The Effects of Weather The Effects of Weather on Aircrafton Aircraft

Warm-Up QuestionsWarm-Up Questions

CPS Questions 1-2 CPS Questions 1-2

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

Lesson OverviewLesson Overview

How ice impacts flightHow ice impacts flight How a microburst can induce wind shear on How a microburst can induce wind shear on

an aircraftan aircraft How sandstorms can be hazardous to air How sandstorms can be hazardous to air

flightflight How wake turbulence affects air flightHow wake turbulence affects air flight

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

Quick WriteQuick Write

Do you think good flying instincts are Do you think good flying instincts are something you’re born with or a skill something you’re born with or a skill

you can learn? you can learn?

(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy of NASA

How Ice Impacts FlightHow Ice Impacts Flight 13 January 1982 Air Florida 13 January 1982 Air Florida

Flight 90 took off from Flight 90 took off from Washington National AirportWashington National Airport

Snow was falling fastSnow was falling fast Plane was barely airborne Plane was barely airborne

before crashing into 14th before crashing into 14th Street BridgeStreet Bridge The 737’s nose pitched up The 737’s nose pitched up

abruptly right after liftoffabruptly right after liftoff

Chapter 2, Lesson 5Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy of AP Photo

Causes of the CrashCauses of the Crash Flight crew didn’t turn on engine anti-ice systemFlight crew didn’t turn on engine anti-ice system Crew took off even though snow and ice covered the Crew took off even though snow and ice covered the

airfoils airfoils Captain should have heeded irregular readings from Captain should have heeded irregular readings from

engine instrumentsengine instruments Pilot and copilot’s limited winter flight experiencePilot and copilot’s limited winter flight experience

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Reproduced from National Transportation Safety Board

Ice HazardsIce Hazards Can cause stalls, make it difficult to see out Can cause stalls, make it difficult to see out

the windshieldthe windshield Icing takes place when a plane flies through Icing takes place when a plane flies through

visible water—cloud or fog visible water—cloud or fog Wind chill can cool airplane’s surface enough Wind chill can cool airplane’s surface enough

that icing can occur that icing can occur

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy US Air Force/Staff Sgt Joseph McKee

Forms of IceForms of Ice

Clear—glossy, see-through

Rime—brittle and frostlike

Mixed—mixture of clear and rime

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Reproduced from NASA/virtual skies

Lift and WeightLift and Weight

If ice builds up on an aircraft, plane’s weight If ice builds up on an aircraft, plane’s weight increases—lift decreases increases—lift decreases

When aircraft is about to stall, you can often When aircraft is about to stall, you can often feel it vibratefeel it vibrate

Snow and ice change an airfoil’s shape Snow and ice change an airfoil’s shape and and reduces liftreduces lift

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Reproduced from National Transportation Safety Board

DragDrag

Snow and ice buildup also generates Snow and ice buildup also generates dragdrag

Induced drag always accompanies lift; Induced drag always accompanies lift; drag and lift always proportionaldrag and lift always proportional

Parasite drag can be a problem for Parasite drag can be a problem for plane contaminated with ice and snowplane contaminated with ice and snow

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

Activity 1: Icing Activity 1: Icing Research TunnelResearch Tunnel

Watch the video “NASA at 50: Icing Watch the video “NASA at 50: Icing Research Tunnel Designated as Historic Research Tunnel Designated as Historic Landmark” Landmark”

Answer the analysis questionsAnswer the analysis questions

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions

  

CPS Questions 3-4CPS Questions 3-4

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

MicroburstMicroburst

Is a violent downdraftIs a violent downdraft Takes place in space of Takes place in space of

less than one mile less than one mile horizontally and within horizontally and within 1,000 feet vertically1,000 feet vertically

Lasts about 15 minutes, Lasts about 15 minutes, and can create wind and can create wind speeds greater than 100 speeds greater than 100 knots knots

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy of NASA

Effects of a MicroburstEffects of a Microburst

Plane experiences a quick series of eventsPlane experiences a quick series of events Performance-increasing headwindsPerformance-increasing headwinds Performance-decreasing downdraftsPerformance-decreasing downdrafts Wind rapidly shearing to a tailwindWind rapidly shearing to a tailwind Impact with the ground or aircraft pushed Impact with the ground or aircraft pushed

dangerously close to the grounddangerously close to the ground

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

Detecting MicroburstsDetecting Microbursts

Difficult because they crop up in Difficult because they crop up in relatively small areasrelatively small areas

Often associated with convective Often associated with convective precipitationprecipitation

Airports have installed a low-level Airports have installed a low-level wind shear alert systemwind shear alert system

NASA, FAA and others developed NASA, FAA and others developed sensor that reads speed and sensor that reads speed and direction of invisible particles of direction of invisible particles of water vapor and dust in the windwater vapor and dust in the wind

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy of NASA

Activity 2: Effects Activity 2: Effects of a Microburstof a Microburst

Examine the illustration Examine the illustration

Answer the questions and explain what is Answer the questions and explain what is occurring with the aircraft and the occurring with the aircraft and the weatherweather

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

Activity 3: Flight 191 Activity 3: Flight 191 and Flight Safetyand Flight Safety

Review the Delta Air Lines Flight 191, Review the Delta Air Lines Flight 191, Dallas, Texas section in the textbookDallas, Texas section in the textbook

Investigate research and gather Investigate research and gather information using the sources identifiedinformation using the sources identified

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions

  

CPS Questions 5-6CPS Questions 5-6

SandstormsSandstorms

Strong, dry winds Strong, dry winds generally take place over generally take place over arid—hot and dry—lands arid—hot and dry—lands

Reduce visibility, clog Reduce visibility, clog aircraft engines and aircraft engines and instruments, and make it instruments, and make it difficult to breathedifficult to breathe

Can damage aircraft and Can damage aircraft and other machinery other machinery

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy of USN/USMC/Cpl Alicia M. Garcia

Operation Eagle ClawOperation Eagle Claw Runs Into Sandstorms Runs Into Sandstorms

Military troops were attempting to rescue 53 Military troops were attempting to rescue 53 Americans who had been taken hostage Americans who had been taken hostage

It was to take place over two nightsIt was to take place over two nights Weather played large part in ending the mission Weather played large part in ending the mission

prematurelyprematurely MC-130s and EC-130s ran into two sandstormsMC-130s and EC-130s ran into two sandstorms Helicopters had to spread out to avoid running Helicopters had to spread out to avoid running

into one anotherinto one another

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy of USAF/Hurlburt Fielditt

Operation Eagle ClawOperation Eagle Claw Runs Into Sandstorms, cont. Runs Into Sandstorms, cont.

One helicopter crew aborted One helicopter crew aborted due to damaged rotor blade; due to damaged rotor blade; another’s navigation and flight another’s navigation and flight instruments failed; yet another instruments failed; yet another had mechanical issues had mechanical issues

Col Beckwith recommended Col Beckwith recommended aborting the missionaborting the mission

Eight Airmen and Marines died Eight Airmen and Marines died

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy of USAF/Hurlburt Field

Activity 4: Activity 4: Sandstorms in Aviation Sandstorms in Aviation

Review the Operation Eagle Claw Runs Into Review the Operation Eagle Claw Runs Into Sandstorms section in the textbookSandstorms section in the textbook

Outline the events of the mission specific to Outline the events of the mission specific to the sandstorm in the flow chartthe sandstorm in the flow chart

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

How Wake TurbulenceHow Wake Turbulence Affects Air Flight Affects Air Flight

Aircraft generate wake turbulence while in flightAircraft generate wake turbulence while in flight Disturbance caused by a pair of vortices trailing Disturbance caused by a pair of vortices trailing

from an aircraft’s wingtips from an aircraft’s wingtips Dangerous to other aircraft that get too close Can damage aircraft parts and equipmentCan damage aircraft parts and equipment

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy of NASA/Sarah DeWitt

IntensityIntensity Depends on weight, speed, and wing shape of Depends on weight, speed, and wing shape of

vortex-producing aircraftvortex-producing aircraft Greatest when the generating aircraft is heavy, Greatest when the generating aircraft is heavy,

slow, and clean slow, and clean Strong wingtip vortices created during takeoff, Strong wingtip vortices created during takeoff,

climb, and landingclimb, and landing

Chapter 2, Lesson 5Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

Vortex BehaviorVortex Behavior Trailing vortices behave in predictable ways that Trailing vortices behave in predictable ways that

can help pilots avoid wake turbulencecan help pilots avoid wake turbulence Move outward, upward, and around the wingtipsMove outward, upward, and around the wingtips Vortices generally maintain a distance of a little Vortices generally maintain a distance of a little

less than a wingspan apartless than a wingspan apart

Chapter 2, Lesson 5Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

Avoiding Wake TurbulenceAvoiding Wake Turbulence Avoid flying through another aircraft’s flight pathAvoid flying through another aircraft’s flight path The pilot should climb above the other aircraft’s The pilot should climb above the other aircraft’s

climb path until clear of its wakeclimb path until clear of its wake When landing behind a departing aircraft, land When landing behind a departing aircraft, land

before the departing aircraft’s rotating point before the departing aircraft’s rotating point

Chapter 2, Lesson 5Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions

  

CPS Questions 7-8CPS Questions 7-8

SummarySummary

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

How ice impacts flightHow ice impacts flight How a microburst can induce wind shear How a microburst can induce wind shear

on an aircrafton an aircraft How sandstorms can be hazardous to air How sandstorms can be hazardous to air

flightflight How wake turbulence affects air flightHow wake turbulence affects air flight

Chapter 2, Lesson 5

Review QuestionsReview Questions

  

CPS Questions 9-10CPS Questions 9-10

Next….Next….

Done – Done – the effects of weather on the effects of weather on aircraftaircraft

Next – human physiology and air flightNext – human physiology and air flight

Chapter 2, Lesson 5 Courtesy of USAF/MSgt Kevin J. Gruenwald