
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
METHODOLOGY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
METHODOLOGY
Study Design: observational study
Study Setting: Rajkot
Sampling Technique: Observational method
Study Population: male female both
Study Sample: 30 subjects
Study Duration: Training duration –
Total Study duration -10 weeks
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION
INCLUSION CRITERIA
25 to 50 age group
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
1. Neuromuscular disorder
2. Cardiovascular involvement
MATERIALS USED IN THE STUDY
Paper
Pen
Measure tap
Goniometer
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
METHOD
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
METHOD
Computer workers with informed consent were taken as subjects.
Pain assessment was taken for all the individuals, this:
Type of pain
Site of pain
Onset of pain
Intensity of pain
Intensity of pain was measured with VAS.
Pre VAS for each individual was taken.
Then all the subjects underwent ergonomics advice.
Following measurement were also taken:
1. Viewing distance
2. Cervical angle
3. Cervical extension for ROM
1. Viewing distance,
The distance between the eye and the top edge of the computer screen is
measure.
2. Cervical angle,
Angle between the following line is measured:-
a. Line from the eye to the top edge of the screen.
b. Line from the eye to the bottom edge of the screen.
3. ROM of cervical spine,
Extension ROM is measured with goniometry.
After 2 week, VAS measurement for pain was taken.
The result obtained will be compared statistically with Wilcoxon widely test
and Mean.
8
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
9
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
RESULT
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Result
A total number of 30 patients in this study. The anthropometric measurement of cervical
extension, viewing distance and viewing angle taken from the subjects.
In result we can analysis that VAS as a pain intensity measure use of mean and stander
deviation is seen that pre and post data of result in graph. The study shows as follows:
Table no. 1
Data analysis done by graph prism 5 in windows 8.1.
Table no.2
Mean Standard deviation
Pre 3.7666 1.9137 Post 1.2666 1.3113
There is significant to the computer worker that the decrease in neck pain after
ergonomics advice.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
PRE POST
Axi
s Ti
tle
pre post VAS graph
Series1
Series2SD
MEAN
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Table 3.
t value P value
12.38 <0.0001
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
DISCUSSION
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Discussion
There are articles (16 august 2000) representing importance of anthropometry and
ergonomic in computer workers. The articles contain that if a worker keeps distance of
40-70 cm and angle of 30 chances of neck of pain decrease. If this advice is not
maintain they have chance to occur cervical radiculopathy, forward head posture and
neck pain.it has been shown with the help of VAS scale that after teaching them
ergonomics of keeping proper distance and angle there is decrease in pain.
The pre-post data taken shows that after teaching ergonomics there is decrease in
neck pain. (May 21, 2003) Neck pain has been most common chief complain among
working-aged woman visiting their physicians.1,2 The prevalence of chronic neck pain
has been reported to be 7% in women and 5% in men is seen.4 Excessive physical
strain may cause micro trauma in connective tissue, and psychosocial stress may lead
to increase muscular tension.6 Female experienced more musculoskeletal pain than
males .
This could be due to gender differences as the physical and physiological
characteristics of males and female are different. Males and female differ in their muscle
strength as females tend to have lower muscle strength than males, particularly in the
upper limb musculature as supported by Katzmarzyk et all (1998).
The response to independent questions indicated that adolescents experience a low
level of musculoskeletal pain with little effect on everyday life .On the other hand, our
finding indicate that computer use of 14 or more hours is related to computer associated
pain at all measured anatomical site.
In our study, the pain intensity was lower than that reported in some previous
studies.[18,19,24],but approximately same level as in Finnish follow up study by Saarin
et al. with 88 participants [17].Our result confirm earlier findings, that girls report more
severe pain than do boys.
There is some limitation to the present study. The convince sample of the present study
does not necessarily represent the entire population of that age, although it is unlikely
that this would influence the studied relationship.
The first question measured musculoskeletal pain that children that says attributed to
their computer use. Using two different questions gives more reliable picture and a
wider perspective to the association between musculoskeletal symptoms and computer
use. The question and their VAS category were started in different sections of the
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
questionnaire; computer-associated pain was started in the ICT- section and
musculoskeletal pain in the section concerning health status.
Thus it was left to the respondents to report whether these symptoms were due
specifically to computer use. Being a questionnaire survey, the rate of occurrence of
computer-associated and musculoskeletal symptoms, the pain intensity and
inconvenience of to everyday life based on self-reports, and therefore memory bias is
possible and different between individual interpretations cannot be ruled out [27].
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
LIMITATION OF THE
STUDY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The viewing angle is not accurate due to we measure it help of photograph and
measure tape.
Equality of distance measure individuals in patient.
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
FURTHER
RECOMMANDATIONS
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
FURTHER RECOMMANDATION
There should be large sample size is include.
The study should be including all musculoskeletal disorder which are present in a
computer worker.
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
CONCLUSION
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
CONCLUSION
The data is indicated to that proper distance is needed to maintain for decrease
in neck pain.
On the basis of our anthropometry study there is significant result between
ergonomic and computer users.
Musculoskeletal symptoms causing moderate pain and inconvenience to
everyday life are common among adolescent computer users .Daily computer
use of 2 hour or more increase the risk for pain at most anatomic sites.
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
SUMMARY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Summary
The anthropometry data for computer user measurement. We measure 3
techniques:
For viewing distance, distance measure from eye to upper edge of computer
screen.
For viewing angle, angle measure from eye to upper n bottom edge of computer
screen.
For cervical extension, use of goniometry measure it.
The material used was pen, paper, goniometry, measure tape.
For decrease musculoskeletal disorder in computer in one of best advantage in
our project.
There seen in graph pre-post result of VAS.
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Bibliography
www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/324
1. Torsheim T,Eriksson L,Schnohr CH,Hansen F,Bjarnason T,Valimaa R Screen-
based activities and physical complaints among adolescents from the
Nordic countries.
2. Hakala PT,Rimpela AH,Saarni LA,Salminen JJ: Frequent computer-related
activities increase the risk of neck-shoulder and low back pain in
adoloscents.
3. Zapata AL,Moraes AJP,Leone C,Doria-Filho U,Silva CAA:Pain and
musculoskeletal pain syndromes related to computer and video game use
in adoloscents.
4. Smith L,LOUW Q,Crous L,Grimmer-Somers K:Prevalence of neck pain and
heacaches:impact of computer use and other associative factors.
5. Smith L, Louw Q, Crous L, Grimmer-Somers K: Prevalence of neck pain and
headaches: impact of computer use and other associative factors.
6. Astfalck RG, O’Sullivan PB, Straker LM, Smith AJ: A detailed characterization
of pain, disability, physical and psychological features of a small group of
adolescents with non-specific chronic neck pain.
7. Stinson JN, Kavanagh T, Yamada J, Gill N, Stevens B: Systemic review of the
psychological properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain
intensity measure for the use in clinical trials in children and adolescents.
8. Palm P, Hansson Riaberg E, Mortimer M, Palmerud G, Toomingas A, Wiguaeus
Tornqvist E: Computer use, neck and upper extremity symptoms, eyestrain
and headache among female and male upper secondary school students.
9. Tove Ask, Liv Heide Magnussen, Jan Sture Skouen, Anne Skaar, Alice Kvale:
Experiences with a brief functional evaluation for employees with
musculoskeletal disorder as perceived by the employees and their
supervisors.
10. T. Ask, J.S. Skouen, J.Assumus, A. Kvale: Functional evaluation of health
care workers with musculoskeletal disorders on full, partial or not on sick
leave.
11. T.Dragesund, T.Ask, A. Kvale: Self-reporyed and tested function in workers
with musculoskeletal disorders. Difference in function between employees
at work versus on sick leave.
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNEXURES
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNEXURES 10.1
CONSENT FORM
ETHICAL INFORMED CONSENT FORM
Study title: “EFFECT OF ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT AND
ERGONONIC ADVICE TO REDUCE NECK PAIN IN COMPUTER
USERS”
Subject’s Name:___________________________________________________________
Age : ____________Years Sex:__________
Occupation: ____________________
Address of the Subject______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
I have been explained in details about the various questions/tests that will be asked/performed is
to assess my functional capacity & health status etc. I have also been explained that all the tests
are non-invasive and without any side effect.
I understand that my participation in the study is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at any
time, without giving any reason, without my medical care or legal right being affected.
I understand that the data obtained through the study may be used for research paper publication
and I also understand that my identity will not be revealed at any cost. I agree to give my consent
for taking my photograph and have no objection against it.
I agree to take part in the above study
Signature of the subject:
Date:
Name of Witness:
Signature of the Witness:
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Signature of Investigator: Date:
ANNEXURE 10.2
DATA COLLECTION FORM
ASSESSMENT FORM
DATE:- NO.
NAME:-__________________________________________________________
AGE:-__________________GENDER:-_________________
ADDRESS:-
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________M:_______________________
CHIEF COMPLAIN:__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
PAIN HISTORY:
1.SITE:___________________________________________________________
2.TYPE:__________________________________________________________
3.DURETION:_____________________________________________________
4.ONSET:_________________________________________________________
5.AGGRAVATING FACTORS:__________________________________________
6.RELIVING FECTORS:_______________________________________________
7. INTENSITY (VAS)
ERGONOMIC ADVICE:-______________________________________________
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
REMARKS:-_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
Measurement site Unit
Viewing distance
Viewing angle
Cervical extension
22
“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNEXURE 10.3
MEASUREMENT TOOL
Measure tape
Goniometer
Paper-pen
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNEXURE 10.4
SCALES USED IN OUTCOME MEASURES
Name:
Pre VAS:
0_____________________________________________________________10
Post VAS:
0_____________________________________________________________10
I
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“The effect of anthropometric measurement and ergonomic advice to reduce neck pain in computer users”
ANNOXURE 10.5
MASTER CHART
Sr.no. Name Age Gender
Viewing distance
Viewing angle Cervical extension VAS
pre post 1 Amit sir 32 Male 75 cm 28 25 7 5
2 Naresh sir 42 Male 60 cm 20 15 2 1
3 Harshal sir 33 Male 75 cm 14 10 7 4
4 Mira mam 27 Female 65 cm 15 22 1 0
5 Jigna mam 28 Female 65 cm 28 18 6 2
6 Dipak sir 30 Male 65 cm 20 10 2 0
7 Pritesh sir 47 Male 50 cm 20 14 3 1
8
Jignahsa mam 38 Female 50 cm 15 12 4 0
9
Zankhana mam 42 Female 65 cm 24 20 5 1
10 Narendra sir 50 Male 45 cm 20 14 4 2
11 Rajesh sir 43 Male 109 cm 34 10 5 2
12 Hardik sir 28 Male 66 cm 20 15 7 2
13 Vishal sir 31 Male 74 cm 30 16 1 0
14 Ajit sir 25 Male 64 cm 25 20 3 1
15 Priyanshu sir 37 Male 81 cm 25 24 2 0
16 Nikhil sir 32 Male 89 cm 32 10 7 3
17
Madhuri mam 24 Female 60 cm 28 25 1 0
18 Jyoti mam 32 Female 73 cm 25 14 4 1
19 Rajesh sir 32 Male 87 cm 20 22 5 1
20 Riya mam 27 Female 57 cm 14 10 7 3
21
Manisha mam 27 Female 73 cm 30 20 2 0
22 Kamlesh sir 40 Male 81 cm 25 22 1 0
23 Arvind sir 35 Male 50 cm 35 30 4 1
24 Rudresh sir 26 Male 55 cm 34 28 3 1
25
Khushbu mam 26 Female 64 cm 30 20 4 2
26 Kuldeep sir 32 Male 60 cm 28 24 5 3
27 Nikunj sir 27 Male 79 cm 24 25 3 1
28 Hetal mam 42 Female 70 cm 28 24 2 0
25