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Taken from Rajput AH, Offord KP, Beard CM, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of parkinsonism: incidence, classification, and mortality. Ann Neurol. 1984;16:278-282.
Figure 1 The amount of Parkinson’s disease cases per 100,000 people in the United States as age increases
Knowledge Base
Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder involving the nerves.
http://www.spinstudios.co.uk/sa/pa3.jpg
Figure 2 The effects of Parkinson’s disease
Knowledge Base
Figure 3 The life cycle of C. eleganshttp://www.wormatlas.org/handbook/fig.s/IntroFIG6.jpg
Knowledge Base
http://www.vhl.org/gifs/hif-1.jpg
Figure 4 The hypoxic response in normal and low oxygen environments
Knowledge BaseLipofuscin is an auto-
fluorescent age pigment which is found in people with neurodegenerative diseases. (Gray, et. al., 2005)
Figure 5 Lipofuscin in neurons of the human brain.
http://www.innovitaresearch.org/news/res/06042501_01.jpg
Literature Review“Caenorhabditis elegans MPP+ Model of Parkinson’s
Disease for High-Throughput Drug Screenings”Braungart, et. al. (2004)
Figure 6 The C. elegans with and without MPP+
Taken from Braungart, Evelyn; Gerlach, Manfred; Riederer; Peter, Baumeister, Ralf; and Hoener, Marius C. “Caenorhabditis elegans MPP+ Model of Parkinson’s Disease for High-throughout Drug Screening.” Neurodegenerative Disease. 2004. Volume 1: pgs 175-183.
Literature Review“Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan using
solid media” Sutphin, et. al. (2009)
Sutphin, George; M. Kaeberlein. “Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span on Solid Media” JOVE. 2009.
Figure 7Auto fluorescent pigments present in Day 4 and Day 8 C. elegans
Literature Review“In vivo spectrofluorimetry reveals endogenous biomarkers that
report healthspan and dietary restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans”
Gerstbrein, et. al. (2008)
Figure 8 Fluorescence of the C. elegans using the lipofuscin as a biomarker for healthspan.
Gerstbrein, Beate; G. Stamatas; N. Kollias; M. Driscoll. “In viv spectrofluorimetry reveals endogenous biomarkers that report healthspan and dietary restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Literature Review“Proteasomal Regulation of the Hypoxic Response
Modulates Aging in C. elegans” Mehta, Ranjama.
Mehta, Ranjama; K.A. Steinkraus; G. L. Sutphin, F. J. Ramos, L. S. Shamieh;A. Huh; C. Davis; D. Chandler-Brown; M. Kaeberlein. “Proteasomal Regulation of the Hypoxic Response Modulates Aging in C. elegans.” Science. 2009.
Figure 9 Mutation of VHL-1 reduces accumulation of auto-fluorescent age pigments
PurposeThe purpose of the experiment is to observe the effects
of a hypoxic response in anoxia on the amount of lipofuscin present in C .elegans
HypothesisNull- the amount of lipofuscin present during the hypoxic response in
anoxia will be the same as the amount present without the hypoxic response in anoxia.
Alternate- the amount of lipofuscin present during the hypoxic response in anoxia will be less than the amount present without the hypoxic response in anoxia.
The Effects of the Hypoxic Response in Anoxia on the Amount of Lipofuscin Present in C. elegans
C. elegans obtained from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center- N=80
Wild type C. elegans: N=40 VHL-1(ok161) C. elegans strain: (vhl-1 deletion) Constitutive HIF-1 in normoxia; slow growth and reduced brood size: N=40
2 hour timed egg laying for C. elegans. During the L4 stage, the C. elegans will be transferred to the Nematode Growth Media *(NGM) at 20°C. The C. elegans are fed U.V. killed E. coli stored at room temperature and grown overnight at 37°C. C. elegans are grown in liquid media at 16°C. 1.5 mM of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) after the L1 stage is applied in the food.
Use of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to observe the amount of auto fluorescent pigment- lipofuscin- in C. elegans- scale will be used to measure the amounts of lipofuscin.
Statistical analysis using SPSS and T-test
Given MPP+N=20
Control VHL-1N=20
Given MPP+N=20
Control Wild TypeN=20
ProtocolC. elegans are grown
in petri dishes containing Nematode Growth Media (NGM) from Carolina Biological and fed U.V. killed Escherichia coli.
Figure 10 Culturing the C. elegans in Petri dishes
Picture by author
ProtocolBoth Ampicillin and 5-Fluoro-2 -deoxyuridin will be ′
used with NGM in the petri dishes with C. elegans
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Ampicillin_structure.svghttp://www.sigmaaldrich.com/structureimages/30/mfcd00006530.gif
Figure 11 Ampicillin Figure 12 FUDR
Protocol
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/MPP%2B.svg
Figure 13 1-methyl-4-phenlypyridinium (MPP+)
Protocol
Figure 14 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/DAPI.png
Protocol
Sutphin, George; M. Kaeberlein. “Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span on Solid Media” JOVE. 2009.
Figure 15 Age synchronization of C. elegans
Protocol
Figure 16 Process of MPP+ application and observation amongst the four C. elegans groups
Picture by author
BudgetVendor Cat# Pg. Item Qty. Unit $ Total $
Caenorhabditis Genetics Center CB5602 VHL-1(ok161) C. elegans 1 $7 $7
Caenorhabditis Genetics Center AB1 Wild type C. elegans 1 $7 $7
Sigma D048 MPP+ 1 108 108
Sigma D9542-5MG DAPI 1 51.6 51.6
Sigma S2002 Sodium azide 1 21.2 21.2
Sigma F0503-100MG FUDR 1 117 117
Carolina Biological 741270 Petri dishes 10 6.45 64.5
Carolina Biological 216880 Ampicillin dry powder 1 43.25 $43
Carolina Biological 173520 Nematode Growth Agar 2 6.25 12.5
Carolina Biological OP50 E. coli 1 $7 $7
$439 Total Cost
Do-abilityAvailable for Purchase:
The VHL-1 and wild type C. elegans strains from CGC DAPI, MPP+, and Sodium Azide from SigmaNGM and OP50 E.coli from Carolina Biological
Equipment already Acquired:The DAPI filter (excitation filter centered at 365 nm and 445/50 nm
emission band-pass filter), fluorescent microscope, UV lights, and petri dishes
Bibliography "About Parkinson Disease." National Parkinson Foundation. <”http://www.parkinson.org/Page.aspx?pid=225”>. 1996-2007. Braungart, Evelyn; Gerlach, Manfred; Riederer; Peter, Baumeister, Ralf; and Hoener, Marius C. “Caenorhabditis elegans MPP+ Model of
Parkinson’s Disease for High-throughout Drug Screening.” Neurodegenerative Disease. 2004. Volume 1: pgs 175-183. Colleta, Susan. Introduction to C. elegans. Waksman Student Scholars.
<http://avery.rutgers.edu/WSSP/StudentScholars/project/introduction/worms.html>. 2009 Gerstbrein, Beate; G. Stamatas; N. Kollias; M. Driscoll. “In viv spectrofluorimetry reveals endogenous biomarkers that report healthspan
and dietary restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Hall, D. H.; Z. F. Altun. “C. elegans Atlas.” Genetics Research, 90 , pp 375-376. 2008. Hunt, Sara S. The Aging Process. Washington D.C. April 2004. Kenyon, Cynthia. “Environmental Factors and Gene Activities That Influence Life Span” C. elegans II. Cold Spring Harbor Press. 1997. Longo, V. “Oxygen? No thanks, I’m on a Diet” Science, Aging Knowledge Environment. Volume 2002. Pp. 10. 19 June 2002. Mc Naught, KS; P. Jenner. “Proteasomal function is impaired in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease “ Neuroscience Letters. Volume
297. pp. 191-194. 2001. O'Riordan ; A.M. Burnell. Intermediary metabolism in the dauer larva. II. The glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid oxidation. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. Volume 95. pp. 125-130. 1990. Rajput AH, Offord KP, Beard CM, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of parkinsonism: incidence, classification, and mortality. Ann Neurol.
1984;16:278-282. Shen, Chuan; Daniel Nettleton; Min Jiang; Stuart K. Kim; Jo Anne Powell-Coffman. “Roles of the HIF-1 Hypoxia Inducible Factor during
Hypoxia Response in Caenorhabditis elegans” The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Volume 280. pp.20580-20588. 2005. Sutphin, George; M. Kaeberlein. “Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span on Solid Media” JOVE. 2009. “What is Parkinson’s?” American Parkinson Disease Association West Coast Office.
<“http://www.apdawest.org/WhatIsParkinsons.html#2”>. 2009.