The End of EmpireMr. ErmerWorld History APMiami Beach Senior High

India After WWII, Asian nations seek independence

Winston Churchill suspends self-rule initiatives Succeeded by Labor PM Clement Attlee Attlee more inclined toward dismantling empire

As India moves closer toward independence, communalism on the rise Communalism stresses religious rather than national

identity (Great Calcutta Killing) Nehru and Gandhi against partition of India August 15, 1947: India and Pakistan created, freed

Gandhi predicts “rivers of blood,” refugees migrate Rivalries build between the two states Indian independence inspires movements elsewhere

Nonaligned Movement: resists picking sides in Cold War

1947: Partition of British India

Vietnam Vietnam fights post-war France for independence

The United States supported French claim to colonies

Vietnamese Nationalist leader, Ho Chi Minh, leads communist Viet Minh against France Issues Vietnamese Declaration of Independence

China sends military aid to Viet Minh 1954: Viet Minh defeat French at Dienbienphu

The Geneva Conference Partitioning of Vietnam along seventeenth parallel

North Vietnam: Communist with capital at Hanoi South Vietnam: non-communist with capital at Saigon

Ngo Dinh Diem: president of South Vietnam with U.S. support Diem’s cruel rule unpopular among Vietnamese in south 1960: National Liberation Front (NLF) fights against Diem’s forces Buddhists practice self-immolation

French Indochina

War in Vietnam Dwight D. Eisenhower applies Domino Theory

Kennedy also applies theory, increases aid to Diem President Johnson increases direct U.S.

involvement Fight NLF “Viet Cong” in south, bomb the north

Ho Chi Minh patiently fights against foreign influence—war of attrition Support for war declines in the U.S. President Nixon calls for vietnamization

Replacing of American forces with South Vietnamese Opens dialogue with Soviets and Chinese

1973: Paris Peace Accords Northern forces defeat the South in 1975 Reunification of Vietnam in 1976

Israel/Palestine Under mandate system, British made conflicting promises

to Palestinian Arabs and Jewish migrants 1917: Zionist Balfour Declaration lends British support

European Jews seek homeland, protection Zionism gains steam across Europe Britain allows migration of settler Jews to Palestine

British limit Jewish migration to Palestine Promise to protect Palestinian rights

Pan-Arab Nationalism grows in opposition to Zionism After Holocaust, Zionist commitment increases in Jews

1945: Violent Jewish resistance to Palestinian and British rule—King David Hotel bombing of 1946

1947: Britain hands Palestine over to United Nations Partition of Palestine into two states, Jewish and Arab

Civil War erupts, Palestinians see partition as unacceptable 1948: Jewish forces proclaim creation of State of Israel

Series of conflicts helps Israel expand territory

Egypt Egypt leads Arab world against Israel 1952: Egyptian military ousts King Farouk

Gamal Abdel Nasser and Egyptian military in power Eschew democracy and constitutional government Suppress communists and Muslim Brotherhood

1954: Nasser names self prime-minister Militarization and industrialization

Nasser sees Cold War alliances as new imperialism Joins Nehru’s nonaligned movement

Condemns Baghdad Pact Gets assistance from both U.S. and Soviets

Sends aid to Algerians fighting French Opposes Israel as a settler colony of Europeans Abolished British military control of Suez Canal

Africa 1954: French begin to fight for control of Algeria

1954-1960: Most other French African colonies freed French fight the Front de Libération Nationale (FNL)

1955: FNL moves into urban areas, France sends troops 1962: Algeria gains independence, Frantz Fanon writes

1960: The Year of Africa African elites form cultural and political institutions

1957: Ghana gains independence from Britain Kwame Nkrumah becomes leader, African symbol

Non-violence and mass action Kenya fights for independence, bloody conflict South Africa’s apartheid regime

1948: Afrikaner National Party comes to power Creates racially segregated society African National Congress fights for equality 1989: F. W. de Klerk negotiates transition with Nelson Mandela

Communist China Mao Zedong’s CCP reunifies China

China emulates Soviet style Five Year Plans in 1955 Build infrastructure and heavy industry Collectivization of agricultural lands Women’s rights

The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Failed attempt to overtake other economies by

collectivization of entire economy The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

Targeted teachers, artists, elites, professionals Many beaten, jailed, killed by young zealots, damages unity

Deng Xiaoping succeeds Mao in 1981 Opens trade with West, undoes some of Mao’s ideas Tiananmen Square

Indian Democracy 1966: Indira Gandhi is leader of Congress Party

Serves as prime minister 1966-1977, 1980-1984 Institutes Green Revolution Experiences challenges in keeping India united

Sectarian violence Out of control birth rates

Government sterilization programs Amritsar genocide of Sikhs

Gandhi assassinated by Sikh bodyguards in 1984 Rajiv Gandhi takes power in 1985, assassinated in 1991

The Middle East 1970: Rise of Islamism and Pan-Arab Nationalism

Many Muslims lament loss of Islamic values, sharia Rise of Pan-Islamic unity, extremism Western social norms blamed for decline of Islamic

societies, secularization, political failures Anger directed toward Europe and the United States Extremists use concept of jihad to legitimize terrorism

The Iranian Revolution U.S. support of Shah Pahlavi militarizes Iran Oil money helps Iran industrialize, Islamism on the rise

Many resent influence of foreign oil companies, gov’ts Students, small business owners, liberal politicians oppose

Shah Ayatollah Khomeini leads Islamic Revolution in 1979

Revolution strongly anti-American Iraq’s Saddam Hussein invades Iran to take advantage

Iraq-Iran War lasts until 1988

Argentina Transformation of pampas to farmlands

Controlled by oligarquia with government support European upper-class creates urban culture in Buenos

Aires, support British business European & American goods make up most

manufactured goods in Argentina, railroads speak English

1920s: Hipolito Irigoyen elected president Increased ties and trade with US and Europe Rapid industrialization, prosperity

Series of military coups ends with Juan Peron’s rise At first creates Nazi inspired fascist/military government After Nazi’s lose, Peron reinvents his politics

Eva Duarte Peron’s championing of the descamisados 1946: Perons establish populist dictatorship