The End of our Third Decade (volume II). Papers written on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of...

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]lf mesturahbgf dj tlf trubcs dj Bds :, 0 hbm < ohy af

httreauthanf td aurrdweb` hbeohns dr uprddtfm trffs hbm tlf

shof ohy ldnm jdr tlf mespnhgfofbt dj tlf re`lt neoas dj

Bd. 8 hbm tlf re`lt cbff dj Bd. <. Wdof dasfrvhtedbs,

ldwfvfr, ghbbdt af fxpnhebfm eb tles why, eb phrtegunhr

tlf pdsetedb dj tlf scunn dj Bd. =, gdoofbtfm db hadvf.

]lf dbny pdsseanf fxpnhbhtedb eb tles ghsf es meshrtegunhtfm

mfpdsetedb, eopnyeb` fetlfr prf- dr pdst-odrthn mfghpethtedb.Ldwfvfr, dbny tlf grhbeuo whs dut dj pnhgf. ]lf ohb-

meaunh whs eb h bdrohn pdsetedb rfnhtevf td tlf gfrveghn

vfrtfarhf. Wdoftleb` seoenhr ohy ldnm jdr Bd. <, aut tles

gdunm bdt af vfrejefm muf td tlf pddr sthtf dj prfsfrvhtedb

hbm tlf dvfrhnn mesturahbgf dj tles phrt dj tlf `rhvf.

Eb hnn ghsfs tlf hasfbgf dj phrtegunhr scfnfthn phrts whs

httreauthanf td pddr prfsfrvhtedb gdbmetedbs, pdst-

mfpdsetedbhn mesturahbgf dr tlf spffm wetl wlegl tlf

rfohebs lhm td af rfgdvfrfm.

7.: AVQEHN [DW]VQFW

Ht jerst se`lt, tlf aurehn pdsturfs hppfhrfm td rfjnfgt hrhtlfr ghrfnfss hbm lhsty jdro dj mfpdsetedb, aut gndsfr

ebspfgtedb rfvfhnfm h gfrtheb rfùnhrety, pdsseany tlf rfsunt

dj mestebgt sfx- hbm h`f-adubm aurehn runfs (je`. 8:).

]lf dbny admy eb tlf `rhvf wlegl gdunm af hbtlrdpdaed-

ndèghnny emfbtejefm hs tlht dj h wdohb (Bd. 88) whs dbf dj

tlf dbny twd (88 hbm :) wlegl lhm affb aurefm jhgf

mdwbwhrms. ]lf twd iuvfbenfs hbm tlf ydub`fr hmdnfsgfbt

]hanf 8. Phssfbhhr-Pftfreb`phrc, sfx hbm h`f dj tlf 81 ebmevemuh

hggdrmeb` td Woets hbm Ohht, tles vdnuof, nfjt eb drmfr dj buoafr,

re`lt eb drmfr dj h`f fsteohtedb.

buoafr sf* h`f (yfhr) buoafr sfx h`f (yfh

8 ohnf 1;-7; 81 ebjhbs 8 n¸-1

1 ohnf 7;-=; = ebjhbs 8 7-7+.

7 ohnf 7;-=; < hmdnfsgfbt ¸ 8;

= ebjhbs 8 7-7= 0 hmdnfsgfbt 86-8:

6 ohnf 7;-=; 8 8 jfohnf ¸ 8<

: (jfohnf) 2E5 8; ohnf 85-18

0 hmdnfsgfbt 86-8: : (jfohnf) 285

W hmdnfsgfbt ¸ 8; 5 ohnf 211

5 ohnf 211 8 ohnf 1;-7;

8; ohnf 85-18 1 ohnf 7;-=;

EE jfohnf ¸ 8< 2 ohnf 7;-=;

81 ebjhbs E L-1 6 ohnf 7;-=;

]hanf 1. Phssfbhhr-Pftfreb`phrc, sfqufbgf dj mfpdsete db dj tlf

81 admefs

sfqu fbgf wfst fhsn

E

E

97

=

6

:

0

0

<

5

CE

81

e n

eb

5

<

(Bds =, < hbm 81) nhy db tlfer semfs (twd db tlfer nfjt semfs

dbf db tlf re`lt semf) eb h `fbtny jnfxfm pdsturf. Hnn tlf

dtlfrs lhm affb aurefm db tlfer ahgcs, wetl vhryeb` hro

hbm nf` pdsturfs, hbm eb tlfsf ghsfs, tdd, sdof rfùnhretefs

ghb af dasfrvfm. ]lf thnn, 86-yfhr-dnm hmdnfsgfbt (Bd. 0)



5 N.[. NDVPF CDDVOHBW - OVN]E[NF AVQEHN H] PHWWFBHHQ

Je urf 81. Phssfbhhr-Pftfreb`phrc. Danequf vefw jrdo tlf Bdrtl.

whs tlf dbny dbf wetl grdssfm ndwfr nf`s. Jdur admefs

(Bds n, 1, 6 hbm 8;) lhm dbf nf` strftglfm hbm dbf afbt.

tlf tddt pnhgfm h`hebst tlf teaeh dj tlf strftglfm nf`. ]lfy

wfrf hnn ydub` hmunt dr hmunt ohnfs (g. 1;-=; yfhrs dj h`f).]lf nf`s de twd admefs wfrf adtl strftglfm (Bds 7 hbm 5).

Adtjh wfrf ohnf hmunts3 dbf whs tlf dnmfst ebmevemuhn

(7;-=; yfhrs dnm) eb tlf `rhvf. tlf dtlfr lhm affb sd pddrny

prfsfrvfm tlht les h`f gdunm bd ndb`fr af hggurhtfny

mftfroebfm, aut lf lhm affb ht nfhst 11 yfhrs dnm. Bd h`f-

dr sfx-rfnhtfm runfs gdunm af ebjfrrfm jrdo tlf vhryeb` hro

pdsturfs.

]lf dvfrhnn hrrhb`fofbt dj tlf admefs hnsd rfjnfgtfm h

gfrtheb rfùnhrety9 gfbtrhn hrf tlf twd strftglfm hmunt ohnfs,

hggdophbefm ay iuvfbenfs, wetl (ydub`) hmunts db fetlfr

semf hbm tlf wdofb wetl tlf vfry ydub` glenmrfb ht tlf

fm`fs. Eb vefw dj tlf hppnefm aurehn runfs hbm tlfsyooftreghn hrrhb`fofbt dj tlf admefs eb tlf `rhvf wf ohy

hssuof tlht Bd. : whs h jfohnf, necf Bd. 88, hbm tlht Bd. 5

whs ` egnhtevfny dnm hmunt.

]lf rfùnhretefs mfsgreafm hadvf gdunm af ebtfrprftfm hs

purfny hggemfbthn9 ebmffm, tlf fvemfbgf es tdd ofh`rf td

lhvf hby sthtesteghn se`bejeghbgf. Pf ohy, ldwfvfr, shjfny

hssuof tlht tlf admefs wfrf bdt tlrdwb ebtd tlf `rhvf

aut wfrf hrrhb`fm eb h rfùnhr why eb h aurehn prdgfmurf

wlegl prdvemfm sujjegeãbt dppdrtubety jdr tlf dasfrvhbgf dj

mestebgt sfx- hbm h`f-rfnhtfm aurehn runfs.

7.0 "@QHZF @DDMW"

Zfry jfw hrtfjhgts wfrf jdubm eb tlf aurehn pet hbm

bdbf dj tlfsf ohy af gdbsemfrfm `rhvf `ddms.

H jnebt hrrdwlfhm jdubm aftwffb tlf reas dj Bd. 8;

rfprfsfbtfm eopdrthbt mhteb` fvemfbgf hbm whs hnsd hb

ebmeghtedb dj vednfbgf (je`. 80).

Mureb` pdst-fxghvhtedbhn prfsfrvhtedb twd sgrhpfr-necf

jnebts wfrf jdubm ubmfr tlf nuoahr vfrtfarhf dj Bd. 7.

Oegrdwfhr hbhnyses ay H.N. vhb @eib sldwfm tlht dbf dj

tlfsf (Bd. 68=) lhm gfrthebny affb usfm hs h sgrhpfr,

pdsseany db sceb, hs su``fstfm ay tlf `ndss phttfrb. ]lfy

ohy lhvf fbmfm up ubmfr tlf admy hggemfbthnny, aut et esodrf necfny tlht tlfy wfrf tlf pfrsdbhn pdssfssedbs dj tlf

mfgfhsfm3 ej sd, tlfy ohy ebmeghtf tlht tlf admefs wfrf

aurefm eb tlfer bdrohn gndtlfs.

[htglfs dj glhrgdhn, tlf rfohebs dj aurbt pefgfs dj wddm,

wfrf dasfrvfm eb sfvfrhn pnhgfs, fspfgehnny bfxt td Bds 8, 5

hbm 81. Zfry jfw slfrms wfrf jdubm eb tlf pet jenn3 tlfy

wfrf hnn vfry sohnn (nfss tlhb 8 go1).



EE) HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Je urf 87. Phssfbhhr-Pftfreb`phrc. Danequf vefw jrdo tlf Fhst. Bdtf tlf fxtrfofny ahm gdbsfrvhtedb dj ebmevemuhn : (nfjt), gndsf td tlf

suarfgfbt metgl jenn. Bdtf hnsd tlf meshrtegunhtfm scunn djj ebm. = (jdrf`rdubm).

7.< GHV WF DJ MLH]L

Zfry eopdrthbt hbm odst ebtfrfsteb` es tlf hjdrfofb-

tedbfm sohn_ Lebt hrrdwlfhm tlht whs jdubm aftwffb tlfreas dj Bd. n(). nts pdsetedb su``fstfm tlht et lhm affb

sldt ebtd tlf admy. Zhb @eib dasfrvfm eophgt jrhgturfs

ht tlf tep dj tlf hrrdwlfhm aut dtlfrwesf et lhm h jrfsl

hppfhrhbgf hbm sldwfm bd trhgfs dj slhjteb` (je`. 8<).

Et es dj GDV]WG eopdsseanf td shy wlfb tlf eophgt jrhgturfs

wfrf jdrofm3 tlfy ohy lhvf affb tlf rfsunt dj fhrnefr

usf. Bfvfrtlfnfss, wf lhvf ebtfrprftfm tles hrrdwlfhm hs

sdubm prddj dj h vednfbt ghusf dj mfhtl eb tlf ghsf dj

Bd. 8;.

Webgf ebjdrohtedb db tlf ghusf dj mfhtl es eopdrthbt jdr h

sdgehn ebtfrprfthtedb dj tles `rhvf, ghrfjun httfbtedb whs phem

td pdsseanf ohrcs dj vednfbgf db tlf scfnfthn phrts. wleglwhs bdt fhsy gdbsemfreb` tlfer pddr sthtf dj prfsfrvhtedb.

H greteghn ebspfgtedb rfvfhnfm tlrff andw ohrcs, hnn wetldut

trhgfs dj lfhneb`, db tlf ndwfr ihw dj Bd. 1, db tlf re`lt

luofrus dj Bd. 7 hbm db tlf scunn dj Bd. 6. ]lfsf ohrcs

wfrf gfrthebny bdt ghusfm eb odmfrb gnfhbeb`3 pdst-

mfpdsetedbhn ghusfs wfrf odrfdvfr vfry ubnecfny hggdrmeb`

td tlf plyseghn hbtlrdpdndèsts. Hb eopdrthbt qufstedb eb

tles rfspfgt es ldw ohby trhgfs dj odrthn vednfbgf hrf td

af fxpfgtfm db scfnfthn rfohebs, fspfgehnny ej tlfy lhvf

affb pddrny prfsfrvfm hbm hrf sfvfrgny mfjdrofm. hs ebtles ghsf. H jdurtl ebmeghtedb dj vednfbgf whs tlf jhgt tlht

tlf scunn dj tlf ebjhbs Bd. = lhm hpphrfbtny affb sfphrhtfm

jrdo tlf admy ht tlf odofbt dj mfpdsetedb. ]les mes-

hrtegunhtedb ghb lhrmny af httreautfm td pdst-mfpdsetedbhn

jhgtdrs.

Eb vefw dj hnn tlfsf dasfrvht edbs, h vednfbt gdbjnegt es tl

odst necfny ghusf dj mfhtl. Dtlfr ghsuhntefs, sugl hs hb

fpemfoef mesfhsf, jhoebf, jnddmeb` dr slepwrfgceb`, hrf nfs

pnhuseanf ghusfs.

7.5 MH]EB@

]lf nhgc dj `rhvf `ddms ofhbt tlht tlf rfohebs lhm td amhtfm veh typdndèghn gdophresdb dj tlf spfgejeg slhpf dj

tlf hrrdwlfhm jdubm wetl ebmevemuhn Bd. 8; hbm veh G8=

hbhnyses. ]lf hrrdwlfhm mem bdt rfsfoanf hby dj tlf jherny

nhr`f buoafr dj hrrdwlfhms jdubm eb Afnn Afhcfr `rhvfs eb

tlf Bftlfrnhbms (Nhbteb`/Zhb mfr Phhns 850:). Ahrafm

Perf Afhcfr `rhvfs lhvf yefnmfm lhrmny hby `rhvf `ddms

hbm bd hrrdwlfhms wlhtsdfvfr (Nhbteb` 8507). Ldwfvfr, h



E E N[. NDVPF CDDVOHBW - OVN]E[NF AVQEHN H] PHWWFBHHQ

Jeùrf 8=. Phssfbhhr-Pftfbb`ph Bdtf tlf luoeg ebjentrhtedb ahbms hrdubm tlf `rhvf.

jherny gnehrhgtfresteg. rhtlfr sdplesteghtfm typf dj hrrdwlfhm

^^ eel rfgurvfm ahras lhs affb jdubm eb mdofsteg

hssfoanh`fs. Gndsf phrhnnfns lhvf affb jdubm eb hb fhrny

Lenvfrsuo Gunturf pet jenn ht Zd`fnfbzhb` bfhr Lhhrnfo

(je`. 85), wlegl hrf td af mhtfm hrdubm 7=;; A[

(@rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f 85:8h). ]les mhtf gdrrfspdbmspfrjfgtny td twd rhmedghradb mhtfs dathebfm trdo glhrgdhn

merfgtny hssdgehtfm wetl tlf prfsfbt aurehn9

Glhrgdhn bfhr pfnves dj Bd. 5 @rB-8=.5=5 7=1; ¸ <; A[

Glhrgdhn jrdo pdst (4) bfhr Bd. 88

@rB-8=.56; 77<; ¸ <; A[

]lfsf rfsunts yefnm h ghnearhtfm mhtf dj hrdubm 80;; ghn. AG.

Dbf dj tlfsf shopnfs whs dathebfm jrdo h buoafr dj

gdbgfbtrhtedbs dj glhrgdhn wlegl wfrf ebtfrprftfm hs tlf

auot fm`fs dj pdsts dr afhos tlhn lhm meshppfhrfm

hntd`ftlfr. ]lf dtlfr shopnf whs thcfb jrdo tlf auot

rfohebs dj tlf fbm dj h lfhvy upre`lt pdst gndsf td tlf lfhm

dj ebmevemuhn Bd. 88, wlegl ohy lhvf ohrcfm tlf fbm djtlf `rhvf. ]lf rfnhtevfny nhr`f Wthbmhrm mfvehtedb es

httreauthanf td tlf ndw ghradb gdbtfbt dj tlf shopnfs.

]les fvemfbgf sdubmny mhtfs tlf `rhvf td g. 7=;; A[,

80;; ghn. AG, hrdubm tlf trhbsetedb jrdo tlf Fhrny td tlf

Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f, wlegl ofhbs tlht tlfrf es bd merfgt

gdbbfgtedb aftwffb tlf `rhvf hbm tlf sfttnfofbt rfohebs

wlegl jerst httrhgtfm httfbtedb td tlf setf.



81 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

=. Gdbtfxt

=.8 AQDBYF H@F DGGV[H]EDB DJ ]LF GDHW]HN

QF@EDB

Ldw mdfs tlf `rhvf jet ebtd tlf gdbtfxt dj rfèdbhn

Ardbzf H`f hrglhfdnd`y4

]lf Dnmfr Mubf nhbmsghpf mfvfndpfm hbm fxtfbmfm

sfhwhrms mureb` tlf Nhtf Bfdnetleg hbm tlf Ardbzf H`f.

Hs tlf gdhstnebf prd`rhmfm, dnmfr mubf rdws `rhmuhnnyslejtfm jurtlfr ebnhbm. Ht tlf shof teof tlf fjjfgt dj tlf shnt

sfh sprhy mfgrfhsfm hbm, hs h rfsunt, tlf vf`fthtedb dj tlf

mubfs glhb`fm jrdo h lhndplyteg vf`fthtedb, veh typeghn

mubf aruslwddms, ebtd h mfgemudus jdrfst, wlenf tlf afhgl

jnhts afghof regl bhturhn ofhmdwnhbms. ]les nhbmsghpf wenn

lhvf affb httrhgtevf jdr prflestdref sfttnfofbt jrdo ets

jdrohtedb dbwhrms. Ldwfvfr, hs h rfsunt dj tlf suasfqufbt

resf eb sfh nfvfn. tlf afhgl jnhts wfrf `rhmuhnny suaofr`fm

hbm glhb`fm ebtd swhops hbm hnmfr ghrrs. ]lf rfèdb wenn

lhvf ndst ougl dj ets jdrofr hppfhn wlfb pfht sthrtfm td

`rdw tlfrf, aut wlfrf tlf mubfs adrmfrfm zdbfs dj fstuhrebf

sfmeofbthtedb, e.f. bfxt td ebnfts hbm fstuhrefs, le`l-whtfr

mfpdsets gdopfbshtfm jdr tlf resf eb tlf `rdubmwhtfr nfvfn3

tlfsf mfpdsets wenn lhvf affb gdvfrfm wetl ofhmdwnhbm ndr

h ndb` teof. ]lf fstuhrefs tlfosfnvfs odrfdvfr hmmfm td

tlf mevfrsety ” hbm lfbgf tlf httrhgtevfbfss ” dj tlfsf

zdbfs.

Pf lhvf, ldwfvfr, bdtleb` odrf tlhb tlf dmm setf hbm

h jfw rhrf jebms td gdbjero tlf prfsuofm gdbtebudus

prflestdref usf dj tlf gdhsthn mubf nhbmsghpf. ]les

nhbmsghpf ” hbm tlf hrglhfdndèghn fvemfbgf aurefm eb et ”

lhs td h nhr`f fxtfbt affb mfstrdyfm ay ebtfbsevf nhbm usf

eb lestdreghn hbm odmfrb teofs9 tlf fjjfgts dj tlf guntevhtedb

dj aunas, shbm quhrryeb`, rdhm gdbstrugtedb hbm auenmeb`

lhvf affb meshstrdus jdr prflestdref rfohebs eb tles rfèdb.Ohby rfohebs wfrf mfstrdyfm afjdrf tlf mhys dj hgtevf

hrglhfdndèghn rfsfhrgl. Webgf tlf fbm dj tlf nhst gfbtury,

ldwfvfr, sdof jebms lhvf affb rfgdvfrfm eb tles hrfh hbm

dvfr tlf phst mfghmfs mfthenfm dasfrvhtedbs lhvf affb ohmf

eb hrglhfdndèghn survfys hbm fxghvhtedbs. Odst ebstrugtevf

Eb tles rfspfgt wfrf tlf nhr`f-sghnf `fdndèghn hbm

hrglhfdndèghn dasfrvhtedbs ohmf mureb` tlf fxfgutedb dj

tlf mfvfndpofbt prdifgt eb tlf Zfnsfrardfcpdnmfr eb

Lhhrnfo, eb wlegl fxtfbsevf setfs dj ohby lfgthrfs

gdbthebeb` pndu`l ohrcs hbm ldusf pnhbs ghof td ne`lt

(Adsohb/Wddbeus 855;). ]lfsf rfohebs ebmeghtfm tlf

ebtfbsevf usf dj ht nfhst tldsf phrts dj tlf mubf ohrèbs tlht

wfrf adrmfrfm ay bhturhn phsturfs db jdrofr shnt ohrslfs

hbm su``fstfm ebtfbsevf nhbm usf db h nhr`fr sghnf eb tles

pfredm, fspfgehnny eb zdbfs dj fgdndèghn mevfrsety.

Dtlfr Ardbzf H`f sfttnfofbt setfs lhvf sebgf tlfb affb

jdubm ht Zfnsfb-Bddrmzffchbhhn, Zd`fnfbzhb` (@rdfbohb

vhb Phhtfreb`f 85:8h), Nessf, ]lf Lhùf hbm Odbstfr

(Zhb Lffreb`fb 85<73 Nduwf Cddeiohbs 850=, Hpp. E), hnn

dj wlegl wfrf mesgdvfrfm mureb` shbm-me`èb` dpfrhtedbs,

aut bd rfohebs dj Ardbzf H`f setfs lhvf sd jhr gdof td

ne`lt eb tlf merfgt surrdubmeb`s dj tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf.

H Afnn Afhcfr setf lhs affb jdubm ht nfss tlhb 8 co td tlf

fhst, aut tlf gndsfst mdofsteg Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f rfohebs

wfrf jdubm 0 co td tlf sdutlwfst (Zhb Lffreb`fb 85<7,

setf 7). ]lf wfnn-cbdwb Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f ldhrm dj

Zddrldut whs mesgdvfrfm < co td tlf bdrtlfhst dj tlf`rhvf, db tlf dtlfr semf dj tlf Qlebf fstuhry. Et es necfny

tlht tlf dgguphtedb setfs wfrf db tlf rdws dj mubfs

adrmfreb` tlf afhgl jnht gndsf ay (Zhb Lffreb`fb 85<7).

Muf td tlf fxtfbsevf mfstrugtedb dj tlf hrglhfdndèghn

rfohebs, tlf pddr sthtf dj prfsfrvhtedb dj tlf sghrgf jebms

hbm tlf jrhòfbthry bhturf dj dur fvemfbgf et es vfry

mejjegunt td ohcf spfgejeg sthtfofbts db Ardbzf H`f

sfttnfofbt mfbsetefs hbm tlf ebtfbsety dj nhbm usf, aut wf

lhvf tlf eoprfssedb ” hbm et ghbbdt af odrf tlhb tlht! ”

tlht tlf nhbm whs ebtfbsevfny usfm jrdo tlf teofs dj tlf

Nhtf Bfdnetleg Znhhrmeb`fb @rdup dbwhrms.

]lf fvemfbgf dj Lhhrnfo-Zfnsfrardfcpdnmfr su``fsts tlhtlf vfry seoenhr oegrdrfèdb eb wlegl tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf

whs setuhtfm whs fquhnny httrhgtevf hbm whs lfbgf pdpunhtf

ay h seoenhr buoafr dj pfdpnf eb Ardbzf H`f teofs.

]lf sfh lhm rftrfhtfm jrdo tles hrfh sfvfrhn gfbturefs afjdr

tlfb hbm tlf afhgl jnht oust lhvf affb gdvfrfm wetl wft

bhturhn ofhmdwnhbms, tlf mubfs db adtl semfs lhveb` affb

wddmfm. ]lf `rhvf, ldwfvfr, lhm bdt affb mu` eb dr bfhr h

sfttnfofbt setf, aut eb wlht whs hpphrfbtny h jefnm jhr hwhy

trdo tlf sfttnfofbt etsfnj, wlegl oust lhvf affb setuhtfm

sdofwlfrf db tlf oheb mubf rem`fs.

=.1 ]LF @QHZF EB QFNH]EDB ]D MV]GL AQDBYF H@F

AVQEHN ]QHME]EDBW

Hntldu`l tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf es gnfhrny h spfgehn ghsf,

wf oust hsc dursfnvfs wlht Ardbzf H`f aurehn trhmetedbs

et rfjnfgts hbm td wlht fxtfbt. Pf oust hnsd gdbsemfr ets

ubequfbfss hbm ets pdsetedb eb dur ebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf

Mutgl Ardbzf H`f.

Fhrny Ardbzf H`f aurehn prhgtegf ohy af gdbsemfrfm

hb hrglhfdndèghnny pddrfr gdbtebuhtedb dj tlf Afhcfr

trhmetedb9 tlf mfgfhsfm wfrf stenn aurefm ubmfr ahrrdws,

aut wetldut tlf reb` metglfs gdbthebeb` gndsfny sft pdsts

(Nhbteb` 85073 Nduwf Cddeiohbs 850=, 7;<, 78<)3 tlf

drefbthtedb dj tlf `rhvf whs usuhnny bdrtl-sdutl ebstfhm dj

prfmdoebhbtny fhst-wfst, hs et lhm affb eb tlf prfvedus

pfredm. ]lf aurehn pdsturf glhb`fm jrdo grduglfm td odrf

`fbtny jnfxfm3 tlf fhrnefst ebsthbgf dj h strftglfm aurehn db

tlf ahgc, wlegl whs td afgdof gustdohry eb tlf Oemmnf

Ardbzf H`f, lhs affb mhtfm td 7::; ¸ 76 A[ (Wt.-Phnregc3

@rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f 85:8a3 Nduwf Cddeiohbs 850=

7;<). @rhvf `ddms hrf hnodst gdopnftfny hasfbt eb Fhrny

Ardbzf H`f `rhvfs.



87 N.[. NDVPF CDDVOHBW - OVN]E[NF AVQEHN H] PHWWFBHHQ

Jeùrf 86. Phssfbhhr-Pftfreb`phrc. [nhb dj tlf ountepnf aurehn, wetl h`f hbm sfxf dj tlf ebmevemuhns.

Lhnjwhy tlrdu`l tlf Fhrny Ardbzf H`f tlf prhgtegf

dj grfohtedb hbm tlf aurehn dj tlf rfohebs eb Lenvfrsuo

urbs ubmfr ahrrdws surrdubmfm ay metglfs hbm ahbcs whs

ebtrdmugfm eb tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms

(fspfgehnny Bdrtl Arhahbt). ]les gnfhrny ebmeghtfs gndsf

gdbbfgtedbs wetl tlf urb aurehn trhmetedbs dj sdutl Fb`nhbm

(fsp. tlf Pfssfx aegdbeghn urbs). ]lf mfvfndpofbt es bdw

`fbfrhnny ebtfrprftfm hs hb fvdnutedb, ahsfm db rfùnhr

hbm ebtfbsevf gdbthgts, gdbtebueb` tldsf dj Afhcfr teofs,

hbm bd ndb`fr hs hb ebmeghtedb dj tlf hrrevhn dj Aretesl

eooe`rhbts.

]lf prhgtegf dj grfohtedb whs ebtrdmugfm eb tlf bdrtlfo

phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms (Mrfbtlf) ht tlf afèbbeb` dj tlf

Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f. Et rfohebfm tlf gdoodb jdro dj aurehn



8= HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQ8GH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 8:. Phssfbhhr-Pftfreb`phrc. Aurehn pdsturfs.

tlrdu`ldut tlf jerst lhnj dj tlht pfredm (OAH-H) hbm whs

rfpnhgfm ay ebluohtedb dj junny strftglfm gdrpsfs

(prfsfrvfm hs senldufttfs) eb prdpfr gdjjebs eb tlf sfgdbm

lhnj dj tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f (OAH-A). ]lf senldufttfs

prdvemf vfry nettnf ebjdrohtedb db admy pdsturfs. Bd glenm

pdsturfs dr jhgf-mdwb pdsturfs lhvf affb emfbtejefm. ]lfrf

wlfrf tlf senldufttfs dj nf`s gdunm af ohmf dut adtl nf`s

wfrf strftglfm3 bd senldufttfs wetl dbf afbt nf` lhvf sd jh

affb emfbtejefm (Ndldj 8558). Bd ountepnf aurehns lhvf aff

jdubm, aut wf md cbdw dj sdof ghsfs dj gndsfny `rdupfm

ebmevemuhn `rhvfs eb h gdooubhn odrtuhry ldusf, hs ht

Yfeifb, ahrrdw 06 (@nhsafr`fb 856=, phrt 1, 8==). ]lfsfwfrf, ldwfvfr, ebmevemuhn `rhvfs hbm hntldu`l tlfy lhm

affb mu` wetleb h teof rhb`f dj h gdupnf dj yfhrs, odst

wfrf prdahany BD] gdbtfopdrhry. ]les bdrtlfrb Mutgl

`rdup rfprfsfbts tlf wfstfrbodst ohbejfsthtedb dj h

trhmetedb tlht whs gdoodb hnn dvfr tlf Bdrtl @frohb [nheb

hbm tlf sdutlfo phrt dj Wghbmebhveh.

Eb tlf nhtf phrt dj tlf Fhrny Ardbzf H`f hbm tlf Oemmnf

Ardbzf H`f tlfrf whs tlfrfjdrf h ohrcfm mejjfrfbgf eb

aurehn prhgtegfs aftwffb tlf bdrtlfrb hbm sdutlfrb phrts dj

tlf Bftlfrnhbms. ]lfrf wfrf, ldwfvfr, hnsd seoenhretefs

aftwffb tlf twd hrfhs9 eb adtl hrfhs ahrrdws wfrf frfgtfm

db lfhveny pdmzdnezfm sdens useb` sdms gut jrdo tldsf sdens

eb adtl hrfhs tlfsf ahrrdws wfrf surrdubmfm ay gergnfs

dj pdstldnfs mureb` tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f hbm wfrf usfm

jdr nhtfr sfgdbmhry aurehns, hntldu`l mejjfrfbt ndghn aurehn

prhgtegfs wfrf usfm9 wlht lhvf affb ghnnfm "thb`fbtehn

ebluohtedbs" lhvf affb jdubm eb tlf bdrtl hbm grfohtedb-

hbm-urb aurehns eb tlf sdutl. Odrfdvfr, strftglfm ebluohtedb

whs dgghsedbhnny prhgtesfm eb tlf sdutl wlenf grfohtedb

sthrtfm td af ebtrdmugfm eb tlf bdrtl. Hs tlf buoafr dj

ahrrdws jdubm es rhtlfr sohnn et es pdsseanf tlht dbny h phrt

dj tlf ndghn pdpunhtedb whs aurefm ubmfr sugl strugturfs.

Muf td tlf nhgc dj fvemfbgf tlf rfnhtedb aftwffb tlf

aurehn gustdos dj tlf gdhsthn mestregt dj tlf wfstfrb

Bftlfrnhbms hbm tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm twd trhmetedbs es bdtgnfhr. Wlfrms dj Lenvfrsuo pdts ebmeghtf gdbbfgtedbs w etl

mdofsteg setfs eb tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms. ]lf

nhgc dj fvemfbgf db aurehn prhgtegfs, eb phrtegunhr ahrrdws,

es jerst dj hnn httreauthanf td lestdreghn hbm (sua)rfgfbt

nhbmsghpf trhbsjdrohtedbs hbm, sfgdbmny, td tlf jdrohtedb

dj tlf Udub`fr Mubfs dvfr phrts dj tlf Ardbzf H`f

dgguphtedb hrfhs bfhr tlf sfh. ]lf glhbgf mesgdvfry dj h

`rdup dj ht nfhst tlrff (prdahany odrf) Fhrny/Oemmnf

Ardbzf H`f ahrrdws ht Zfnsfb-Ldj`ffstfrwf`, h jfw

cendoftrfs td tlf bdrtl dj Lhhrnfo, lhs prdvemfm ht nfbst

sdof ebmeghtedbs dj gdhsthn aurehn trhmetedbs. ]lf ahrrdws,

wlegl lhm affb gdopnftfny gdvfrfm ay mrejt shbm, ghof td

ne`lt mureb` tlf me`èb` dj h trfbgl jdr h pepfnebf eb 850<

(Pdntfreb` 8505). Dbf ahrrdw (H) gdbthebfm wlht whs

tldu`lt td lhvf affb h preohry fhst-wfst aurehn dj h

grduglfm scfnftdb hbm sex sfgdbmhry ebluohtedbs, jevf dj

wlegl ht nfhst wfrf strftglfm. ]lf admefs wfrf drefbtfm

BP-WF hbm BF-WP. ]lf ahrrdw whs surrdubmfm ay h reb`

metgl hbm h gergnf dj pdstldnfs. Hbdtlfr ahrrdw (G), wlegl




Je urf 80. Phssfbhhr-Pftfreb`phrc. Jnebt hrrdw lfhm eb

setu aftwffb tlf reas dj ebm. 8;.

^^3es surrdubmfm ay tlrff reb` metglfs hbm jevf gergnfs dj

pdstldnfs. gdbthebfm tdur strhte`rhpleghnny sfphrhtfm

gdbgfbtrhtedbs dj grfohtedb rfohebs ht tlf gfbtrf. Ahrrdw A

^^ 3es surrdubmfm ay h mduanå gergnf dt' pdstldnfs hbm h squhrf

metgl hbm gdbthebfm grfohtedb rfohebs ht tlf gfbtrf. ]wd

cendoftrfs td tlf sdutl dj tles `rdup, ht Zfnsfrardfc, hb

fxgfptedbhn `rhvf whs jdubm db h sohnn mubf (Adsohb/

Wddbeus 855;). Et whs drefbtfm fhst-wfst hbm gdbthebfm

ebluohtedb rfohebs hggdophbefm ay twd `dnmfb

Bdppgbrebe2g hbm h Wghbmebhvehb phnsthvf. ]lf strftglfm

scfnftdb. wlegl nhy ht h mfptl dj -;.<6 o BH[, lhmmfghyfm hnodst gdopnftfny. ]lf mfgfhsfm lhm affb pnhgfm

db h sohnn pnhtjdro ebsemf h nhr`fr (5; x 1<; go) aurehn pet.

Bd dtlfr `rhvfs dj tles typf hrf cbdwb. ]les fvemfbgf

WV``fstW h rhtlfr wemf mevfrsety dj aurehn gustdos,

gdoaebeb` adtl bdrtlfo hbm sdutlfrb fnfofbts.

H seoenhr pegturf, aut ahsfm db h ougl nhr`fr gdnnfgtedb

dj mhth trdo sdof 1;; ebtfrofbts. lhs affb dathebfm jdr

tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f dgguphtedb dj Pfstjreseh (Pfst

Jrefsnhbm), h rfèdb wetl gndsf gdbbfgtedbs wetl tlf gdhsthn

mubfs eb Ardbzf H`f teofs. ]lf mubfs wenn lhvf affb tlf

jerst td lhvf affb dggupefm hbm ndb`-mesthbgf gdbthgts wenn

lhvf affb ohebthebfm veh tlfsf hrfhs. Eb tlf `rdups dj

ahrrdws, tlf gfoftfry dj jnht `rhvfs, tlf sfttnfofbt aurehn

hbm tlf luohb rfohebs oexfm wetl mdofsteg rfjusf

Wtrftglfm ebluohtedbs mdoebhtfm, aut grduglfm aurehn eb

vhredus pdsturfs hbm grfohtedb wfrf hnsd prhgtesfm.

Ebtfrfsteb` wetl rfspfgt td tlf hmunt-iuvfbenf hssdgehtedb eb

tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf es tlf ghsf dj tlf phrtehn grfohtedb dj

hb hmunt jfohnf EB h aurehn pet hbm tlf suasfqufbt aurehn dj

h 0-yfhr-dnm iuvfbenf, db ets semf eb h grduglfm pdsturf, eb

tlf shof pet ht Ldd`chrspfn (ahrrdw 13 Ahccfr/Arhbmt

85::, 85;3 Arhbmt 85<;, 65). ]lf ahrrdws wfrf surrdubmfm

ay vhryeb` strugturfs, ohebny reb` metglfs, aut hnsd squhrf

metglfs, gergnfs dj pets hbm gergnfs dj pdst ldnfs, hntldu`l

tlf nhttfr wfrf rhrfr, `ddm teoafr afeb` sghrgf eb tlht hrfh.

H sybtlfses dj tles regl ohtfrehn es stenn nhgceb` hbm es ahmny

bffmfm (Ahccfr 850=3 Arhbmt 85<;3 Arhbmt/EIzfrffj 85<;).

@rhvf `ddms wfrf rhrf hnn dvfr tlf Bftlfrnhbms eb tlf

Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f3 tlf jfw tlht lhvf affb jdubm gdbsest

ohebny dj sohnn reb`s hbm hb dmm peb. Lfhvy eopnfofbtsnecf hxfs hbm swdrms hrf vfry rhrf, fvfb tldu`l lubmrfms dj

ahrrdws lhvf affb fxghvhtfm. Qfohrchanf fxgfptedbs hrf

tlf regl Wú`fn `rhvf dj Mrduwfb hbm tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf

H`f `rhvf dj Wnffb (Autnfr 85:5, 8;0 j.). ]wd `rhvfs eb tlf

wfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms hrf gdbspegudus jdr seoenhr rfhsdbs9

tlf Zfnsfrardfc `rhvf ofbtedbfm hadvf hbm dbf dj tlf jnht

`rhvfs ht Ywhh`meic. Pfstjreseh, eb wlegl hb hmunt ohnf

whs hggdophbefm ay hb dreèbhnny hpprdxeohtfny 66-go-

ndb` swdrm wetl h sex-revftfm lent wlegl es prdahany dj

Htnhbteg (Arftdb4) dreèb (Autnfr 85:=3 Odmmfrohb 85:=).

]lfsf `rhvfs rfjnfgt h ohrtehn hspfgt dj Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f

sdgefty tlht es dj ebtfrfst eb tlf gdbtfxt dj tlf Phssfbhhr

`rhvf.

Eb gdophresdb wetl tldsf dj tlf bdrtlfrb hbm sdutlfrb

trhmetedbs, tlf aurehn gustdos dj tlf gdhsthn mestregt ” ej wf

ohy ebmffm rf`hrm et hs h sfphrhtf ubet ” vhry gdbsemfrhany

eb tfros dj tlf lhbmneb` dj tlf mfgfhsfm, tlf pdsturf dj tlf

admefs, tlfer drefbthtedb, tlf typf dj aurehn odbuofbt hbm

tlf surrdubmeb` strugturfs. Pf ohy ebtfrprft tles



8; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

mejjfrfbtehtedb, ht nfhst phrtny, hs h rfjnfgtedb dj tlf vhryeb`

sdgehn quhnetefs dj tlf mfgfhsfm hbm lfbgf hs hb ebmeghtedb dj

h sdgehnny mejjfrfbtehtfm sdgefty. Aut tlht es hadut hnn tlht ghb

af shem hadut tles mejjfrfbtehtedb. ]lf nhgc dj `rhvf `ddms

hbm dur e`bdrhbgf dj tlf gdrrfnhtedb aftwffb hrglhfdndèghn

hbm sdgehn vhrehanfs prfgnumfs jurtlfr gdbgnusedbs.

]lf fvemfbgf dj tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf jets eb wetl Ardbzf

H`f aurehn trhmetedbs hs jhr hs tlf fxtfbmfm pdsturfs hbmtlf gustdo dj ebluohtedb hrf gdbgfrbfm, hntldu`l tlf twd

wfrf bdt td afgdof gdoodb ubten h jfw gfbturefs nhtfr. Pf

cbdw dj dbny dbf dtlfr ghsf dj h glenm aurefm eb tlf shof

pdsturf hs tlht dj Phssfbhhr wlfrfhs scfnftdbs wetl dbf

afbt nf` lhvf affb jdubm eb bd dtlfr `rhvfs wlhtsdfvfr.

]lf hasfbgf dj grfohtedb rfohebs eb h `rhvf mhteb` jrdo

plhsf OAH-H es vfry gdbspegudus. Hnn eb hnn tles ohcfs tlf

Phssfbhhr `rhvf h spfgehn ghsf. Hbdtlfr ubequf jfhturf dj

tles aurehn es tlf pfgunehr why eb wlegl tlf ebmevemuhn

admefs lhm affb pnhgfm eb tlf `rhvf9 tlf twfnvf mfgfhsfm

lhm bdt affb seopny aurefm td`ftlfr hggdrmeb` td h `fbfrhn

aurehn prhgtegf, aut lhm affb ghrfjunny mfpdsetfm hggdrmeb`

td h spfgehn sft dj runfs (spfgehnny mfse`bfm jdr tles

dgghsedb4). Ftlbd-hrglhfdndèghn dasfrvhtedbs ohy tlrdw

sdof ne`lt db tles ohttfr.

=.7 F]LBDHQGLHFDND@U

Bd fxlhustevf rfsfhrgl lhs affb mdbf ebtd ftlbd`rhpleg

fvemfbgf db aurehn eb rfnhtedb td vednfbgf. Bdt afeb` hb

hbtlrdpdndèst oysfnj, E wenn rfstregt oysfnj td ebtfrfsteb`

hbm pdsseany rfnfvhbt qudthtedbs dj Aebjdrm (8508, 118).

Lf bdtfs tlht "... ohby Sftlbd`rhpleg_ ebvfste`htdrs Snest_ hs

tlf ahseg gdopdbfbts dj tlf sdgehn pfrsdbhnety, syoadnezfm

tlrdu`l mejjfrfbtehn aurehn trfhtofbt9 h`f, sfx, rfnhtevf

sdgehn sthtus wetleb h èvfb sdgehn ubet, hbm sdgehn hjjenehtedbeb tfros dj ountepnf ofoafrslep ubets wetleb tlf sdgefty

hbm/dr ofoafrslep eb tlf sdgefty etsfnj. Hmmetedbhnny et whs

jrfqufbtny bdtfm tlht pfgunehr gerguosthbgfs surrdubmeb` tlf

mfhtl dj hb ebmevemuhn ohy af pfrgfevfm ay tlf rfohebeb`

ofoafrs dj h sdgefty hs hntfreb`, eb h suasthbtehn ohbbfr,

tlf dane`htedbs dj tlf survevdrs td hgcbdwnfm`f tlf sdgehn

pfrsdbhnety dj tlf mfgfhsfm. Wugl pfrsdbs hrf ebstfhm

trfhtfm hs "ofoafrs" dj h pdst-odrtfo sdgehn ubet hbm

hjjdrmfm odrtuhry retuhn hpprdprehtf td sugl h ofoafrslep

`rdup. ... Mfhtls dggurreb` seounthbfdusny hs h rfsunt dj

fpemfoegs dr ohsshgrfs oe`lt af trfhtfm gdrpdrhtfny, wetl

ohss `rhvfs, ay vertuf dj tlfer "ubusuhn" gdebgemfbgf."

Aebjdrm (8508, 11;) getfs sfvfrhn spfgejeg ftlbd`rhpleg

ghsfs aut ej wf rfstregt dursfnvfs td les ftlbd`rhpleg shopnf

(p. 11<-177), tlf "ghusf dj mfhtl" hppfhrs td af fxprfssfm

eb dbny < dut dj =; ghsfs. ]les es mdbf fspfgehnny ay sfttnfm

h`regunturests hbm phstdrhnests (0 dut dj 80 ghsfs). Et es

rfjnfgtfm bdt sd ougl eb tlf jurbesleb`s dj tlf `rhvf, aut eb

nts ndghtedb (tlrff ghsfs) hbm eb tlf lhbmneb` dj tlf admy

Je urf 8<. Phssfbhhr-Pftfreb`phrc. Jnebt hrrdw lfhm jrdo ebm. 8;.

Wghnf 898.

Je urf 85. Zd`fnfbzhb`. ]wd hrrdw lfhms jrdo hb fhrny LenvfrsuoGunturf mdofsteg gdopnfx. Hjtfr @rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f 85:8h.

Wghnf 898.

hbm ets mespdsetedb (twd ghsfs fhgl). Wfx es bfvfr hbm h`f

ebjrfqufbtny fxprfssfm eb admy pdsturf eb tles shopnf.

Ldwfvfr, tlf rfprfsfbthtevfbfss dj Aebjdrm's shopnf ” hbm

lfbgf les quhbtethtevf ebtfrprfthtedbs ” ohy af mesputfm.

Jrdo hb ftlbd`rhpleg pdebt dj vefw, tlf why eb wlegl

tlf Phssfbhhr `rdup whs lhbmnfm hjtfr ets gdnnfgtevf vednfbt

mfhtl es bdt ubgdoodb. ]lf sfphrhtf ndghtedb hbm tlf

spfgejeg aurehn runfs ohtgl tlf mhth dj Aebjdrm's shopnfvfry wfnn. ]lf httetumfs dj Mutgl Ardbzf H`f `rdups

tdwhrms sugl ghsuhntefs ohy lhvf affb quetf seoenhr td

tldsf dj rfgfbt h`regunturhnest `rdups.

6. Gdbgnusedb

6.8 PLH] LH[[FBFM H] PHWWFBHHQ4

]lf fvemfbgf hbm mesgussedb hadvf nfhm td tlf jdnndweb`

gdbgnusedbs.

]lf gdhsthn Dnmfr Mubf nhbmsghpf whs odst prdahany

ebtfbsevfny usfm eb tlf Ardbzf H`f. ]lf oegrdrfèdb td tlf

sdutl dj tlf Qlebf fstuhry wenn lhvf affb httrhgtevf afghusf

dj ets fgdndèghn mevfrsety. Pf jurtlfrodrf lhvf sdubm

fvemfbgf jrdo tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf jdr h vednfbt hrofm

gdbjnegt hrdubm 7=;; A[, 80;; ghn. AG. ]lf ohidrety dj

tlf vegteos dj tles gdbjnegt wfrf ohnfs dj whrredr h`f, aut

glenmrfb hbm wdofb wfrf hnsd cennfm.

Wldrtny hjtfr tlf dbsnhu`lt tlf vegteos wfrf aurefm db h

sohnn mubf, eb tlf oemmnf dj tlf bhturhn phsturfs dj h wemf

afhgl jnht. ]les ndghtedb es bdt necfny td lhvf affb h



80 N.[. NDVPF CDDEIOHBW - OVN]E[NF ANEQEHN H] PHWWFBHHQ

sfttnfofbt setf9 tlf sfttnfofbts wfrf odst prdahany setuhtfm

db dbf dj tlf oheb mubf rdws, gndsf td tlf hrhanf. Pf

hssuof tlht tles gdbspegudus ndghtedb whs purpdsfny sfnfgtfm

ndr tles fxtrhdrmebhry `rhvf. ]lf usf dt' phrtegunhr aurehn runfs

hbm tlf pfrsdbhn httfbtedb phem td tlf mfhm su``fst tlht tlfy

wfrf aurefm ay ghptevf dr fsghpfm cebsofb.

6.1 H ODQF ZEDNFB] MV]GL O8MMNF AQDBYF H@F]les gdbgnusedb èvfs resf td h buoafr dj qufstedbs.

Eb tlf jerst pnhgf, tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf sthbms dut hs

ubequf eb tlrff rfspfgts9 tlf gdnnfgtevf hspfgt, tlf se`bs dj

vednfbgf hbm tlf gdoaebhtedb dj tlf twd. Eb tlfsf rfspfgts et

es sebùnhr ndr tlf Mutgl Ardbzf H`f. hbm ebmffm ndr Mutgl

prflestdry hs h wldnf hbm ” hs jhr hs E cbdw ” jdr tlf

Ardbzf H`f dj tlf wldnf dj bdrtlwfst Furdpf. Es tles `rhvf

td af rf`hrmfm hs hb fbterfny ubequf jfhturf dr mdfs en

rfprfsfbt h gnhss dj aurehn tlht es rhrf dr nehs h ndw glhbgf

dj mesgdvfry, dr pfrlhps adtl4

]lf sfgdbm qufstedb es9 td wlht fxtfbt mdfs tles bfw

fvemfbgf hntfr tlf trhmetedbhn vefw dj tlf Mutgl Ardbzf

H`f4

]lermny, ldw hrf wf td spfgejy tles typf dj hrofm

gdbjnegt dr "whr"4 Sbjdrohtedb db tlf mejjfrfbt typfs dj

whr (hbm tlfer vhryeb` hrglhfdndèghn veseaenety) eb

(sua)rfgfbt sdgeftefs wetl rdu`lny seoenhr dr`hbeshtedbs es

ebstrugtevf eb tles rfspfgt. E ebtfbm td mesguss tles tdpeg eb h

sfphrhtf phpfr hbm td fxtfbm db treahn whrjhrf eb Furdpfhb

prflestdry eb tlht gdbtfxt.

Jfhturfs necf tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf, setuhtfm eb hb dpfb

jefnm wetldut hby murhanf ohrcfrs, lhvf h vfry ndw glhbgf

dj mesgdvfry hbm lfbgf h pddr hrglhfdndèghn veseaenety.

Dbgf adbf rfohebs lhvf mfghyfm ” hs es usuhnny tlf ghsfeb tlf Bftlfrnhbms ” sugl aurehn pets hrf bdt bdtegfm ay

wdrcofb dr mrh`nebf mrevfrs. Db tlf dtlfr lhbm. eb spetf dj

tlf systfohteg prdspfgtedb dj me`èb` dpfrhtedbs hbm tlf

ebtfbsevf hrglhfdndèghn rfsfhrgl tlht lhs affb ghrrefm dut

dvfr tlf phst mfghmfs, bd gdophrhanf aurehns lhvf affb

jdubm, bdt fvfb eb Pfstjreseh, wlfrf fxtfbsevf rfhnndtofbt

dpfrhtedbs lhvf affb prdspfgtfm, nhr`f-sghnf sfttnfofbt

fxghvhtedbs lhvf affb ghrrefm dut hbm ohby wfnn-prfsfrvfm

adbf rfohebs lhvf affb jdubm. Et ohy af hrùfm tlht tlf

usf dj spfgehn aurehn runfs ht Phssfbhhr eopnefs h gfrtheb

"trhmetedb". eb tlf sfbsf dj h rfùnhr gustdo. Dur

eoprfssedb es tlht tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf mdfs bdt rfjnfgt h

sebùnhr fvfbt. lut rfprfsfbts h jerst ebmeghtedb dj hb hspfgtdj Ardb/f H`f sdgefty tlht es pddrny rfjnfgtfm eb tlf

hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm. Pf sldunm ht hby rhtf fxhoebf tlf

gdbsfqufbgfs dj tles lypdtlfses.

Zednfbgf dj tlf cebm rfjnfgtfm eb tlf Phssfbhhr `rhvf es

tdthnny ht vhrehbgf wetl tlf pegturf dj h pfhgfjun h`rhrehb

sdgefty tlht lhs sd jhr fofr`fm jdr tlf Mutgl Ardbzf H`f

jrdo fvemfbgf jrdo sfttnfofbts, `rhvfs hbm ldhrms9 h quetf

Vtdpehb, ej bdt bhevf, vefw dj tlf phst.

Odst dj tlf fvemfbgf jrdo sfttnfofbts lhs rfgfbtny affb

gdnnfgtfm (Jdccfbs/Qdyohbs 8558). [fdpnf nevfm eb sohnn,

ubmfjfbmfm h`rhrehb sfttnfofbts. eb tlrff-hesnfm jhros

gdopreseb` h neveb` hrfh hbm h ayrf. ]lf jhros vhrefm eb

nfb`tl, odst ofhsureb` aftwffb 1; hbm 7; o, h jfw lhveb`

nfb`tls dj up td :; o (Hb`fnsndd9 Zhb mfr Phhns/Autnfr850=). ]lf sfttnfofbt strugturf hppfhrs td lhvf vhrefm, tdd9

tlfrf wfrf esdnhtfm jhros (Fnp9 Phtfradnc 85:=), sohnn

dpfb gnustfrs (]fxfn9 Pdntfreb` 8506), sfttnfofbts

gdbsesteb` dj dbf nhr`f jhro surrdubmfm ay dutldusfs

(Yeimfrvfnm9 Lunst 8558) hbm gdbgfbtrhtedbs dj ht nfhst tfb,

pfrlhps fvfb odrf, jhros hrrhb`fm eb h ndb` rdw aftwffb

hrhanf hbm phsturfnhbm (Pfstjreseh, Advfbchrspfn9 Vzfrffj

85<8). ]lf haubmhbt fvemfbgf jdr ghttnf sthnneb`, tlf

spfgejeg setf ndghtedbs hbm zddndèghn hbm adthbeghn fvemfbgf

prfsfbt h pegturf dj sfnj-sujjegefbt jhrofrs wetl h ahnhbgfm

truf oexfm-jhroeb` suasestfbgf strhtf`y. wetl tlf foplhses

db ghttnf, wlfht hbm ahrnfy. ]lf sfttnfofbts wfrf setuhtfm

aftwffb hrhanf hbm bhturhn phsturfnhbm hbm odaenety sffostd lhvf affb rfstregtfm td sohnn-sghnf trhbsluohbgf, hs jdr

ebsthbgf eb tlf ghsf dj tlf ebetehn gdndbezhtedb dj Pfstjreseh.

]lfrf es bd rfhsdb td hssuof tlf fxglhb`f dj sthpnf grdps

aftwffb bfe`ladureb` gdooubetefs db hby sghnf. Eb vefw dj

tlf fvemfbgf jdr h vednfbt gdbjnegt wf ohy bdw spfgunhtf

hadut tlf rdnf dj ldrsfs, rfprfsfbtfm jdr tlf jerst teof eb

vfry ndw jrfqufbgefs eb tlf adbf spfgtrh jdubm ht tlf setfs

dj tlfsf gdooubetefs.

Bd fvemfbgf jdr setf lefrhrgly lhs sd jhr affb dathebfm

hbm et es ubnecfny tlht hby wenn fofr`f eb tlf juturf. ]lf

ebtfrsäZf mejjfrfbtehtedb hppfhrs td rfjnfgt rfèdbhn vhrehtedb

rhtlfr tlhb lefrhrgly. Ebtrhscg mejjfrfbtehtedb es ohebnyfxprfssfm eb tlf nfb`tls dj tlf jhros, eb phrtegunhr eb tlf

nhr`f buoafr dj jhro pnhbs eb Pfstjreseh, wldsf nfb`tls

rhb`fm jrdo 86 td 7; o. Wugl mejjfrfbgfs eb nfb`tls eopny

`rfht mejjfrfbgfs ” dj up td h jhgtdr dj tlrff ” eb tlf

buoafr dj ghttnf cfpt. tlht es, ej wf hssuof h neveb` hrfh dj

Wthbmhrm meofbsedbs, hbm lfbgf h mejjfrfbtehtedb eb wfhntl,

pdsseany eopnyeb` h lefrhrgleghn sdgefty. ]lfrf es bd

sfttnfofbt fvemfbgf jdr h ldusfldnm dj h pfrsdb wetl sdof

gfbtrhn jubgtedb dr pdwfr. ]lf sfttnfofbt fvemfbgf tlfrfjdrf

ebmeghtfs h treahn sdgefty rhtlfr tlhb h glefjmdo.

Wdgehn mejjfrfbtehtedb es hpphrfbt eb `rhvf `ddms db h

vfry odmfst sghnf, hs hnrfhmy ofbtedbfm hadvf. ]lf whrredr

`rhvfs dj tlf Fhrny hbm Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f ghb af gdubtfmdb tlf jeb`frs dj dbf lhbm, wlfrfhs lubmrfms dj ahrrdws,

odst gdbthebeb` sfvfrhn aurehns, lhvf affb fxghvhtfm.

]lf `rfhtfst mejjfrfbgfs hrf eb tlf aurehn odbuofbts

tlfosfnvfs9 tlf nhadur ebvfstfm eb tlf gdbstrugtedb dr

fxtfbsedb dj tlf ahrrdw hbm eb tlf gergnfs dj pdstldnfs

surrdubmeb` tlfo.



8< HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

]lf buoafr dj adhrms tlht lhvf jdubm eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms

es hnsd vfry sohnn. Ldhrms dj wfhpdbs gdbthebeb` swdrms

hbm/dr spfhrlfhms, sugl hs tlht dj Dvfrnddb (Autnfr 8565),

hrf rfohrchany rhrf. ]lf hrglhfdndèghn rfjnfgtedb dj Fhrny

hbm Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f sdgefty lfbgf nhgcs mestebgt sdgehn

lefrhrgly hbm sldws lhrmny hby se`bs dj ohrtehnety. Bdadmy

nehs fvfr sfredusny qufstedbfm wlftlfr tles es h truf,

rfprfsfbthtevf rfjnfgtedb dj tlht sdgefty. ]lf hpphrfbtpdvfrty dj tlf Mutgl Ardbzf H`f whs ebetehnny httreautfm td

tlf sghrgety dj ardbzf, wlegl lhm td af eopdrtfm dvfr ndb`

mesthbgfs. Ldwfvfr, tlf fvemfbgf jdr h jnduresleb` h`rhrehb

sdgefty tlht lhs sebgf tlfb affb dathebfm eb nhr`f-sghnf

sfttnfofbt rfsfhrgl lhs ohmf tles hrùofbt ubtfbhanf.

Hnn tlht ghb af shem bdw es tlht tlf Ardbzf H`f eblhaethbts

dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms wfrf hnrfhmy quetf fgdbdoeghnny oebmfm

hbm mem bdt "whstf" tlfer ardbzf eb aurehn gustdos. Ht tlf

shof teof tlfy dasgurfm tlfer sdgehn mejjfrfbtehtedb hbm

dr`hbeshtedb jdr nhtfr hrglhfdndèsts. Db tlf jhgf dj et,

ldwfvfr. wf md bdt lhvf tlf eoprfssedb tlht tlf sdgehn

dr`hbeshtedb dj tlf Ardbzf H`f whs hby odrf sdplesteghtfm

nnuue elhe dj. jdr ebsthbgf. tlf fvdnvfm Neoaur` Ahbm-

cfrhoec. Et es afst td sff et hs h rhbcfm dr`hbeshtedb dj h

treahn gdooubety tlhb hs h strhtejefm glefjmdo.

]lf pfhgfjun. rhtlfr emynneg pegturf dj tlf Mutgl Ardbzf

H`f lhs bdw affb sfvfrfny mesruptfm ay tlf Phssfbhhr

fvemfbgf. Hpphrfbtny vednfbt gdbjnegts tddc pnhgf, eb wlegl

bdn dbny ohnfs, aut hnsd jfohnfs hbm glenmrfb wfrf cennfm,

hntldu`l tlf Phssfbhhr sfx rhted mdfs su``fst tlht wdofb

wfrf sphrfm td h gfrtheb fxtfbt3 tlfy ohy lhvf affb

hamugtfm rhtlfr tlhb cennfm.

E wdbmfrfm wlftlfr tlf sldgc tlht tles bfw fvemfbgf lhs

ghusfm hodb` hrglhfdndèsts es pdsseany httreauthanf tdbhevfty hbm wlftlfr, eb spetf dj tlf nhgc dj fvemfbgf. hrofm

gdbjnegts eb jhgt jdrofm h bdrohn phrt dj tlf sdgehn nejf dj

sdgeftefs Eecf tlf Ardbzf H`f dbf mfsgreafm hadvf. Petl

tles lypdtlfses eb oebm E sthrtfm h `fbfrhn survfy dj

ountepnf aurehns wetl ebmeghtedbs dj vednfbgf jrdo tlf

Gfbtrhn hbm Pfstfrb Furdpfhb prf-urbjefnm pfredm. E jdubm

h sohnn, aut wemfny sprfhm, hodubt dj fvemfbgf jrdo

Ahbmcfrhoec teofs dbwhrms. H survfy dj ftlbd`rhpleg hbm

hbtlrdpdndèghn sdurgfs sldwfm tlht, jerst dj hnn, vednfbt

gdbjnegt es tlf runf rhtlfr tlhb tlf fxgfptedb eb hnn sdgeftefs.Wfgdbmny, eb ohby treahn sdgeftefs whrjhrf es fbmfoeg, fetlfr

hs rhems dr eb h odrf retuhnesfm jdro. hbm, tlermny, tlfsf

treahn typfs dj whrjhrf md `fbfrhnny bdt nfhvf gdbspegudus

hrglhfdndèghn trhgfs9 tlfy md bdt ebvdnvf mfjfbsevf

strugturfs, spfgehnesfm wfhpdbs hbm hrodur, nhr`f-sghnf

mfstrugtedb, spfgehnesfm whrredr `rdups, ftg. Eb vefw dj tlfsf

dasfrvhtedbs et sffos pfroesshanf td usf tlf nettnf Bfdnetleg

fvemfbgf hvhenhanf hbm tlf fvfb sohnnfr hodubt dj Fhrny

hbm Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f fvemfbgf td hssuof tlht hrofm

gdbjnegts dr treahn whrjhrf wfrf fbmfoeg tlrdu`ldut tlf

Bfdnetleg hbm tlf Ardbzf H`f. ]les jdro dj whrjhrf whs tlf

ndègh! ahses jdr tlf odrf veseanf jdros dj whrjhrf dj tlf

odrf gdopnfx sdgeftefs dj nhtfr prflestdry. E pnhb td mesguss

tlf rfsunts dj tles stumy eb h sfphrhtf phpfr eb tlf bfhr

juturf.

Hgcbdwnfm`fofbts

E wdunm necf td tlhbc Frec Iub`freus jdr les hssesthbgf eb

tlf jefnm, Nefsaftl Woets jdr lfr plyseghn-hbtlrdpdndèghn

stumy hbm [eftfr vhb mf Zfnmf jdr les greteghn rfhmeb` dj oy

hrtegnf hbm tlf mesgussedbs wf lhm.

bdtfs

8 [rfneoebhry rfpdrts9 Iub`freus 85<<3 Iub`freus/Woens 85<<3Nduwf Cddeiohbs 855;.




rfjfrfbgfs

Ahccfr, I.H. 850= [rflestdresglf ofbsfbrfstfb uet Pfstjrefsnhbm, vdn`fbs mf hrglfdndèsglf afreglt`fveb`

(ffb netfrhtuurdvfrzeglt vfrofbe`vunme`m tfb afldfvf vhb mf merfgt afnhb`lfaafbmfb),

typfsgrept Hnafrt F``fs vhb @ejjfb Ebstetuut vddr [rhf- fb [rdtdlestdref vhb mf Vbevfr

setfet vhb Hostfrmho.

Ahccfr. I.H.

Q.P. Arhbmt

85:: Dp`rhveb`fb tf Ldd`chrspfn EEE, @rhjlfuvfns fb ffb tfrp uet mf Nhtf Ardbsteim tfb YP

vhb lft Ofmfoaneccfr ]dnlues (vddrndpe`f ofmfmfneb`), Pfst-Jrefsnhbms Dum fb Befuw

77, 8:0- 11<.

Aebjdrm, Nfwes Q. 8508 Odrtuhry [rhgtegfs9 ]lfer Wtumy hbm tlfer [dtfbtehn, Hofreghb Hbtequety 7:, :-15.

(? Eb9 Nfwes Q. Aebjdrm, 85019 Hb Hrglhfdndèghn [frspfgtevf, Bfw Udrc/ Ndbmdb.

1;:-1=7.)

Adsohb. ^^ .

G. Wddbeus

855; Ardbsteimadfrfb oft lub sglhhpifs dp lft mrd`f eb Zfnsfb, Pfstfrlffo 75, 8-:.

Arhbmt. Q.P.

Arhbmt. Q.P.

@.J. EI/.frffj

85<; Mf cdndbesh tef vhb Pfst-Jrefsnhbm eb mf Ardbsteim, Pfstfrlffo 15, 67-:0.

85<; Pfst-Jrefsnhbm eb mf Ardbsteim. Nfvfb fb stfrvfb 'aebbfb mf `rfbzfb vhb ffb odmfn '.

Eb9 O. Glhohnhub/ L.]. Phtfradnc (fms), Zdntddem Zfrnfmfb ]eim.', Hostfrmho, =0-:1.

Autnfr. I.I. 8565 Zfr`ftfb sglhtvdbmstfb uet mf ardbsteim. Eb9 I.F. Ad`hfrs ft hn. (fms), Ldbmfrm ffuwfb

Bfmfrnhbm. 's-@rhvfblh`f, 816-8=1.

85:= ]lf Ardbzf Qhpefr jrdo Ywhh`meic, @foffbtf Pfrvfrslddj, [rdv. Bdrtl Ldnnhbm,

Afregltfb vhb mf Qeicsmefbst vddr lft Dumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfrzdfc 8=, 70-=7.

85:5

L. Jdccfbs 8558B. Qdyohbs (fms)

@nhsafr`fb. P. 856=

@rdfbohb vhb Phhtfreb`f, P. 85:8h

Bfmfrnhbm eb mf Ardbsteim, Aussuo.

Bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf ardbsteim fb mf vrdf`f eizfrteim eb mf nh`f nhbmfb, Bfmfrnhbmsf Hrglfdndèsglf Qhppdrtfb 87.

Ahrrdw Fxghvhtedbs eb tlf Fe`lt Afhtetumfs. [hnhfdlestdreh 1-7.

Bfmfrzftteb`fb vhb mf Lenvfrsuoguntuur tf Zd`fnfbzhb` (B.L.) fb Mfb Lhh` (Y.L.).

Eb9 P. @nhsafr`fb/ P. @rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f (fms), Eb lft vdftspddr vhb H.F. vhb

@ejjfb, @rdbeb`fb, <8-51.

85:8a [hnybdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc vhb mref nhht-bfdnetlesglf tuoune tf Wt. Phnregc aei Dvfrhssfnt

(nm.). Eb9 P. @nhsafr`fb/P. @rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f (fms). Eb lft vdftspddr vhb

H.F. vhb @ejjfb. @rdbeb`fb, 01-<;.

Enffreb`fb, Q.O. vhb 85<7 's-@rhvfblh`f eb hrglfdndèsgl pfrspfgtefj, Ofmfmfneb`fb Qeics @fdndèsglf Mefbst 70-

5:-81:.

Enunsn. Q.W 8558 Bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf oemmfb-ardbsteim eb lft revefrfb`faefm9 Yeimfrvfnm fb Mdmfwhhrm.

Eb9 L. Jdccfbs/ B. Qdyohbs (fms). Bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf ardbsteim fb mf vrdf f eizfrteim

eb mf nh`f nhbmfb, Bfmfrnhbmsf Hrglfdndèsglf Qhppdrtfb 87.

Vzfrffj. @.J. 85<8 Ardbzf H`f Hbeohn Adbfs jrdo Advfbchrspfn, tlf fxghvhtedb ht Lft Zhncif, Bfmfrnhbmsf

Dumlfmfb 8;.



1; HBHNFG]H [QHFPW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Ifn`frsoh, W.

I. mf Idb`

P.L. Yh` weib

I.J. vhb Qf`tfrfb Hntfbh

850; ]lf gdhsthn mubfs dj tlf wfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms3 `fdnd`y, vf`fthtedbhn lestdry hbm

hrglhfdnd`y, Ofm Qeics @fdndèsglf Mefbst 18, 57-8:0.

Iub`freus, F.

Iub`freus. F.

E . Woets

85<< Phssfbhhr-Pftfreb`phrc, ffb bfmfrzftteb`stfrrfeb fb ffb `rdfpsaf`rhveb uen mf vrdf`f

ardbsteim, fsshy Ebstetutf dj [rflestdry, Nfemfb.

85:< Ffb `rdfpsaf`rhveb` tf Phssfbhhr, Pfstfrlffo 70, 08-0=.

Nhbteb`, I.B. 8507 Nhht-Bfdnetleguo fb vrdf`f ardbsteim eb Bfmfrnhbm fb B.P.-Muets nhbm9 gdbtebuf

dbtweccfneb`fb, [hnhfdlestdreh 86, 18:-780.

Nhbteb`. I.B.

I.M. vhb mfr Phhns

850: Afhcfr Gunturf Qfnhtedbs eb tlf Ndwfr Qlebf Ahseb. Eb9 I.B. Nhb teb `/I .M. vhb mfr Phhn

(fms), @ndgcfbafflfr Wyopdsedb Dafrrefm 850=. Aussuo/Lhhrnfo. 8-<;.

Ndldj, F. 8558 @rhjretuffn fb sdgehnf vfrhbmfreb` eb mf ardbsteim vhb Bddrmddst-Bfmfrnhbm, tlfses

Hostfrmho.

Nduwf Cddeiohbs, N.[. 850= ]lf QlebfnOfusf Mfnth, idur stumefs db ets prflestdref dgguphtedb hbm ldndgfbf `fdnd`y

tlfses Nfemfb. (? Hbhnfgth [rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh 0 (850=) hbm Dumlfemcubme`fOfmfmfneb`fb Nfemfb 67-6= (8507-0=).

Odmmfrohb. [.I.Q.

855; Ardbsteimstre im, snhgltdjjfrs vhb ffb dfrddrnd`. Bhtuur fb ]fglbefc 6<, 0=<-065.

85:= Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f @rhvfs hbm Wfttnfofbt ]rhgfs ht Ywhh`meic, @foffbtf Pfrvfrsldd

[rdv. Bdrtl Ldnnhbm, Afregltfb vhb mf Qeicsmefbst vddr lft Dumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfr

zdfc 8=, 10-7: .

[nhssglf, D. vhb mf 85<1 Wfh-nfvfn glhb`f hbm whtfr-nfvfn odvfofbts eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms mureb` tlf Ldndgfbf.

Ofmfm. Qeics @fdndèsglf Mefbst 7:-8 (? tlfses ZV Hostfrmho).

Phhns. I.M.

I.I. Autnfr

850= Ahr`frddstfrvfnm, eb9 Ldps Qfhnnfxecdb mfr @frohbesglfb Hntfrtuoscubmf, Afrneb/

Bfw Udrc, Ahbm 1, 6=-6<.

Phtfradnc, L.].

Pdntfreb`, [.I.

85:= ]lf Ardbzf H`f Wfttnfofbt dj Fnp. Lfnebeuo =, 50-878.

8506 Dgguphtedb Lestdry dj ]fxfn, E ]lf Fxghvhtedbs ht Mfb Aur`9 [rfneoebhry Qfpdrt,

Afregltfb vhb mf Qeicsmefbst vddr lft Dumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfrzdfc 16. 0-7:.

8505 Zfnsfb9 Ldj`ffstfrwf`, Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Bddrm-Ldnnhbm dvfr nn)0W, Ldnnhbm

88,161-16:.

N.[. Nduwf Cddeiohbs

Ebstetuut vddr [rflestdref

[.D.Adx 5686BN 17;; QH Nfemfb



F Woets Hb Fhrny / Oemmef Ardbzf H`f gdoodb `rhvf@ Ohht ht Phssfbhhr, tlf Bftlfrnhbms.

]lf plyseghn hbtlrdpdndèghn rfsunts

]lf plyseghn hbtlrdpdndèghn stumy dj scfnfthn rfohebsjrdo

(e gdoodb `rhvf ht Phssfbhhr lds prdvemfm mfod`rhpleg

hbm phnhfdphtldndèghn ebjdrohtedb db tlf Ardbzf H`f `rdup

djpfdpnf wld lhm lffb aurefm eb tlf `rhvf.

]lf `rdup gdbsestfm dj ofb, bdofb hbm glenmrfb wld

lhm lffb ebtfrrfm hggdrmeb` td mejjfrfbt aurehn prhgtesfs.

Ldbg nfsedbs ebmeghteb` h vednfbt mfhtl wfrfjdubm dbny

db scfnftdbs dj ohnf ebmevemuhns.

8. n ue

bun eb e

edbEb Hpren 85<0 h `rhvf mhteb` trdo tlf Fhrny/Oemmnf Ardbzf.H`f whs fxghvhtfm ay hrflhfdndèsts jrdo Nfemfb Vbevfrsety.]lf `rhvf gdbthebfm tlf scfnftdbs dj 81 ebmevemuhns. dbf djwlegl lhm h jnebt hrrdwlfhm aftwffb tlf reas. Wff tlf pnhbdj tlf `rhvf (je`s E, 1).

Wcfnftdbs trdo tles pfredm hrf sfnmdo rfgdvfrfm eb tlfBftlfrnhbms afghusf dj tlf pddr ndghn prfsfrvhtedb gdbmetedbstdr adbf. Dur scfnfthn rfohebs wfrf hnsd eb h vfry ahmgdbmetedb. Fspffehnny eb tlf sdutlwfstfrb phrt dj tlf `rhvftlf sthtf dj prfsfrvhtedb whs sd pddr tlht et whs vertuhnnyeopdsselnf td emfbtejy tlf ebmevemuhn adbfs dj tlf uppfr phrtsdj tlf scfnftdbs (Bds :, 0, <). Odrfdvfr, tlf scfnftdbs

mftfredrhtfm rhpemny db fxpdsurf mureb` fxghvhtedb.Afghusf dj tles hbm tlf resc dj tlf ndss dj vhnuhanf

ebjdrohtedb mureb` trhbspdrt, tlf plyseghn hbtlrdpdndèghnrfsfhrgl whs ghrrefm dut eb tlf `rhvf wlfrf pdsseanf. ]lesebgnumfm sfx hbm h`f mftfroebhtedbs hbm tlf ofhsurfofbtdj ndb` adbfs hbm dj tlf tdthn scfnftdb nfb`tl dj tlfebmevemuhns eb seo. ]lf scunns wfrf bdt ofhsurfm afghusfdj tlf pdstodrtfo mfjdrohtedb muf td tlf prfssurf dj tlfsden.

Hs et whs eopdsselnf td nejt tlf adbfs ebmevemuhnny, tlfscfnftdbs wfrf rfodvfm eb tlfer fbterfty. td`ftlfr wetl tlfubmfrnyeb` sden. Jurtlfr gnfhbeb` hbm prfsfrvhtedb tddc

pnhgf eb tlf nhadrhtdry.Fvfbtuhnny tlf vhredus phrts wfrf jettfm td`ftlfr, necf h ie`shw pu/./.nf (sfg ne`. 7). jdr fxleaetedb purpdsfs.

]lf gdooubhn glhrhgtfr dj tlf aurehn hbm tlf mesgdvfrydj h jnebt hrrdwlfhm aftwffb tlf reas dj dbf dj tlf scfnftdbsmftfroebfm tlf oheb daifgtevf dj dur stumy. e.f. tdmftfroebf wlftlfr tlf mfod`rhpleg hbm phnhfdphtldndèghn

mhth dathebfm jdr tlf `rdup gdunm slfm hby ne`lt db tlffvfbt wlegl lhm thcfb pnhgf sd ndb` h`d.

1. Ohtfrehn s hbm Oftldms]lf ebmevemuhns lhm affb aurefm eb h `rhvf dj hpprdx.

17; x 18; go, drefbtfm BBP-WWF (sff je`. 8). ]lfdrefbthtedb dj tlf scfnftdbs eb tlf `rhvf whs rdu`lny PWP-FBF. Jevf ebmevemuhns (Bds 8, 1, 7, =, 6) wfrf pdsetedbfmwetl tlfer lfhms eb tlf fhst hbm sfvfb ebmevemuhns (Bds :, 0,<, 5, 8;. 88. 81) wetl tlfer lfhms eb tlf wfst. Wex (Bds 8, 1,

7, 6, 5, 8;) lhm affb ebtfrrfm db tlfer mdrshn hbm twd(Bds :, 88) db tlfer vfbtrhn semfs. ]lf nf`s dj tlf nhttfrwfrf afbt sne`ltny td tlf nfjt. Jdur dtlfrs (Bds =. 0, <, 81)wfrf pdsetedbfm db tlfer semfs, twd db tlfer nfjt semfs hbmtwd turbfm sne`ltny db tlfer re`lt semfs.

Db tlf wldnf, tlf scfnftdbs wfrf stenn wfnn hrtegunhtfm.Meshrtegunhtedbs hbm oesseb` phrts wfrf httreauthanf td pdst-mfpdsetedbhn mespnhgfofbts, fetlfr hs h bhturhn gdbsfqufbgfdj mfghy dr muf td aedturahtedb. Eb dbf ghsf dbny, e.f. tlhtdj ebmevemuhn Bd. = (h glenm), whs tlf scunn dut dj pdsetedb(sff je`. 8).

Muf td tlf pddr gdbmetedb dj tlf adbfs hbm tlf rfqufst

jdr tlf usf dj tlf rfgdbstrugtfm scfnftdbs jdr hb fxleaetedbwf wfrf ubhanf td pfrjdro mfthenfm fxhoebhtedbs.

1.8 H@F HWWFWWOFB]

]lf h`f dj tlf glenmrfb hbm iuvfbenfs whs ebjfrrfm jrdotlf oebfrhnezhtedb hbm fruptedb sthtus dj tlf mfgemudushbm pfrohbfbt tfftl (hjtfr Vafnhcfr 85<=) hbm jrdo tlfgndsurf dj tlf fpeplysfs dj tlf pdstgrhbehn scfnftdb (hjtfrCrdòhb/Esghb 85<:). ]lf nfb`tl dj tlf ndb` adbfs whshnsd gdbsemfrfm, hntldu`l et es h nfss rfnehanf h`f ebmeghtdrhs et sldunm af rf`hrmfm eb rfnhtedb td tlf hmunt sthturfdj h rfjfrfbgf pdpunhtedb (]rdttfr/@nfsfr 8561, 856<).

Eb dbf ghsf dbny, e.f. tlht dj tlf pddrny prfsfrvfm scfnftdbdj ebmevemuhn Bd. <, whs tlf nfb`tl dj h ndb` adbf tlfsdnf h`f ebmeghtdr hvhenhanf (rfjfrfbgf ohtfrehn9 Ohrfsl8566).

]lf h`f dj tlf hmunts whs odrf mejjegunt td hssfss. ]lfgdopnfx oftldm dj h`f meh`bdses ahsfm db tlf mf`rff djjusedb dj tlf ebtfrbhn suturfs, tlf strugturf dj tlf ghbgfnndus




Jeùrf 8. ]lf `rhvf.

adbf dj tlf prdxeohn fpeplysfs dj tlf jfour hbm luofrushbm Elf hppfhrhbgf dj tlf puaeg syoplyses (Pdrcsldp djFurdpfhb Hbtlrdpdndès ts 85<;) gdunm bdt af usfm lfrfhs et wdunm lhvf affb tdd mfstrugtevf. ]lf dbny ebmeghtdrstlht gdunm af usfm wfrf tlf mf`rff dj jusedb dj tlf fxtfrbhnsuturfs (Qúseb` 8500) hbm tlf mf`rff dj httretedb dj tlftfftl.

Pf tddc tlf mf`rff dj httretedb dj tlf tfftl hs dur ohebh`f ebmeghtdr. Httretedb plhsfs hjtfr Ardtlwfnn (85<8) wfrfbuofreghnny sgdrfm hggdrmeb` td tlf oftldm prdpdsfm ayOhht hbm Zhb mf Zfnmf (85<0). ]lf h`fs tlus mfrevfm hrfgdbsemfrfm bdrohn jdr prf-ofmefvhn pdpunhtedbs (Ardtlwfnn85<8). ]lf ebmevemuhn rhtf dj httretedb ghb af fsthalslfm aygdophreb` tlf mf`rff dj httretedb dj tlf jerst hbm sfgdbm



17 F. WOE]W HBM @. OHH] - HB FHQNU/OEMMNF AQDBYF H@F GDOOVBHN @QHZF

odnhrs dj tlf pfrohbfbt tfftl. ]lf jerst odnhr frupts sexyfhrs afjdrt tlf sfgdbm dbf, wlegl ofhbs tlht tlfmejjfrfbgf eb httretedb aftwffb tlf twd hnsd gdvfrs h pfredmdj sjdg yfhrs. ]lf httretedb rhtf dj h pdpunhtedb es mfjebfm hstlf ofhb vhnuf dj hnn ebmevemuhn httretedb rhtfs.

1.1 WF\ MF]FQOEBH]EDB

]lf sfx dj tlf ebmevemuhns whs mftfroebfm db tlf ahsesdj bdb-oftreghn odrpldndèghn glhrhgtfrestegs dj tlf scunnhbm tlf pfnves. ]lfy wfrf sgdrfm hggdrmeb` td tlf gretfrehebmeghtfm ay tlf Pdrcsldp dj Furdpfhb Hbtlrdpdndèsts(85<;).

]lf sgdrfs wfrf -1, - 8 , ;, +8, +1, wlegl sthbm jdr supfr-jfohnf, jfohnf, ebmejjfrfbt, ohnf hbm supfr-ohnf,rfspfgtevfny. Wdof sfx glhrhgtfrestegs hrf odrf mesgreoebh-Þvf tlhb dtlfrs hbm h mejjfrfbt wfe`lt es tlfrfjdrf htthglfmtd fhgl glhrhgtfresteg. ]lf mf`rff dj sfxuhneshtedb es tlfofhb wfe`lfm dutgdof dj hnn tlf dasfrvfm glhrhgtfrestegs.H bf`htevf vhnuf ebmeghtfs h jfoebebf hbm h pdsetevf vhnuf hohsgunebf mfvfndpofbt. Dbny tlf hmunts wfrf stumefm eb tles

why.

1.7 W]H]VQF

]lf nfb`tls dj tlf ndb` adbfs hbm tlf tdthn nfb`tl dj tlfscfnftdb, jrdo tlf uppfr phrt dj tlf scunn td tlf odstmesehn pdebt dj tlf tuafr ghnghbfe, wfrf ofhsurfm eb setu.

]lf adbf nfb`tls wfrf glfgcfm hjtfr tlf adbfs lhm affbgnfhbfm eb tlf nhadrhtdry. ]lf Ohbbfs wfrf ghngunhtfmhggdrmeb` td tlf oftldm prdpdsfm ay ]rdttfr hbm @nfsfr(8561. 856<).

7. Qfsunts

7.8 MFOD@QH[LEG MH]H

]lf `rdup gdbsestfm dj sex ofb, twd wdofb hbm jdurglenmrfb. Dbf ebmevemuhn (Bd. :) eb tlf sdutlwfstfrb gdrbfrdj tlf `rhvf whs tdd ebgdopnftf td hnndw sfx mftfroebhtedb.nts sfx lhm td af ebjfrrfm jrdo tlf pdsetedb dj tlf admywetleb tlf `rhvf hbm rfnhtevf td tlf dtlfr admefs (sff tlfmesgussedb afndw).

]lfrf wfrf twd glenmrfb eb tlf h`f ghtf`dry ;-: yfhrs(Ebnhbs 8), dbf glenm eb tlf h`f ghtf`dry 0-8= yfhrs(Ebjhbs 88) hbm dbf dj 86-8: yfhrs (Iuvfben).

]lf h`fs dj tlf hmunts wfrf ebjfrrfm jrdo tlf ebmevemuhnmf`rffs dj httretedb hs mfsgreafm hadvf. ]lf httretedb rhtf djtlf `rdup hs h wldnf whs hpprdx. ;.: (b?=, ofhb ? ;.6<,s.m.? ;.8=). ]lf httretedb rhtf dj dbf dj tlf wdofb (Bd. 88)whs ewegf hs le`l hs tlf hvfrh`f rhtf dj tlf ohnfs (Bds 1,7, 6). Hjtfr rfnhteb` ebmevemuhn mf`rffs dj httretedb td tlfmf`rff dj jusedb dj fpeplysfs hbm suturfs wf fsthaneslfm hsfqufbgf dj fsteohtfm h`fs ht mfhtl (sff tha. E).

Hnn tlf hmunts lhm mefm afjdrf tlf h`f dj jdrty. Eb tlfghsf d^ twd ebmevemuhns, Bds : hbm 5, tlf mf`rff dj

]hanf 8. ]dthn gdubt dj ebmevemuhns rfgdvfrfm jrdo Phssfbhhr.

* ? fsteohtfm h`f ht mfhtl hjtfr sfrehtedb dj odnhr httretedb.

** ? gdrrfgtfm jdr h`f.

Ebmevemuhn H`f(yfhrs)* Wfx Wthturf(go)** [htldnd`y

8 1;-7;* ohnf 8:0

1 7;-=;* ohnf 8<1** gutteb` andw

7 7;-=;* ohnf 80:** gutteb` andw

= 7-7.6 -

6 7;-=;* ohnf 8:5** gutteb` andw

: 2E5 jfohnf4 80;

0 86-8: - gh. 80;

s gh. 8; -

5 211 ohnf 80m

8; 85-18* ohnf 800 hrrdwlfhm

88 gh. 8< jfohnf 8\1

81 8.6-1 -

fpeplysehn jusedb ebmeghtfm tlht tlfy wfrf hmunts aut et whseopdsseanf td hrrevf ht h odrf prfgesf hssfssofbt dj tlferh`f hs bd tfftl wfrf hvhenhanf.

7.1 W]H]VQF

]lf hvfrh`f hmunt ohnf sthturf dj tles `rdup whs 80=.< go.Et sldunm af bdtfm tlht ebmevemuhn Bd. 0, h`fm 86, hnrfhmylhm h sthturf dj hpprdx. 80; go hbm tlht ebmevemuhn Bd. 88,h`fm 8<, lhm h sthturf dj 8<1 go!

7.7 ]QHVOH]DND@U

Hb hrrdwlfhm (sff je`. 1) whs jdubm aftwffb tlf reas djebmevemuhn Bd. 8;. h ydub` ohb dj hadut 85-18 yfhrs dj h`f.

Ebmevemuhn Bd. 1, h ohb dj hadut 7;-=; yfhrs dj h`f, lhmh wfm`f-slhpfm ebiury db tlf nfjt semf dj les ndwfr ihw, tlftleb fbm pdebteb` tdwhrms tlf jrdbt dj les ihw (sff je`. 7).

Ebmevemuhn Bd. 6, h ohb dj 7;-=; yfhrs dj h`f, lhm tlf

shof cebm dj ebiury db les jdrflfhm (jrdbthn adbf).H tlerm, seoenhr ebiury, whs dasfrvfm db tlf pdstfredr phrt

dj tlf re`lt uppfr hro dj ebmevemuhn Bd. 7, hnsd h ohb dj7;-=; yfhrs dj h`f.

Bd adbf rfhgtedb (`rdwtl/lfhneb`) whs dasfrvfm ht hnntlfsf ebiurefs.

H rfohrchanf ghsf whs tlht dj ebmevemuhn Bd. =, h glenmdj hpprdx. 7 yfhrs dj h`f, wldsf lfhm whs jdubm db tdp djtlf nfjt semf dj tlf glfst dj tlf bfhrfst ebmevemuhn (Bd. 7).]lf ndwfr ihw whs stenn eb h bhturhn hbhtdoeghn pdsetedb ebjrdbt dj tlf gfrveghn vfrtfarhf. Bd ebiurefs wfrf dasfrvfm.

7.= MEWGVWWEDB

Hnn tlf emfbtejefm ohnfs wfrf nyeb` db tlfer ahgcs, ht tlfgfbtrf dj tlf `rhvf. ]lf dbny odrpldndèghnny emfbtejefm



1= HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 1. ]lf hrrdwlfhm eb setu.

nfohnf, Bd. 8 8. nhy ht tlf jhr fbm dj tlf `rhvf, eb tlfbdrtlwfstfrb gdrbfr3 ebmevemuhn Bd. : nhy eb tlf sdutl-wfstfrb gdrbfr. Ebmevemuhns Bds : hbm 88 lhm adtl affbebtfrrfm jhgf mdwbwhrms, wetl tlfer nf`s eb tlf shofpdsetedbs. Ej wf ohy mrhw hby gdbgnusedbs jrdo tlf rfnhtevfpdsetedbs dj tlfsf ebmevemuhns eb tlf `rhvf (sff NduwfCddeiohbs, tles vdnuof) tlfb wf ohy gdbgnumf tlht Bd. :whs prdahany h jfohnf, tdd. ]lht wdunm eopny tlht tlf ofbhbm wdofb lhm affb ebtfrrfm mejjfrfbtny. Hnn jdur suahmuntslhm affb aurefm odrf dr nfss db tlfer semfs. Wfx-rfnhtfm

mejjfrfbgfs eb aurehn prhgtesfs gdunm ebmeghtf mejjfrfbgfs ebtlf rdnfs dj ofb hbm wdofb eb tlf sdgehn dr`hbeshtedb.

Hbdtlfr ebmeghtdr dj sdgehn dr`hbeshtedb gdunm af tlfmfbthn httretedb rhtf. Et whs quetf gnfhr tlht tlf httretedb rhtfdj tlf jfohnf (Bd. 88) whs twegf hs le`l hs tlf hvfrh`f rhtfdj tlf ohnfs (Bds 1, 7, 6). Wugl h mejjfrfbgf gdunm af tlfrfsunt dj gunturhnny mfjebfm lhaets. [frlhps ofb hbm adyswgrf djjfrfm tlf afsn nddm wlfrfhs wdofb hbm èrns lhmtd ohcf md wetl tlf nfjtdvfrs, gdbthebeb` odrf `ret (Pfnns8506). Hbdtlfr pdsseaenety es tlht gfrtheb gunturhn hgtevetefseb wlegl tlf tfftl wfrf usfm hs h tdde wfrf ghrrefm dut ay

wdofb (Odnbhr 8501).Pf oust dj gdursf afhr eb oebm tlht wf hrf mesgusseb`

tlf httretedb rhtf dj dbny dbf wdohb3 lfr tfftl ohy lhvflhm h mejjfrfbt fbhofn tlegcbfss (Odnnfsdb/Gdlfb 855;).

Hs hmunt sthturf es bdt dbny mfpfbmfbt db `fbfteg jhgtdrsaut hnsd db `fbfrhn wfnjhrf, butretedb hbm lyèãbf, et vhrefsjdr mejjfrfbt pdpunht edbs eb teof hbm sphgf (Qdfmf/Zhb

Pefreb`fb 85<6). Mfjegefbgefs eb meft hbm mesfhsfs ghbrfthrm `rdwtl, wlfrfhs prdndb`fm jhvdurhanf gdbmetedbs ghrfsunt eb h gdbsemfrhanf ebgrfhsf eb nfb`tl hjtfr sfvfrhn`fbfrhtedbs. ]lf hvfrh`f ghngunhtfm sthturf dj tlf ohnfs djtles `rdup es quetf thnn gdophrfm wetl tlht dj ohnfs djlestdreghn teofs eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms9 hpprdx. 8:: go eb tlf80tl hbm 8<tl gfbturefs HM hbm 8:6 go eb tlf jerst quhrtfrdj tlf 85tl gfbtury HM (Ohht 8557). Muf td eoprdvfmsdged-fgdbdoeg gdbmetedbs tlf hvfrh`f sthturf dj tlf Mutglohnf pdpunhtedb fvfb ebgrfhsfm td 80< go eb 85:6 hbm

8<1 go eb 85<; (Qdfmf/Zhb Pefreb`fb 85<6). Eb vefw djtlfsf gdbsemfrhtedbs. tlf hmunt sthturf dj tlf fxghvhtfm ofbdj tlf Phssfbhhr `rdup sffos td ebmeghtf h rhtlfr lfhntlynejfstynf.

]hnn sthturfs wfrf rhtlfr gdoodb eb tlf Ardbzf H`f(Zhb mfb Ardfcf 85513 Mefbst @fo Hrgl. Zfnsfb 85<53Nduwf Cddeiohbs 85073 Odmmfrohb 85:=3 Zfrwfrs 85::)ofhsurfofbts dathebfm jdr dtlfr scfnftdbs (tlrdu`lghngunhtedb dr ay ofhsureb` tlf scfnftdbs eb setu) rhb`fjrdo 8:5 td 8<0 go.

]lf mfod`rhpleg gdopdsetedb dj tlf `rdup hbm tlf

rfgdrmfm phnhfdphtldndèghn glhb`fs wfrf dur oheb sdurgfdj ebjdrohtedb eb rfgdbstrugteb` wlht ohy lhvf lhppfbfm hPhssfbhhr.

Phs tlfrf hb hrofm gdbjnegt aftwffb whrredrs drhb fgdbdoeghnny odtevhtfm rhem db tlf eblhaethbts dj hrurhn sfttnfofbt (sff Nduwf Cddeiohbs, tles vdnuof)4H gdooubhn aurehn hndbf mdfs bdt gdbstetutf gdbgnusevffvemfbgf jdr h vednfbt ghusf dj mfhtl. Dtlfr jhgtdrs, sugl hs




Jeùrf 7. Ebmevemuhn Bd.1 wetl tlf wfm`f-slhpfm ebiury db tlf nfjt

semf dj tlf ndwfr ihw.

h sfredus ebjfgtedus mesfhsf dr retuhn mfpdsetedbs (Gubnejjf8557), ohy hnsd fxpnheb wly sfvfrhn pfrsdbs mefm wetleb hsldrt sphb dj teof. Et sldunm hnsd af cfpt eb oebm tlht adbfrfohebs md bdt hnwhys rfvfhn tlf ghusf dj mfhtl.

]lf gdopdsetedb dj tlf `rdup eb tfros dj sfx hbm h`f.

hbm eb phrtegunhr tlf prfsfbgf dj wdofb hbm glenmrfb.prfgnumfs tlf pdsseaenety dj h gdbjnegt aftwffb `rdups djwhrredrs. Ldwfvfr, tlf `rdup es bdt fbterfny rfprfsfbthtevfdj h mdofseeg gdooubety getlfr. hs et nhgcs dnm pfdpnf hbmebgnumgs dbny twd wdofb.

Ohtfrehn daifgts necf tlf jnebt hrrdwlfhm jdubm aftwffbtlf reas dj ohnf Bd. 8; hrf gnfhr ebmeghtedbs dj tlf ghusf djmfhtl. Bd odrf daifgts dj tles cebm wfrf jdubm, aut tlf

ebiurefs db tlf adbfs dj tlf ohnfs Bds 1, 7 hbm 6 lhvf affbebtfrprftfm hs gutteb` andws. ]lf ebiury db tlf uppfr hro djohnf Bd. 7. jdr ebsthbgf, ohy fhseny lhvf affb ebjnegtfm hslf whs httfopteb` td whrm djj hb htthgc.

]lf hasfbgf dj hby se`bs dj adbf rfhgtedb ht tlfsfnfsedbs prdvfs tlht tlf wdubms lhm bdt lfhnfm. Et eopnefstlht tlf ebiurefs wfrf ghusfm sldrtny afjdrf dr ht tlf teof

dj mfhtl. H rfohrchanf jhgt es tlht hnn tlfsf ebiurefs wfrfjdubm db ohnfs dbny!

Dtlfr fxhopnfs dj ebiurefs ghusfm ay prdifgtenfs, sugl hshrrdwlfhms, dr lhbm-lfnm wfhpdbs, sugl hs swdrms dr hxfs,hrf wfnn-cbdwb eb Furdpfhb prflestdry. Jdr fxhopnf, eb tlfghsf dj tlf Bfdnetleg `rhvf gdbthebeb` tlf scfnftdbs dj hohb, h wdohb hbm twd glenmrfb mesgdvfrfm ht Jfb`htf([rydr 850:) hb hrrdwlfhm tlht whs jdubm aftwffb tlf reasdj tlf ohb ebmeghtfm tlf ghusf dj les mfhtl. HbdtlfrBfdnetleg `rhvf gdbthebeb` tlf scfnftdb dj h ohb wld lhmaffb let ay sfvfrhn hrrdwlfhms whs mesgdvfrfm htWtdbflfb`f (Htcebsdb/Fvhbs 850<). Adtl dj tlf scunns djtlf twd ohnf ebmevemuhns aurefm eb tlf Bfdnetleg `rhvf htWhbt Xuerzf mfn Zhnnfs lhm affb outenhtfm hbm h jnebthrrdwlfhm prdifgtfm jrdo tlf vfrtfarh dj dbf dj tlftwd (Ghopennd ft he. 8557). Wex ebmevemuhns jdubm eb hBfdnetleg behss `rhvf ht 'Whb Iuhb hbtf pdrtho Nhtebh'sldwfm ebiurefs ghusfm ay jnebt hrrdwlfhms (Ftxfafrrehfn hn. 8558). H odrf mfthenfm hbm fxtfbsevf mfsgreptedb djseoenhr ghsfs es èvfb eb tlf hrtegnf ay Nduwf Cddeiohbs(tles vdnuof).

Oesseb` phrts dj scfnftdbs hbm meshrtegunhtedbs ohy hnsdebmeghtf h vednfbt mfhtl. ]les areb`s td oebm tlf pdsetedb dj

tlf scunn dj glenm Bd. =. Ej tlf pdsetedb eb wlegl tlf lfhmwhs jdubm es tlf rfsunt dj luohb ebtfrvfbtedb, et eopnefs hle`lny gdopnfx jdro dj mfneafrhtf prf- dr pdst odrtfo

mfghpethtedb, wlegl es bdt ubmfrsthbmhanf jrdo hbhbhtdoeghn pdebt dj vefw hs tlf ndwfr ihw whs stenn eb pnhgf.Et es odrf necfny tlht tlf lfhm whs odvfm hjtfr ebtfrofbt.Ldwfvfr, pdst-mfpdsetedbhn prdgfssfs ghbbdt lhvf affbrfspdbseanf jdr tles cebm dj mespnhgfofbt. Wdof ubcbdwbpdst-mfpdsetedbhn prdgfss oust lhvf thcfb pnhgf (sff NduwfCddeiohbs, tles vdnuof). Wdoftleb` seoenhr ohy ldnm jdrebmevemuhn Bd. <, aut pddr prfsfrvhtedb gdbmetedbs hbm tlfmesturahbgf dj tles phrt dj tlf `rhvf ohmf et eopdsseanf td

vfrejy wlftlfr tlht whs tlf ghsf.

]lf dtlfr ebmevemuhns sldwfm bd se`bs dj vednfbgf. ]lesohy af muf td tlf tdthn hasfbgf dj vednfbgf, td tlfmeshppfhrhbgf dj ebmeghtedbs dj sdjt tessuf ebiurefs dr td tlfahm sthtf dj prfsfrvhtedb dj tlf adbf.

Pf lhvf dbny gerguosthbtehn fvemfbgf su``fsteb` tlhttlfy mefm h vednfbt mfhtl hndb` wetl tlf dtlfrs.



1: HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

=. Gdbgnusedb

]lf scfnfthn rfohebs dj tlf Fhrny/Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f`rdup jdubm ht Phssfbhhr sldwfm tlht et lhm gdbsestfm djofb, wdofb hbm glenmrfb. ]lf `rdup ohy lhvf nevfm eb hsfttnfofbt db dbf dj tlf mubf rem`fs eb tlf vefebety (sffNduwf Cddeiohbs, tles vdnuof). ]lf hvfrh`f h`f ht mfhtlwhs rhtlfr ydub` hs tlfrf wfrf bd ebmevemuhns hadvf tlf

h`f dj =;. ]lfer sthturf su``fstfm tlht tlfy lhm nevfm ubmfjhvdurhanf sdged-fgdbdoeg gdbmetedbs. ]lf mejjfrfbgfs ebtlf aurehn prhgtegfs usfm hbm eb tlf odnhr httretedb rhtfs ohrfjnfgt h gunturhn sfx-ahsfm mejjfrfbtehtedb eb sthtus. Hbhrrdwlfhm jdubm aftwffb tlf reas dj h ydub` ohb hbmsfvfrhn trhuohtdndèg ebiurefs db tlf adbfs dj dtlfr ohnfsgdbstetunf strdb` fvemfbgf jdr h GDOODB vednfbt mfhtl.




rfjfrfbgfs

Htcebsdb, Q.I.G. 850<

I.@. Fvhbs

Ardfcf, [.vhb mfb 8551

Ardtlwfnn, M.Q. 85<8

Ghopennd. M 8557

D. OfrghmhnQ. Anhbgl

Gubnejjf. AP . 8557

Mefbst @foffbtfhrglefj Zfnsfb 85<5

Ftxfafrreh. !•'. 8558I.n. Zf`hs8 Lfrrhste

Crdòhb, P.O. 85<:O.U. Ssghb

Nduwf Cddeiohbs, N.[. 8507

Ohhn. @.I.Q. 8557

Ohht, @.I.Q. 85<0F.H. vhb mf Zfnmf

Ohrfsl, O.O. 8566

Odmmfrohb. [.I.Q. 85:=

Odnnfsdb. ].E. 855;[. Gdlfb

Odnbhr , W. 8501

[rydr, J. 850:

Qdfmf, O.I. 85<6I.G. vhb Pefreb`fb

Qúseb`, J.P. 8500

Qfgfbt fxghvhtedbs ht Wtdbflfb`f, Hbtequety 61, 176-17:.

Ffb ofbsfneic scfnft uet mf Ardbsteim eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst, ]frrh Be`rh. 81=, 0-87

Me`èb` up Adbfs. Dxjdrm.

H Odrthn Pdubm Ghusfm ay h Jnebt Hrrdwlfhm eb Ebmevemuhn OJ-8< dj tlf Bfdnetleg[fredm Fxluofm ht Whbt Xuerzf mfn Zhnnfs, Ebtfrbhtedbhn Idurbhn dj Dstfdhrglhfdnd`y 7,8=6-86;.

Jfrtenety, [rdpetehtedb hbm tlf @dms eb tlf Aretesl Erdb H`f. Zeijtefbmf crddbvddrmrhglt

`fldumfb vddr mf Wteglteb` Bfmfrnhbms Ousfuo vddr Hbtlrdpdndèf fb [rhflestdref,

Hostfrmho.

Hrglfdndèsglf dp`rhveb`fb eb 85<5, :-8;.

Hrrdw Pdubms mureb` [rflestdry eb tlf Eafrehb [fbebsunh wetl Qf`hrm td Whb Iuhb Hbtf

[drtho Nhtebh, Idurbhn dj [hnfdpgetldnd`y =, <:. (Hjtfr9 Ghopennd/ Ofrghmhn/Anhbgl.8557)

]lf Letohb Wcfnftdb eb Jdrfbseg Ofmegebf. Wpreb`jefnm, Ennebdes.

Ffb `rhjlfuvfn`rdfp uet lft Nhht-Bfdnetleguo fb mf Ardbsteim eb lft tfrrfeb vhb mf

Qdofebsf ghstrh tf Beiof`fb. Eb9 P.H. vhb Fs (fm.), Hrglfdndèf fb Lestdref, 8;<.

@rdwtl glhb`fs eb adbfs. Eb9 F. Erf`rfb/ Q. Nenifcvest (fms), [dpunhtedbs dj tlf Bdr mef

gdooefs, Luohb pdpunhtedb aednd`y jrdo tlf prfsfbt td tlf Ofsdnetleg, Vbevfrsety djNubm, Ebstetutf dj Hrglhfdnd`y Qfpdrt Wfrefs =:, <<-57.

]lf Ghrefs-Httretedb Gdopftetedb. Ebtfrbhtedbhn Idurbhn dj Hbtlrdpdnd`y 1 (=), 1<8 -151.

Nebfhr @rdwtl dj Ndb` Adbfs dj Fxtrfoetefs jrdo Ebjhbgy tlrdu`l Hmdnfsgfbgf,

Hofreghb Idurbhn dj Mesfhsfs dj Glenmrfb <5, 016-0=1.

Oemmef Ardbzf H`f @rhvfs hbm Wfttnfofbt ]rhgfs ht Ywhh`meic, @foffbtf Pfrvfrslddj,[rdv. Bdrtl Ldnnhbm, Afregltfb vhb mf Qeicsmefbst vddr lft Dumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfr

zdfc 8=, 10-61.

]lf [rd`rfssedb dj Mfbthn Httretedb Wth`fs Vsfm tar H`f Hssfssofbt, Idurbhn dj

Hrglhfdndèghn Wgefbgf 80, 7:7-708.

]ddtl Pfhr hbm Gunturf9 H Wurvfy dj ]ddtl Jubgtedbs Hodb` Wdof [rflestdref

[dpunhtedbs, Gurrfbt Hbtlrdpdnd`y 87 (6), 688-61:.

H Bfdnetleg ountepnf aurehn jrdo Jfb`htf, [ftfradrdu`l, Hbtequety 6;, 171-177.

@rdwtl meh`rhos 85<;. Bftlfrnhbms tlerm bhtedb-wemf survfy. ]eimsglrejt vddr Wdgehnf

@fzdbmlfemszdr :7, suppn. , 8-7=.

Oftldmfb ubm Hussh`foú`neglcfetfb mfr hbtlrdpdndèsglfb Nfeglfbarhbmafhrafetub`,

Hrglfdndèf ubm Bhturwessfbsglhjt 8, 67-<;.




]rdttfr, O.

@.G. @nfsfr

8561 Fsteohtedb dj Wthturf jrdo Ndb` Adbfs dj Hofreghb Pletfs hbm Bf`rdds. Hofreghb

Idurbhn dj [lyseghn Hbtlrdpdnd`y 85, 187-110.

856< H Qf-Fvhnuhtedb dj Fsteohtedb dj Wthturf ahsfm db Ofhsurfofbts thcfb mureb` Nejf hbmdj Ndb` Adbfs hjtfr Mfhtl, Hofreghb Idurbhn dj [lyseghn Hbtlrdpdnd`y 8:, 05-817.

Neafnhcfr, M.L.

Zfrwfrs, @.I.

85<= Luohb Wcfnfthn Qfohebs. Phsleb`tdb M.G.

85:: ]uoune ht tlf Yfvfbafr`fb bfhr Dss @fo. Afrglfo [rdv. Bddrm-Arhahbt, Hbhnfgth[rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh 1, 10-71.

Pfnns. G. 8506 Hbgefbt Dastftreg Lhzhrms hbm Jfohnf Odrthnety. Aunnfteb dj tlf Bfw Udrc Hghmfoy dj

Ofmegebf 68, 8176-81=5.

Pdrcsldp dj FurdpfhbHbtlrdpdndèsts

85<; Qfgdoofbmhtedbs jdr Wfx hbm H`f Meh`bdses dj Wcfnftdbs, Idurbhn dj Luohb Fvdnutedb

5, 680-6=5.

F. Woets

Cfrcstrhht 7;6

8;80 @Y Hostfrmho

@. OhhtZhc`rdfp Hbhtdoef[.D. Adx 5:;117;; QG Nfemfb



F.O. ]lfubessfb Dbgf h`heb ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein

H rfhbhnyses djtlfjdrofr ebvfste`htedb dj tlf Ardbzf

H`f ahrrdw gfoftfry ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein lds yefnmfm

bfw ebse`lts. ]lf heo dj tlf rfsfhrgl whs td hrrevf ht hb

ebtfrprfthtedb eb sdgehn tfros dj tlf aurehn fvemfbgf dj tlf

ahrrdw gnustfr, ]lrff quhnethtevf vhrehanfs hbm tlf sfx hbm

h`f dj tlf mfgfhsfm wfrf gdophrfm wetl tlf oheb vhrehanf

tlf mehoftfr dj tlf odubm. Bfw ebse`lts eb tlf aurehn èjt

phttfrb wfrf rfvfhnfm ay tlf plyseghn-hbtlrdpdndèghn

rfsfhrgl dj tlf grfohtedb rfohebs

8. Ebtrdmugtedb

Dbf dj tlf thscs ebvdnvfm eb oy rfsfhrfl prdifft 'Oemmnf

Ardbzf H`f sdgeftefs eb tlf sdutl dj tlf Ndw Gdubtrefs'8

whs tlf `htlfreb` dj mhth db tlf ahrrdws eb tlf sdutlfrb

phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms hbm bdrtlfrb Afnèuo. ]lf gnustfr

dj ahrrdws dj ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein (Zfnmldvfb. Mutgl

prdvebgf dj Bdrtl Arhahbt ) (je`. 8) whs thcfb hs h jerst ghsf

stumy. ]lf heo dj tlf rfsfhrgl whs td hrrevf ht hb

ebtfrprfthtedb eb sdgehn tfros dj tlf aurehn fvemfbgf dj tles

gnustfr. ]lf gnustfr whs gldsfb afghusf ets fxghvhtedb, ay

P. @nhsafr`fb, lhm affb oftegundusny gdbmugtfm hbm

puaneslfm (@nhsafr`fb 856=). ]lfrf es gurrfbtny h trfbm eb

Mutgl hrglhfdnd`y td ebtfrprft aurehn fvemfbgf eb tfros djsdgehn dr`hbeshtedb. ]lf rfhsdb jdr tles es tlht dj hnn tlf

rfohebs dj prflestdref ohtfrehn gunturf, tldsf rfnhteb` td tlf

trfhtofbt dj tlf mfgfhsfm gdbstetutf le`lny gdbgrftf

fvemfbgf jdr gdbsgedus prflestdref aflhvedur. ]lf why eb

wlegl tlf mfgfhsfm wfrf trfhtfm ghb tfen us sdoftleb`

hadut h prflestdref sdgefty's vefws db mfhtl. ]lf cfy

qufstedb eb aurehn rfsfhrgl es td wlht fxtfbt tlf mejjfrfbgfs

dasfrvhanf eb aurehn fvemfbgf rfjnfgt sdgehn mejjfrfbgfs

wetleb h sdgefty. Hntldu`l et es vfry mejjegunt td ebjfr merfgt

nebcs, et es wdrtlwlenf td mftfroebf tlf vhrehaenety eb aurehn

retfs. H quhbtethtevf rhbceb` eb aurehn fvemfbgf rfsunteb`

trdo sugl hb hbhnyses ghb af usfm hs hb ebmeghtedb dj tlf

oebeouo vfrteghn mejjfrfbteht edb eb tlf sdgehn strugturf

(D'Wlfh 85<=, 8<).

Hb fxhopnf dj hb ebtfrprfthtedb dj aurehn fvemfbgf eb

tfros dj sdgehn dr`hbeshtedb es tlf stumy ay F.L. Ndldj

(8558). Ndldj trefm td mfodbstrhtf h vfrteghn strhtejeghtedb eb

tlf aurehn fvemfbgf dj tlf bdrtlfhst phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms

db tlf ahses dj h buoafr dj quhnethtevf vhrehanfs. Dbf dj tlf

oheb gretfreh lf usfm eb les stumy whs tlf 'nhadur ebput', ay

wlegl lf ubmfrsthbms hnn tlf hrglhfdndèghnny veseanf fjjdrts

rfquerfm td aury h mfgfhsfm pfrsdb. ]lf vdnuof dj tlf

odubm es dbf dj tlf odst eopdrthbt vhrehanfs. Hntldu`l

tlfrf es hnwhys tlf resc tlht tlf dvfrhnn hodubt dj nhadur

ebvfstfm eb h aurehn retf ohy bdt gdrrfspdbm td tlf nhadur

ebvfstofbt tlht es ofhsurhanf eb hb hrglhfdndèghn gdbtfxt

(D'Wlfh 85<=, 88), h odubm gdvfreb` h `rhvf ohy af

rf`hrmfm hs hb eopdrthbt ofhsurhanf hbm quhbtejehanf

fnfofbt dj aurehn fvemfbgf.

Eb les stumy Ndldj gdophrfm tlf mehoftfr dj tlf odubm1

wetl h buoafr dj quhnethtevf vhrehanfs, sugl hs tlf prfsfbgf

dj `rhvf `ddms, tlf trfhtofbt dj tlf mfgfhsfm, tlf prfsfbgf

dj h fest dr h stdbf snha gdvfreb` tlf `rhvf, tlf drefbthtedb

dj tlf `rhvf hbm tlf prfsfbgf dj h odrtuhry strugturf.

Lf tlfb jdubm tlht tlf ahrrdws eb tlf bdrtlfrb phrt dj tlf

Bftlfrnhbms gdunm af lefrhrgleghnny `rdupfm. Dbf `rdup,

gdbsesteb` dj 'tdp odubms', mhtfs jrdo tlf Fhrny Ardbzf

H`f td tlf fbm dj tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f A (Ndldj 8558,

1=5-161).

Hbdtlfr dj Ndldj's rfsfhrgl heos whs td mfodbstrhtf

lfrfmethry sthtus. Les hssuoptedb whs tlht tlf gretfreh h`f,

sfx hbm pfrsdbhn hglefvfofbts mftfroebfm wlftlfr dr bdt hpfrsdb whs aurefm eb h ahrrdw. Les rfsfhrgl gdbsfqufbtny

fvdnvfm hrdubm tlf prfsfbgf dj preohry glenm aurehns

afbfhtl nhr`f odubms. Hggdrmeb` td Ndldj's hssuoptedb,

glenmrfb gdunm bdt lhvf sthtus pdsetedbs le`lfr tlhb tldsf dj

hmunts afghusf dj tlfer ydub` h`f hbm nhgc dj pfrsdbhn

hglefvfofbts. Ndldj's hbhnyses sldwfm tlht preohry glenm

aurehns md dggur eb tlf bdrtlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms, aut

bdt afbfhtl nhr`f odubms. ]les nfm leo td tlf gdbgnusedb

tlht eb les hrfh dj rfsfhrgl lfrfmethry sthtus ghbbdt af

mfodbstrhtfm db tlf ahses dj tlf nhadur ebvfstfm eb tlf

aurehn retf.

Hntldu`l tlf hodubt dj fvemfbgf jrdo ]dtfrjdut-LhnvfOein es mhb`frdusny sohnn, hb httfopt lhs bfvfrtlfnfss affb

ohmf td ohcf sthtfofbts db tlf sdgehn dr`hbeshtedb db tlf

ahses dj tlf fvemfbgf dj aurehn retfs dathebfm jrdo tlf

gfoftfry. H buoafr dj vhrehanfs wfrf sfnfgtfm jrdo

Ndldj's stumy tlht sldw h gdrrfnhtedb wetl tlf ahseg

vhrehanf dj tlf mehoftfr dj tlf odubm, bhofny tlf prfsfbgf

dj `rhvf `ddms, tlf prfsfbgf dj h odrtuhry ldusf, tlf



ID HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

© LHNZF OVN - ]D]FQjDV] ©VI eZn n n ebO E ' lHELLLElIE '=(8888 nV n n n e .

Jeùrf 8. Hb dvfrvefw dj tlf Ardbzf H`f gfoftry dj ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein (jrdo @nhsafr`fb 856=).

trfhtofbt dj tlf mfgfhsfm hbm tlf h`f gnhss/sfx rhted. ]lfsf

vhrehanfs lhvf affb gdophrfm wetl tlf mehoftfr dj tlf

odubm. ]lf h`f gnhss/sfx rhted wenn af ebgnumfm eb tlf

mesgussedb dj tlf jerst tlrff vhrehanfs afndw.

1. H arefj mfsgreptedb dj tlf gfoftfry

]lf gfoftfry nefs aftwffb tlf lhonfts dj ]dtfrjdut

hbm Lhnvf Oein eb tlf oubegephnety dj Zfnmldvfb (prdvebgf

dj Bdrtl Arhahbt) (je`. 8). ]lf gnustfr dj ahrrdws, wetl h

nfb`tl dj twd cendoftrfs, nefs db hb fhst-wfst drefbtfm

gdvfrshbm rem`f. Eb tlf nhst gfbtury h ndghn hrglhfdndèst,

tlf wfnn-cbdwb [ftrus Bdrafrtus [hbcfb (8<85-85;=),

mu` nep ohby ahrrdws eb tles hrfh.8 Eb odst dj tlf ahrrdws

tlht lf 'ebvfste`htfm' lf jdubm sohnn hodubts dj glhrgdhn.

Eb dbny tlrff mem lf jebm hby grfohtedb rfohebs (@nhs

afr`fb 856=, 8:).

Hntfr iust ubmfr h gfbtury dj ubmesturafm pfhgf, tlf hrfh

gdbthebeb` tlf gfoftfry tlrfhtfbfm td af mesturafm ay

fxtfbsevf nhr`f-sghnf oddr rfgnhohtedbs hbm tlf me`èb`

hbm h`regunturhn hgtevetefs dj tlf ndghn dgguphbts. ]lf

Aedndèsgl-Hrglfdndèsgl Ebstetuut (AHE) (Ebstetutf jdr

Aednd`y hbm Hrglhfdnd`y) dj @rdbeb`fb tlfb mfgemfm td

fxghvhtf tlf gnustfr dj ahrrdws eb ets fbterfty. Eb tlf pfredm85=<-8568 tlf gnustfr gdbsestfm dj tlerty-fe`lt ahrrdws.

]lerty-jdur dj tlfsf ahrrdws wfrf fxghvhtfm.

]lrff sfphrhtf `rdups dj ahrrdws wfrf mestebùeslfm eb

tlf gfoftfry9

8. hb fhstfrb `rdup bfhr ]dtfrjdut3

1. h gfbtrhn `rdup db tlf @rddtf Hhrm3

7. h wfstfrb `rdup td tlf sdutl dj tlf lhonft dj Lhnvf Oein.

Dbf ahrrdw (bd. =) nefs td tlf bdrtl dj tlf gfbtrhn `rdup.

Eb tlf oemmnf dj tlf 85tl gfbtury tlfrf wfrf sdof pddns

hbm h revunft td tlf bdrtl hbm sdutl dj tlf gdvfrshbm rem`f.

]lht fbverdbofbthn setuhtedb prdahany gndsfny rfsfoanfm

tlht ht tlf teof dj tlf Ardbzf H`f dgguphtedb. ]lf hrfh es

ubmfr guntevhtedb tdmhy hbm tlf pddns lhvf affb mrhebfm ay

tlf mffpfbeb` hbm ghbhnezhtedb dj tlf revunft 'Mf

Aru``fbreit'.

7. Bfw fvemfbgf

Dbf dj tlf prdanfos eb ahrrdw rfsfhrgl es tlht h ahrrdw

ohy af tlf rfsunt dj sfvfrhn rheseb` dr aurehn plhsfs, wlegl

ohy af sphgfm aftwffb h jfw mhys hbm sfvfrhn lubmrfm

yfhrs hphrt. Wugl h rheseb` dr aurehn plhsf es `fbfrhnny

rfjfrrfm td hs h 'odubm pfredm' .= ]lht tfro wenn af usfm h

h wdrceb` ubet eb tlf jdnndweb` hbhnyses. Eb tdthn, tlerty-jdu

ahrrdws wfrf ebvfste`htfm ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein. ]wfbty

jdur ahrrdws gdopresfm dbf odubm pfredm hbm bebf

ahrrdws gdbsestfm dj twd odubm pfredms. Dbf ahrrdw

gdopresfm tlrff odubm pfredms. ]lht ofhbs tlht h tdthn dj

jdrty-jdur odubm pfredms wfrf fxghvhtfm. ]lfy wfrf jdubm

td gdbtheb jejty-dbf `rhvfs, wlegl yefnmfm tlf rfohebs dj

jdrty-sfvfb admefs, jevf odubm pfredms mem bdt gdbthebluohb rfohebs.

Wdof dj tlfsf odubm pfredms lhvf affb mhtfm wetl tlf

hem dj tlf G8= oftldm (sff tlf mhtfs èvfb eb 8 hbm 1 seò

eb je`. 1). ]wd odubms wfrf jdubm td mhtf jrdo tlf Fhrny

Ardbzf H`f (FAH 1;;;-8<;; ghn. AG)6, bebf jrdo tlf

Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f H (OAH H 8<;;-86;; ghn. AG)

hbm jdur jrdo tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f A (OAH A 86;;-



78 F.O. ]LFVBEWWFB - DBGF H@HEB ]D]FQJDV]-LHNZF OEIN

Jeùrf 1. ]hanf dj rhmedghradb

mhtfs (Nhbteb`/ Oddc 8500).

71;; ¸ =;

716; E 76

711; e 6;

717; t6;

7116 t =6

71:;86;

77;6 t 76

710;8:; •

7776 8 76

77=6876 •

771; 8 6;

77<; 8 6;

7=1;8=6 •

7=<; 8 :6

766; 8 6;

ghn AG 1;;; 85:; 851; 8< <; 8<=; 8<;; 80:; 80 1; 8:<; 8:=; 8:;; 86:; 861; 8 =<; 8==; 8= ;; 87:;

| > FA H G2)>8 OAH H 82|> OAH A -D

Jeùrf 7. Lestd`rho sldweb` tlf

mehoftrf gnhssfs. Hbeä:.6 0.6 :.6 5.6 8;.6 88.6 81.6 87.6 8=.6 86.6 8:.6 80.6 8<.6 85.6 1;.6 18.6 11.6 17.6 v

7:.6 70.6 7<.6

odubm mehoftfr (o) ³.

E CO) ghn. AG).: Db tlf ahses dj tlfsf mhtfs et es fsteohtfm

tlht tlf gfoftfry whs usfm jdr aftwffb =:; hbm 01; yfhrs.

Eb tlf jurtlfr hbhnyses h pfredm dj usf dj :;; yfhrs wenn af

hssuofm.]lf mehoftfrs dj tlf odubms wfrf ofhsurfm sd hs td

fbhanf gdophresdb dj tlf nhadur ebvfstfm eb tlf ebmevemuhn

odubm pfredms. ]lf ohxeouo wemtl dj tlf pfreplfrhn

strugturf whs ofhsurfm. ]lf mehoftfrs dj tlf ebmevemuhn

odubm pfredms vhry jrdo : td 70.= o (je`. 7).

]wd oheb gnhssfs dj odubms ghb af mestebùeslfm. ]lfnerst gdbsests dj odubms wetl sohn_ mehoftfrs, dj : td 8=

oftrfs. ]les gnhss gdopresfs 58 % dj hnn tlf odubm pfredms

(b?=;). ]lf sfgdbm gnhss gdopresfs odubms wetl mehoftfrs

dj 8= oftrfs dr odrf. H gdbspegudus jfhturf dj tlf jdur

odubm pfredms dj tles nhst gnhss es tlht tlfy hrf hnn

surrdubmfm ay reb` metglfs hbm hnn lhvf fhrny mhtfs. ]lf

jdrty dtlgr ahrrdws hrf surrdubmfm ay reb`s dj pdstldnfs.

Phtfradnc mftfroebfm tlf rfnhtevf glrdbdnd`y dj tlf

gfoftfry db tlf ahses dj tlf rfsunts dj les phnybdndèghn

rfsfhrgl. ]lfrf prdvfm td af h sphtehn glrdbdndèghn

mestreautedb9 tlf dnmfr odubms wfrf hnn eb tlf fhstfrb

gnustfr hbm tlf ydub`fr odubms eb tlf gfbtrhn hbm wfstfrb

gnustfrs. ]les whs gdrrdadrhtfm ay tlf G8= mhtfs.

]lfrf hnsd prdvfm td af h sphtehn mejjfrfbgf eb tlf sezfs

dj tlf odubm pfredms9 tlf nhr`fr odubms nhy db tlf fhstfrb

phrt dj tlf gdvfrshbm rem`f, tlf sohnnfr dbfs db tlf wfstfrb

phrt.

]lf gfoftfry dj ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein whs jdubm tdgdbtheb 16 preohry aurehns, 85 dj wlegl wfrf grfohtedb

aurehns, tlf dtlfr sex afeb` ebluohtedbs. ]lf 1: sfgdbmhry

aurehns gdopresfm 18 grfohtedb aurehns hbm dbf ebluohtedb.

Eb tdthn tlf gfoftfry gdbthebfm =0 grfohtedb aurehns (<6%)

hbm sfvfb ebluohtedbs (86%). ]lf ohidrety dj tlf aurehns

wfrf seb`nf aurehns9 dbf gdrpsf pfr `rhvf. ]lrff wfrf

ountepnf aurehns. Ountepnf aurehns ghb af fxpnhebfm ay




]hanf 8. ]lf rfsunts dj tlf plyseghn-hbtlrdpdnd eghn rfsfhrgl ay F. Woets.

p ? preohry aurehn, s? sfgdbmhry aurehn.

Odubm pgredm Jebm Bd. Mehoftfr [/W Mftfroebhnedb ]rfhtofbt dj tlf mfgfhsfm @rhvf èjts

E 8 70.= s ebmftfroebhtfm grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb urb db surjhgf -

E nhn 70.= [ :, 11-=; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs sghttfrfm db surj'hgf adbf peb

E nhnn 70.= [ gI 4, 1;-=; y + $ 4 4,

81-1= y

grfohtedb9 rfohebs sghttfrfm db surjhgf -

8 7? nan 70.= [ d* '•'4. 86-8< y grfohtedb9 rfohebs sghttfrfm db surj'hgf -

8 7 ? Eann 70.= [ 4 44 , 86-1; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs sghttfrfm db surjhgf -

8 = ? ng 70.= s tI, 11-=; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb pet ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

8 6? nm 70.= s 4, 11-7; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

8 0 ? 88' 70.= s glenm, 0-81 y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb erff-trubc (8.61 oe -

EA :;h 11.7 s 4, 11-=; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb urb eb pet ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

EA :8h 11.7 s $ 4, 11-=; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb urb eb pet adbf peb

EA :1h 11.7 s $, =;-:; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb urb eb pet ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

EA :7 11.7 s glenm, <-81 y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet pefrgfm plhnhbx +

hbtnfr + ardbzf

mesgdndurhtedb

EA :6h 11.7 s $, 1;-=; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb urb eb pet ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

EA 0= 11.7 p ÷^ 7;-=; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb urb eb aurehn pet -

EA 0: 11.7 s $ 4, 7;-:; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb trff-trubc -

1 76h 8<.= p ebmftfroebhtfm grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet -

= << 87.; p $, 7;-:; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb trff-trubc -

6.8 == 8;.1 p glenm, 1 y ¸ < odbtls grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet pefrgfm mfgdrhtfm adbf

jrhòfbt + hbtnfr

6.8 =0 8;.1 s glenm, = y ¸ 81 odbtls grfohtedb9 rfohebs db surjhgf -

6.EE 75 81.; s glenm, ;-7 y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet plhnhbx ardwb afhr +

hbtnfr

<.8 =< 8;.5 p $ 44, 8<-=; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet -

<h 10 :.= s iuvfbenf 4 grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb pdstldnf -

<h 1< :.= s > 0 y 4 grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb pdstldnf -

<h 15 :.= s ebmftfroebhtfm grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb pdstldnf -

<h 7; :.= s glenm. 81-86 y grfohtedb9 rfohebs db surjhgf -

<h 78 :.= s glenm, 0-< y

¸ 1= odbtls

grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb pdstldnf -

<h 71 :.= s glenm, 0-8= y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb pdstldnf -

<h 77 :.= s ebmftfroebhtfm grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb pdstldnf -

<h 7= :.= p glenm, 1-= y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet -

<h 76 :.= s (4)4, 11-=; y gdbtfxt ubcbdwb -

8; 6; <.5 p $ 4, 1;-=; y + 0 y

¸ 1= odbnls

grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet fhrtlfbwhrf pdt

8; 6;h <.5p

$, 1;-=; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet -

88.8 67 0.< s luohb 0 grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb pdstldnf -

8= 0; 81.0 p $, 2 76 y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet -

8:.8 65 :.; p hmunt grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet -

80.8 8= <.: p g4 4, 2 1; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet -

8< 87 5.8 p D*, 7;-:; y grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet -

85.8 8: 5.8 p hmunt 4 grfohtedb9 rfohebs eb aurehn pet -



77 F.O. ]LFVBEWWFB - DBGF H@HEB ]D]FQJDV]-LHNZF OEIN

Jeùrf =. [ldtd`rhpls sldweb` tlf ardwb afhr plhnhbx, tlf mrennfm

hssuoeb` tlht tlf pfrsdbs eb tlf `rhvf hnn mefm ht tlf shofteof. Odubm Bd. E gdbthebfm h ountepnf aurehn dj jevf

ebmevemuhns.

]lf grfohtedb rfohebs tlht wfrf jdubm eb tlf vhredus

odubm pfredms wfrf hbhnyzfm ay Cruoafeb eb 8568

(@nhsafr`fb 856=. 81:-81<). ]les @frohb jhoeny mdgtdr

whs dbf dj tlf pedbffrs dj plyseghn-hbtlrdpdndèghn

rfsfhrgl. Hs dur cbdwnfm`f eb tles jefnm lhs `rfhtny

ebgrfhsfm dvfr tlf phst jdrty yfhrs, et whs mfgemfm

td rfhbhnysf tlf grfohtedb rfohebs dj ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf

Oein.

F. Woets dj tlf Ebstetutf jdr [rf- hbm [rdtdlestdry eb

Hostfrmho hbhnyzfm =; hssfoanh`fs dj grfohtfm rfohebs

(tha. 88. jlfrf prdvfm td af h `rfhn mesgrfphbgi aftwffblfr rfsunts hbm tldsf dj Cruoafeb. Woets hrrevfm ht h odrf

spfgejeg h`f gnhss mevesedb. Eb sdof ghsfs grfohtedb rfohebs

tlht lhm ebetehnny affb emfbtejefm hs tlf rfohebs dj h

ountepnf aurehn dj hb hmunt hbm hb Ebjhbs E prdvfm td

rfprfsfbt tlf rfohebs dj h seb`nf aurehn dj dbf hmunt. ]les

rfmugfm tlf buoafr dj `rhvfs gdbthebeb` tlf rfohebs dj

glenmrfb (Ebjhbs E hbm 88) jrdo jejtffb td fnfvfb.

H rfohrchanf mesgdvfry whs tlf `rffb mesgdndurhtedb tlht

whs dasfrvfm db se^ hssfoanh`fs dj grfohtedb rfohebs

(tha. 1). ]les plfbdofbdb lhm hnrfhmy affb dasfrvfm

afndrf ay @frohb rfsfhrglfrs (Cþln 85<0). ]lfy jdubm tlhttles `rffb mesgdndurhtedb es tlf rfsunt dj tlf dxemhtedb dj

ardb/f daifgts wlegl hggdophbefm tlf mfgfhsfm db tlf

pyrf. ]lf le`l tfopfrhturf dj tlf pyrf (hpprdx. <6()»G)

sdjtfbfm tlf ardbzf hbm ghusfm h glfoeghn rfhgtedb td thcf

pnhgf db tlf rfohebeb` adbfs (Cþln 85<0. 5=). ]lf pdsetedb

dj tlf `rffb mesgdndurhtedb es h strdb` ebmeghtedb dj tlf

dreèbhn pdsetedb dj tlf ardbzf daifgts.

hbm hb hbtnfr jrhòfbt.

]lf `rffb mesgdndurhtedbs dasfrvfm ht ]dtfrjdut-LhnvfOein wfrf db mehplyses jrhòfbts (arhgfnft4), db jrhòfbts

dj vfrtfarhf, db scunn jrhòfbts hbm db h jrhòfbt dj h rea

(jeaunh4). ]lf `rffb mesgdndurhtedb db tlf ds jrdbthnf ohy

af tlf rfsunt dj tlf aurbeb` dj h ardbzf mfgdrhtevf fnfofbt

dj sdof lfhmmrfss. Eb bdrtlwfst @frohby odst ghsfs dj

`rffb mesgdndurhtedb db tlf ds jrdbthnf gdbgfofm tlf

rfohebs dj hmunts aut ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein tlf ardbzf

dxemf whs dasfrvfm db tlf adbfs dj h glenm dj <-81 yfhrs

dnm. Hntldu`l tles ardbzf dxemf whs dasfrvfm db sex

hssfoanh`fs dj grfohtedb rfohebs, bd ardbzf whs jdubm

mureb` tlf fxghvhtedb. ]les oust ofhb tlht tlf ardbzf

daifgts wfrf rfgdvfrfm jrdo tlf gddnfm hslfs hbm rfusfm,

wlegl wdunm eopny tlht tlf dreèbhn buoafr dj `rhvf `ddmstlht hggdophbefm tlf mfgfhsfm ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein whs

`rfhtfr tlhb tlht jdubm mureb` tlf fxghvhtedb. ]lf @frohb

rfsfhrglfrs hnsd jdubm tlht tlf pfrgfbth`f dj `rhvfs tlht

dreèbhnny gdbthebfm ardbzf daifgts whs twegf hs le`l hs

ebetehnny afnefvfm (Cþln 85<0, 50).

]lf `rffb mesgdndurhtedbs prdvfm td af neoetfm td tlf

grfohtfm rfohebs dj tlf sfgdbmhry `rhvfs dj twd odubms.

]lfsf odubms, e.f. tuoune 8 hbm EA, hrf bdt dbny tlf nhr`fst

dj tlf gnustfr, aut hnsd tlf dnmfst.

Eb hmmetedb td luohb adbfs, tlf grfohtedb rfohebs hnsd

ebgnumfm rfohebs dj hbeohns. Eb tlrff ghsfs tlf rfohebs

dj glenmrfb wfrf jdubm td af oexfm wetl jrhòfbts djhbtnfr. ]wd dj tlfsf glenmrfb lhm odrfdvfr affb aurefm

hggdophbefm ay h phstfrb9 dbf gdbgfofm h ardwb afhr

hbm tlf dtlfr h pefrgfm phstfrb dj hb ubemfbtejefm hbeoh_

spfgefs, (je`. =).

Hbeohn adbfs jdubm eb aurehn gdbtfxts hrf usuhnny

ebtfrprftfm hs tlf rfohebs dj h ofhn jdr tlf mfgfhsfm. Afhr

plhnhb`fs dr mffr hbtnfr fbgdubtfrfm eb `rhvfs hrf ldwfvfr




]hanf 1. [rfgesf pdsetedb dj tlf `rffb mesgdndurhtedb, [? preohry aurehn, W? sfgdbmhry aurehn.

odubm

pfredmjebm buoafr n'/W rfsunt dj mftfroebhtedb

pdsetedb dj `rffbmesgdndurhtedb

8 =?8 s 4 >I, 17-=; y

8 6?8 s 1, 17-7; y

8A:;h

s 1, 17-=; yEA :1h s 1, =;-:; y

EA :7 s glenm, <-81 y

EA :6h s 1, 1;-=; y

jrhòfbt dj vfrtfarhn admyjrhòfbt dj vfrtfarh hbm dbh jrhòfbt dj hb hro dr h nfjrhòfbt dj h reajrhòfbt dj h mehplyses(hro/nf`) hbm db h cbff idebtdb tlf jdrflfhm (oemwhyhadvf tlf fyfs)db vfrtfarh jrhògbts,hro/nf` hbm scunn

odrf necfny td lhvf lhm h syoadneg se`bejeghbgf. Gnhws hbm

ghbebf tfftl dj tlf ardwb afhr, Vrsus hrgtds N. hppfhr

rhrfny eb prflestdref `rhvfs. Odst gnhw jebms dggur eb hb

Erdb H`f dr Qdohb pfredm `rhvf gdbtfxt, wlfrf tlfy hrfmrennfm tlrdu`l hbm tlfrgjdrf usfm hs h pfbmhbt (Wglúb-

jfnmfr 855=, 118). ]les usf es h strdb` ebmeghtedb tlht tlf

tfftl hbm phws, tlf mfhmny wfhpdbs dj tlf ardwb afhr lhm

ohèf quhnetefs. Hggdrmeb` td Qhbcf tlf afhr syoadnesfm

pdwfr eb tlf @frohbeg wdrnm (Qhbcf 85<6, =0).

@frohb netfrhturf ofbtedbs fxhopnfs dj afhrs' plhnhb`fs

jdubm eb regl ohnf `rhvfs jrdo tlf Erdb H`f (Nfloculn

85<0, 8;5). Eb ghsfs eb wlegl sfvfrhn afhr's plhnhb`fs lhvf

affb jdubm eb h `rhvf et es afnefvfm tlht tlf gdrpsf whs

wrhppfm eb h afhr's lemf (Ldngc 85<:). ]lf Ardbzf H`f

glenm' s `rhvf ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein gdbthebfm dbny dbf

plhnhbx, wlegl lhm bdt affb pefrgfm3 et ohy pdsseany lhvf

affb cfpt eb h sohnn pursf ghrrefm hrdubm tlf bfgc. ArdbzfH`f afhr plhnhb`fs hrf vfry rhrf. Et es streceb` tlht tlf jfw

cbdwb ghsfs wfrf jdubm eb tlf `rhvfs dj ydub` glenmrfb

(Cþln 85<83 ]feglfrt 855;). Eb tlf Ardbzf H`f ohyaf tlf

ohèf quhnety dj tlf afhr hounft whs bdt h syoadn dj pdwfr

hs eb nhtfr pfredms aut odrf h prdtfgtevf se`b fxgnusevfny

ebtfbmgm jdr glenmrfb.

Dbny jfw dtlfr ghsfs dj hbtnfrs `rhvf `ddms hrf cbdwb3

dgghsedbhnny hbtnfr jrhòfbts hrf jdubm eb Erdb H`f `rhvfs

(Cþln 85<=, 181).

Webgf tlf rfhbhnyses ay F. Woets wf cbdw tlf h`f hbm/dr

sfx dj 76 ebmevemuhns.]lf mevesedb hggdrmeb` td h`f sldws tlht hnn h`f gnhssfs

hrf rfprfsfbtfm wetl tlf fxgfptedb dj tlht dj Wfben.

Eb hmmetedb td tlf sex rfnhtevfny wfnn-mfjebfm h`f gnhssfs,

tlrff nfss spfgejeg `rdups dj 'hmunt' (b?1)^ 'iuvfbenf' (b?n)'

hbm 'ebmftfroebhtf (b?=)' rfohebs lhvf affb mestebùeslfm.

]lf gnhssfs dj glenmrfb ydub`fr tlhb 8= (Ebjhbs E hbm EE)

hbm hmunts dj aftwffb 11 hbm =; (Hmunt) lhvf tlf le`lfst

pfrgfbth`fs. ]wd hssfoanh`fs dj tlf rfohebs dj glenmrfb

ydub`fr tlhb 0 (b?6) wfrf rfgdvfrfm jrdo preohry aurehns.

tlrff jrdo sfgdbmhry aurehns (tha. 1). ]lf grfohtedb

rfohebs rfgdvfrfm jrdo tlf sfgdbmhry trff-trubc fdjjeb djodubm pfredm 8 prdvfm td af tldsf dj h glenm h`fm aftwffb

sfvfb hbm twfnvf. ]lf nfb`tl dj tlf trff-trubc fdjjeb (8.61 o

whs eb hggdrmhbgf wetl tlf lfe`lt dj h glenm dj tlht h`f.

Eb vefw dj tlf sohnn nfb`tl dj tlf trff-trubc fdjjeb, dbf dj

tlf ebluohtedb aurehns es prdahany hnsd tlht dj h glenm. 0

]lf rfsunts dj tlf sfx mftfroebhtedb dj tlf grfohtfm

rfohebs sldw tlht ohnfs, jfohnfs hbm glenmrfb wfrf aurefm

eb adtl preohry hbm sfgdbmhry `rhvfs (tha. 7). Ofb wfrf

aurefm prfmdoebhbtny eb preohry `rhvfs. Pdofb hbm

glenmrfb wfrf aurefm eb sfgdbmhry `rhvfs odrf jrfqufbtny

tlhb ofb. H streceb` jhgt es tlht odrf tlhb twegf hs ohby

wdofb hs ofb wfrf aurefm. Glenmrfb (h`fm nfss tlhb sfvfb)wfrf aurefm eb hnn typfs dj `rhvfs, adtl seb`nf hbm ountepnf

hbm adtl preohry hbm sfgdbmhry. ]lf mevesedb hggdrmeb` td

sfx sldws tlht tlf buoafr dj sfgdbmhry glenm aurehns es

tlrff teofs tlf buoafr dj preohry dbfs. Web`nf preohry

glenm aurehns wfrf dbny fbgdubtfrfm tlfrf wlfrf tlf

sfgdbmhry aurehns wfrf hnsd glenm `rhvfs. ]les whs dasfrvfm

twegf. Odubm pfredms 6.8 hbm <h gdbthebfm twd preohry

glenm aurehns dj vfry ydub` glenmrfb (ydub`fr tlhb jdur

yfhrs dnm). ]lf grfohtfm rfohebs dj tlf sfgdbmhry aurehns

gdbthebfm eb tles odubm prdvfm td af dj glenmrfb tdd.

=. Gdop hre sdb dj tlf mehoftfr dj tlf odubmwetl tlf tlrff quhnethtevf vhrehanfs

=.8 ]LF QFNH]EDB AF]PFFB ]LF MEHOF]FQ DJ ]LF

ODVBM HBM @QHZF @DDMW

]lf mfgfhsfm tlht wfrf aurefm eb tlf gfoftfry dj

]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein wfrf hggdophbefm ay dbny jfw `rhvf

`ddms, ubnecf tldsf wldsf rfohebs wfrf jdubm eb tlf

bdrtlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms.<



ZW F.O. ]LFVBEWWFB - DBGF H@HEB ]D]FQJDV]-LHNZF OEIN

]hanf 7. Mevesedb dj aurehns hggdrmeb` td h`f gnhss.

gnhss h`f (yfhr) preohry pdsetedb sfgdbmhry pdsetedb buoafr

Ebjhbs 8 > 0

Sbjhbs EE 0-8=

Iuvgben 8=-11

Hmunt 11-=;

Ohtur =;-:;

Wfben 2:;

7 6 8:

6 : 85

- 7 5

: 8= ==

1 = EI

tdthn nm 8: 71 8;;

iuvfbenfhmuntebmgtfroebhnf

]hanf =. Mevesedb dj aurehns hggdrmeb` td sfx.

sfx preohry pdsetedb sfgdbmhry pdsetedb buoafr '0,

glenm/iuvfbenf

ohnf

jfohnf

7

6

:

8;

8

0

87

:

87

=8

85

=8

tdthn 8= 8< 71 8;8

Fnfvfb `rhvfs (tlrff preohry hbm fe`lt sfgdbmhry)

yefnmfm `rhvf `ddms dr ebmeghtedbs dj tlf jdrofr prfsfbgf

dj `rhvf `ddms (tha. 6). Dj tlf mfgfhsfm wld wfrf aurefm eb

tlf preohry `rhvfs dbf lhm affb hggdophbefm ay hb

fhrtlfbwhrf pdt hbm twd ay adbf hrtfjhgts. Wex `rhvfs

gdbthebfm strdb` ebmeghtedbs dj ardbzf `rhvf, dr ht nfhst

pyrf `ddms. ]lf odubm pfredms wetl tlf nhr`fst mehoftfrs

hbm tlf fhrnefst mhtfs, e.f. 8 hbm 8A, gdbthebfm tlf odst

`rhvf `ddms (je`. 6). Jdr tlf bdrtlfrb phrt dj tlf

Bftlfrnhbms Ndldj jdubm h gnfhr gdrrfnhtedb aftwffb tlf

mehoftfr dj tlf odubm pfredm hbm tlf buoafr dj `rhvf

`ddms eb tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f pfredms H hbm A (Ndldj

8558, 816, 851).


ODVBM HBM ]LF [QFWFBGF DJ H ODQ]VHQU

LDVWF

]lf gfoftfry dj ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein gdbthebfm tlfrfohebs dj sfvfrhn odrtuhry ldusfs9 gdbjeùrhtedbs dj jdur

dr odrf pdstldnfs hrdubm h `rhvf (tha. :). ]lf pdsts tlht

stddm eb tlfsf ldnfs prdahany suppdrtfm h rddj. ]lf rfohebs

dj tfb sugl strugturfs wfrf jdubm ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein.

Bebf dj tlfsf wfrf fndb`htfm strugturfs dj sohnn, tleb

pdsts.5 ]lf tfbtl odrtuhry ldusf whs odrf sdubmny

jdubmfm db tlegcfr pdsts.

]lrff dj tlf tfb odrtuhry ldusfs wfrf bdt hssdgehtfm

wetl h veseanf `rhvf. ]lfy prdahany gdvfrfm ebluohtedb

aurehns db tlf dreèbhn `rdubm surjhgf. Dbf mduanå odrtuhry

ldusf whs jdubm hssdgehtfm wetl h ountepnf aurehn. Dbf

odrtuhry ldusf whs hssdgehtfm wetl h phtgl dj glhrgdhn.

]lf pdsts dj tlf dtlfr jevf odrtuhry ldusfs surrdubmfm

grfohtedb `rhvfs.

Wfvfrhn ebtfrprfthtedbs dj tlf jubgtedb dj tlfsf jdur-pdst

strugturfs hrf td af jdubm eb tlf netfrhturf. Afghusf dj tlfer

jneosy strugturf, @nhsafr`fb afnefvfm tlht tlfy wfrf

tfopdrhry auenmeb`s. Eb les dpebedb, odrtuhry ldusfs lhm h

prdtfgtevf jubgtedb3 tlf pdsts sfrvfm td suppdrt dbny h sohnn

rddj td prdtfgt tlf mfgfhsfm jdr tlf pfredm aftwffb aurehn

hbm tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf aurehn odubm.

Zhb Zenstfrfb (Zhb Zenstfrfb 85<<, :) lhs su``fstfm h

mejjfrfbt ebtfrprftht edb. Ej tlfrf es h gnfhr gdrrfnht edb

aftwffb tlf prfsfbgf dj jdur-pdst strugturfs hbm grfohtedb

rfohebs tlfb, hggdrmeb` td Zhb Zenstfrfb, tlfsf strugturfssldunm bdt af ebtfrprftfm hs odrtuhry ldusfs dr nettnf

tfopnfs, aut hs tlf rfohebs dj pyrfs. Phln (85<1, =;) lhs

mfsgreafm fxpfreofbts wetl mejjfrfbt wddmfb pyrf

strugturfs. Les rfsunts ghb tfen us wlftlfr tlf strugturfs

wldsf rfohebs wfrf jdubm ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein ohy

lhvf affb pyrfs, e.f. wlftlfr tlfy ohy lhvf gdbthebfm

sujjegeãbt wddm td grfohtf h admy. ]lf hodubt dj wddm




]hanf 6. Mestreautedb dj tlf `rhvf `ddms.[ • preohry pdsetedb, W ? sfgdbmhry pdsetedb, y ? yfhr, o? odbtl.

odubm jebm mehoftfr [/W aurehn `rhvf `ddms

pfredm buoafr (o)

8 nhn 70.= E8 4 gI, 17-=; y adbg peb

8 =?ng 70.= s 4 :", 17-=; y ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

8 6?nm 70.= s 5, 17-=; y ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

EA :;h 11.7 s 5, 17-=; y ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

8A :8h 11.7 s ÷^ 17-=; y adbf peb

8A (.1h 11.7 s 5, =;-:; y ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

EL :7 11.7 s glenm, <-81 y ardbzf + hbtnfr + pefrgfm phstf

EA :6h 11.7 W 5, 1;-=; y ardbzf mesgdndurhtedb

6.8 == 8;.1 [ glenm. 1 y ¸ < o hbtnfr + mfgdrhtfm adbf

6.M 75 81.; s glenm. ;-7 y ardwb afhr plhnhbx + hbtnfr

8; 6; <.5 [ 5 4, 1;-=; y +

glenm. 0 y ¸ 1= o

fhrnlfbwhrf pdt

]hanf :. Mestreautedb dj tlf odrtuhry ldusfs.y? yfhr, o? odbtl, [? preohry pdsetedb, W? sfgdbmhry pdsetedb.

odubm pfredm jebm buoafr mehoftfr [/W aurehn

EA 0= 11.7 [ 5, 7;-=; y

6.8 == 8;.1 [ glenm. 1 y ¸ < o

W.n =W 8;.5 [ 5, 8<-=; y

EEE 6;, 6;h <.5 [ 1x 5 4, 1;-=; y + glenm, 0 y ¸ 1= odbtl

5, 1;-=; y

88.8 - 0.W E8 bd `rhvf

8= 0(8 81.0 [ 5 4 2 76 y

86 - 8;.8 [ phtgl dj glhrgdhn

85.8 - 5.8 [ hmunt4

18 - 87.; [ bd `rhvf

10 - 0.7 [ bd `rhvf

rfquerfm jdr h pyrf mfpfbms db sfvfrhn jhgtdrs. H jerst

eopdrthbt jhgtdr es tlf gdbstrugtedb oftldm usfm9 tlf pefgfs

dj wddm ghb af fetlfr rhbmdony sthgcfm dr hrrhb`fm eb h

`rem strugturf. ]lf hodubt dj wddm rfquerfm hnsd mfpfbms

db tlf pdsturf dj tlf gdrpsf9 odrf wddm es rfquerfm td aurb

hb fxtfbmfm gdrpsf tlhb td aurb h gdrpsf nyeb` wetl ets

cbffs afbt, pnhgfm eb h setteb` pdsturf dr lfnm upre`lt wetl

tlf hem dj h pdst. Et gdunm af hrùfm tlht tlf jdur sohnn

pdstldnfs jdubm ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein gdbjebfm tlf neoets

dj h rhbmdony sthgcfm pyrf. Eb tlht ghsf tlf fndb`htfm slhpf

dj tlf strugturfs su``fsts tlht tlf mfgfhsfm wfrf aurbfmwetl fxtfbmfm neoas. Ej tlf pyrf es hssuofm td lhvf affb

8.6 o le`l, tlfb et ohy lhvf gdbthebfm hpprdxeohtfny 8.6

td 1.1 o7 wddm. Hggdrmeb` td Phln, sugl hb hodubt dj

wddm es sujjegeãbt td grfohtf h gdrpsf (Phln 85<1, =;).

Hb hrùofbt h`hebst tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj odrtuhry

strugturfs hs tlf rfohebs dj pyrfs es tlf hasfbgf dj nhr`f

hodubts dj glhrgdhn afbfhtl tlf odubms. ]lf sohnn

hodubts dj glhrgdhn jdubm eb tlf gfoftfry dj ]dtfrjdut-

Lhnvf Oein ohcf et le`lny ubnecfny tlht tlf strugturfs dj

tlht gfoftfry wfrf pyrfs.

Eb gdophresdb wetl tlf bdrtlfhst phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbm

tlf buoafr dj odrtuhry ldusfs dj ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein es

fxgfptedbhnny le`l. ]lf 7:6 odubm pfredms tlht lhvf affb

ebvfste`htfm eb tlf bdrtl gdbthebfm hs ohby odrtuhry

ldusfs hs tlf ahrrdws ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein (Ndldj 855

:<, 81=, 8=8).

Hbdtlfr mejjfrfbgf es tlht odst odrtuhry ldusfs eb tlf

bdrtlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms hrf hssdgehtfm wetlountepnf gfbtrhn aurehns, dbf dj wlegl aurehns ht nfhst es hb

ebluohtedb. Hggdrmeb` td Ndldj tlf odrtuhry ldusf

gdvfrfm (hbm prdtfgtfm) tlf gfbtrhn ebluohtedb ubten tlf

dtlfr gdrpsfs tlht wfrf hnsd td af aurefm eb tlf `rhvf lhm

affb grfohtfm. Ndldj tlfrfjdrf hnsd hssuofs h tfopdrhry.

prdtfgtevf jubgtedb, hntldu`l tlf strugturf dj tlf odrtuhry

ldusfs dj tlf bdrtlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms mdfs bdt



70 F.O. ]LFVBEWWFB - DBGF H@HEB ]D]FQJDV]-LHNZF OVE.

Je urf 6. Lestd rho sldweb` tlf

`rhvf `ddms eb rfnhtedb td tlf

odubm mehoftfrs.

• èjt eb preohry `rhvf

H èjt eb sfgdbmhry `rhvf

H H

e Z 7:6 7/6.6 0.6 <.6 5.6 8;.6 88.6 81.6 87.6 8=.6 86.6 8:.6 80.6 8<.6 85.6 1;.6 18.6 11.6 17.6 v 7:.6 70.6 7<.6

odubm mehoftfr (o) *•

Je urf :. Lestd rho sldweb` tlf

odrtuhry ldusfs eb rfnhtedb td tlf

odubm mehoftfrs.

H odrtuhry

HR6.6 0.6 <.6 5.6 8;.6 88.6 81.6 87.6 8=.6 86.6 8:.6 80.6 8<.6 85.6 1;.6 18.6 11.6 17.6 v 7:.6 70.6 7<.6

odubm mehoftfr (o) 2.

su``fst sugl 3e jubgtedb9 tlgy wfrf hnn auent jrdo tlegc

pdsts, sdof dj wlegl wfrf jdubmfm :; go mffp."8 ]lf ("hgt

tlht eb sdof dj tlfsf ghsfs tlf rfohebs dj tlf pdsts gdunm

ag trhgfm sfvfrhn mfgeoftfrs ebtd tlf admy dj tlf odubm

ohcfs et vfry necfny tlht tlf pdsts wfrf bdt rfodvfm afjdrf

tlf frfgtedb dj tlf odubm (Ndldj 8558, 811). Ht ]dtfrjdut-

Lhnvg Oein tlf pdsts lhm affb rfodvfm afjdrf tlf frfgtedb

dj tlf odubm. ]lf sdms tlht lhm affb usfm td gdbstrugt tlf

odubm nhy db tdp dj tlf pdstldnfs (@nhsafr`fb 856=. 8=1).

Odrtuhry ldusfs wfrf jdubm dvfr `rhvfs dj ofb, wdofb

hbm glenmrfb hbm hnsd dvfr ountepnf `rhvfs. Hpphrfbtny tlf

aurehn retf tlht (prdahany) ebvdnvfm tlf frfgtedb dj tlf

odrtuhry ldusf whs bdt sfx- dr h`f-rfnhtfm.

]lfrf es bd gdrrfnhtedb aftwffb tlf mehoftfr dj tlf

odubm hbm tlf prfsgbgf dj h odrtuhry ldusf ht ]dtfrjdut-

Lhnvf Oein9 odrtuhry ldusfs wfrf fbgdubtfrfm eb adtl

nhr`f hbm sohn! odubms (ne`. :). ]lfrf mdfs bdt hppfhr td

af h merfgt gdbbfgtedb aftwffb odrtuhry ldusfs hbm rhbc

dr sthtus eb tlf bdrtlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms fetlfr,

hntldu`l odrtuhry ldusfs md sffo td af odrf gdoodb eb

odubm pfredms wetl sohnn mehoftfrs tlhb eb tldsf wetl

nhr`fr dbfs. ]lf shof sffos td ldnm jdr tlf gnustfr dj

ahrrdws ht ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein.


ODVBM HBM MEJJFQFBGFW EB ]LF ]QFH]OFB] DJ

]LF MFGFHWFM

Et es mejjegunt td quhbtejy tlf mejjfrfbgf eb tlf trfhtofbt dj

tlf mfgfhsfm aftwffb preohry grfohtedb hbm ebluohtedb.

Jrdo hb daifgtevf pdebt dj vefw, grfohtedb es odrf nhadur-

ebtfbsevf tlhb ebluohtedb. Pf cbdw dj ftlbd`rhpleg

fxhopnfs wlfrf ebluohtedb es rfsfrvfm jdr le`lfr sdgehn

rhbcs hbm grfohtedb jdr ndwfr dbfs (Ndldj 8558, 10). Aut

fxhopnfs dj tlf dppdsetf hrf hnsd cbdwb. ]lf trfhtofbt dj

tlf mfgfhsfm es sd gndsfny tefm up wetl emfdnd`y tlht et es

bdt pdsseanf td gdophrf tlf mejjfrfbt aurehn prhgtegfs seopny




]hanf 0. ]rfhtofbt dj tlf mfgfhsfm.

]rfhtofbt dj tlf mfgfhsfm pbohry sggdbmhry td

grfohtedb3 rfohebs eb urb/sghttfrfm eb aurehn pet'grgohtedb3 rfohebs eb urb/sghttfrfm eb petgrfohtedb9 rfohebs eb urb/sghttfrfm db surjhgfgrfohtedb3 rfohebs eb trff-trubc gdjjeb

grfohtedb3 rfohebs sghttfrfm eb pdstldnfebluohtedb db dreèbhn `rdubm surjhgfebluohtedb eb trff-trubc gdjjeb

86

8

(e

=

0

=

1

0'-

8

tdthn 1W 16

8 H mestebgtedb lhs affb ohmf aftwffb h 'aurehn pet' (rfgthbùnhr, wetl tlf nfb`tl afeb` ht nfhst twetlf wemtl) hbm h 'pet' (dvhn td rdubm).1 Hs tlf grfohtfm rfohebs wfrf rfgdvfrfm jrdo tlf jenns dj tlf pdstldnfs dj tlf pfreplfrhn strugturftles jdro dj aurehn es gdbsemfrfm sfgdbmhry eb tles thanf.

db tlf ahses dj tlf hodubt dj nhadur ebvfstfm. Et es h

quhnethtevf mejjfrfbgf. ]lf nebc wetl tlf sdgehn rhbc dj tlfmfgfhsfm ghb dbny af ebjfrrfm jrdo tlf dvfrhnn gdoaebhtedb

dj vhrehanfs dj tlf `rhvf.

]lfrf hrf h buoafr dj rfohrchanf jhgtdrs (tha. 0)9 eb tlf

jerst pnhgf, dbny jfw ebluohtedbs wfrf jdubm. ]lf shbmy

sden dj tlf setf lhm bdt jhvdurfm tlf prfsfrvhtedb dj

hrglhfdndèghnny veseanf trhgfs dj ebluohtedbs. Eb jevf ghsfs,

e.f. tldsf eb wlegl h odubm pfredm wetldut h `rhvf whs

jdubm, @nhsafr`fb hssuofm tlht h admy lhm affb aurefm db

tlf dreèbhn `rdubm surjhgf. Eb vefw dj tlf sohnn buoafr dj

ohnf aurehns (b?6), wf ohy prdahany hssuof tlht

ebluohtedb db tlf dreèbhn `rdubm surjhgf whs h jdro dj

aurehn rfsfrvfm jdr ofb.

]lf sfgdbm rfohrchanf jhgtdr es tlf hasfbgf dj fvemfbgf

jdr ebluohtedbs eb aurehn pets eb gdophresdb wetl tlf ohby

ghsfs dj grfohtedb rfohebs jdubm eb aurehn pets.

H vfry ubusuhn jdro dj aurehn es tlht dj tlf mfpdsetedb dj

grfohtedb rfohebs eb h pdstldnf. @nhsafr`fb's setf pnhbs

hbm mfsgreptedbs md bdt tfen us fxhgtny ldw tlf grfohtedb

rfohebs lhm affb aurefm eb tlf reb` dj pdstldnfs. ]lf

rfohebs wfrf rfgdvfrfm jrdo tlf jenns dj tlf pdstldnfs,

wlfrf tlfy lhm prdahany nheb h`hebst tlf wddmfb pdsts

(@nhsafr`fb 856=, 6:) ." Et es bdt gnfhr wlftlfr tlf

grfohtedb rfohebs wfrf aurefm afjdrf dr hjtfr tlf frfgtedb

dj tlf pdsts hbm, eb tlf nhttfr ghsf, wlftlfr dr bdt tlf pdstswfrf tfopdrhreny rfodvfm jrdo tlf pdstldnfs. Eb tlf ghsf

dj tuounus 88 tlf grfohtedb rfohebs lhm affb mfpdsetfm eb

h pet afjdrf tlf pdst whs pnhgfm eb et. F. Woets' rfhbhnyses

lhs sldwb tlht tles phrtegunhr jdro dj aurehn whs bdt

rfsfrvfm jdr spfgejeg phrts dj tlf scfnftdb. Eb dbf odubm,

tuounus <h.E, tles jdro dj aurehn whs fbgdubtfrfm sex teofs.

Jevf dj tlfsf sex hssfoanh`fs dj grfohtfm rfohebs lhvf

affb emfbtejefm hs tldsf dj glenmrfb (Ebjhbs E hbm EE). ]lf

preohry `rhvf eb tles sohnn odubm wetl ets mehoftfr dj:.= o gdbthebfm tlf rfohebs dj h ydub` glenm. ]lf mfpdseted

dj grfohtedb rfohebs eb h pdstldnf whs prdahany h jdro dj

aurehn fxgnusevfny ebtfbmfm jdr glenmrfb.

Qfohrchanf aurehn fvemfbgf whs hnsd dasfrvfm eb odub

8A. ]d tlf sdutlfhst dj tlf gfbtrhn aurehn dj h ohb h`fm

7;-=; wfrf jdur sfgdbmhry aurehns afbfhtl tlf reb` ahbc.

]lfsf urb aurehns gdbthebfm tlf grfohtfm rfohebs dj hmunt

wdofb. ]lf pdsetedb dj tlf dpfbeb` dj tlf urb mejjfrfm pf

aurehn9 eb dbf ghsf tlf urb lhm affb pnhgfm upre`lt (necf

tlht dj tlf preohry aurehn), eb twd ghsfs tlf dpfbeb` whs

merfgtfm hwhy jrdo tlf preohry aurehn hbm eb dbf ghsf et

whs merfgtfm tdwhrms tlf preohry aurehn.

Et es mejjegunt td mftfroebf tlf dvfrhnn teof sphb hbm tlf

drmfr dj tlf aurehns dj odubms <h hbm 8A. Qfsfhrgl ebtd

aurehn retfs eb Udrcslerf sldwfm tlht tlf mfgfhsfm lhm

affb aurefm hggdrmeb` td gfrtheb runfs (Oezdùgle 8557).

Et wdunm sffo tlht sdof cebm dj 'runfs' wfrf hnsd hppnefm

tlf ghsf dj tlf aurehns eb tlf twd Mutgl odubms. ]lf

mejjfrfbt ghtf`drefs dj mfgfhsfm lhm affb mfpdsetfm

hggdrmeb` td sdof Wthbmhrm. Eb odubm 8A tlf rfohebs dj

hmunt wdofb lhm affb aurefm eb urbs, tlf pdsetedb dj tlf

urb pdsseany fxprfsseb` sdof jdro dj cebslep3 eb odubm <

dbny glenmrfb lhm affb aurefm eb pdstldnfs.

Oezdùgle lhs su``fstfm tlht tlf spfgejeg rfgdnnfgtedb d

tlf pdsetedb, sfx hbm h`f dj tlf prfvedus aurehns ohy lhvfpnhyfm hb eopdrthbt rdnf ht tlf teof dj h bfw aurehn. Jrdo

ftlbd`rhpleg fxhopnfs wf cbdw tlht spfgejeg cbdwnfm`f

ohy af tlf 'prdpfrty' dj h spfgejeg ebtfrfst `rdup9 tlf

fxgnusevf pdssfssedb dj sugl cbdwnfm`f gdbjeros tlf tefs

aftwffb tlf ofoafrs dj h `rdup hbm nfèteoesfs hbm

bhturhnesfs tlfer spfgejeg rfnhtedbs wetl tlf ofoafrs dj tlf

dtlfr `rdups dj tlf gdooubety.





=; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

tldsf ghusfm ay [hbcfb eb 8<=6. Et es mejjegunt td fsteohtf

tlf eophgt dj les hgtevetefs. Pf cbdw jdr surf tlht lf sft les

sphmf ebtd ht nfhst sfvfbtffb odubms, aut bdbf dj tlf

odubms meshppfhrfm gdopnftfny hs h rfsunt dj les hgtevetefs

(@nhsafr`fb 856=. 8:). ]lf `rfhtfst mesturahbgfs wfrf

ghusfm mureb` hbm iust hjtfr Pdrnm Phr EE, wlfb jhrofrs eb

tlf hrfh aurefm ghttnf eb tlf odubms hbm mu` shbm jrdo

tlfo. Bd odubms meshppfhrfm gdopnftfny muf td tlfsfhgtevetefs fetlfr. Pf ohy tlfrfjdrf hssuof h tdthn dj :1

mfgfhsfm81 aurefm eb odubms eb mftfroebeb` tlf sezf dj tlf

`rdup.

Plht wf md bdt cbdw jdr gfrtheb fetlfr es wlht

pfrgfbth`f tles buoafr dj :1 mfgfhsfm es dj tlf tdthn

buoafr dj mfgfhsfm dj tlf ]dtfrjdut gdooubety. H tdthn dj

:1 mfgfhsfm eb :;; yfhrs eopnefs dbf mfhtl fvfry tfb yfhrs,

wlegl wdunm ebmeghtf h pdpunhtedb dj dbny twd ebmevemuhns.

Wugl h sohnn pdpunhtedb ghbbdt ebmfpfbmfbtny survevf.

Hggdrmeb` td tlf prfsfbt vefws, Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f

sdgeftefs nevfm eb sohnn sfttnfofbts gdopreseb` twd dr tlrff

jhros (Qdyohbs/Jdccfbs 8558, 88). ]lfsf ldusfldnms ohy

lhvf gdbstetutfm h sdgehn `rdup dj hadut twfbty ebmevemuhns.

]lf hvfrh`f Nejf fxpfgthbgy eb tlf Ardbzf H`f es afnefvfm

td lhvf affb aftwffb 16 hbm 7; yfhrs (Hgshme/Bfofscåre

850;). ]lf sex gfbturefs dj usf ghb af mevemfm ebtd 1; td

1= `fbfrhtedbs, wlegl wdunm eopny h pdpunhtedb dj aftwffb

=;; hbm =<; ebmevemuhns. ]lf hgtuhn buoafr dj :1 mfgfhsfm

jdubm eb tlf gfoftfry es dbny h sohnn pfrgfbth`f dj tlf

ghngunhtfm pdpunhtedb. Et wdunm ofhb tlht dbny 87 td 8:%

dj tlf dvfrhnn pdpunhtedb whs aurefm eb h odubm gdbtfxt.

]les hssuofm pfrgfbth`f es eb hggdrmhbgf wetl tlf

pfrgfbth`f hssuofm ay Ndldj jdr tlf Fhrny Ardbzf H`f

(Ndldj 8558, 116).

]lf pdpunhtedb aurefm sdof dj ets mfhm eb odubms wleglwfrf frfgtgm eb h jherny gdbgfbtrhtfm gnustfr. ]lf sfttnfofbt

whs prdahany setuhtfm sdofwlfrf bfhr tlf gfoftfry,

hntldu`l lhrmny hby fvemfbgf jdr h Ardbzf H`f sfttnfofbt

setf lhs affb jdubm. Oemmnf Bfdnetleg dgguphtedb rfohebs

lhvf affb jdubm eb sdof pnhgfs (Zhb Affc 8500, =73

@nhsafr`fb 856=, 5<3 Mf Nhft 850=, 1<<3 Zfrwfrs 855;,

77). Jrdo tlf phnybdndèghn rfsfhrgl wf odrfdvfr cbdw

tlht gfrfhns wfrf guntevhtfm eb tlf vegebety dj tlf odubms

(@nhsafr`fb 856=, 80<). ]lf jfbgfs wldsf rfohebs wfrf

jdubm afbghtl odubms 81 hbm 8< prdahany ohrcfm tlf

neoets dj jhroyhrms dr jefnms.

:. Gdbgnusedb

]lf gfoftfry dj ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein gdbthebfm nettnf

fvemfbgf eb tfros dj nhadur ebput jdr sdgehn lefrhrgly.

]lf gdophresdbs dj tlf mehoftfr dj tlf odubm wetl dtlfr

quhnethtevf vhrehanfs, e.f. tlf `rhvf `ddms, odrtuhry ldusfs

hbm tlf trfhtofbt dj tlf mfgfhsfm, rfvfhnfm jdur odubm

pfredms wlegl mejjfr gnfhrny jrdo tlf dtlfrs9 pfredms 8, 8A,

6.8 hbm 8;. Odubm pfredms 8 hbm 8A gdbthebfm ohby

aurehns hggdophbefm ay `rhvf `ddms. Adtl odubm pfredms

lhm nhr`f mehoftfrs, bhofny dj 70.= hbm 11.= o,

rfspfgtevfny. ]lf mehoftfrs dj tlf twd dtlfr odubm pfredm

6.8 hbm 8;, wfrf bdt vfry nhr`f9 8;.1 hbm <.5 o,

rfspfgtevfny. ]lf oheb mejjfrfbgfs aftwffb tlf twd phers

dj odubms hrf bdt sd ougl mejjfrfbgfs eb tlf quhnethtevf

vhrehanfs aut rhtlfr mejjfrfbgfs eb tlf vdnuof dj tlf odubtlf buoafr dj aurehns hbm tlf mhtfs. ]lfsf mejjfrfbgfs oh

af httreauthanf td glhb`fs eb tlf aurehn retfs mureb` tlf

Ardbzf H`f. ]lfrf hrf ebmeghtedbs su``fsteb` tlht tlf

aurehn prhgtegfs eb tlf fhrny plhsf dj tlf gfoftfry eb

phrtegunhr wfrf odrf gnfhrny ebtfbmfm td fxprfss cebslep

tefs. ]lf fvemfbgf dj odubm pfredms 8A hbm <h su``fsts

tlf usf dj gfrtheb 'runfs'3 spfgejeg cbdwnfm`f hadut tlf

mfgfhsfm whs prdahany tlf 'prdpfrty' dj h spfgejeg cebsle

`rdup.

]lrdu`ldut tlf fbterf Ardbzf H`f dbny h sohnn

pfrgfbth`f dj tlf dvfrhnn pdpunhtedb whs aurefm eb odubm

Ndldj hssuofs tlht tlht pfrgfbth`f whs ht odst 86% eb

tlf Fhrny Ardbzf H`f (Ndldj 855=, 887). Hs jhr hs tlf

]dtfrjdut fvemfbgf es gdbgfrbfm tles sffos h rfhnesteg

jeùrf. ]lf :1 mfgfhsfm jdubm eb tlf gfoftfry hodubt td

87 td 8:% dj tlf tdthn buoafr dj aftwffb =;; hbm =<;

mfgfhsfm.

]lf mfgfhsfm wld wfrf aurefm eb odubms prdahany

afndb`fm td h `rdup wetl h le`l sthtus dr rhbc9 tlf frfgted

dj h odubm, wlftlfr et whs sohnn dr nhr`f. ebvdnvfm ougl

fjjdrt. ]lfrf es bd fvemfbgf jdr hby lefrhrgly wetleb tlht

le`l-rhbceb` `rdup. ]lf mfgfhsfm wld wfrf aurefm eb tlf

gfoftfry mem bdt afndb` td sdof spfgejeg h`f dr sfx

ghtf`dry9 glenmrfb, wdofb hbm ofb wfrf hnn aurefm eb

odubms. ]lfy gdbstetutf h rfùnhr rfprfsfbthtedb dj hsdgefty.

Plht es rfohrchanf es tlf pfrgfbth`f dj glenmrfb aurefm

eb tlf gfoftfry dj ]dtfrjdut-Lhnvf Oein, wlegl hppfhrs td

af fxgfptedbhnny ndw. Ftlbd`rhpleg stumefs lhvf sldwb tl

tlf odrthnety rhtf jdr ahaefs hbm ebjhbts eb preoetevf

sdgeftefs ohy af hs le`l hs 6;-:;%. Ndldj hrrevfm ht h

glenm odrthnety rhtf dj 85% jdr tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f

pfredm A eb tlf bdrtlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms (Ndldj

8558, 16=). Et wdunm sffo tlht ahaefs hbm ebjhbts hrf vfry

ougl ubmfrrfprfsfbtfm eb tlf dvfrhnn fvemfbgf dj ]dtfrjdu

]lf mfgfhsfm dj tles h`f ghtf`dry wfrf prdahany mespdsfm

dj eb sdof dtlfr ohbbfr tlhb tlrdu`l aurehn eb h odubm.Plfrf tlf dtlfr <6% dj tlf ]dtfrjdut pdpunhtedb lhs affb

aurefm es bdt gnfhr. Gdrpsfs ohy lhvf affb mespdsfm dj eb

ohby mejjfrfbt whys wlegl hrf bdt veseanf eb tlf

hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm. Lhrmny hby trhgfs dj ebluohtedbs dr

grfohtfm rfohebs sghttfrfm eb jnht `rhvfs hrf prfsfrvfm eb

hrfhs dj mry shbmy sdens. Jnht `rhvfs lhvf dbny affb jdubm

ht Guyc3 tlfy mhtf jrdo tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f (Ad`hfrs



=8 F.O. ]LFVBEWWFB-DBGFH

85::). Wdofteofs luohb rfohebs hrf rfgdvfrfm jrdo

gdbtfxts dtnefr elhb odubms, sugl hs tldsf rfgdvfrfm jrdo

metglfs aftwffb sfttnfofbt rfjusf eb Pfstjreseh

(Arhbmt/EIzfrffj 85<;, 66). ]lf Phssfbhhr `rhvf es hnsd

hb fxhopnf dj h mejjfrfbt jdro dj aurehn (Nduwf

Cddeiohbs tles vdnuof).

Et es necfny tlht tlf ]dtfrjdut `rdup nevfm sdofwlfrf bfhr

tlf gfoftfry. ]lf tlrff ldusfldnms aurefm h sfnfgt buoafrdj tlfer mfgfhsfm db tlf shbm rem`f. Eb tlf fhrnefst plhsf dj

tlf gfoftfry tlf mfgfhsfm wfrf aurefm eb odubms

subdubmfm ay ahbcs (8 hbm 8A). ]lf nhr`f buoafr dj

sfgdbmhry aurehns ebmeghtf tlht tlfsf odubms wfrf usgm jdr

< ndb` teof. Eb tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f pfredms H hbm A tlf

gfoftfry sndwny fxphbmfm, jrdo tlf fhst td tlf wfst, td

unteohtfny gdopresf hnodst jdrty odubms. Et wdunm sffo

tlht h rfnhnevfny nhr`fr buoafr dj odubms whs frfgtfm eb tlf

jebhn plhsf. Ay tlfb tlf aurehn retf hppfhrs td lhvf jdgusfm

db ebmevemuhn aurehns hbm bd ndb`fr db aurehns eb wlegl h

cebslep `rdup's spfgejeg cbdwnfm`f dj prfvedus aurehns

stenn pnhyfm h grugehn phrt. hs eb tlf fhrnefr plhsf. ]lf

ebmevemuhn aurehn trhmetedb dj tlf nhtf plhsf dj tlf OemmnfArdbzf H`f whs prdahany gdbtebufm eb tlf aurehn retf dj

tlf urbjegnms.

Jurtlfr rfsfhrgl ebtd tlf ahrrdws dj tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj

tlf Bftlfrnhbms hbm bdrtlfrb Afnèuo ohy sldw wlftlfr

tlf ]dtfrjdut fvemfbgf prfsfbts hb fxgfptedbhn dr h bdrohn

pegturf dj Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f sdgefty.

Hfcbdwnfm`fofbts

E ho `rhtfjun td F. Woets (E[[) jdr rfgdvfreb` hbm

hbhnyzeb` tlf grfohtedb rfohebs. Petldut lfr ghrfjun

dasfrvhtedbs tlf sohn_ aut eopdrthbt mfthens wdunm bdt lhvf

affb rfvfhnfm. ]lhbcs hnsd td F. Ohnephhrm (E[[) jdr tlf

mftfroebhtedb dj hbeoh) rfohebs, td O. @fb-ftsfb hbm

G. Qujjeb jdr tlfer lfnp gdnnggteb` tlf odubm mhth hbm td

Wushb Ofnndr jdr tlf trhbsnhtedb dj tlf tfxt.

E ]D]FQJDV]-LHNZF OEIN

bdtfs

8 ]lfubessfb (eb prfp.)9 Oemmfb-Ardbsteimshofbnfveb`fb eb lftzuemfb vhb mf Nh`f Nhbmfb. Ffb lfrwhhrmfreb` vhb lft af`rep'Lenvgrseeo-guntuur'. Qfsfhrgl spdbsdrfm ay h `rhbt jrdo tlfBftlfrnhbms Dr`hbezhtedb jdr Wgefbtejeg Qfsfhrgl (BPD3 jenfbuoafr 1<;-868-;:;).

1 Ndldj's hbhnyses es ahsfm db tlf mehoftfr dj tlf odubm ebstfhmdj tlf vdnuof dj h odubm pfredm (sff bdtf =) afghusf et es djtfbbd ndb`fr pdsseanf td mftfroebf tlf dreèbhn lfe`lt dj h odubm. EE'et es hssuofm tlht tlfrf whs h jexfm rfnhtedb aftwffb tlf dreèbhnlfe`lt dj h odubm pfredm hbm ets mehoftfr tlfb tlf mehoftfr es hodrf rfnehanf gretgredb jdr gdophreb` odubm pfredms db tlf ahsesdj nhadur ebput tlhb tlf vdnuof (Ndldj 8558. :1).

7 ]lf gdbsfqufbgfs dj les hgtevetefs hrf stenn veseanf eb @nhs-afr`fb's setf pnhbs.

= H 'odubm pfredm' es bdt h ubet dj teof aut h sybdbyo jdr hodubm 'aurehn fvfbt'.

6 Bd gdrmfm whrf whs jdubm eb tlf gfoftfry.

: ]lf gfoftfry whs mhnfm useb` tlf ghnearhtfm mhtfs hbm tlfglrdbdnd`y dj tlf Mutgl prflesndry hs prgsfbtfm eb "Mf prflestdrefvhb Bfmfrnhbm" (Zhb mfb Ardfcf ft hn., eb prfp.).

0 ]lf trff-trubc gdjjeb whs <0 go ndb`.

< Hb urb, e.f. h pdt gdbthebeb` grfohtedb rfohebs. es bdtgdbsemfrgm h `rhvf `ddm eb tlf hbhnyses.

5 ]lf hvfrh`f mehoftfr dj tlf pdstldnfs whs < go. ]lfer mfptlsvhrefm jrdo = td 67 go.

8; [rdahany ofhsurgm jrdo tlf fxghvhtedb surjhgf.

88 Hbdtlfr pdsseaenety es tlht tlf grfohtedb rfohebs wfrf aurefmhjtfr tlf pdsts lhm rdttfm (@nhsafr`fb 856=, 5=).

81 ]lf 7= fxghvhtfm odubms gdbthebgm tlf rfohebs dj =0mfgfhsfm. Ht nfhst bebf odubms wfrf bdt fxghvhtfm. Et es fsteohtfmtlht tlfsf ubebvfste`htfm odubms gdbthebfm 86 aurehns.



= 9 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

rfjfrfbgfs

Hgshme. @.U

I. Bfofscgre

850; Lesndry djluohb nejf sphb hbm odrnhnety, Aumhpfst.

Affc vhb. A.N. 8500 Wpdrfb vhb ffb bfdnetlesglf bfmfrzftteb` tussfb ]dtfrnaut fb Lhnvf Oein, `foffbtf

Zfnmldvfb (B.-Ar.), Arhahbtsf Dumlfmfb (aeimrh`fb tdt mf stumef vhb lft Arhahbtsf

Lffo 8:), =7-6=.

Ad`hfrs, I.F. 85:: Dp`rhveb`fb tf Guyc. Arhahbts Lffo, 8<, 811-87:.

Arhbmt. Q.P.

@.J. Vzfrffj

Ardfcf, [.P. vhb mfb

H.N. vhb @eib

L. Jdccfbs

N.[. Nduwf Cddeiohbs

@nhsafr`fb, P.

Endngc. 8'.

85<; Pfst-Jrefsnhbm eb mf ardbsteim. Eb9 O. Glhohnhub/ L.]. Phtfradnc (fms). Zdntddem

vfrnfmfb teim4 Ffb lfmfbmhh`sf ceic dp mf prflestdref, =0-:1.

eb prfp. Mf prflestdref vhb Bfmfrnhbm.

856= Ahrrdw fxghvhtedbs eb tlf Fe`lt Afhtetumfs. ]lf Ardbzf H`f ffoftry lftwffb ]dtfrjdun

Lhnvf Oein, Bdrtl Arhahbt, @rdbeb`fb.

85<: Grfohtfm adbfs. H ofmeghn hbtlrdpdndèe hn stumy dj hb hrglhfdndèghn ohtfrehn db

grfohtedb aurehns. Dsnd.

Culn. E. 85<8 Febf Nfeglfbarhbmstht tub` oet Ahrfbcrhnnf hus mfr oettnfrfb Ardbzfzfet, @fofebmf

Butzfb. Crfes Wf`fafr`. Mef Lfeoht <<, 186-110.

85<= Hbeohn rfohebs jrdo grfohtedbs jrdo tlf Ardbzf H`f td tlf Zeceb` pfredm eb Wglnfswe

Ldnstfeb, Bdrtl @frohby. Eb9 G. @re`sdb/I. Gnuttdb-Ardgc (fms), Hbeohns hbm

hrglhfdnd`y =. Lusahbmry eb Furdpf, AHQ 110, 1;5-11;.

85<0 Mfr Ebjdrohtedbswfrt vdb Ardbzfdxymvfrjhraub`fb, Ardbzfsglofnz ubm begltofthnnesglf

Wglofnzrþgcsthbmfb hus ofest nhtfbf Arhbmafsthttub`fb, He th [rhflestdregh ft

Hrglhfdndègh 85. 57-8;5.

Nhft, W.I. Mf

Nhbteb`, I.B.

P.@. Oddc

850= [rflestdresglf cueturfb eb lft zuemfb mfr Nh`f Nhbmfb, Pfttfrfb

8500 ]lf [rf- hbm [rdtdlestdry dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms eb tfros dj rhmed-fhradbmhnfs.

n.floculn. V. 85<0 Ahrfbcrhnnfb hus febfo Ardbzfcfssfn vdb [hruo, Cr. Lf`fbdw, Hus`rhaub`fb ubm

JubmfzO, 8;:-88;.

Ndldj, F. 8558 @rhjretuffn fb sdgehnf vfrhbmfreb` eb mf ardbsteim vhb Bddrmddst-Bfmfrnhbm, prdfj

sglrejt E.[.[., Hostfrmho.

Nduwf Cddeiohbs. N.[.

855= ]rhmetedb hbm glhb`fs. Aurehn prhftegfs eb tlf Nhtf Bfdnetleg hbm Ardbzf H`f eb tlf

bdrtl-fhstfrb Bftlfrnhbms, Hrglhfdndèghn Mehndùfs 8, 5<-88<.

855= Hb Fhrny/Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f ountepnf aurehn ht Phssfbhhr, tlf Bftlfrnhbms. Hbhnfgth

[rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh 1:.

Oezdùgle. C. 8557 ]eof eb tlf rfprdmugtedb dj odrtuhry prhftegfs, Pdrnm Hrglhfdnd`y 16, 117-176.



=7 F.O. ]LFVBEWWFB - DBGF H@HEB ]D]FQJDV]-LHNZF OEIN

D'Wlgh. I.O.

Qhbcf. C.

Qdyohbs, B.

88. Jdccfbs

Wglúbjfnmfr, O.

]feglfrt, N.

Zfrwfrs, P.I.L.

Zenstfrfb, vhb Z.].

Phln, I.

85<= Odrtuhry vhrehaenety, Ndbmdb.

85<6 Mfr Ahr eb @nhuaf ubm Arhugl mfr @frohbfb, eb9 Qfhnnfxecdb mfr @frohbesglfb Hntfr-

tuoscubmf 1, =6-=<.

8558 Ffb dvfrzeglt vhb vffrte` ihhr bfmfrzftteb`sdbmfrzdfc eb mf Nh`f Nhbmfb.

Eb9 L. Jdccfbs/B. Qdyohbs, Bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf ardbsteim fb mf vrdf`f eizfrteim eb mf

Nh`f Nhbmfb (?B.H.Q. 87).

855= Afhr gnhws eb `frohbeg `rhvfs, Dxjdrm Idurbhn dj Hrglfdnd`y 87, 180-110.

855; ]efrnfeglfbarhbmrfstf oet febfr murglndgltfb Ahrfbcrhnnf vdb ardbzfzfetneglfb @rhafrjfnm

Whhnlhusfb 1, Cr. Wfbjtfbafr`, Zfrújjfbtneglub`fb mfs Ousfuos jþr Vr- ubm Jrþl-

`fsglegltf [dtsmho 1=, 805-8<=.

855; Mf hrglfdndèsglf crdbefc vhb Bddrm-Arhahbt 85<6-85<0 (Aeimrh`f tdt mf stumef vhb lft

Arhahbtsf Lffo, mffn 7=), 77 , Hja. 85, 1;.

85<< Lfene`f luesifs. Dvfr mf ebtfrprfthtef vhb vefrphne`f strugturfb aei `rhjvfnmfb, Pfstfrlffo

7<,1-8;.

85<1 Nfeglfbarhbmubtfrsuglub`fb. Feb Vafranegc þafr mef Afhrafetub` ubm Hussh`foú`negl-

cfetfb vdb Arhbm`rhafrb, [rhflestdresglf Yfetsflrejt 60, 8-816.

N. ]lfubessfb


[.D.Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb





H. Haaebc Mwfeneb` db pfht3 jessurfs hs h rfgurrfbt jfhturf dj

prflestdref strugturfs auent db pfht eb tlf Pfstfrb

Bftlfrnhbms

8. Ebtrdmugtedb

1. Gdbstrugtedb hbm usf dj prflestdref jhrostfhms eb

Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm

7. Jessurfs eb prflestdref mwfnneb`s eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm

Wdof phrhnnfns td Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm setfs

=. Ebtfrprfthtedb hbm lypdtlfsfs9

Plfb hbm ldw md jessurfs mfvfndp

Ply md jessurfs mfvfndp

6. Wuoohry hbm gdbgnusedbs

]les hrtegnf prfsfbts h mesgussedb dj h rfgurrfbt plfbdo-

fbdb eb sfttnfofbts db pfut eb tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms wlegl

lhs rfgfevfm nettnf httfbtedb sdjhr9 tlf prfsfbgf dj jessurfs

tlrdu`l tlf pfht hndb` tlf ndbètumebhn hbm usuhnny gfbtrhn

hxes dj prflestdref mwfnneb`s. ]lfsf jessurfs sldw h glhrhg-

tfresteg hsyooftreghn slhpf hbm hjenn wlegl gdbsests djdjtfb

wfnn prfsfrvfm hbtlrdpd`fbeg jnddr nhyfrs hbm dgguphtedb

mflres. ]lf mhth stfojrdo sfvfrhn lhaethtedb setfs, hnn ndghtfm

db ofsd- td dne`dtrdpleg pfht eb tlf Wdutlfrb hrfh dj Oemmfb-

Mfnjnhbm hbm mhtfm td tlf Oemmng Erdb H`f td tlf Qdohb

pfredm. Odst strugturfs wetleb tlfsf setfs wfb- ahmny

mesturafm ay `fdndèghn prdgfssfs tlht tddc pnhgf mureb` tlf

Nhtf Erdb H`f hbm pdsseany mureb` tlf Qdohb pfredm.

H rfvefw dj tlf netfrhturf rfvfhnfm tlht sugl jessurfs dggur

rfùnhrny eb dtlfr pfht setfs eb tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms, hnsd

db setfs wetl bd pdst-mfpdsetedbhn mesturahbgf. Eb tles hrtegnf

en es hrùfm tlht jessureb` tddc pnhgf ht nfhst phrtny mureb`

hbm lfghusf dj lhaethtedb. ]lf prfssurf fxfrtfm ay tlf

auenmeb`s tlfosfnvfs hbm ay tlf ohby jnddrnhyfrs ghusfm

gdoprfssedb hbm grhgceb` dj tlf sdjt hbm ebsthanf suasurjhgf.

Hs tlf prfssurfs dj tlf wddmfb auenmeb` jrhofs hrf mdwb

hbm dutwhrms hgrdss tlf strugturf, tles wenn rfsunt eb

jessurfs hndb` ets ndb` hves. Eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm, tlfsf

mesturahbgfs wfrf h``rhvhtfm ay pdst-dgguphtedbhn

prdgfssfs. ]lf nhttfr ghusfm suasurjhgf mesebtf`rhtedb hbmgrdsedb dj tlf sdjtgr pfht nhyfrs afndw tlf dggupefm hrfhs,

wlegl eb turb rfsuntfm eb tlf jurtlfr sh`èb` hbm arfhceb`

up dj tlf lhaethtedb rfohebs td vhredus mf`rffs.

8. Ebtrdmugtedb

Petleb tlf jrhofwdrc dj nhr`f sghnf fbverdbofbthn

rfgdbstrugtedbs eb tlf pdnmfrs dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm,

mfse`bhtfm hs h '`rffb zdbf', h buoafr dj hrglhfdndèghn

setfs wfrf hbm hrf afeb` fxghvhtfm predr td mfstrugtedb.

Wdof setfs wfrf cbdwb jrdo h survfy (Aunt 85<7)9 dtlfrs

wfrf mesgdvfrfm wlenf afeb` mfstrdyfm mureb` rfgdbstrug-

tedb wdrcs (Haaebc 85573 Zhb mfb Ardfcf 85583 tles vdn.).

Webgf tlf sthrt dj tlf prdifgt eb 85<0 sex setfs wetl

lhaethtedb rfohebs mhteb` jrdo tlf Oemmnf, Nhtf hbm

Qdohb Erdb H`f wfrf phrtehnny dr gdopnftfny fxghvhtfm ay

tlf Ebstetutf dj [rflestdry dj tlf Vbevfrsety dj Nfemfb

(fxffpt setf 8:.=<') (je`. E). Hnn setfs wfrf ndghtfm db

ofsd- td dne`dtrdpleg pfht hbm ht fhgl, fxffpt ht setf 8:.8;,

tlf rfohebs dj twd dr odrf jhrostfhms wfrf rfgdvfrfm.1

Qfauenmeb` ht tlf shof ndghtedb es tlus glhrhgtfresteg jdr

tlf Erdb H`f dgguphtedb eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm, eb gdbtrhst

wetl tlf pfht sfttnfofbts dj tlf Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs

(Arhbmt ft hn. 85<0) hbm tldsf eb tlf Wdutlfrb phrts dj tlf

Ofusf fstuhry (Zhb ]refruo 8551, 07, <1) jrdo tlf shof

pfredm.'

Wetf 8:.65 gdbthebfm tlf lfhveny mhoh`fm rfohebs dj ht

nfhst twd suggfssevf auenmeb` plhsfs jrdo tlf Erdb H`f.

Ht g. 16 o mesthbgf h nst gfbtury HM jhrostfhm (setf 8:.1=)

whs fxghvhtfm (Haaebc/Jrhbc 8558). Wetf 8:.=< hnsd

gdbthebfm h prdahany Qdohb pfredm jhrostfhm auent dvfrh Oemmnf Erdb H`f prfmfgfssdr (]fr Aru``f 8551).

Wetf 86.;= hbm setf 88.;0/80 hrf tlf nhr`fst Oemmnf Erdb H`f

lhaethtedb hrfhs fxghvhtfm sd jhr. Ht 86.;= tlf rfohebs dj

sex auenmeb`s gdunm af mestebùeslfm ht sfvfrhn auenmeb`

ndghtedbs (Haaebc 85<5)3 tlrff, pdsseany jdur, strugturfs

wfrf auent suggfssevfny eb h sohnn hrfh ht setf OM 88.80,

wlenf tlf rfohebs dj ht nfhst twd odrf auenmeb`s wfrf

prfsfbt wetleb h mesthbgf dj g. 6; o, ht setf OM 88.;0

(Cddt 8557).

Hnn dj tlfsf jhrostfhms wfrf ahmny mhoh`fm. ]lf

gdbstrugtedb wddm hbm jnddr nhyfrs wfrf prfsfrvfm dbny

ebsdjhr tlfy lhm gdnnhpsfm ebtd tlf pfht jessurfs dr lhmdtlfrwesf suasemfm td h nfvfn ougl ndwfr tlhb tlht dj

dreèbhn lhaethtedb. Jessurfs wfrf prfsfbt eb hnn dj tlf

fxghvhtfm jhrostfhms eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. ]ldsf dj setf

OM 86.;=, tlf jerst nhr`f sghnf fxghvhtedb eb Oemmfb-

Mfnjnhbm, hrf tlf ahses jdr tlf mfsgreptedbs hbm emfhs eb tles

hrtegnf hs tlfer slhpf, ndghtedb hbm jenn prdvfm td af

glhrhgtfresteg jdr odst dtlfr setfs (je`. 1).




Jeùrfn. Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm.[dnmfr bhofs wetl setfs fxghvhtfmay tlf E[N (h) hbm tlf tlrffrfmfvfndpofbt hrfhs (a). ]lf tersttwd me ets dj setf buoafrs rfjfr tdtlf ebmevemuhn pdnmfrs.Gergnf9 Erdb H`f setfs.]rehb nf9 Qdohb pfredm setfs

]lf bhturhn strhte`rhply es odrf dr nfss tlf shof eb hnn

setfs, (je`. 7). Qffm pfht mfvfndpfm db h Mubcerc ; mfpdset

(H1, je`. 7). Eb odst setfs tlf jdrohtedb dj tles pfht whs

ebtfrruptfm ay h tleb gnhy mfpdset (A1, je`. 7). ]lf G8= mhtf

dj tlf jerst pfht db tles mfpdset whs mhtfm td 107; A[ ¸ =6

(@rB-8:06=) hbm 150; ¸ 76 (@rB-8:58=).= ]lf rffm pfht

`rhmuhnny glhb`fm ebtd ofsdtrdplf hbm/dr dne`dtrdplf pfht

(gusledbs) mureb` tlf Fhrny hbm Oemmnf Erdb H`f. Ht tlf

teof dj tlf Oemmnf Erdb H`f sfttnfofbts tlf tdthn pfht gdvfr

(Hn+An, je`. 7) oust lhvf affb ht nfhst 1 o tlegc. Ht

prfsfbt tlf rfohebeb` tlegcbfss dj tlf uppfr nhyfr (AE) es

usuhnny nfss tlfb 1; go eb 'ubmesturafm' gerguosthbgfs.

]lf mfghy es muf td mrhebh`f hbm suasfqufbt dxemhtedb djtlf pfht sebgf tlf Ofmefvhn pfredm. ]les hnsd rfsuntfm eb tlf

mfghy dj hnn dr`hbeg rfohebs jrdo tlf prflestdref dgguphtedb

ubmfr sugl gerguosthbgfs.

Mureb` tlf n.htfr Erdb H`f. Ldumeb` tddc pnhgf eb odst

phrts dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry, rfjfrrfm td hs tlf Mubcerc E

mfpdsets (Zhb mfb Ardfcf, tles vdn).s Ldwfvfr eb tlf hrfh

mesgussfm lfrf tlf ebjnufbgf whs nhr`fny ebmerfgt3 `fdndèghn

mesturahbgf ohebny dggurrfm afndw tlf surjhgf eb tlf jdro

dj frdsedb dj tlf wfhcfr (rffm) pfht nhyfrs hadvf tlf jerst

Mubcerc ; mfpdset (H1, je`. 7) (Haaebc 85<5). ]lf prdgfss

thceb` pnhgf whs dbf dj ebgrfhsfm whtfrnd`èb` dj tlf pfht

hbm tlf jdrohtedb dj nhcf-necf hrfhs eb wlegl 'esnhbms' dj

pfht wfrf nejtfm upwhrms, aut wlfrf vfry nettnf odvfofbt d

whtfr hbm ohtfrehn tddc pnhgf/ 8 ]lf jdrgf dj whtfr hgtedb

whs fspfgehnny rfmugfm afndw tlf eblhaetfm hrfhs.

]lfsf pdst-dgguphtedbhn prdgfssfs lhm adtl bf`htevf hbm

pdsetevf fjjfgts db tlf hrglhfdndèghn rfohebs. ]lfy ghusfm

mhoh`f eb odst dj tlf fxghvhtfm setfs, aut eb vhryeb`

mf`rffs. ]lfrf es h rfnhtedb aftwffb tlf mf`rff dj

mesturahbgf hbm tlf mfbsety dj tlf dgguphtedb etsfnj. Eb sdohrfhs wetleb hbm hrdubm eblhaetfm hrfhs tlf dreèbhn pfht

gdvfr whs gdopnftfny mfstrdyfm hbm rfmfpdsetfm hs

nhoebhtfm nhyfrs dj gnhy oexfm wetl dr`hbeg ohttfr,

sdofteofs ebgnumeb` rfmfpdsetfm dgguphtedb ohtfrehn3 tles

dggurrfm odst djtfb ht tlf adrmfr dj hbm hrdubm tlf

dggupefm hrfhs. Wuasurjhgf frdsedb whs usuhnny nfss ebtfbsf

afndw tlf lhaethtfm hrfhs hbm fvfb nfss sd wlfrf lhaethtedb



e r -”e ! 8 8 8 8 ]0”r ! 8”]] r

e r

• 1 J17 :D 7 -H 0• = « <

C

Fn

zb

/

eh

~e 8 8 r -^ 8 8 rRR] r

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Jeùrf 1. Jdppfbpdnmfr, setf 86.;=. [rfneoebhry pnhb dj tlf fxghvhtedbs wetl9 auenmeb` rfohebs prfsfrvfm eb jessurfs eb zdbf 8, pdsseanf auenmeb` rfohebs dr hgtevetyhrfhs eb zdbf 1 (ahmny mesturafm ay pdstmfpdsetedbhn prdgfssfs)

8. Auenmeb`s 8,1,=,6,: eb zdbf 83 1. Ydbf 8, dne`dtrdpleg pfht wetl lhaethtedb rfohebs3 7. Ydbf 1, dxemezfm pfht wetldut lhaethtedb rfohebs3 =. Ydbf 7, mesturafm3rfmfpdsetfm pfht hbm gnhy3 6. Gdbgfbtrhtedb dj rfohebs dj lhaethtedb eb zdbf 7, ebgnumeb` h pdsseanf ldusf (ldusf 7) eb trfbgl </883 :. Odmfrb metgl3 0. Wfgtedbs3<. Lfhrtl3 Mrhweb` ay E. Wtdfpcfr, E[N



=< HBHNFG]H [QHFL8W];QEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Je urf 7. Wglfohteg rfprfsfbthtedb dj jessurfs eb auenmeb`s. Db tlf re`lt tlf 'ubmesturafm' strhte`rhply

eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm ht prfsfbt9 tlf uppfr pfht nhyfr (H7) es dxemezfm hbm tlf dr`hbeg ohtfrehn dj tlflhaethtedb es mfghyfm. Bdtf tlf arfhc eb tlf bhturhn pfht. Db tlf nfjt tlf stenn gdlfrfbt pfht (H1, 7) hbmjnddrnhyfrs (M), subcfb hbm tentfm tdwhrms tlf mffpfst phrt dj tlf jessurf (F), jennfm wetl mfares dj jnddrs,wddm hbm dtlfr dgguphtedbhn rfohebs. Mrhweb` ay L. mf Ndro, E[N.

H8, H1, H7. Ldnnhbm pfht3 A8. Mubcerc ;, fhrny mfpdset3 A1. Mubcerc ;, nhtfr mfpdset, g. 81;; AG3G. suasurjhgf ebtrusedb hbm frdsedb ldrezdb wetl oexfm pfht/gnhy mfpdset3 M. (tentfm) jnddr nhyfrs3F. dgguphtedb mfares eb gfbtrhn phrt dj tlf jessurf.

rfohebs wfrf phrtegunhrny mfbsf. Wuasfqufbtny nfss mhoh`g

whs mdbf td tlf dgguphtedb nfvfns.

]lf shof prdgfssfs ldwfvfr hnsd rfsuntfm eb tlf

prfsfrvhtedb dj dr`hbeg rfohebs, sugl hs wddm hbm jnddrnhyfrs. [hrt dj tlf prflestdref auenmeb`s hbm tlfer ebtfrbhn

jfhturfs wfrf mespnhgfm mdwbwhrms hjtfr tlf rftrhgtedb dj

tlf whtfr td afndw tlf prfsfbt mhy whtfrthanf, tlus shveb`

tlfo jrdo tlf pdst-Ofmefvhn dxemhtedb hbm mfghy.

Wetf 8:.8; es tlf dbny setf wlfrf bfetlfr jnddmeb` bdr

suasurjhgf ebtrusedb tddc pnhgf. Lfrf nettnf dr bd dr`hbeg

dgguphtedb ohtfrehn survevfm.

Ldwfvfr eb tlf jdrohtedb dj jessurfs, jhgtdrs dtlfr tlhb

tlfsf pdst-mfpdsetedbhn mesturahbgfs oust lhvf affb

ebvdnvfm hs sugl jessurfs hrf hnsd jdubm eb setfs wlfrf bd

jnddmeb` dr whtfrnd`èb` dggurrfm.

1. Gdbstrugtedb hbm usf dj prflestdref

jhrostfhms eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm

Afjdrf turbeb` td tlf mesgussedb dj tlf jessurfs, tlf

gdbstrugtedb hbm usf dj tlf jhrostfhms wenn af mesgussfm

arefjny. Muf td tlf mesturahbgfs ofbtedbfm hadvf bd

rfgdbstrugtedb dj h gdopnftf jhrostfhm, e.f. ets tdthn nfb`tl.

wemtl hbm spfgejeg gdbstrugtedb gdunm hs yft af ohmf.

]lf hvhenhanf fvemfbgf ebmeghtfs ldwfvfr tlht odst dj tlf

Erdb H`f jhrostfhms wfrf seoenhr td tlf afttfr prfsfrvfm

fxhopnfs fxghvhtfm fnsfwlfrf eb tlf rfèdb (f.`. Zhb

]refruo 85<<, 85513 Pebm 8507).0 ]lf wddmfb strugturfs

lhm ht nfhst twd, aut pdsseany tlrff ndbètumebhn rdws dj

ebtfrbhn rddj suppdrts. ]lf upre`lt pdsts eb tlf whttnfm

whnns prdahany hnsd lhm h rddj-suppdrteb` jubgtedb.

Eb Qdgchbif <-61 (Zhb ]refruo 8551) hbm Ardfcpdnmfr

(Pebm 8507) tlfrf hrf ebmeghtedbs, hs ht setfs OM 86.;=,

88.80 hbm 8:.65. tlht mduanå hbm/dr gndsfny sphgfm pdsts

wfrf usfm, adtl jdr tlf ebtfrbhn rddj suppdrts hs jdr tldsf

wetleb tlf whnns. ]lf ohidrety dj tlf pdsts wfrf ohmf dj

rdubmwddm dj hsl hbm hnmfr, tlf ahrc stenn htthglfm. ]lf

mehoftfrs vhrefm aut sfnmdo fxgffmfm 81 go. Ej tlfy mem

tlf trff trubc whs gnfjt ebtd twd, jdur dr fe`lt phrts (Haaebc

85573 Zfroffrfb ebt. rfpdrt3 sff hnsd Pebm 8507). Plftlf

dr bdt fxtrh suppdrteb` pdsts wfrf prfsfbt dutsemf tlf whnnsdr ej pdsts wfrf pnhgfm hndb` tlf gfbtrhn hxes, hs es tlf ghsf

eb ohby jhrostfhms ht Zddrbf-[uttfb (Zhb ]refruo 8551),

gdunm bdt yft af fsthaneslfm jdr tlf jhrostfhms eb Oemmfb-

Mfnjnhbm.

Mhth jrdo tlf afttfr prfsfrvfm mwfnneb`s su``fst tlf

usuhn mevesedb ebtd h sthnneb` hrfh hbm mwfeneb` phrt wetl h

lfhrtl. Jrfqufbtny rfbfwfm jnddr nhyfrs wfrf h rfgurrfbt



=" H. HAAEBC. - MPFNN EB@ DB [F H]

jfhturf wetleb tlf jhrostfhms dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm (je`s =, 6),

hs eb hnn dtlfr setfs dj tlf rfèdb (tha. 8). ]lf Wthbmhrm

prdgfmurf whs hs jdnndws9

Jerst, h nhyfr dj mub` whs nhem dut db tlf dnm nhbm

surjhgf. ]lf mub` whs gdvfrfm ay h nhyfr dj rffm dr sfm`f,

usuhnny nhem dut eb h bfht gress-grdss phttfrb. Eb tlf Qdohb

pfredm jhrostfhm dj OM 8:.=< h nhyfr dj arhbglfs whs

jdubm ebgdrpdrhtfm wetleb h jnddr (sff hnsd tha. 8). ]lfsfnhyfrs Earteefm tlf lhaethtedb surjhgf, rfprfsfbtfm a) h nhyfr

dj hsl, glhrgdhn oexfm wetl hby cebm dj mfares prdmugfm ay

hbeohns hbm luohbs. f.`. mub`, pdtslfrms, autglfry- hbm

jddm rfohebs. Wugl jnddrs wfrf gdbstrugtfm eb adtl

mwfnneb` hbm sthnneb` hrfh, hntldu`l tlf nhttfr ohy lhvf

gdbthebfm odrf mub`. Et es vfry necfny tlht tlf jnddr,

fspfgehnny tlf ohburf. whs ofhbt td prdtfgt tlf sd``y hbm

vunbfrhanf dnm nhbmsurjhgf." Hjtfr h wlenf tlf jnddr whs

rfbfwfm eb tlf shof ohbbfr, h`heb ebgnumeb` ohburf.

]lht tlf rfbfwhn dj jnddrs tddc pnhgf wetleb tlf fxesteb`

strugturf es sldwb ay jeùrf 63 tlf aubmefs dj rffm wfrf

ghrfjunny nhem dut hrdubm hb upre`lt pdst. Eb ldusf 1, OM

86.;=. ht nfhst jevf dj sugl jnddrs wfrf stenn prfsfrvfm wetl hoebeouo tdthn tlegcbfss dj 0; go. (je`. =).

Ht prfsfbt wf md bdt cbdw ldw ndb` h mwfeneb` wdunm

lhvf affb eb usf hbm ldw djtfb tlf jnddrs wfrf rfbfwfm.

]lf dbny ebmerfgt fvemfbgf es prdvemfm ay mfbmrdglrdbdnd`-

eghn mhtfs jdr jdur Qdohb pfredm auenmeb`s ht Befuwfblddrb.

]lf teof aftwffb tlf mejjfrfbt plhsfs vhrefs jrdo :-17

yfhrs (Arebccfopfr/Zfroffrfb 85513 hnsd Zhb mfb Ardfcf

tles vdn).5

7.8 JnWWVQFW ]LQDV@L AVENMEB@W EB OEMMFB

MFNJNHBM

]lf oheb glhrhgtfresteg dj tlfsf jessurfs es tlferhsyooftreghn slhpf hbm jenn eb grdss-sfgtedb (je`s 7, =).

Jeùrf 7 es h sglfohteg rfprfsfbthtedb dj sdof fssfbtehn

rfgurrfbt jfhturfs9

- Dbf semf. tlf re`lt eb jeùrf 7, es stffp, jdrofm ay h bfhr

vfrteghn, gnfhb arfhc tlrdu`l tlf pfht hbm gnhy nhyfrs

(Hn, A3 H1), aut usuhnny bdt fxtfbmeb` jurtlfr tlhb tlf

Mubcerc ; gnhy nhyfr H1. Eb sdof pnhgfs nhr`f glubcs

dj pfht wfrf db tlf vfr`f dj arfhceb` djj tlf oheb admy

db tles semf. Dutsemf tlf neoets dj tlf jessurf tlf bhturhn

nhyfrs hrf stenn prfsfbt eb tlfer dreèbhn ldrezdbthn

pdsetedb. aut tlf pfht es ougl rfmugfm eb tlegcbfss

afghusf dj dxemhtedb hbm mfghy. wlenf tlf jnddrnhyfrs hbm

auenmeb` wddm lhvf mfghyfm gdopnftfny.

- ]lf mffpfst phrt dj tlf jessurf es tlf V dr Z slhpfm hrfh,

djtfb setuhtfm iust eb jrdbt dj tlf vfrteghn arfhc.

gdbthebeb` h sdjt. strugturfnfss oexturf dj aets dj jnddrs

hbm dgguphtedbhn mfares.

- ]lf dppdsetf semf dj tlf jessurf es mfjebfm ay `fbtny

sndpeb` hbm gdlfrfbt pfht-, gnhy- hbm jnddr-nhyfrs,

wetldut h arfhc eb tlf (bhturhn) nhyfrs dutsemf tlf

jessurfs. Petleb tlf jessurf tlf dreèbhn strhte`rhply dj

adtl pfht hbm jnddr nhyfrs hrf vfry wfnn prfsfrvfm, hs hrf

tlf dr`hbeg ohtfrehns tlfosfnvfs, fvfb tldu`l dr rhtlfr

afghusf tlfy hrf hnn tentfm mdwb tdwhrms tlf mffpfst phrt

dj tlf jessurf. Eb sdof pnhgfs tlf jnddrnhyfrs wfrf tentfm

hs ougl hs 5; mf`rffs!

- Hnn jessurfs dggur hndb` tlf ndbètumebhn hxes. ]lfmffpfst phrt es usuhnny ndghtfm odrf dr nfss hndb` tlf

gfbtrhn hxes (hs rfgdbstrugtfm jrdo tlf pdsetedb dj tlf

whttnf whnns hbm tlf lfhrtls). Hb fxgfptedb ohy af setf

OM 8:.65 wlfrf h jessurf sffos td dggur hndb` tlf ndb`

whnn.8;

]lf semf wetl tlf sndpeb` nhyfrs `fbfrhnny

fxtfbmfm up td tlf ndb` whnn dj tlf auenmeb`, wlegl whs

jdubm gdnnhpsfm td h ldrezdbthn pdsetedb dr fvfb tentfm

mdwbwhrm. [hrts dj whnns, necf tlf jnddrs, survevfm odrf

dr nfss ebthgt eb odst ldusfs, aut bdthany eb ldusf 8 hbm 1,

OM 86.;= hbm ldusf 8, OM 8:.65. Db tlf dppdsetf semf

ldwfvfr tlf ndb` whnn lhm usuhnny gdopnftfny mfghyfm hs

et whs setuhtfm dutsemf tlf jessurf. ]lfrf es hs yft nettnf

fvemfbgf hadut tlf sldrt fbms dj auenmeb`s eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. aut tlfrf hrf ebmeghtedbs tlht tlf jhunts

bhrrdwfm dr stdppfm tdwhrms tlfsf semfs.

]lf hadvf, hbm ets rfprfsfbthtedb eb jeùrf 7, es hb

emfhntypf mfsgreptedb dj tlf jdro hbm jenn dj jessurfs. Ougl

vhrehtedb whs dasfrvfm eb tlf mfptl, wemtl hbm jenn dj tlf

jessurfs adtl aftwffb hbm wetleb jhrostfhms. Eb setf 86.;=

tlf mfptl td wlegl jnddr nhyfrs lhm suasemfm vhrefm jrdo

g. 6; go (ldusf :) td odrf tlhb 8 oftfr (ldusf 8 hbm 1)3

tlf tdthn wemtl hnsd vhrefm aut es usuhnny odrf tlhb 7 o, e.f.

tlf jessurfs fxtfbmfm dvfr odrf tlhb lhnj tlf wemtl dj tlf

auenmeb`s. Eb `fbfrhn tlfrf hppfhrs td af h rfnhtedb aftwffbtlf wemtl hbm mfptl3 tlf sohnnfr grhgcs hrf hnsd nfss mffp

wetl nfss mesturahbgf dj hnn jfhturfs. ]lf tlegcbfss dj tlf

surveveb` pfht hbm jnddr nhyfrs vhrefs wetl tlf mfptl dj tlf

jessurf9 eb ldusf 1, OM 86.;=, tlf jnddrs ofhsurfm 0; go

ht tlf pdebt wlfrf tlfy wfrf ohxeohnny prfsfrvfm. ]lf

ohxeouo rfgdvfrfm tlegcbfss dj tlf uppfr pfht nhyfr (AE)

whs 8.1; o. Adtl tlf pfht hbm jnddrs hrf necfny td lhvf

affb ougl tlegcfr dreèbhnny.

Odrfdvfr tlf mf`rff td wlegl tlf dreèbhn strhte`rhply whs

mesturafm, ghb vhry gdbsemfrhany jrdo dbf oftfr td tlf bfxt

wetleb odst ldusfs. ]lf nfb`tl dvfr wlegl tlf dreèbhn

strhte`rhply whs prfsfrvfm whs sfnmdo odrf tlhb 1-7 o. ]lf

jnddrs ghb af ahmny ardcfb up ebtd sohnn glubcs, mespnhgfm

adtl ldrezdbthnny hbm vfrteghnny. ]lf pdsetedb dj tlf gfbtrf

dj tlf jessurfs (F, je`. 7) hnsd vhrefm eb rfnhtedb td adtl semfs.

]d suo up, tlf jessurfs eb tlf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm auenmeb`s

hrf glhrhgtfrezfm ay tlfer hsyooftreghn slhpf hbm jenn hs

wfnn hs tlfer wleoseghn gdursf tlrdu`ldut dbf auenmeb`.



W() HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Je urf =. Wfgtedb tlrdu`l tentfm jnddrnhyfrs eb tlf jessurf dj ldusf 1, setf 86.;=, Jdppfbpdnmfr

ä

Je urf 6h. Qfbfwfm jnddrnhyfr put db hrdubm h sohnn pdst, ldusf 1, setf 86.;=. Je urf 6a. Mfthen

7.1 [HQHNNFNW EB ]LF PFW]FQB BF]LFQNHBMW

]lf mesgussfm jfhturfs dj tlf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm

jhrostfhms hrf ay bd ofhbs fxgfptedbhn. Webgf tlf 856;'s

quetf h buoafr dj jhrostfhms ndghtfm db pfht lhvf affb

fxghvhtfm eb tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms, bdthany eb tlfHssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs hbm tlf Ofusf fstuhry. ]hanf 8 nests

tlf ebmeghtedbs jdr tlf prfsfbgf dj jessurfs hbm/dr "prfssfm

mdwb" jnddr nhyfrs wetleb tlfsf jhrostfhms. Hntldu`l odst

puaneghtedbs hrf dj h prfneoebhry bhturf et whs pdsseanf td

mfmugt ohby seoenhretefs aftwffb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm hbm

tldsf setfs, sdofteofs wetl tlf lfnp dj tlf dreèbhn jefnm

mrhweb`s hbm pldtd`rhpls. Eb hnn dj tlfsf pfht sfttnfofbts

jnddr nhyfrs gdbsesteb` dj mub`, rffm hbm/dr wddm (twe`s

hbm arhbglfs) wfrf dasfrvfm.'' ]lf prfsfbgf dj h jessurf

tlrdu`l tlf gfbtrf dj tlf jhrostfhm gdunm af mfjebetfny

fsthaneslfm jdr tlf Erdb H`f pfht setfs ht Cftlfn (EH 88),

Lhr`pdnmfr (EH 8;), Ardfcpdnmfr (EH 87-5). Ldnefrldfcsf[dnmfr (EH 1=-<), ndghtfm eb tlf eoofmehtf vegebety dj tlf

Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm setfs.

]lf slhpf hbm jenn dj tlf jhunt hn setf X eb elg

Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs (]lfrcdrb 85<0) es vfry seoenhr td

tldsf eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. Zhb ]refruo (8551) ofbtedbfm

jessurfs eb sfvfrhn sfttnfofbts, sdutl dj tlf Ofusf.

Eb Wpeicfbessf 80.76 tlf jessurf es rfnhtfm td tlf pdst



68 H. HAAEBC - MPFNNEB@ DB [FH]

dgguphtedbhn prdffssfs gdophrhanf td tldsf eb Oemmfb-

Mfnjnhbm. Eb setf 80.7= tlf jessurf whs jennfm eb mureb`

dgguphtedb, e.f. afjdrf tlf Mn jnddmeb` dj tlf setf. Eb setf

8<.6; (eaem, 01) h nhyfr dj mub` whs prfsfbt eb tlf gfbtrf dj

tlf ayrf, wlfrfhs h jessurf whs dasfrvfm rubbeb` hndb` dbf

dj tlf whnns.81 Eb Befuwfblddrb (setf ;5-<5, Qdohb pfredm)

h jessurf jdrofm hndb` dbf dj tlf whnns mureb` dgguphtedb

hbm 'jdrgfm tlf eblhaethbts td rfauenm' (eaem, <<).Adtl suasemfbgf hbm jessurfs hrf djtfb odrf prdbdubgfm

wetleb tlf sthnneb` hrfh. aut hnsd fxtfbm ebtd dr dggur eb tlf

neveb` hrfh, hs jdr fxhopnf eb setf 8; (Lhr`pdnmfr) wetl h

tentfm lfhrtl hbm setf 88 (Cfrcnhhb) hbm Wpeicfbessf 80.7=,

sff thanf E. Eb tlf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm jhrostfhms jessurfs

tlrdu`l adtl phrts hrf usuhn.88

Hntd`ftlfr tlf mhth sldw tlht tlf gdbstrugtedb hbm

rfbfwhn dj jnddrs eb neveb` hbm mwfnneb` hrfhs whs h

Wthbmhrm prdgfmurf wetleb (hbm sdofteofs hnsd dutsemf)

auenmeb`s db pfht eb tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms, wlfrfhs tlf

hssdgehteden wetl jessurfs es h gdoodb plfbdofbdb. ]lfrf

hrf ldwfvfr sfvfrhn sfttnfofbts hbm auenmeb`s db pfht

wetldut sugl jessurfs, jdr fxhopnf odst dj tlf (Qdohb)

Erdb H`g auenmeb`s db pfht eb tlf Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs,

sfvfrhn auenmeb`s eb tlf Zddof-[uttfb setfs (Zhb ]refruo

8551) hbm tldsf eb sdof Qdohb pfredm sfttnfofbts eb

Wglefmho (tha. 8).

=. Ebtfr prfth tedb hbm lypdtlfsfs

]lfrf hrf tlus twd ahseg qufstedbs gdbgfoeb` tlf

jessurfs9 h. wlfb hbm ldw hbm a. wly md tlfy thcf pnhgf4

=. 8 LDP HBM PLFB MEM JEWWVQFW MFZFND[

]lf jerst qufstedb es wlftlfr jhunteb` tddc pnhgf mureb`

D] hntfr dgguphtedb dr adtl. ]lf mhth prdvemf fvemfbgf jdr

adtl. Hntldu`l tlf pdst lhaethtedb prdffssfs eb tlf Ofusf

hrfh, mesgussfm hadvf, wfrf phrtny rfspdbseanf jdr tlf

suasemfbgf dj dgguphtedb rfohebs, tlfy ghbbdt af tlf sdnf

ghusf hs jessurfs hnsd dggurrfm eb ndghtedbs wetldut sugl

ebjnufbgf. Odrfdvfr, suasurjhgf frdsedb ghbbdt fxpnheb

tlf spfgejeg jdro hbm ndghtedb dj jessurfs wetleb auenmeb`s.

]lf jdnndweb` hrùofbts ghb af put jdrwhrm td hssdgehtf

jessurfs wetl tlf dgguphtedb etsfnj9

- ]lfrf es hopnf fvemfbgf, spfgejeghnny eb tlf tlegcbfss dj

jnddrnhyfrs, tlht tlf jnddrs gdoprfssfm tlf ubmfrnyeb`

pfht hbm gdbsfqufbtny suasemfm mureb` dgguphtedb. @deb`

eb dr dut dj tlf ldusf hbm sthnneb` ghttnf wdunm dtlfrwesflhvf afgdof mejjegunt ej bdt eopdsseanf. ]lf gdoprfssedb

es bd mduat muf td tlf prfssurf fxfrtfm ay tlf wfe`lt dj

tlf jnddrs. wlegl whs ebgrfhseb` wetl fvfry bfw jnddr.

- ]lf slhpf hbm jenn dj tlf jessurfs su``fst tlht sdof jdro

dj mesebtf`rhtedb, pfrlhps dxemhtedb4, dj tlf bhturhn pfht

tddc pnhgf afndw tlf dggupefm surjhgf. Et sffos necfny,

tlht tles es hssdgehtfm wetl tlf mfvfndpofbt dj h

(vfrteghn) jhunt. ]lfsf jhunts ohy lhvf sthrtfm dut hs

sohnn odrf dr nfss Z-slhpfm grhgcs wlegl sndwny aut

surfny mffpfbfm hs wfnn hs wemfbfm. ]lf oexfm hbm

strugturfnfss jenn eb tlf gfbtrf dj tlf jessurfs hbm tlf

'bfhr' arfhcs eb tlf pfht su``fsts h gdbtebudus prdgfss dj

aets dj pfht- hbm pfrlhps Lddr nhyfrs arfhceb` djj. ]les

ebmeghtfs tlht grhgceb` tddc pnhgf mureb` dgguphtedb hbm

tlht tlf eblhaethbts cfpt db rfphereb` tlf grhgcs ay renneb`tlfo wetl mfares hbm mub` (hs whs gnfhrny tlf ghsf ht

setf X hbm Wpeicfbessf 80.7=). Wd jhr, bd merfgt fvemfbgf

dj sugl rfphers whs jdubm eb tlf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm setfs.

Wetf X es ay jhr tlf odst ebjdrohtevf fxhopnf wetl gnfhr

fvemfbgf jdr hgtedbs dj tlf eblhaethbts eb rfhgtedb td tlf

wemfbeb` hbm mffpfbeb` dj tlf jhunt mureb` dgguphtedb.

]lfrcdrb (85<0, je`. :) ofbtedbs tlf snemeb` mdwb dj jnddr

nhyfrs hbm sbhppeb` dj tlf `rdubm pnhtf aftwffb tlf sthnneb`

hbm wdrceb` hrfh. Qfphers wfrf ohmf mureb` dgguphtedb,

sugl hs h wddmfb rfvftofbt hndb` tlf jessurf eb phrt dj tlf

ayrf. ]les rfvftofbt ldwfvfr hnsd snemfm mdwb. ]lf`rdubmpnhtf jdr tlf mevemeb` whnn whs rfpherfm hs wfnn hbm

tlfb gdvfrfm h`heb wetl bfw jnddrs (eaem). ]lf jessurf ht

Wpeicfbessf setf 80.7=, wlegl hs hb fxgfptedb dggurrfm

dutsemf tlf mwfnneb`, whs hnsd jennfm eb mureb` dgguphtedb.

Hggdrmeb` td Zhb ]refruo et whs prdahany ghusfm ay tlf

prfsfbgf dj tlf grffc (pfrs. gdoo.). ]lfsf dasfrvhtedbs

gnfhrny gdbjero tlht jessureb` tddc pnhgf hbm afghof wdrsf

mureb` dgguphtedb.

Wuppdrteb` fvemfbgf whs jdubm eb OM 86.;= hbm 8:.8;9

Eb OM 8:.8; buofrdus sohnn grhgcs wfrf jdubm eb tlf

rfohebeb` bhturhn pfht wetl tentfm rfohebs dj jnddrs hbm

mfares (ohebny gdbsesteb` dj shbmy gnhy hbm ougl mfghyfm

dr`hbeg ohtfrehn). ]enteb` hbm suasemfbgf whs odrf

prdbdubgfm hrdubm tlf lfhrtl. Ldwfvfr, hby fvemfbgf jdr

rfphers whs ndst muf td tlf ahm prfsfrvhtedb dj jnddrs hbm

pfht. ]lf sohnn jhunt dj ldusf :, OM 86.;= (je`. :) sldwfm

tlht h V-slhpfm ldnndw lhm jdrofm eb tlf pfht afndw tlf

surjhgf, wlegl whs jennfm wetl h glubc dj ardcfb djj hbm

prfssfm mdwb pfht gdvfrfm ay h sohnn sfgtedb dj jnddr nfvfns.

]d suoohrezf, tlfsf mhth su``fst tlrff lypdtlfsfs hadut

wlfb fb ldw jessurfs dggurrfm9

Jerstny, sohnn grhgcs wfrf afeb` jdrofm jrdo tlf

afèbbeb` dj dgguphtedb dbwhrms hbm `rhmuhnny mfvfndpfm

ebtd h nhr`f gdbtebudus jessurf.Wfgdbmny, sdof jdro dj pfht mfghy tddc pnhgf wetleb tlf

jessurfs nfhveb` fopty sphgfs ebtd wlegl dgguphtedb nfvfns

suasemfm fspfgehnny hndb` tlf gfbtrhn hxes dj tlf auenmeb`.

Qfphers dj jnddrnhyfrs eb tles hrfh oust lhvf affb hb

db`deb` prdgfss.

]lermny, tlf (jebhn) tenteb` dj tlf pfht hbm jnddr nhyfrs

hs strhte`rhpleghnny gdlfrfbt ubets ht dbf semf dj tlf jhunt



61 HBHNFG]H [QHFL8W]DQ8GH NFEMFBWEH 1:

]hanf 8. [hrhnnfns jdr jessurfs eb pfht setfs tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms

MFWGQE[]EDB JFH]VQFW9

h. Wetf bhof (ndghn mfse`bhtedb) , ndghtedb hbm oubegephnety, DW9

Drmbhbgf Wurvfy ohp. mhteb`. puaneghtedb

a. ]ypf dj jnddrs

G. Fvemfbgf dj suasemfbgf hbm/dr jessurfs

m. Fvemfbgf jdr pdst lhaethtedb (suasurjhgf) frdsedb hbm/dr

jnddmeb` mureb` tlf Nhtfr Erdb H`f/Qdohb pfredm.

Mubcerc EEE mfpdsets wenn bdt af ofbtedbfm lfrf.

EQDB H@F

nh. Wetf X, Hssfbmfnvfr [d nmf rs, 16 P, FEH, ]lfrcdrb f.h. 85<=

na. Wthnneb` hrfh9 mub`, strhw, twe`s.

Mwfnneb` hrfh9 shbm, mub`, wddm slhveb`s. turjs.

ng. Jessurf tlrdu`l tlf sthnneb` hrfh, fxtfbmeb` ebtd tlf phrtetedb

hbm mwfnneb` hrfh. jennfm eb mureb` dgguphtedb wetl mub` hbm

dtlfr ohtfrehns.

E m. Bdbf

1h. Wetf 1=-<, Ldnefrldfcsf [dn mfr, oub. Znhhrmeb`fb, 70 D,

FEH, pdsseany twd plhsfs. Lhvfnhhr 850;, Pebm 8507, vhbLffreb`fb 85<0

1a. Wthnneb` hrfh9 mub`, hsl, aurbt adbf

Mwfnneb` hrfh9 'rffm', pdsseany gnhy db ohburf

1g. ]fxt hbm jefnm mrhweb`s9 Pfm`f-slhpfm jessurf (6;-0; go

mffp) tlrdu`l sthnneb` hrfh. jennfm wetl mub`, pdsseany hnsd

afndw lfhrtl

1m. H tleb nhyfr dj gnhy wetleb tlf jnddrs dj tlf neveb` hrfh es

ebtfrprftfm hs jnddmeb`3 ldwfvfr tles nhyfr hnodst gfrthebny

phrt dj tlf n'nddr strugturf hs et es hasfbt eb tlf sthnneb` hrfh.

7h. Wetf 87-5, Ard fcp dnmfr, oub. Znhhrmeb`fb, 70 D, O/NEH,

pdsseany twd plhsfs. Zhb Lffreb`fb 85<0,Pebm 8507

7a. Wthnneb` hrfh9 mub`, hsl, shbm

Mwfnneb` hrfh9 Qffm jnddrs ( ohburf bdt ofbtedbfm)7g. ]fxt hbm jefnm mrhweb`s9 'Wuasemfbgf dj mub` hbm mfares dj

odrf tlhb E o. wetl mesturahbgf dj ubmfrleb` pfht nhyfrs'

eb sthnneb` hrfh (foplhses hmmfm)

7m. Bdbf.

=h. Wetf 8;, Lhr `pdnm fr, oub. Wglefmho, 70 D, EH, Zhb

Lffreb`fb 85<0, Zfrwfrs 85:6. Neoetfm fxghvhtedb hrfh,

ohebny mwfnneb` phrt.

=a. Mub`. rffm, (pdsseany hsl hbm gnhy hrdubm tlf lfhrtl)

=g. Jefnm mrhweb` hbm pldtd`rhpls (Hrglevfs Wglefmho)9 jessurf

tlrdu`l mwfnneb` hrfh wetl phrtny tentfm jnddrs hbm lfhrtl

=m. [dst dgguphtedb jnddmeb`, gnhy gdvfr eb` jnddr nhyfrs eb

jessurfs. Bd suasurjhgf frdsedb.

6h. Wetf 88, Cfr cnhhb, Cftlfn, oub. Wglefmho, EH. 70 D, Zhb

Lffreb`fb 85<0, Zfrwfrs 85:6.

6a. Mub`, rffm

6g. Jefnm mrhweb`s9 jessurf eb odst dj tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh (wlegl

ebgnumgs phrt dj tlf sthnneb` hbm neveb` hrfh) jennfm wetl jnddrs

hbm ohburf, wetl phrtny gdnnhpsfm whnn,

6m. Bd mhth

:h. Wetf 80.76, Wpeicfbessf, FEH, DW 80, Zhb ]refruo 8557.

:a. Wthnneb` hrfh9 mub`, rffm.

Mwfnneb` hrfh9 mub`. bd nhtfr jnddrs surveveb`

:g. Bd gnfhr ebmeghtedbs. Ldwfvfr hndb` adtl ndb` whnns Mubce

E mfpdsets wfrf prfsfbt afndw tlf strugturfhn rfohebs (wddm

:m. [dst dgguphtedb (sua)surjhgf frdsedb hbm jnddmeb .

0h. Wetf 80-7=, Wpeicfbes sf, OEH, DW 80, Zhb ]refruo 8557

0a. Wthnneb` hrfh9 mub` db nhyfrs dj rffm

Mwfnneb` hrfh9 trff trubcs gdvfrfm wetl twe`s hbm ohburf.

]lf yhrm whs gdvfrfm wetl h tlegc nhyfr dj ohburf, vf`ftha

ohtfrehn, hsl hbm dgguphtedb mfares (p:8)

0g. ]fxt9 [fht jessurf jrdo tlf sldrt whnn dj tlf neveb` hrfh

tdwhrms tlf grffc. ]lf jessurf whs jennfm eb mureb` dgguphted

wetl arhbglfs, mub` hbm sdms (tlegcbfss 7; go) hbm lhm

jdrofm afjdrf suasurjhgf frdsedb (pfrs. gdoo. Zhb ]refruo

0m. [dst dgguphtedb (suasurjhgf) frdsedb.

<h. Wetf 8;-1<, Wpeicfbessf, OEH, DW 8;, Zhb ]refruo 8557

<a. Bd mhth

<g. Je`. =09 pfht jessurfs hndb` tlf ndb` whnns

<m. [dst dgguphtedb jnddmeb` hbm mfpdsetedb dj gnhy

5h. Wetf 8<-6;, Wpeicfbessf, OEH, DW 8<, Zhb ]refruo 8557

5a. H nhyfr dj mub` tlrdu`l tlf oemmnf dj tlf sthnneb` hrfh 5g.

Hs tlf nhyfr dj mub` es phrtny nyeb` afndw tlf nfvfn dj tlf

wddmfb afhos dj sthnns tles ebmeghtfs suasemfbgf eb gfbtrhn

phrt dj ayrf.

5m. Bd mhth

8;h. Wetf ;5-<5, Befuwfbld drb . Qdohb pfredm, DW 5, Zhb

]refruo 8557

8;a. ]lf jhrostfhms wfrf auent db h rhesfm pnhtjdro (phrtny ohmf

mub`), odrf tlhb 8 o. tlegc, db hb dne`dtrdpleg pfht gusledb

8;g. H jessurf hndb` tlf (Wdutlfrb) ndb` whnn "wlegl jdrgfm tlf

eblhaethbts rfpfhtfmny td rfauenmeb`" (p<5)nDm. Wurjhgf mfpdsetedb dj Mubcerc E gnhy, bd suasurjhgf frdsedb

QDOHB [FQEDM WE]FW DB H ]LEB Mn GNHU MF[DWE] DB

[FH]

nh. Wglef mho, Befuwnhbm sf [dnmfr, setf EQ 8. 70 D, Hpdb

85:;9 Wetf EQ 8

na. Jnddrs gdbsesteb` dj twe`s, gnhy hbm pfht sdms wetl h

tlegcbfss dj :; go eb neveb` hrfh.

1h. Wglef mho, Befuwnhb msf [dnmf r, EQ 1f, 70 D, Hpdb 85:;9

Wetf EQ 1f

1a. Jnddrs wetl h tlegcbfss dj :; go.

7h. Wgl efm ho, Cftlfn . Qdohb EH, Odmmfrohb 8507

7a. Jefnm mrhweb`s sldw h suasemfbgf dj jnddrs (gdbsesteb` dj

sohnn trff trubcs, twe`s. ohburf hbm rffm) dj ht nfhst =; go

Dutsemf tlf mwfnneb`s tlf yhrm whs 'lfe`tlfbfm' tdwhrms tlf

grffc wetl twe`s. mub`, pfht hbm dgguphtedb mfares, wetl h

tdthn tlegcbfss dj 8.1; o, hnsd ebmeghteb` gdbsemfrhanf

suasemfbgf. ]lfrf hrf bd ebmeghtedbs jdr jessurfs hbm/dr tenteb

dj jnddrs.




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LCje£ ,

RAAwR R R ℡ | * " . . • • 3 ••3..- ³ " * 4

Je urf :. Wfgtedb tlrdu`l tlf sohnn jessurf dj ldusf :, setf 86.;=, Jdppfbpdnmfr, sldweb` andgcs dj

ardcfb djj pfht hbm jnddrs.

(je`s 7. =) phrtny pdebts td h pdst dgguphtedb dreèb. ]les

typf dt' suasemfbgf oust lhvf affb h vfry `rhmuhn hbm sndw

prdgfss hs adtl jnddr- hbm pfhtnhyfrs wfrf jdubm ardcfb djj

td`ftlfr hs dbf oun. H pdsn dgguphtedb mhtf es hnsd

su``fstfm ay tlf prfsfbgf dj glubcs dj jnddrnhyfrs hbm tlf

sdofteofs glhdteg mestreautedb dj t^^ e`s hbm strugturhn wddm

eb tlf nenn dj tlf jessurfs. ]les plhsf ghb af nebcfm wetl tlf

pdstmfpdsetedbhn suasurjhgf frdsedb (sff afndw).

Ldwfvfr, et ghb hnsd af hrùfm tlht tlf jebhn 'sbhppeb`'

dj tlf pfht hbm fdbsfqufbtny tlf sh`èb` dj tlf pfht-

jnddrnhyfrs hs h gdlfrfbn ubet tddc pnhgf hntfr h pfredm dj

dgguphtedb, aut afjdrf tlf pdstmfpdsetedbhn glhb`fs. ]hceb`

setf X, Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs hbm OM 8:.8; h`heb hs hb

fxhopnf, tles tenteb` dggurs eb tlf shof ohbbfr eb setfs

wetldut sugl pdstmfpdsetedbhn mesturahbgfs. ]lf oheb

mejjfrfbgf sffos td af dbf dj mf`rff rhtlfr tlhb cebm dj

suasemfbgf. jessureb` hbm tenteb`. Et es su``fstfm lfrf tlht

tlf jebhn sbhppeb` hbm tlf mfvfndpofbt dj dbf nhr`f jessurf

unteohtfny nfm td hahbmdbofbt dj tlf auenmeb`.

=.1 PLU MD JEWWVQFW MFZFND[4

]lf sfgdbm ohidr qufstedb es wly grhgcs mem mfvfndp eb

sdof ghsfs dr ebmffm wly bdt eb dtlfrs. ]lfrf hrf tlrff

sffoeb`ny davedus fxpnhbhtedbs jdr tlf fxestfbgf dj jessurfs

mureb` dgguphtedb vvlegl hrf hnsd ofbtedbfm eb tlf netfrhturf.

]lfrcdo (85<0) su``fstfm tlht tlf ldusf whs auent dvfr

hb hnrfhmy fxesteb` jhunt eb tlf pfht, wlegl tlf eblhaethbts

jennfm up wetl ohburf hbm usfm hs h 'bhturhn' mub` mrheb.

Hntfrbhtevfny, tlf eblhaethbts tlfosfnvfs mu` h ùnny

tlrdu`l tlf gfbtrf dj tlf ayrf, hs h ohburf mrheb hs

su``fstfm ay Lhvfnhhr (85:;) hbm Pebm (8507). Adtl

fxpnhbhtedbs hrf ubshtesjhgtdry. Gdbsemfreb` hnn fxhopnfs

gdnnfgtfm lfrf et sffos vfry ubnecfny eblhaethbts dj pfht

hrfhs auent tlfer ldusfs ay lhppfbsthbgf dvfr h pfht jhunt.

Ej mdbf ebtfbtedbhnny, E ghb tlebc dj bd rfhsdbs, rhtedbhn dr

dtlfrwesf. jdr sugl h gldegf.8=

]lf wfhcbfss dj tlf suasden

hbm dj tlf ohburf etsfnj wdunm nfhm td gdbtebudus mhoh`f

td tlf surjhgf hbm wdunm af h mhb`fr td ghttnf hs wfnn hs

luohbs. Odrfdvfr tlf jessurf ht setf X gnfhrny wdrsfbfm,

e.f. afghof wemfr hbm mffpfr mureb` dgguphtedb.

Gnfhrny tlf mhth jrdo setf X ghb af ebtfrprftfm eb h

mejjfrfbt ohbbfr eb ne`lt dj tlf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm fvemfbgf.

]lf gdbstrugtedb dj h preohry jnddr merfgtny db tlf dnm

nhbmsurjhgf hs tlf jerst lhaethtedb nhyfr eb hnn setfs mesgussfm

lfrf (tha. 8) su``fsts tlht tlf eblhaethbts trefm td prdtfgt

hbm gdbsfrvf tlf bhturhn suasden hs ougl hs pdsseanf.

Qfebjdrgfofbts dj tlfsf jnddrs ht hrfhs odst trdmmfb db,

sugl hs fbtrhbgf hrfhs, hrf hnsd h gdoodb jfhturf (sff

]lfrcdo 85<03 Zhb ]refruo 8551). Eb ldusf 1, OM 86.;=h nhr`f wddmfb pnhtjdro ofhsureb` f. 8 x .<; o whs

ebgdrpdrhtfm wetleb tlf jnddr eb wlht es ebtfrprftfm hs tlf

fbtrhbgf hrfh (Haaebc 85<5). ]lf shof hrùofbts ghb af

usfm td rfifgt tlf emfh dj h mub` mrheb. Odst eopdrthbtny.

tles emfh davedusny mdfs bdt fxpnheb tlf prfsfbgf dj jessurfs

wetleb h mwfnneb` hrfh dr wetleb tlf whnn, hs dasfrvfm eb

sfvfrhn jhrostfhms.




Odrf necfny tlf jessurfs hrf ghusfm ay h gdoaebhtedb dj

sfvfrhn jhgtdrs hbm prdgfssfs hssdgehtfm wetl tlf lhaethtedb

etsfnj.

]lf E erst dj tlf hrùofbts eb jhvdur dj tles lypdtlfses

whs mesgussfm hadvf, e.f. tlf jnddrs wenn ghusf gdoprfssedb

dj tlf bhturhn pghtnhyfrs hbm odrf sd hjtfr fvfry rfbfwhn.

]lf dgguphtedb surjhgf wenn afgdof merty hbm ously hjtfr

sdof pfredm dj usf. ]lf prfssurf dj tlf jnddrs ohy lhvf

affb h``rhvhtfm ay trhopneb` ay ghttnf hbm luohbs.

]d`ftlgr tlfsf jhgtdrs gdunm rfsunt eb sohnn grhgcs hbm/dr

mfstrugtedb dj tlf jnddr hbm tlf pfht. Qfbfwhn dj tlf jnddrs

sdnvfm tles prdanfo tfopdrhreny hbm hnsd ebgrfhsfm tlf

jerobfss dj tlf jdubmhtedbs. Aut ht tlf shof teof tles hmmfm

odrf wfe`lt gdbtreauteb` td suasden gdoprfssedb hbm

grhgceb`. ]lf hrglhfdndèghn fvemfbgf su``fsts (sua)surjhgf

mgtfredrhtedb tddc pnhgf odrf quegcny eb tlf sthnneb` hrfh

tlhb eb tlf mwfnneb` quhrtfrs hbm odrf sd eb tlf gfbtrhn

phrts dj tlf auenmeb`s. Qfphers dj jnddrs gdunm lhvf affb hb

db`deb` prdgfss afjdrf gdopnftf rfbfwhn tddc pnhgf.

Wfgdbmny tlf wddmfb strugturf etsfnj es necfny td pnhy hb

eopdrthbt rdnf. Et bdt dbny fxfrts vfrteghn ndhm, aut semfwhrm

prfssurfs hs wfnn. Mfpfbmeb` db tlf spfgejeg rddj-

htnhglofbt tfglbequfs tles prfssurf wenn af dutwhrms dr

ebwhrms9 eb tlrff- hbm jdur-hesnfm strugturfs sugl hs

puaneslfm ay Zhb ]refruo (wetl dbny h jfw gfbtrhn pdsts)

tlf rddj wenn lhvf affb sfgurfm ht tlf whnn-pdsts (sd-ghnnfm

'lhbèb`' rddj). ]lf prfssurf dj tlf rddj es tlfb merfgtfm

dutwhrms (pfrs. gdoo. mrs. I. Jnhoohb, mrs. L. vhb

Ndbmfb3 sff hnsd Luyts 8551).E6

Afghusf dj tlf vfry

bdb-rfsenefbt suasden tlf wldnf strugturf wdunm tlfrfjdrf

tfbm td sh` mdwb- hbm dutwhrms. ]les oe`lt hnsd rfsunt eb

mhoh`f td tlf pfht hndb` tlf gfbtrhn hxes.8:

]d suoohrezf, et es su``fstfm lfrf tlht tlf gdoaebfm

wfe`lt fxfrtfm ay tlf strugturf, tlf jnddrs hbm tlf eblhaethbts

hrf tlf ohidr ghusf jdr tlf dggurrfbgf dj jessurfs, wlegl

oust lhvf sthrtfm td jdro eb tlf pfht etsfnj. ]lf prfssurf dj

tlf jnddrs es ohebny mdwbwhrm, pfrlhps odrf sd eb tlf odst

trdmmfb hrfhs, e.f. tlf gfbtrhn hesnf(s). ]lf ndhm dj tlf

strugturf etsfnj es hnsd dutwhrms jrdo tlf gfbtrf. ]les gdunm

fxpnheb adtl pfht-jessureb` hbm tlf drefbthtedb dj jhunteb` hs

afeb` usuhnny hndb` tlf gfbtrhn, ndbètumebhn hxes dj tlf

ldusf. Gdbtebufm dgguphtedb prdahany wdrsfbfm tlf setuhtedbhbm et le`lny prdahanf tlht tlf gdbtebudus sh`èb` hbm

grhgceb` dj pfht-hbm jnddrnhyfrs jebhnny rfsuntfm eb tlf

jdrohtedb dj dbf nhr`f jhunt, ghuseb` jnddrs hbm pfht td tent

tdwhrms ets oheb gdursf eb tlf fbm. ]les lypdtlfteghn prdgfss

ldwfvfr prfsuppdsfs tlf mfghy (dxemhtedb) dj tlf pfhtnhyfrs

eb hbm hrdubm tlf jessurfs. Ldwfvfr, ldw hbm wly tles

mfghy tddc pnhgf hbm wftlfr dr bdt gdoprfssedb hbm

grhgceb` wfrf tlf ghusf dj et, es bdt fxpnhebfm ay tlfsf

prdgfssfs hbm rfohebs mejjegunt td fxpnheb (sff afndw).

Ht tlf shof teof tlf gdbtebudus hmmeb` dj jnddrs hnsd

Gdbsdnemhtfm tlf jhrostfhm ebtfredr hbm pfrlhps sthaenesfm

tlf suasurjhgf. ]les sdnemety gdunm fxpnheb wly eb Oemmfb

Mfnjnhbm dnm auenmeb` setfs wfrf sd djtfb sfnfgtfm jdr tlf

frfgtedb dj bfw jhrostfhms.

Jhunts dggurreb` hndb` h whnn hs eb Wpeicfbessf 8;-1< hbpdsseany OM 8:.65 ohy ebmeghtf h mejjfrfbt auenmeb`

gdbstrugtedb, wetl prfssurfs merfgtfm ebwhrms.80

H tlerm hbm hs yft vfry lypdtlfteghn jhgtdr wlegl gdunm

lhvf pnhyfm h rdnf eb tles prdgfss es tlf pdsseanf glhb`f eb

whtfr gdbtfbt hbm gergunhtedb eb tlf pfht ubmfrbfhtl tlf

dgguphtedb nhyfrs9 tlf ndhm ohy lhvf puslfm tlf whtfr eb

tlf pfht mdwb- hbm dutwhrms hbm/dr ghusfm mflymrhtedb dj

tlf uppfr pfht nhyfrs wfhcfbeb` tlfer strugturhn gdlfrfbgf

wlfrfhs tlf auenmeb` hbm jnddrs wdunm gut djj tlf rhebwhtf

H`heb, wly hbm ldw mejjfrfbgfs eb whtfr gdbtfbt hbm

prfssurf wdunm rfsunt eb h jessurf es hs yft bdt gnfhr.Hs Ghsphref pdebtfm dut jdr tlf pfht trhgcs eb Mrfbtlf,

suasemfbgf wenn ghusf whtfr jrdo tlf fbverdbofbt td rub

djj td tlfsf trhgcs, wlegl rfsuntfm eb h afttfr gdbsfrvhtedb

dj pfht db tlfsf trhgcs. ]lf pfht afndw tlf trhgcs whs

phrtny dxemezfm (Wtrffjcfrc/Ghsphref b.m.). ]rhbsnhtfm td tl

Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm setuhtedb tles fbthens tlht tlf jnddrs wdun

af wfnn prfsfrvfm, wlfrfhs tlf pfht afndw oe`lt lhvf aff

suaifgt td dxemezhtedb.

Jdurtlny, pdst-mfpdsetedbhn jhgtdrs pnhyfm h rdnf eb

grfhteb` tlf jebhn setuhtedb hs fbgdubtfrfm eb fxghvhtedbs.

]lfrf es prdahany h twd-why rfnhtedb aftwffb tlfsf-

prdgfssfs hbm tlf slhpf hbm jenn dj tlf jessurfs hs prfsfbt

tlf teof dj fxghvhtedb jdr tlf setfs eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm (hb

tldsf db Zddrbf-[uttfb, Zhb ]refruo 8551)9

h. ]lfrf es hb ebvfrsf rfnhtedb aftwffb tlf (mfbsety dj)

dgguphtedb rfohebs hbm tlf mf`rff hbm ndghtedb dj

frdsedb9 afndw tlf rfohebs dj jhrostfhms frdsedb

dggurrfm ohebny eb tlf rffm pfht nhyfrs (H1, je`. 8)

hadvf tlf gnhy mfpdset. Lhrmny hby frdsedb tddc pnhgf e

tlf uppfr pfht nhyfrs (AE) dr afndw tlf Mubcerc ;

mfpdset (H1), wlegl whs davedusny rfsesthbt td frdsedb.

]lf gdoprfssedb dj tlf uppfr pfht nhyfr hbm tlf

gdophgtbfss dj tlf lfhvy jnddr nhyfrs meoebeslfm dr

fvfb lhntfm tlf frdsevf jdrgf dj tlf whtfr (wlegl whsvfry wfhc eb tlf jerst pnhgf) eb hbm afndw tlfsf nhyfrs.

]les fxpnhebs wly ldusf :, OM 86.;=, surrdubmfm db h

semfs ay dtlfr jhrostfhms whs bdt hjjfgtfm ay tlf suasd

frdsedb.

]lf shof dasfrvhtedbs wfrf prfvedusny bdtfm jdr

Ofmefvhn mwfnneb` odubms (auent db pfht-odubms) eb tl

Bdrtlfrb Bftlfrnhbms9




"Eb tlf pfhn nhr`f buoafrs dj d jtfb vfrteghn jhunts wfrf

sffb, nd`ftlfr wetl nhr`f glubcs dj pfht, mespnhgfm

semfwhrms hbm tennfm. Ohby jhunts lhm tlfer pdebt dj

gdbthgt wetl tlf metglfs, dtlfrs dggurrfm iust hndb` tlf

odubms".... Plfrf odubms hbm mwfnneb`s wfrf prfsfbt,

bd nejteb` tddc pnhgf hs "tlf lfhvy odubms gdunm bdt

jndht" (Ghsphref 85<0,6,0).

Gnfhrny eb odst Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm jhrostfhms tles 'pdebt dj

gdbthgt' whs hnsdiust ht tlf dggupefm surjhgfs.

a. Wuasurjhgf frdsedb oust lhvf h``rhvhtfm tlf suasemfbgf

dj tlf pfht hbm dgguphtedb nhyfrs wetleb jhrostfhms

surveveb` hadvf tlf frdsevf zdbf. Hjtfr rftrhgtedb dj tlf

whnfr tlfsf nhyfrs sndwny shbc mdwb hbm tentfm hs

gdlfrfbt nfvfns eb sdof pnhgfs. Ldwfvfr tlf tenteb` ghb

Dbny ag phrtehnny tlf rfsunt dj tles prdgfss, hs wetbfssfm ay

OM setf 8:.8; hbm setf X jdr fxhopnf. Eb dtlgr phrts

wetleb h auenmeb` tlf jnddrs ndst tlfer gdlfrfbgf hbm wfrf

ardcfb up ebtd glubcs hbm pefgfs. Odrfdvfr tlf whsleb`

mdwb dj hsl hbm mub` td tlf mffpfst nfvfns, wlegl whs

bdtfm djtfb, es prdahany hnsd h pdst-mfpdsetedbhn jfhturf.Gnfhrny tlf pdstmfpdsetedbhn prdgfssfs hndbf ghbbdt

fxpnheb wly tlf suasurjhgf frdsedb hnwhys rfsuntfm eb

'jhunts' hndb` ndbètumebhn hxes, hnwhys odrf dr nfss tlf

shof why hbm tlf shof pnhgf. ]les oust af mug td

hnrfhmy fxesteb` gdbmet edbs, tlht es td prfvedusny jdrofm

mejjfrfbgfs eb suasemfbgf hbm mfbsety dj tlf dgguphtedb

nhyfrs wetleb tlf jhrostghm. ]lfsf gdbmetedbs mftfbbebfm

tlf spfgejeg ebjnufbgf dj pdst mfpdsetedbhn prdgfssfs db

tlf dgguphtedbhn rfohebs.

6. Wuoo hry hbm gdbgnusedbs

]lf prfsfbgf dj jessurfs wetleb strugturfs auent db pfht es

tlf rfsunt dj sfvfrhn, gndsfny rfnhtfm 'bhturhn' prdgfssfs, wlegl

hrf sft ebtd odtedb ay tlf lhaethtedb etsfnj. ]lf prfssurfs dj

tlf strugturf hbm jnddrs td`ftlfr nfhm td suasemfbgf hbm

grhgceb` dj tlf ubmfrnyeb` pfht eb h spfgejeg ohrofr.

]lf fvemfbgf su``fsts tlht odrf suasemfbgf hbm jessureb`

nddc pnhgf eb tlf gfbtrf dj tlf auenmeb`s hbm pdsseany odrf

sd eb tlf sthnneb` hrfh. ]lf lhaethtedb nhyfrs hrf prdahany

tlegcfr eb tlf sthnneb` hrfh afghusf trhopneb` ay ghttnf

bffgssethtfm odrf jrfqufbt rfphers dj tlf jnddrs, wlenf tlf

jessurfs `rfw nhr`fr hbm mffpfr afghusf dj tlf wfe`lt

dj tlfsf jnddrs hbm jebhnny rfsuntfm eb h nhr`f jhunt wetl

Lddr- hb pfht nhyfrs tenteb` mdwbwhrms.Eb dtlgr wdrms, et es prdahanf tlht rfphers dj tlf jessurf,

tlf jnddrs hbm dj tlf strugturf etsfnj wfrf eopdsseanf afydbm

h gfrtheb pdebt dj mesturahbgf hbm tlht tles whs tlf oheb

rfhsdb td hahbmdb h auenmeb`! Et es hnsd quetf necfny tlht

tlf fxpfrefbgf dj tlf eblhaethbts wetl mwfnneb` db pfht nfm

tlfo nd usf tlebbgr pdsts hbm/dr ndwgr quhnety wddm

spfgefs, afghusf tlfy wdunm nhst jdr tlf ohxeouo pdsseanf

murhtedb dj dbf lhaethtedb plhsf eb dbf auenmeb`. Jdnndweb`

tles nebf dj rfhsdbeb`, tlf gldegf dj dnm auenmeb` setfs ohcfs

sfbsf hs tlfsf prdvemfm h ougl odrf gdophgtfm auenmeb`

pnhtjdro.

Hjtfr hahbmdbofbt. pdst-mfpdsetedbhn frdsedb rfebjdrgfm

hnrfhmy fxesteb` jhunts hbm/dr tlf suasemfbgf dj jnddrs eb

odst dj tlf setfs hbm mwfnneb`s eb tlf Ofusf fstuhry, aut

et es ubnecfny tlfy wfrf fvfr ghuseb` tlfo.

]lf fxpnhbhtedbs djjfrfm lfrf jdr tlf davedusny vfry

gdopneghtfm prdgfssfs ebvdnvfm eb mwfnneb` db pfht hrf

davedusny td h nhr`f fxtfbt lypdtlfteghn hbm ay bd ofhbs

jebhn. ]lfrf hrf sfvfrhn ubfxpnhebfm hspfgts dj jessurfs. Jdr

fxhopnf, E ghb tlebc dj bd `ddm rfhsdb jdr tlf hsyooftry eb

tlfer jenn hbm slhpf. Bdr es et gnfhr wly jessurfs dggur eb sdof

hrfhs hbm bdt eb dtlfrs. Jebhnny et es stenn ubgfrtheb wly hbm

wlfb tlf jebhn hbm gdlfrfbt tenteb` dj jnddrs, hnn ht tlf shof

hb`nf, dggurrfm. Odst necfny h buoafr dj jhgtdrs td`ftlfr

mftfroebf wlftlfr jhunts wenn dggur dr bdt. f.`. tlf spfgejeg

ndghn gdopdsetedb hbm tlegcbfss dj tlf pfht nhyfr, tlf spfgejeg

whtfr gergunhtedb, tlf prfsfbgf hbm fspfgehnny tlegcbfss dj

gnhy nhyfrs wetleb tlf pfht, tlf mfbsety dj dgguphtedb ftg.

]lf rfhsdbs jdr tlf mejjfrfbgfs eb ndghtedb dj jessurfs,

hndb` tlf gfbtrhn hxes dr hndb` dbf dj tlf ndb` whnns, hrf

hnsd ubgnfhr. ]les gdunm af gdbbfgtfm wetl mejjfrfbgfs eb

gdbstrugtedbhn mfthens, ohebny tlf mestreautedb dj tlf wfe`lt

dj tlf rddj, f.`. wetl prfssurf dj tlf strugturf merfgtfm

ebwhrms dr dutwhrms (sff Luyts 8551). H ougl odrf

mfthenfm hbhnyses dj tlf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm hbm dtlfr pfht

sfttnfofbts tlhb fxfgutfm sd jhr es bffmfm td `heb ebse`lt

ebtd tlfsf mejjfrfbgfs (sff pdstsgrept 8556). Hnsd ej wf hrf

td ubmfrsthbm tlf gdopneghtfm hrglhfdndèghn rfohebs db

pfht eb tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms, fxpfreofbts wetl mwfnneb`db pfht eb hnn ets hspfgts bffm td af ghrrefm dut.

[dstsgrept 8556

Webgf tlf suaoessedb dj tles hrtegnf, hb fxghvhtedb whs

ghrrefm dut eb tlf Ldnefrldfcsf [dnmfr ht setf 8;.;0, merfgtfm

ay mrs. G. Cddt, dj h vertuhnny 'ubmesturafm' 7-hesnfm mwfnneb`

db pfht. ]lf mhth ht tles setf gdbjero odst dj tlf lypdtlfsfs

hbm gdbgnusedbs prfsfbtfm lfrf. H vfry gnfhr hbm mffp

jessurf rhb tlrdu`l tlf gfbtrf dj tlf auenmeb`. H gnfhr

vfrteghn arfhc whs prfsfbt wetleb tlf pfht hbm jnddrnhyfrs,

wlegl adtl wfrf tenteb` tdwhrms tles arfhc, aut ht mejjfrfbt

mf`rffs hbm hb`nfs db fetlfr semf. ]lf pdstdgguphtedbhnsuasurjhgf frdsedb whs vfry neoetfm hbm rfstregtfm td dbf

fbm dj tlf ldusf, wlenf tlf jessurf gdvfrfm tlf fbterf

mwfnneb`. Hntd`ftlfr, tlf fvemfbgf su``fsts h jebhn 'sbhppeb`'

dj tlf pfht hjtfr h pfredm dj dgguphtedb, aut afjdrf tlf

pdstmfpdsetedbhn glhb`fs tddc pnhgf. ]les gdbjeros tlf emfh

tlht jessureb` unteohtfny nfm td hahbmdbofbt dj tlf auenmeb`

dr fvfb td phrtehn gdnnhpsf wlfb stenn eb usf.



6: HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQ8GH NFEMFBWEH 1:

bdtfs

8 ]lf prdifgt Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm es h fddpgrhtevf ubmfrthceb` dj tlf

Sbstetutf eb Nfemfb (ohebny Erdb H`f) hbm tlf Ebstetutf dj [rf- hbm

[rdndlestdry dj tlf Vbevfrsety dj Hostfrmho (ohebny Qdohb

pfredm). Wetf 8:.=< whs fxfhvhtfm eb 85<0 ay tlf ndghn hohtfur

sdgefty Lfnebeuo ubmfr supfrvesedb dj I.[ tfr Aru``f, wetl

hssestfbgf jrdo tlf Ebstetutf. ]lf fxghvhtedbs ht setfs 88.;0/88.80

wfrf merfgtfm ay mrs. G. Cddt, E[N. Hnn dtlfr fxghvhtedbs wfrfmerfgtfm ay tlf hutldr.

1 ]lf fxghvhtedb ht setf 8:.8; whs neoetfm td trehntrgbgleb`. Et es

queeg pdsseang tlht tlf rfohebs dj odrf auenmeb`s wfrf prfsfbt eb

tlf bfhr vegebety.

7 Ldwfvfr rfauenmeb` ht tlf shof ndghtedb tddc pnhgf eb tlf Qdohb

[fredm ht sfvfrhn pght setfs sdutl dj tlf Ofusf (Zhb ]refruo 8551.

<=-58).

= ]lfsf mhtfs fdrrfspdbm td dtlfr Muebcfrcf ; mhtfs eb tlf hrgh.

sff Zhb Lfgreb`fb 8551.

6 ]lf tfros "Muebcfrcf ; hbm E' hrf usfm lfrf afghusf tlfy hrf

wemfny ubmfrstddm rfjfrfbgf tfros. hntldu`l tlfer ofhbeb` esebgrfhseb`ny mduatjunn. ]lf mhteb` hs wfnn hs tlf eophgt dj tlfsf

Erhbs`rfssedb plhsfs sffo td vhry gdbsemfrhany ht ndghn hbm

rfèdbhn nfvfns. Wff hnsd Zhb mfb Ardfcf, tles vdn. jdr h `fbfrhn

rfvefw dj tlf `fdndèghn gdbmetedbs.

: ]lf suasurjhgf ebtrusedb dj whtfr hbm tlf rfnhtgm mfpdsetedb dj

gnhy es cbdwb hs 'cnhppcnfe'.

0 ]lf gdbstrugtedb dj Qdohb pfredm jhrostfhms wenn bdt af

mesgussfm lfrf. Eb tles pfredm h spfgejeg. WD-ghnnfm 'H' gdbstrugtedb

whs usfm eb h buoafr dj jhrostfhms eb tlf Ofusf fstuhry

(Lhnnfwhs 85<:).

< Ohburf hnsd lhs h fdbsfrveb` ebjnufbgf afghusf dj ets glfoeghn

gdopdsetedb (pfrs. gdoofbn mr. Ardb`grs) hs whs gnfhr jrdo adtl

tlf prfsfrvhtedb dj dnm nhbmsurjhgf hbm dj tlf jnddr-nhyfrs

tlfosfnvfs.

]lf gsteohtgm hodubt dj ohburf ebgdrpdrhtfm eb dbf jnddrnhyfr es

f. 8.6; td 7.06 o^ ebmeghteb` tlht ohburf oust lhvf affb gdnnfgtfm

hbm cfpn hphrt dvfr h pfredm dj teof!

5 Fsteohtfs èvfb eb tlf netfrhturf jdr tlf 'nejfsphb' dj pdsts ohmf

dj hsl hbm fnmfr hrf vfry ndw9 :-81 yfhrs. ]lfsf steohtfs hrf ahsfm

db odmfrb fvhnuhtedbs wetl ubprdtfgtfm pdsts. Wff Arebccfopfr

Zfroffrfb 85513 Cddt/Zfroffrfb tles vdn. Odrf fxpfreofbthn

rfsfhrgl es bgfmfm td ohcf hby rfnehanf fsteohtf jdr tlf ndb`gvety

dj jhrostfhms auent db pfht. Jurtlfr mfthenfm rfsfhrgl dj tlf auent

up dj tlf jnddrnhyfrs ohy prdvemf odrf ebjdrohtedb (sff Haaebc

8557).

8; ]lf surveveb` strftgl dj whnn dj tles jhrostghm sldwgm h

gdbstrugtedb eb wlegl odrf sturmy upre`lt pdsts wfrf pnhgfm ht

g. =;-6; go ebtfrvhns, pfrlhps ebmeghteb` fxtrh rddj suppdrts

gdophrhanf td jdr fxhopnf Wpeicfbessf 8;-1< (Zhb ]refruo 855

]lfrf wfrf hnsd ebmeghtedbs jdr h mduanå whnn hs eb setf X, Hssfb

mfnvfr [dnmfrs (]lfrcdrb ft he. 85<0).

88 ]d ebgdrpdrhtf gnhy hbm wddm wetleb tlf jnddrs sffos td af

ohebny h nhtf Erdb H`g/Qdohb pfredm lhaet eb tlf Ofusf fstuhry

hs et es eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm (setf 8:.1= hbm 8:.=<, pdsseany 8:.8;

81 [frlhps tlf Muebcfrcf E gnhy mfpdsets hndb` tlf whnns eb setf

80.76 (Zhb ]refruo 8551, je`. 70) ghb hnsd af ebtfrprftfm hs hb

ebmeghtedb jdr hnrfhmy prfsfbt grhgcs.

87 Ldwfvfr tlf jhrostghm whs dbny phrtehnny fxfhvhtfm. bdt

ebgnumeb` tlf gfbtrhn phrt dj tlf ayrf.

8= [fht jhunts hrf ebmffm bdt ubgdoodb hbm stenn lhppfb eb

Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm mureb` h vfry mry suoofr aun tlfy hrf sohnn

vfrteghn grhgcs wetl h pdny`dbf strugturf.

86 Hggdrmeb` td Luyts (8551) tlf prfssurf eb h =-hesnfm

gdbstrugtedb es fxfrtfm ebwhrms. Ldwfvfr tles mfpfbms db tlf

spfgejeg rddj-gdbstruftedb. Petl jfw fb hsyoogtreghnny pnhgfm

gfbtrhn pdsts et es bdt necfny tlht tlfsf pdsts ghrrefm tlf oheb

wfe`lt dj tlf rddj. Hnsd tlf fxtrh pdsts dutsemg tlf whnns prfsfbt

eb odst dj tlf jhrostfhms db Zddrbf-[uttfb (Zhb ]refruo 8551)

su``fst h gdbstrugtedb wlenl hb dutwhrm merfgtedb dj tlf

prfssurfs.

8: H sffoeb`ny davedus sdnutedb td auenmeb` prdanfos db pfht

whs td usf rhtlfr tleb. aut ohby (pherfm) pdsts. td`ftlfr wetl tlf

usf dj `rdubmpnhtfs. wfm`fs hbm mduanå pdsts, jdr hnn dj wlegl

fvemfbgf es hvhenhanf. ]lf ohby pdsts ghb af tefm td`ftlfr odrf

sfgurfny ebtd h sthanf (supfr)strugturf. wlenf sohnn pdsts wenn bdt

sebc mdwb hs fhseny hs nhr`f hbm lfhvy dbfs (Haaebc 8557).

80 H`heb tlf hsyooftry es streceb`3 tlf jessurf ht setf 8;-1<

dggurrfm hndb` dbf semf dbny.




rfjfrfbgfs

Hllebc. H.H. 85<< Znhhrmeb`fb9 Hhncffnauenfbpdnmgr. Eb9 M.[. Lhnnfwhs (fm.), Hrglfdndèsglf crdbefc vhb

Ldnnhbm dvfr 85<0, EE. Yuem-Ldnnhbm. Ldnnhbm 1;, 711-717.

85<5 Ohhsnhbm9 Wetf 86.;= Jdppfbpdnmfr. Eb M.[. Lhnnfwhs (fm.), Hrglfdndèsglf crdbefc vhb

Ldnnhbm dvfr 85<<. EE. Yuem-Ldnnhbm. Ldnnhbm 18, 711-71:.

855; Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm9 Jdppfbpdnmfr/Hhncfftau etfbpdnmfr, setf 86.;=, 8:.;5, 8:.8;, 8:.71.

Eb P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.). Hrglfdndèsglf crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 85<5. EE. Yuem-

Ldnnhbm. Ldnnhbm 11, 77:-77<.

8557

Hllebc. H.H. 8558

Q. Jrhbc

Hpdb, 88. 85:;

Arhbmt, Q.w. 85<0P. @rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f

W.J. vhb mfr Nffuw (fms)

Arebccfopfr. D. 8551

G. Zfroffrfb

Ardfcf. [.P. vhb mfb

Aru``f. I.[. tfr

Aunt, F.

Ghsphref. P.H.

Lhnnfwhs. M.

Lhvfnhhr. N.

Lffreb`fb, Q.O. vhb

Lueits, G.W.].I.

]lf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm [rdifgt9 Erdb H`f Dgguphtedb. Lgnebeuo \\\EEE/1.

Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm9 Hhncfftaue tfbpdnmfr Wetf 8:.65. Eb P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.).

Hrglfdndèsglf crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 855;. EE. Yuem-Ldnnhbm. Ldnnhbm 17. 77=-77:.

Eblffosf afluezeb` uet mf Qdofebsf ]eim tf Wglefmho (Y-L). Pfstfrlffo, =1-=:.

Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfr [hpfrs E. Gebùnh 8;. Hostfrmho.

Lft ldut vhb ffb hhbthn bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf Eizfrteim fb mf Qdofebsf ]eim dp Zddrbf-

[uttfb. Eb H.A. Múacfb (fm.) Addrlhnhbs 1. 8;7-81;

8558 Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. Eb P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.), Hrglfdndèsglf crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr

855;. EE. Yuem-Ldnnhbm. Ldnnhbm 17, 771-77=.

8551 Hhncfftauetfbpdnmfr, setf E:.=<EQC =8. Vbpuaneslfm stumfbt's tlfses E[N.

85<7 Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm3 ffb hrglfdndèsglf chrtfreb`, ebvfbthreshtef, whhrmfreb` fb

afwdbeb`s`fsglefmfbes. BHQ 1. QDA.

85<0 Zffbtfrpfb eb Bffrwdnmf . Bddrmfrarffmtf, 1-88.

85<: @rfbsvfrnf``fbm dbmfrzdfc. Eb Q.O. vhb Lffreb`fb (fm). Zddrmrhgltfb `fldumfb tf

Oemmfnaur` tfr `fnf`fblfem vhb lft hjsglfem vhb Er. IH. ]reopf Aur`fr hns prdvebgehhn

hrglfdndd` vhb Yffnhbm. BHQ 7, =7-68.

850; Ffb pnhttf`rdbm uet mf Zrdf`f Eizfrteim tf Znhhrmeb`fb. Pfstfrlffo 1;, 81;-81:.

8551 ]lf Erdb H`f eb tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms, Hofrsjddrt.

8551 Mf vddr-lestdresglf adfrmfreiaduw eb Mrfbtlf. Wteglteb` Lestdresgl Adfrmfrei Dbmfrzdfc,

Hrblfo.

Cddn. ('HU.

Odmmfrohb. [.I.Q.

8557 Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm 19 Ohhsnhbm, Muejpdnmfr (vebmpnhhtsfb 88.80 fb 88.;0), eb9

P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.), Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 8551. EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm,

Ldnnhbm 16, 778-771.

8507 H Bhtevf Jhrostfhm jrdo tlf Qdohb [fredm bfhr Cftlfn. Oub. dj Wglefmho. [rdvebgf dj

Wdutl-Ldnnhbm. lfr. QDA 17, 8=5-86<.

Wtrffjcfrc, I.@.

P.H. Ghsphref

ubmhtfm Mf Lymrdndèf vhb Ldd`vffb Wystfofb. Wthhtsadsaflffr, Vtrfglt.



6< HBHNFG]H [QHFL8W]DQ8GH NFEMFBW8H 1:

]lfrcdrb, N.N..

]lfrcdrb, N.N.

Q.P. Arhbmt

I.[. [hes

O. ]hyndr

]regruo. O.G. vhb

]refruo, O.G. vhb

H.A. Múacfb.

H.I. @uerhb

Zfroffrfb. G.

Zfrwfrs, @.I.

Pebm, G.

85<0 ]lf strugturfs, ofglhbegs hbm sdof hspfgts dj eblhaethbt aflhvedur. Eb Q.P. Arhbmt/

P. @rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f/W.F. vhb mfr Nffuw (fms), Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfr [hpfrs E,

800-11=, Gebùnh 8;, Hostfrmho.

85<0 Hb Fhrny Erdb H`f jhrostfhm9 Wetf X dj tlf Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs [rdifgt. [rdgffmeb`s dj

tlf [rflestdref Wdgefty 6;, 768-707.

85<: Nhbmsglhp fb Afwdbeb` rdbm mf Afrbessf eb mf Eizfrteim fb mf Qdofebsf ]eim. Eb9

O.G. vhb ]refruo/F. Lfbcfs (fms), Qdttfrmho phpfrs Z, Qdttfrmho.

8551 Bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf Eizfrteim fb mf Qdofebsf ]eim dp Zddof-[uttfb , EIssfnodbmf fb e

ffb mffn vhb mf Ldfcsf Phhrm. Eb H.A. Múacfb (fm.), Addrlhnhbs 1, 86-8;1. Qdttfrmho

85<< Hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc eb lft Ohhsodbm`faefm. Addrlhnhbs 8. 88-8;6.

8558 Ldutmftfroebhtef OM setf 86.;= fb 8:.65. Ebtfrb Qhppdrt, E.[.N., Nfemfb.

85:6 Cftlfn (Y-L), Pfstfrlffo 8=, <6.

8507 Mf Eizfrteim. Eb9 Zhb Wtfurvessfr tdt Wtfmfneb`, HPB `rdfp Lfnebeuo. Znhhrmeb`fb,

Glhptfr 7, 05-8;<.

H.H. Haaebc


[.D.Adx5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb



[P vhb mfb Ardfcf H grdwmfm pfht hrfh9 dasfrvhtedbs eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst hbm tlf Erdb H`f lhaethtedb dj sdutlfrb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm

]lf mesgdvfry djmdzfbs dj sfttnfofbt setfs eb h sohnn

hrfh eb ^ nhhrmebRfb-Pfst sfrvfs hs tlf sthrteb`-pdebt jdr h ghngunhtedb dj tlf Erdb H`f pdpunhtedb mfbsety eb tlf pfht

hrfh hmihgfbt td tlf bdrtlfrb lhbc dj tlf Ofusf fsteehry. Et hppfhrs tlht, mureb` tlf 7rm-1bm gfbtury AG, tles rfèdbwhs gfrthebny bd nfss ebtfbsevf/v eblhaetfm tlhb hby dtlfrfgdndèghn zdbf eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms. Wdof oegrdrfèdbs

prdahany gdbthebfm =-6 jhrostfhms, tlht es 16-76 pfrsdbs,

pfr co 1 . ]les dutgdof grfhtfs h pegturf djwfnn-mrhebfm

rhesfm ad`s wlegl wfrf httrhgtevf neveb` hrfhs jdrgdooubetefs wetl h oexfmjhroeb` fgdbdoy.

8. Eb tn ECE o nen ue

Eb tlf trehb`nf aftwffb tlf tdwbs dj Mfnjt, Qdttfrmho hbmOhhssnues nefs tlf '`rffb zdbf' dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm (je`. 8).Webgf 85<0 h nhbm rfmfvfndpofbt prd`rhoof lhs affb, hbmgdbtebufs td af, ghrrefm dut eb tles aujjfr hrfh. ]les fbthenshgtevetefs sugl hs tlf pnhbteb` dj jdrfsts, tlf gdbstrugtedbue nhcfs hbm dtlfr rfgrfhtedbhn sglfofs, hs wfnn hs tlfgdbstrugtedb dj rdhms. phrgfnnhtedb wdrcs, ftg. Nfssgdbspegudus, aut fquhnny tlrfhtfbeb` eb tlf ghsf dj hrglhf-dndèghn setfs wetl dr`hbeg ohtfrehns, es tlf ndwfreb` dj tlf

`rdubmwhtfr thanf.Eb 85<8, wlfb tlf rfmfvfndpofbt prd`rhoof whs stenn eb

ens pnhbbeb` plhsf, F.I, Aunt whs glhr`fm td ohcf hbebvfbtdry hbm fvhnuhtf tlf jebmspdts eb tlf hrfh td afmfvfndpfm. Ay ofhbs dj h jefnm survfy, tlf buoafr djjebmspdts cbdwb whs ebgrfhsfm jrdo 06 td 78: wetleb dbfyfhr (Luen 85<7). Odst dj tlfsf jebmspdts gdunm afgnhssejefm hs lhaethtedb setfs, mhteb` jrdo tlf Erdb H`f, tlfQdohb pfredm hbm tlf Nhtf Oemmnf H`fs. Dtlfr jebmspdtsdbny prdmugfm esdnhtfm jebms jrdo tlfsf shof pfredms.Odst dj tlf 10 pdsseanf, prdahanf hbm gfrtheb setfs jrdo tlfErdb H`f wfrf ndghtfm db pfht eb tlf sdutlfrb sfgtdr dj tlf

hrfh. ghnnfm Negcfahfrt Hjtfr h suppnfofbthr) prdspfgtedb dbtlevhtgbfm, pdtfbtehnny vhnuhanf setfs (Zhb mfr @hhuw 85<<),tlf mfgesedb whs ohmf td ebvfste`htf dbny h sfnfgtedb dj setfs.]lf Gdooettff jdr tlf Qfgdbstrugtedb dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbmùhrhbtffm tlf jebhbgfs jdr tlf hrglhfdndèghn jefnmwdrc.'

H se`bejeghbt mfthen whs tlf h`rffofbt tlht jefnmwdrcwdunm hnsd ebgnumf whtgleb` arefjs db tlf `rdubm wdrc djtlf mfvfndpofbt hgtevetefs hs tlfy prd`rfssfm. ]les whs

fspfgehnny ofhbt td fbsurf tlht dasfrvhtedbs wfrf ohmf hbmjebms gdnnfgtfm ht setfs wlegl wdunm bdt af fxghvhtfm.

Eb 85<< tlf jebhbgfm fxghvhtedb prd`rhoof sthrtfm eb tlfJdppfbpdnmfr, oubegephnety dj Ohhsnhbm (Haaebc 85<5).Jrdo 85<5 db, tlf `rdubm wdrcs wfrf hnsd jdnedwfm.

]les hrtegnf èvfs h prfneoebhry dvfrvefw dj tlfubfxpfgtfm rfsunts dj tlf hrglhfdndèghn dasfrvhtedbs ebh rfgrfhtedb hrfh eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst. ]lf Erdb H`fjebmspdts hrf tlfb suasfqufbtny rfvefwfm sfphrhtfny. ]lfsfsfrvf hs h sthrteb` pdebt jdr h tfbthtevf ghngunhtedb dj tlfpdpunhtedb mfbsety eb tlf pfht hrfh mureb` tles pfredm.

Jerst dj hnn, eb drmfr td `heb h afttfr ubmfrsthbmeb` dj tlfohcf up dj tlf jdrofr nhbmsghpf, h arefj mfsgreptedb dj tlf`fdndèghI fvdnutedb hbm strhte`rhply dj tlf hrfh eb qufstedbwenn af èvfb. ]d`ftlfr wetl tlf ebjdrohtedb db tlf bhturfdj tlf `rdubm wdrcs, tlf `fdndèghn mhth fbhanf tlf rfhmfrtd `ft hb eoprfssedb dj tlf jebm gerguosthbgfs hbm tlfpdsseaenetefs jdr dasfrveb` rfohebs mhteb` jrdo tlf Bfdnetlegup td rfgfbt teofs.

1. @fdnd`y

1.8 GHNHEW tv - MVBCEQC ;

]lf bdrtl-wfstfrb lhnj dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm es mdoebhtfmay oum-jnht mfpdsets, wlegl jdr h suasthbtehn phrt nef db tdpdj Mubcerc ; glhbbfn mfpdsets. Eb tlf rfohebeb` phrt dj tlfrfèdb tlfsf fnfofbts hrf hnsd rfprfsfbtfm, aut tlfrf pfhtprfmdoebhtfs ht dr iust afndw tlf surjhgf. Odst Erdb H`fsfttnfofbts lhvf affb mesgdvfrfm eb tlf sdutlfrb phrt djtles pfht hrfh, eb tlf oubegephnetefs dj Ohhsnhbm.Znhhrmeb`fb hbm Wglefmho. ]les pfht fxtfbms afydbm tlfadubmhrefs dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm, ebtd tlf prfmdoebhbtnyauent-up hrfhs dj tlf nhttfr twd oubegephnetefs. ]les rfèdbwenn suasfqufbtny af rfjfrrfm td hs 'tlf sdutlfrb pfht hrfh'.Et ardhmny gdvfrs h strep dj 6 co hndb` tlf bdrtlfrb ahbc dj

tlf Befuwf Phtfrwf`, tlf jdrofr Ofusf fstuhry.]lf `fbfrhn hrglhfdndèghn-`fdndèghn pegturf dj Oemmfb-

Mfnjnhbm lhs affb jennfm eb ay Lhnnfwhs hbm Zhb Qf`tfrfbHntfbh (8505), Aunt (85<7) hbm ” fspfgehnny jdr tlf ErdbH`f ” Zhb Lffreb`fb (8551). ]lf nhr`f buoafr djdasfrvhtedbs ohmf mureb` tlf rfgfbt fxghvhtedb hbm tlf`rdubm wdrc prd`rhoofs lhvf jurtlfr eoprdvfm tlfcbdwnfm`f dj tlf sdutlfrb pfht hrfh gdbsemfrhany,



:; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 8h. Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm wetlpdnmfr-mevesedb.

YVEMJtnNMFQZHB MtNJ@HVP

Jeùrf 8a. ]lf sua-rf edbs dj

Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm.

fspfgehnny eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst. Eb hmmetedb, adreb`s lhvfhnsd gdbtreautfm td tles cbdwnfm`f.1

]lf nhbmsghpf dj wlegl tlf hrfh sldwb eb jeùrf 1 jdrostlf gdrf, es mdoebhtfm ay Ldnnhbm pfht. Mureb` tlftrhbs`rfssedb pfredm Ghnhes EZh. h temhn grffc ofhbmfrfmtlrdu`l tlf swhopy nhbmsghpf jrdo tlf bdrtl td tlf Ofusffstuhry. Eb 856< tlf fpdbyodus setf dj tlf Znhhrmeb`fbGunturf whs mesgdvfrfm db Nts le`l nfvffs, eb tlf bdw auent-up phrt dj Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst (jdr `fdnd`y sff fsp. ZhbQf`tfrfb Hntfbh ft hn. 85:1, 17 jj.). Mureb` tlf rfgfbtgdbstrugtedb dj tlf `dnj-gdursf Wglebcfnsldfc, tles grffc whsgut ht sfvfrhn pnhgfs. Hbdtlfr Znhhrmeb`fb Gunturf sfttnfofbt

ghof td ne`lt db dbf dj tlf nfvffs, dbny ;.: o afndw tlfodmfrb surjhgf (je`. 1, ndghtedb H). Dtlfr ndghtedbs hndb`tlf grffc prdmugfm esdnhtfm jebms dj tlf shof h`f (Zhb mfbArdfcfb hn. 85513 Lfebsardfc 85513 Odrff 8558).

H gnhy mfpdset hsgreafm td tlf Ghnhes EZa pfredm lhrmnyfxgffms tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm grffc. ]lf `rdwtl dj tlfLdnnhbm pfht eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm whs dbny rfhnnyebtfrruptfm h`heb mureb` tlf Mubcerc ; trhbs`rfssedb pfredm.

Wthrteb` jrdo tlf Ofusf fstuhry tlf pfht whs frdmfm ay hohzf dj glhbbfns hbm grffcs. ]lfy wfrf je 8 nfm up wetlshbm, sent hbm gnhy. ]lf hrfh eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst hppfhrfmtd gdbtheb h systfo dj ohssevf hbm sohnnfr grffcs mhteb` ttlf shof Mubcerc ; pfredm. Afghusf dj tlf sghnf dj hbfhrnefr `fdndèghn/pfmdndèghn survfy, tlf ohidrety dj tlfsfmd bdt hppfhr db tlf ohp (je`. 1).

H se`bejeghbt jfhturf dj tlf Mubcerc ; pfredm whs tlht tljenneb` dj tlf Ghnhes grffc eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst, tlfb eb hsthtf dj hmvhbgfm pfht `rdwtl, whs rfgut. Wuasfqufbtny,adtl tles grffc hbm tlf ohidrety dj tlf bfw glhbbfns hbmgrffcs wfrf sentfm up, gdopnftfny dr bfhrny gdopnftfny,

mureb` tles shof trhbs`rfssedb pfredm. Eb hmmetedb, twd gnhynhyfrs wfrf mfpdsetfm dvfr fxtfbsevf hrfhs dj tlf sdutlfrbpfht rfèdb, usuhnny sfphrhtfm ay sdof mo dj rffm pfht.'Eb tlf stumy hrfh dj Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst hbm ets bdrtlfrnysurrdubmeb`s, tlf ydub`fst dj tlfsf twd gnhy nhyfrs, usuhnny8-1 mo tlegc, es prfsfbt wetleb h mfptl dj 8 o afndw tlfsurjhgf. G8= mhtfs dj g. 15:; A[ jrdo tlf sdutlfrb pfhthrfh ebmeghtf tlht tlf mfvfndpofbt dj rffm pfht updb tles



[P. ZHB MFB AQDFCF - H GQDPMFM [FH] HQFH

Jeùrf 1. @fdnd eghn hbm tdpd`rhpleghn setuhtedb eb tlf stumy hrfh dj Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst hrdubm 85<1,

hggdrmeb` td sden ohp sghnf 898;.;;; eb [nfeitfr 85<1 hbm hrglhfdnd eghn ohp db `fd-`fbfteghn ahsessghnf 898;.;;; (mdguofbthtedb F.I. Aunt3 gj. Aunt 85<7, ohp-hppfbmegfs). Glhrhgtfrs ebmeghtf ndghtedbs

rfjfrrfm td eb tlf tfxt.glhbbfn mfpdsets (shbmy gnhy3 Mubcerc D/n), usuhnny wetl gnhy gdvfr (Mubcerc n/nnn)grffc mfpdsets hbm oum-jnht mfpdsets (lfhvy gnhy3 Mubcerc D/n/nnn, ndghnny Ghnhes EZ), tlegcbfss odrf tlhb<; go3 ndghnny ebtfrruptfm ay pfht nhyfr(s)oum-jnht mfpdsets (Mubcerc n/nn n), tlegcbfss 7;/=; - <; go, nyeb` db pfht

oum-jnht mfpdsets (Mubcerc n/nnn), tlegcbfss >7;/=; go, nyeb` db pfht



:1 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

gnhy sthrtfm hrdubm 81;; AG (Haaebc tles vdnuof3 Zhb mfbArdfcf 8551h, bdtf 03 Lfebsardfc 8557a). ]lf h`f dj tlfdnmfr Mubcerc ; gnhy nhyfr es bdt yft cbdwb.

1.1 HJ]FQ MVBCEQC ;

]lf suasfqufbt mfvfndpofbt dj tlf Ldnnhbm pfht`rhmuhnny rfsuntfm eb tlf jdrohtedb dj dne`dtrdpleg pfht eb h

nhr`f phrt dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. ]lfsf rhesfm ad`s, vez. tlferle`lfst pdebts, wfrf eblhaetfm jdr tlf jerst teof eb tlf FhrnyErdb H`f. ]les prdahany lhppfbfm eb tlf sfgdbm lhnj dj tlf0tl gfbtury AG. ]lf `fbfrhn dpebedb es tlht dgguphtedb lhmafgdof pdsseanf muf td rfbfwfm jdrohtedb dj grffcs wetlebtlf pfht hrfh, wlegl eoprdvfm ets bhturhn mrhebh`f (gj. ZhbLffreb`fb 8551, 7;:). Jdr tlf gdbgdoethbt Mubcerc Emfpdsets tlfrf hrf, ldwfvfr, bd mhtfs afjdrf g. 1;; AG jdrfetlfr semf dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry.=

Fxgfpt jdr tlf @hbtfn, iust bdrtl dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm, bdbdthany nhr`f glhbbfns wfrf jdrofm mureb` tlf Mubcerc Etrhbs`rfssedb pfredm, dbny whtfrgdursfs dj nfssfr sthturf.

Hntfohtevfny, tlf whtfr hbm tlf sfmeofbts usfm tlf rfsemuhnglhbbfn hbm grffc afms dj Mubcerc ; dreèb. ]les whs hnsdtlf ghsf eb tlf stumy hrfh (gj. Lfebsardfc 8557h, 8557a).

Eb tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf Crhaafpnhs hrfh (je`. :a), dbnydbf grffc gdunm af mftfroebfm td lhvf affb jndweb` mureb`tlf Erdb H`f lhaethtedb pfredm. H nhr`f wddmfb daifgt, wetlh G8= mhtf dj 1106 ¸ 76 A[, whs mesgdvfrfm nyeb` h`hebstets wfstfrb ahbc (ndghtedb A eb je`. 1, je`. =). 6 ]les grffcwhs prdahany gdbbfgtfm wetl tlf bfhray glhbbfn hbm grffcsystfo wlegl mdoebhtfs tlf Hhncfft-Aebbfbpdnmfr (je`. 1).]les systfo, tdd, dr ht nfhst ets `rfhtfr phrt, whs tlfb dpfb,dr rfdpfbfm/'

]lf oum-jnht mfpdsets dj Mubcerc E eb tlf sdutlfrb phrtdj tlf Hhncfft-Aebbfbpdnmfr hrf hadut 6 mo tlegc, autwfm`f dut gdopnftfny ht h sldrt mesthbgf td tlf bdrtl. Eb tlfCrhaafpnhs hrfh tlf rfohebs dj Fhrny Erdb H`f mhtf nef dbtdp dj tlf Ldnnhbm pfht afm, ht tlf shof nfvfn hs rfohebsjrdo nhtfr Erdb H`f hbm Qdohb pfredm plhsfs (je`. 7, setfs8:.06 hbm 8:.=1). ]les hnsd ldnms jdr h seb`nf ofmefvhnjebmspdt, mhtfm td tlf 8 ntl gfbtury (je`. 1, ndghtedb J).0

Dbny ndghnny lhvf dbf dr odrf Mubcerc E gnhy nhyfrs affbmfpdsetfm, bd odrf tlhb 8 mo tlegc.

]lf gnhy nhyfr gdvfreb` Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst hbm etssurrdubmeb`s mhtfs jrdo tlf 81tl gfbtury. Eb tlf hrfhmfpegtfm eb jeùrf 1, tlf wldnf nhyfr whs prdahany

mfpdsetfm hrdubm HM 887= (Mubcerc Ennan3 Aunt 85<7, 85,85<:, 885 jj.). ]les mhtf whs gdbjerofm mureb` tlf jefnmdasfrvhtedbs. Hphrt jrdo tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm 8 ntl gfbturyjebmspdt db pfht afndw tlf gnhy gdvfr, twd setfs wfrfmesgdvfrfm hndb` tlf Yuemauurt nyeb` db tlf spur dj hMubcerc ;/8 glhbbfn rem`f (je`. 1, ndghtedbs @ hbm L).[dttfry jrdo tlf jerst lhnj dj tlf 81tl gfbtury, hbm pdsseanyjrdo tlf nhst quhrtfr dj tlf 8 ntl gfbtury (mft. F.I. Aunt),

whs jdubm eb luoeg gnhy (dxemesfm pfht4) afndw tlf uppfrgnhy nfvfn. Eb tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf Hhncfft-Aebbfbpdnmftlf gnhy gdvfr lhs h tlegcbfss dj hadut ;.6 o. Et wfm`fsdut eb h bdrtlfrny merfgtedb. Bfhr odtdrwhy H 1; etstlegcbfss rfmugfs td dbny ;.1-;.7 o.

Plfb mfsgreaeb` tlf `fdndèghn mfvfndpofbts, twdprdgfssfs lhvf rfohebfm ubmesgussfm. ]lfy rfprfsfbt tlf

fjjfgts dj whtfr hbm whtfr ohbh`fofbt db pfht. ]lfydub`fst prdgfss es tlf gdophgtedb hbm dxemhtedb dj tlfLdnnhbm pfht tlht lhs dggurrfm sebgf tlf Oemmnf H`fs. ]lfpfht afm lhs affb ougl tlegcfr tlhb wf pfrgfevf bdwhmhy]lf jhgt tlht tlf rfohebs jrdo tlf Fhrny Erdb H`f hrf jdubht tlf shof nfvfn hs tldsf jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm, mdfs bdrfjnfgt tlf dreèbhn setuhtedb. Eb tlf Oemmnf Erdb H`f hs wfhs eb tlf Nhtf Erdb H`f hbm hjtfr tlf Fhrny Qdohb pfredm,gdbsemfrhanf pfht `rdwtl tddc pnhgf eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm(Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, je`. :;, `rdup 8). Ldwfvfr, ndghnnhyfrs dj pfht, dj ht afst 8 mo tlegc, hrf tlf dbnymfodbstrhanf rfohebs dj tles prdgfss.

]lf 'mfghpethtedb' dj tlf pfht afm oust af hsgreafm tdtlf mrhebh`f systfos wlegl sthrtfm wetl tlf ofmefvhnrfgnhohtedbs dj tlf hrfh (gj. Aunt 85<:). ]lf me`èb` djmrhebh`f ghbhns hbm phrgfnnhtedb metglfs nfm td gdophgtedbhbm dxemhtedb eb phrtegunhr. ]lf neveb` prddj dj tles es tdaf sffb eb tlf Zneftnhbmfb, tlf dbny phrt dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm wlegl lhs bdt affb ohmf ebtd h pdnmfr (je`. nh).Et es hnsd tlf dbny tfrrheb wetl pfht `rdwtl stenn `deb` db.[rdahany sebgf tlf 8:tl gfbtury, ets surjhgf lhs nheb ht=; go afndw BH[, tlf rfsfrvder nfvfn (adfzfopfen). ]lfsurrdubmeb` pdnmfrs nef hadut 1 o ndwfr. ]lf gdophgtedbhbm dxemhtedb dj tlf pfht, odrfdvfr, lhvf èvfb why td hbebvfrsedb dj tlf rfnefj. Afghusf dj tles, tlf surjhgf djOemmfb-Mfnjnhbm es vfebfm wetl ohby glhbbfn hbm grffcrem`fs.

]lf jhgt tlht, mfspetf pfht dxemhtedb, h ndt dj dr`hbegsfttnfofbt rfohebs jrdo tlf Erdb H`f lhvf stenn affbprfsfrvfm, es prebgephnny h rfsunt dj tlf sfgdbm `fdndèghnprdgfss td af mfhnt wetl. ]les prdgfss gdunm af mfsgreafm ebmfthen hjtfr tlf fxghvhtedbs eb Ohhsnhbm-Jdppfbpdnmfr(Haaebc 85<5 hbm tles vdnuof). ]lfrfjdrf, dbny h arefjfxpnhbhtedb sujjegfs lfrf.

1.7 MnWQV[]EDB HBM EB]QVWEDB GNHU

Hjtfr. dr stenn mureb`, tlf Erdb H`f lhaethtedb, wlegl ghb

af trhgfm ebtd tlf 1bm gfbtury AG, mrhsteg `fdndèghnmesturahbgfs mem thcf pnhgf. ]lf sfttnfofbts eb tlf `rfhtfrphrt dj tlf sdutlfrb pfht hrfh wfrf ubmfr whtfr, dr ht nfhsthjjfgtfm ay h reseb` `rdubmwhtfr thanf. Db ohby spdts tlfuppfr phrt dj tlf pfht afm whs tdrb nddsf, jhuntfm hbm nejtfmhndb` wetl fvfrytleb` sthbmeb` hbm nyeb` updb et. Dtlfrpndts dj tlf pfht afm wfrf gruoanfm, jdnmfm dr dtlfrwesfmesruptfm.



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v v vZ Z Z 3' Z Z ZZ Z Z '• Z Z Zv v v 3• v v vZ Z Z '

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Je urf 7. ]lf strhte`rhpleghn pdsetedb dj tlf hrglhfdndèghn rfohebsht sdof jebmspdts eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst. Mhtfs dj tlf jebmspdts980.=89 g. 76; AG3 8:.069 g. :;; AG3 8:.=19 g. 8;; HM.89 oum-jnht mfpdsets, Mubcerc EEE

19 oum-jnht mfpdsets, Mubcerc E

79 Ldnnhbm pfht, mfgdopdsfm3 wetl lhaethtedb rfohebs=9 Ldnnhbm pfht, rhw

69 ebtrusedb gnhy3 wetl lhaethtedb rfohebs:9 oum-jnht mfpdsets Mubcerc ;, nhtf plhsf (80.=89 trhbsetedb jrdo

grffc jenneb` td oum-jnht mfpdsets)09 gnhy (Mubcerc ;4/ebtrusedb gnhy4)

Hjtfr tlf rftrfht dj tlf whtfr, tlf pfht 'esnhbms' subch`heb. ]lf fhrnefr fvfbts, ldwfvfr, aftrhy tlfosfnvfs vfrygnfhrny ay tlf prfsfbgf dj nhyfrs dj lfhvy gnhy hbmnfbtegunhr mfpdsets aftwffb tlf uppfr hbm ndwfr phrt dj tlfpfht afm (je`. =). ]lfsf oust lhvf affb mfpdsetfm ubmfrghno gdbmetedbs. ]les ebtrusedb gnhy usuhnny lhs tlfjdnndweb` fdoaebhtedb dj jfhturfs9

- slhrp trhbsetedbs td tlf pfht ht adtl tlf ndwfr hbm uppfrfm`fs dj tlf gnhy nhyfr3 sdofteofs tlf ebtrusedb gnhy lhsaffb mfpdsetfm aftwffb hb dnmfr gnhy nhyfr hbm tlf pfhthadvf (gj. je`. 7, setf 8:.06)9

- h ndghn errfùnhr gdursf tlrdu`l tlf prdjenf, dgghsedbhnnyfvfb gutteb` meh`dbhnny tlrdu`l dnmfr gnhy nhyfrs3

- glhbèb` tlegcbfss. rhoejeghtedb3

- hasfbgf dj pnhbt rddts3- nhoebhtfm hppfhrhbgf3- vfry luoeg hbm pdnnutfm wetl twe`s, nuops dj pfht hbm,

ht jdrofr sfttnfofbt ndghtedbs, hrglhfdndèghn ohtfrehns3tlfsf daifgts, up td tlf sezf dj afhos, lhvf gdof td rfstht h nfvfn afndw tlf sfttnfofbt surjhgf muf td jhunteb`,turbeb` hbm frdsedb jrdo afbfhtl (gj. je`. 7, setf 80.=8).

Hnodst fvfrywlfrf eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst hbm ets wemfrsurrdubmeb`s, tlf pfht afm gdbthebs mfpdsets dj ebtrusedbgnhy. ]lf mhteb` dj tlfsf mesturaeb` prdgfssfs es stennprdanfohteghn. Et hppfhrs tlht bdt dbny Erdb H`f sfttnfofbtsetfs lhvf sujjfrfm, aut hnsd sfvfrhn setfs jrdo tlf Qdohbpfredm (Haaebc/Jrhbc 8558a3 ]fr Aru``f 8551a). ]lf rhtfdj mesturahbgf sffos, ldwfvfr, td af `fbfrhnny odrfebtfbsf db Erdb H`f setfs. ]les ebmeghtfs tlht wf md bdtlhvf td rfgcdb wetl h ubequf fvfbt, aut wetl rfpfhtfmprdgfssfs, dggurreb` ht ebtfrvhns dj pdsseany mfghmfs drfvfb gfbturefs.

Mfspetf tlf hasfbgf dj gdvfr mfpdsets jrdo tlf Mubcerc Etrhbs`rfssedb pfredm eb tlf `rfhtfr phrt dj Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst, tlfrf tlus pdsetevfny sffos td lhvf affb nhtfrhn gnhymfpdsetedb jrdo tlf grffcs ht tlht teof, aut eb tlf jdro djebtrusedb gnhy. Db dbf dgghsedb, tlf dreèb dj sugl hmfpdsetedb lhs affb 'ghu`lt'. Wthrteb` jrdo h grffc tlht nhy

dpfb mureb` tles pfredm, h gnhy nhyfr wfm`fm ebtd tlf pfht(je`. 63 jdr ndghtedb sff je`. 198). Ht tlf ebtrusedb pdebt h`rddvf-mfgdrhtfm Erdb H`f slfrm nhy eb tlf ebtrusedb gnhy(jebmspdt 8:.57).

Et es stenn ubgnfhr wlfb tlf prdgfssfs tddc pnhgf wleglhjjfgtfm sfttnfofbts dj tlf Qdohb pfredm. ]lf nhtfst setfstlht mfodbstrhany sujjfrfm, mhtf jrdo tlf fbm dj tlfnst gfbtury HM. ]lfrf hrf, ldwfvfr, lhrmny hby ydub`frjebmspdts jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm cbdwb db pfht.<

7. ]lf hrglhfdndèghn ebvfste`h tedbs ebZnhhrmeb`fb-Pfst

7.8 EB]QDMVG]EDB]lf dreèbhn ebtfbtedb dj hrglhfdndèghn ebvfste`htedbs

hggdophbyeb` tlf `rdubm wdrc whs, tlht tlfy wdunm nfhmtd suppnfofbthry dasfrvhtedbs hbm tlf gdnnfgtedb dj jebmsjrdo jebmspdts wlegl lhm affb rfèstrhtfm ay Aunt, autwlegl wfrf bdt sfnfgtfm jdr fxghvhtedb. Eb prhgtegf.ldwfvfr, odrf bfw jebmspdts wfrf strugc updb tlhb tldsfhnrfhmy rfèstfrfm. Mfspetf ets dppdrtubesteg bhturf, tles



(.= HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf =. Dvfrvefw dj tlfCrhaafpnhs hrfh eb h bdrtlfrb

merfgtedb, Ohy 855;. ]lf ndwfr phrtsldws 'phtglfs' dj ebtrusedb gnhy eb

tlf Ldnnhbm pfht. nts ndghn prfsfbgfrfsunts jrdo tlf wleoseghn gdursf

dj tlfsf gnhy nhyfrs, hs ghb af

sffb eb tlf sfgtedb aflebm (8).

]lf lhaethtedb rfohebs dj Erdb H`fsetf 8:.0: wfrf jdubm lfrf. Nyeb`db tlf re`lt (1) hb daifgt ohmf dj

phrt dj h ldnndwfm dut trff trubcprdtrumfs jrdo tlf sfgtedb.

]lf daifgt rfsts h`hebst tlf ahbc dj

h grffc, wlegl whs dpfb eb tlfOemmnf Erdb H`f (jebmspdt 8:.<;).

]lf gnhy gdvfreb` tlf Ldnnhbm pfhtlhs affb rfodvfm jrdo tlf hrfh

aflebm tles sfgtedb.

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Jeùrf 6. Pfstfrb metgl-sndpfadrmfreb` tlf `dnj-gdursfWglebcfnsldfc, sldweb` h nhyfr djebtrusedb gnhy, dre ebhteb` jrdo hglhbbfn. ]les gnhy lhs fbtfrfm tlfpfht (hrrdw). ]lf uppfr nhyfr djsden (;) whs rfgfbtny mfpdsetfm jdrtlf mfvfndpofbt dj tlf `dnj-gdursf.

Wff jeùrf 7 jdr tlf rfohebeb`nf`fbm.

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hspfgt dj tlf hrglhfdndèghn rfsfhrgl eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbmprdmugfs ebjdrohtedb dj h quhnethtevfny mejjfrfbt bhturf tlhbtlht jrdo tlf rfùnhr fxghvhtedb prd`rhoof. Et grfhtfs tlfpdsseaenety jdr9

- tlf (ndghn) mftfroebhtedb dj tlf rhted aftwffb tlf buoafrdj setfs rfèstfrfm mureb` tlf fhrnefr jefnm survfy hbm tlfrfhn buoafr dj setfs prfsfbt, eb dtlfr wdrms9 hbfvhnuhtedb dj tlf fjjfgtevfbfss dj tlf survfy3

- h tfbthtevf mftfroebhtedb dj tlf pdpunhtedb mfbsety ebgfrtheb oegrd-rfèdbs.

]lf hrfh dj Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst jdros tlf afst stumy hrfheb tles rfspfgt. Lfrf, eb tlf Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr, hrfgrfhtedb hrfh whs gdbstrugtfm aftwffb 85<0 hbm 8558, tlfCrhaafpnhs jdroeb` ets gdrf (je`. :a). Eb tlf bdrtlfrb phrt djtlf Crhaafpnhs hrfh dgghsedbhn dasfrvhtedbs wfrf ohmf ay

ofoafrs dj tlf ndghn hrglhfdndèghn wdrceb` `rdupLfnebeuo hbm dtlfr ebtfrfstfm pfrsdbs. Eb 85<0, odrfdvfr,hb fxghvhtedb whs ghrrefm dut ay tles `rdup eb gddpfrhtedbwetl tlf E[N (Haaebc 85<<3 ]fr Aru``f 8551a).

Jrdo 85<5 db, tlf mfvfndpofbt wdrcs eb tlf sdutlfrbphrt dj tlf Crhaafpnhs hrfh gdunm af ebtfbsevfnyhggdophbefm ay tlf prfsfbt hutldr, lfnpfm ay sfvfrhnvdnubtffrs.8'

Afghusf tlf gnhy gdvfr whs ofglhbeghnny rfodvfm, tlftdp dj tlf Ldnnhbm pfht whs nhem ahrf. Jrdo tlf jdrf`deb``fdndèghn mfsgreptedb et ghb af ebjfrrfm tlht, ht tles nfvfn,rfohebs jrdo tlf Fhrny Erdb H`f up td g. HM 887= gdunmaf mdguofbtfm. Eb h zdbf merfgtny fhst dj tlf sdutlfrb phrdj tlf Crhaafpnhs tles nfvfn whs rfhglfm ay pndu`lebàfjdrf pnhbthtedb, wlegl rfsuntfm eb h gdophrhanf jebmspdmfbsety.



:6 [P. ZHB MFB AQDFCF - H GQDPMFM [FH] HQFH

]lf ebtfbsevf hrglhfdndèghn hgfdophbeofbt gdunm afgdbtebufm mureb` tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf `dnj-gdursfWglebcfnsldfc (je`. :a). Lfrf tlf me`èb` dj metglfs hbmdrdhofbthn whtfr jfhturfs `hvf dppdrtubetefs jdrhrglhfdndèghn dasfrvhtedbs. Dtlfr mesgdvfrefs wfrf ohmfwlenf h `hs oheb whs afeb` nhem, td tlf bdrtl hbm fhst djadtl rfgrfhtedbhn hrfhs.

Eb tlf Hhncfft-Aebbfbpdnmfr, tdd, sdof jebmspdts ghof tdne`ln eb tlf shbef pfredm. Aftwffb tlf Yuemauurt hbm tlfrhenwhy-trhgc ohby lfgthrfs dj nhbm wfrf survfyfm hjtfrpndu`leb` td h mfptl dj f. =; go. ]les prfgfmfm jdrfstpnhbthtedb. ]les pndu`leb` preohreny hjjfgtfm tlf Mubcerc nengnhy gdvfr3 tlf ubmfrnyeb` Mubcerc E mfpdsets wfrf ht afstdbny ndghnnv hjjfgtfm. Webgf tlf Erdb H`f lhaethtedbprdahany fbmfm afjdrf tlf mfpdsetedb dj tlf Mubcerc Esfmeogbts, dbny jebmspdts dj tlf Qdohb pfredm hbm tlfOemmnf H`fs oe`lt af fxpfgtfm lfrf.

]lf me`èb` dj metglfs hbm adreb`s mureb` tlfgdbstrugtedb dj h oum-ahseb sdutl dj tlf rhenwhy-trhgc hnsdnfm td mesgdvfrefs (Zhb mfb Ardfcf/Zhb Yeivfrmfb 85573

Lfebsardfc 8557h) .'" ]les ahseb es dbny phrtny gdvfrfm ebjeùrfs : hbm 0."

Vbten tlf gdoofbgfofbt dj tlf mfvfndpofbt prd`rhoof.hnn tlf hrfhs mfsgreafm hadvf gdopresfm `rhzeb` nhbm hbmjhrostfhms.

7.1 QFWVN]W

]lf rfsunts dj tlf hrglhfdndèghn hgfdophbeofbtfxgffmfm ay jhr tlf fxpfgthtedbs (je`s. :h, :a).'1 ]lfmesgdvfry dj h Oemmnf Bfdnetleg Znhhrmeb`fb Gunturfsfttnfofbt db h grffc nfvff ghof junny ubfxpfgtfm, hs wfnnhs tlf mesgdvfry (ay pnhyeb` glenmrfb) dj h luohb scfnftdb

jrdbt tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f (Zhb mfb Ardfcf ft hn. 8551,Zhb mfb Ardfcf 8551h rfsp.).88

Gdbgfoeb` tlf Erdb H`f hbm Qdohb pfredm, tlfquhbtety dj jebmspdts eb phrtegunhr ghof hs h surpresf.Plfrfhs F.I. Aunt mesgdvfrfm jevf Erdb H`f setfs aysurvfyeb` tlf metglfs. hbdtlfr 11 gdunm af hmmfmhjtfrwhrms. Odrfdvfr, tlf prfvheneb` emfh tlht tlf pfht hrfhdj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm lhm sghrgfny affb eblhaetfm hjtfr tlfErdb H`f, hppfhrfm td af jhnnhgedus9 tlf hrfh dutnebfm ebn'e urf : prdmugfm 8: setfs jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm8=,preohreny mhteb` jrdo tlf nst hbm tlf afèbbeb` dj tlf1bm gfbtury HM. Eb hmmetedb, sdof mdzfbs dj jebmspdts wetlesdnhtfm jebms jrdo adtl tlf Erdb H`f hbm tlf Qdohb pfredm

oust af ofbtedbfm lfrf.'s

]lf gdophresdbs prfsfbtfm hadvf md bdt yft hnndw hbdaifgtevf fvhnuhtedb dj tlf fjjfgtevfbfss dj survfyeb` eb`rhssnhbm. Wugl h gdophresdb es dbny fxpfmeãbt eb hgdbtebudus, ubardcfb tfrrheb wlfrf tlf ohxeouo pdsse-aenetefs wdunm fxest jdr ohceb` dasfrvhtedbs. H pndt dj

81 lh eb tlf sdutl-wfstfrb phrt dj tlf Crhaafpnhs hrfhoffts tles rfquerfofbt. Lfrf sd ohby `rdubmwdrcs wfrffxfgutfm hbm dasfrvhtedbs ohmf tlht, ht afst, dbny h jfwsetfs jrdo tlf Erdb H`f hbm Qdohb pfredm ghb lhvfrfohebfm ubmftfgtfm."8

Mureb` tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj tlfCrhaafpnhs (hb hrfh dj odrf tlhb : lh) fvfb hnodst emfhn

dasfrvhtedb dppdrtubetefs fxestfm (sff hadvf). Adtl tlf tdpdj tlf pfht hbm tlf ubmfrnyeb` ebtrusedb gnhy `hvfdppdrtubety td mesgdvfr odaeneh hbm ldusf rfohebs.

Db tlfsf 81 lh dj nhbm Aunt lhm mesgdvfrfm twd setfs.adtl mhteb` td tlf Erdb H`f, ay survfyeb` metgl-ahbcs(db hvfrh`f, dbf fvfry 6; o). Mureb` tlf `rdubm wdrcs 81odrf setfs wfrf hmmfm, eb hmmetedb td : jrdo tlf Qdohbpfredm. Dj tlfsf nhst setfs = wfrf jdubm db tlf shofndghtedb hs Erdb H`f rfohebs. Eb dbf ghsf tles whs ht hbErdb H`f setf hnrfhmy mesgdvfrfm ay Aunt (8:.1=). Ay ofrfnygdubteb` ndghtedbs, 86 bfw dbfs wfrf mesgdvfrfm db tlf81 lh pndt. ]les ofhbs tlht mureb` tlf fhrnefr survfy, htnfhst <<% (86/80) dj tlf ndghtedbs rfohebfm ubmesgdvfrfm

eb tlf `rhssnhbm, hntldu`l et whs dbny gdvfrfm wetl h gnhynhyfr bd odrf tlhb sdof mfgeoftrfs tlegc.

]lf odmfst ebgrfhsf dj nhtf ofmefvhn setfs (: setfs hmmfm)ghb af hsgreafm td h glhb`fm sfttnfofbt phttfrb ebgdoaebhtedb wetl messeoenhr dasfrvhtedb dppdrtubetefs wetlrf`hrm td tlht pfredm. ]lf nhtf ofmefvhn setfs preohreny nefdb dr bfhr sdof fhst-wfst drefbtfm glhbbfn rem`fs. ]lffjjfgt es h reaadb-necf phttfrb dj ofmefvhn ldusf setfs, jdr h`rfht phrt nyeb` db fyf-ghtgleb`, ebmevemuhn mwfnneb`-odubms (sohnn tfrps), sdof dj wlegl hrf stenn eblhaetfmtdmhy. Plfb survfyeb`. Aunt lhm hnrfhmy gdnnfgtfm ohby

81tl gfbtury hbm nhtfr jebms ht dr iust afndw tlf surjhgf,wlegl whs fssfbtehnny jdrofm eb tlf 81tl gfbtury.

Hs h rfsunt dj tlf dvfrwlfnoeb` ohss dj bfwny-mesgdvfrfm jebmspdts, dbny h rfstregtfm buoafr dj setfs gdunmaf fxghvhtfm (sff Haaebc 85<<, 85<5 S8:.71_3 Haaebc/Jrhbc 8558h, 8558a3 Zhb mfb Ardfcf ft hn. 8551). Db odstdj tlf dtlfr jebmspdts tlf ebvfste`htedbs lhm td af rfstregtfmtd adreb`s hbm tlf gdnnfgtedb dj jebms db tlf (tfopdrhry)surjhgf.

7.7 ]LF EQDB H@F JEBMW[D]W

]lf stumy dj tlf Erdb H`f lhaethtedb dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbmjdros phrt dj tlf rfsfhrgl prd`rhoof dj tlf Ebstetutf dj[rflestdry (sff fspfgehnny Haaebc 8557). Petleb tlhtjrhofwdrc wf wenn bdw gdbgfbtrhtf db tlf Erdb H`f mhthjrdo tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm hrfh, td fsteohtf tlf pdpunhtedbmfbsety dj tlf sdutlfrb pfht hrfh mureb` tlht pfredm. Jdr tlhtrfhsdb sfvfrhn ahseg mhth hrf prfsfbtfm eb thanf 8. Afsemfstlf dasfrvhtedbs hbm jebms dj tlf rfgfbt hrglhfdndèghn



Jeùrf :h. Mestreautedb dj tlf setfs eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst hjtfr tlf jefnm survfy dj Aunt eb 85<1. Jdr nf`fbm sff jeùrf :a.



Jeùrf :a. Mestreautedb dj tlf setfs hjtfr mfvfndpofbt wdrcs eb 8551. Ndghtedbs dj esdnhtfm jebms bdt ohppfm.

Wthr9 Oemmef Ardbzf H`f luohb scfnftdb.

R Oemmef Bfdnetleg H Qdohb pfredm

Erdb H`f Nhtf Oemmef H`fs

whtfr (pdbm, nhcf)

bdt rfmfvfndpfm



:< HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

ebvfste`htedbs tlf jebmspdts rfgdrmfm ay Aunt lhvf hnsdaffb ebgnumfm. Hnn jebmspdts hrf ebmeghtfm eb jeùrf 0.Wfvfrhn ghtf`drefs eb thanf 8 mfsfrvf hb fxpnhbhtedb9

Jebm gerguosthbgfs

]les ghtf`dry preohreny lhs eopdrthbgf jdr tlfebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf bhturf dj tlf jebmspdt. Ej h odmfst

buoafr dj jebms lhs affb ardu`lt td ne`lt db h spdt tlht lhsdbny affb fxpdsfm ay prdjenfs dr adreb`s, ets ebtfrprfthtedbhs h sfttnfofbt setf es stenn tldu`lt nfèteohtf.

Ht ndghtedbs wlfrf, hjtfr tlf jefnm dasfrvhtedbs, h odrftldrdu`l ebvfste`htedb (vez. ebgnumeb` ohglebfry hbm hbfxghvhtedb-tfho) lhs thcfb pnhgf, dtlfr dasfrvhtedbghtf`drefs lhvf bdt affb spfgejefm.

[dsetedb dj jebms

Jebms lhvf `fbfrhnny affb gdnnfgtfm db tdp dj tlfLdnnhbm pfht80 hbm jrdo wetleb tlf ebtrusedb gnhy afndw.Jessurfm dgguphtedb nhyfrs sndpeb` mdwb ebtd tlf pfht,

wlegl hrf rfùnhrny oft eb fxghvhtedb trfbglfs, lhvf bdtaffb fbtfrfm sfphrhtfny. ]lfy rfprfsfbt jdrofr dgguphtedbdb Ldnnhbm pfht.

Jfhturfs hbm jebms

Jdr tles gdnuob ghtf`drefs lhvf affb sfnfgtfm wlegl hrftldu`lt td af tlf afst ebmeghtdrs dj sfttnfofbts. ]lfglhrhgtfresteg lfhrtls (gnhyfy td shbmy phtglfs, usuhnnyebtfrnhrmfm wetl nhyfrs dj glhrgdhn hbm jurbeslfm wetl hslfrm-phvfofbt) pnhy hb eopdrthbt phrt. Jdr tlht rfhsdbtlfy lhvf affb fbtfrfm quhbtethtevfny. ]lf shof ldnms jdrtlf pdttfry slfrms, fbtfrfm db tlf ahses dj h prfneoebhryebvfbthreshtedb. ]lf buoafr dj pdtslfrms jrdo h jebmspdt

lhvf affb gdbsemfrfm td`ftlfr wetl tlf jebmeb`s hbm tlfdppdrtubetefs jdr dasfrvhtedb, eb drmfr td mftfroebf tlfbhturf dj tlf sohnnfr jebm hssfoanh`fs.

Ht sfvfrhn Erdb H`f jebmspdts sdof Qdohb pfredmpdttfry (adtl bhtevf hbm Qdohb) lhs affb jdubm, hs wfnn hsnhtf ofmefvhn dr stenn nhtfr pdttfry. Gdbsemfreb` tlf jebmgerguosthbgfs hbm tlf strhte`rhpleg pdsetedb dj tlfsf nhttfrrfohebs. tles es bdt ht hnn rfohrchanf. Jdr tlht rfhsdb tlfylhvf bdt affb fbtfrfm eb thanf 8. Db tlf dtlfr lhbm, wlfrfbhtevf-Qdohb nddceb` pdttfry sffos td af prfsfbt ebse`bejeghbt quhbtetefs, ebtfroebèfm wetl Erdb H`f pdttfry, tleslhs affb ofbtedbfm sfphrhtfny. Et wenn af sfnj-fvemfbt tlht

wf ghbbdt af surf eb fvfry ghsf tlht tlf dtlfr ghtf`drefs djjebms hbm jfhturfs stfo fxgnusevfny jrdo tlf Erdb H`f.

]ypf dj jebmspdt

Eb prebgepnf, hb Erdb H`f sfttnfofbt, hphrt jrdogdbthebeb` dbf dr sfvfrhn jhrostfhms, ohy lhvf ebgnumfmpets, jefnm metglfs hbm surrdubmeb` phrgfnnhtedb metglfs. Htnfhst, sugl h nhydut dj tlf sfttnfofbt lhs affb fsthaneslfm

jdr Qdohb pfredm setfs db gnhy eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm (ZhbNdbmfb 8551h, 8551a, 8551g) hbm eb h bdrtlfrny merfgtedbht Qeisweic jdr fxhopnf (Andfofrs 850<). Db pfht, db tlfdtlfr lhbm, pets, metglfs ftg. ghb dbny af rfgd`besfm wlfbmffp jfhturfs lhvf affb jennfm up wetl gnhy afjdrf dxemhteddj tlf pfht dggurrfm (gj. Zhb ]refruo 8551, je`. 76-1).Eb dtlfr ghsfs wf ohy dbny fxpfgt td rftrefvf jebm

gdbgfbtrhtedbs hs h rfnegt dj mu` jfhturfs wlegl wfrfhjtfrwhrms jennfm wetl ruaaesl. Eb prhgtegf, gdbgfbtrhtedbs jebms eb tlf pfht hrfh dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm hppfhr td afrfstregtfm td tlf jhrostfhms tlfosfnvfs. ]lf ohidrety djjebms fvfb stfo jrdo tlf ebtfredrs dj tlf jhroldusfs.Dutsemf tlfsf hrfhs, tlf jebm mfbsety veseany jhnns djj.8< Jdtles rfhsdb wf lhvf hssuofm tlht, eb ghsfs dj rfstregtfmdasfrvhtedb dppdrtubetefs, fvfb sohnn jebm gdbgfbtrhtedbswetldut veseanf auenmeb`-rfohebs mfrevf jrdo h mwfnneb`pnhgf, dr ht nfhst ebmeghtf dbf eb tlf gndsf vegebety.

[fredm

Fvfb wetl sohnn hssfoanh`fs dj jebms et es rfnhtevfny fhtd mesgreoebhtf aftwffb pdttfry jrdo hb fhrny Erdb H`fdgguphtedb plhsf hbm h nhtfr dbf (sff afndw). ]les es muf tjhst mfvfndpofbts eb tlf splfrfs dj pdttfry tfopfr hbmmfgdrhtedb (je`. <), hs wfnn hs td hb dgguphtedb lehtus.]lf shof jfhturfs hnndw h rhtlfr slhrp mestebgtedb aftwffbErdb H`f pdttfry hbm pdttfry jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm, fvfbej tlf nhttfr mdfs bdt ebgnumf eopdrtfm Qdohb pdttfry. Dbntlf rfgurreb` wfhtlfreb` dj slfrms prdvemfs mejjeguntefs ebmftfroebhtedb.

=. ]lf Erdb H`f lhaethtedb

=. 8 ]DPHQMW H ODMFN JDQ MFBWE]U GHNGVNH]EDB

Ht tlf fbm dj tlf 856;'s et afghof gnfhr jdr tlf jerst teotlht, eb tlf gdhsthn zdbf, bdt dbny tlf le`lfr, oebfrhn`rdubms lhm affb dggupefm eb tlf Erdb H`f, aut hnsd tlfpfht hrfh aflebm tlf mubf afnt. Fspfgehnny hs h rfsunt dj tlebtfbsevf ebvfste`htedbs ghrrefm dut db adtl semfs dj tlfOfusf eb rfgfbt yfhrs, et hppfhrs tlht neveb` db pfhtgfrthebny ardu`lt wetl et sdof mrhwahgcs9 rfpfhtfmebubmhtedbs, suasemfbgf hbm jhunteb` dj tlf neveb` sphgf, hrfstregtfm frdp hssdrtofbt hbm odrf glhbgf dj nevfstdgcmesfhsfs (sff fsp. Haaebc 8557 tles vdnuof3 Arebccfopfr85573 Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, 7;7 jj.3 Zhb ]refruo 85513Zhb Peib`hhrmfb-Ahccfr 85<<). ]les rhesfs tlf qufstedb d

wlftlfr tlf pfht hrfh djjfrfm hmvhbth`fs wlegl gdubtfr-ahnhbgfm tlfsf mrhwahgcs.

Hbdtlfr pdsseaenety es tlht tlf pfht hrfh jubgtedbfm hs haujjfr zdbf eb teofs dj ebsujjegeãbt ofhbs dj suasestfbgf etlf surrdubmeb` fgdndèghn zdbfs, af et muf td pdpunhtedb`rdwtl dr ay dtlfr ghusfs. Eb tlf ghsf dj tlf mubf afnt dbfohy tlebc dj jhgtdrs sugl hs mflymrhtedb, shbm-mrejt drsghrgety dj wddm.



l³ [P. ZHB MFB AQDFCF - H GQDPMFM [FH] HQFH

Jeùrf 0. ]lf Erdb H`f jebmspdts eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst, pndttfm db h `fdnd eghn ohp (jdr nf`fbm sff je`. 1).

; gfrtheb dr prdahanf sfttnfofbt setf • pdsseanf sfttnfofbt setf d esdnhtfm jebms (4)



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+ + • + • + • • + + • + + + • wddm rfMs

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+ • + • • • • + + • •+ + • • + dtlfr jebms+ • + • • • • + + • •+ + • • + dtlfr jebms

\ \ - \ • • \ • \ • x \ \ \ - \ • \ \ \ \ \ \ \ x \ \ \ \ \ gfrtheb/prdahanf setf 184

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1 8 G. -[ | 's -g E4 ghngunhtedbs hs fxhgtny hs mfserfm. H phrtegunhrny dasgurfW ~ -1 W 2, ii » 'W fnfofbt es tlf buoafr dj auenmeb`s dr auenmeb` plhsfs (e.f.2 W - - W > 5 s § M . ` tlf gdopnftf rfauenmeb` dt h jhrostfhm) prfsfbt db dbf setf.

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℡ £ AX '•" R " ÞÞ*"6 = . / . / Nfb`tl dj tlf lhaethtedbG wei t- R g i-I* r-

» ' r W e - ä ³ » d Ej tlf tdthn dj twfnvf gfrtheb hbm prdahanf setfs wdunmIE .` R M 5- •-' .` «e lhvf td af mestreautfm fvfbny dvfr tlf fe`lt gfbturefs dj tlf

e R g e i ä R e g Erdb H`f, tlf rfsunt wdunm af hb fxtrfofny tleb pdpunhtedb•R gh j t/2 "r" "[ vj ve jt Rr D b tl p j'r³bttvee-^/ lo u pe / pr tte£³ d^/ernR³br*R teejre]j³=3tt•h u I 6 [ "" sghttfr. Db tlf gdbtrhry. ldwfvfr, tlf fvemfbgf su``fsts

72R R b " £2 ? >§ •§. tlht h vhryeb` phttfrb dj prfsfbgf ghb af dutnebfm. ]les•W * '67 » .§ 'þ d ` ldnms jdr tlf wldnf pfht hrfh merfgtny bdrtl dj tlf Ofusf• ä b 87 " u

* W 7 -1 "b p ?? T 2 7 £ ³ g ‒gR1 £ jj'! g e i g 6 Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm, aut hnsd tlf hmidebeb` sdutl-fhstfrb

fstuhry. Ay tles hrfh wf ofhb bdt dbny h `rfht phrt dj

% TR d. F § • -d d 1 rfèdb, wlegl bdw jdr tlf odst phrt nefs eb tlf dutscerts djrh 4 § ? t u g r b Znhhrmeb`fb hbm Wglefmho.

g • ? D t h ' " 3 2 F h , Bd odrf tlhb tlrff setfs mhtf jrdo tlf jerst gdndbeshtedb•- r C u u R u D g X

A -þ « 4 -p . >? ; plhsf dj tlf pfht hrfh, aftwffb g. :6; hbm 66; AG. Dbf dj& * f W h h u . W + e tlfsf fhrny setfs nefs ht Crhaafpnhs-sdutl (8:.06).E5 ]lfrfã .7 «f 7 X g •« 'W W tlfb jdnndws hb dgguphtedb lehtus dj sdof twd gfbturefs.ã) D W R > 1 R F T R iust necf eb tlf dtlfr pfht hrfhs dj tlf wfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms.g " • " ä 7 7 Þ - ³ ]les lehtus gdebgemfs wetl h plhsf dj wfttfr gdbmetedbs hbm” - R d-W W G " * [ f h t ` r d w t b . Et es rfohrchanf tlht dbny h jfw lhaethtedbR » n u C R d - 1 u trhgfs jrdo tlf mubf afnt hrf cbdwb jrdo tles shof teof'W R t . R ' h . W ` sphb (Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, 7;7 jj.).

F R W F g d s ? 66 Hphrt jrdo tlf tlrff Fhrny Erdb H`f setfs, hnn mhthanf8 'W g " ' n ) R d e £ u jebmspdts db tlf pfht bdrtl dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry ghb afT 2 >u -1 W -W d--- g hsgreafm td h teof sphb dj twd hbm h lhnj gfbturefs ht odst.

þe « R 3 g t r W , ]lf fhrlfst dbf eb tles sfrefs es setf 80.=8. nyeb` eb tlf< E ' W s j R n . þ . . . . ‒ • , , ,‒. R .8<u -WÄ W 63" ' h Hhncfft-Aebbfbpdnmfr (je`. 0). nts pdttfry sldws sdof

þ « ` ` d M ” •§ glhrhgtfrestegs wlegl mestebùesl et jrdo tlf dtlfr pdttfryä ä y < R " -`T` hssfoanh`fs dj rfhsdbhanf sezf jrdo tles sfgdbm dgguphtedb. ` W ` ú R i I ` i p plhsf (je . <)9 h suasthbtehn prdpdrtedb dj rdu`lfbfm




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Jeùrf <. Wglfohteg rfprfsfbthtedb dj tlf mfvfndpofbts eb tlf jrfqufbgy mes treautedbs dj sdof pdttfry glhrhgtfrest egs eb tlf pfht hrfh dj

sdutlfrb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm hbm eoofmehtf surrdubmeb`s. Ahsfm db slfrm gdubts (Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551 hbm hutldr's mdguofbthtedb).

]lf su``fstfm gdbtebuety eb pdttfry trhmetedbs hrdubm tlf 8st gfbtury AG es stregtny lypdtlfteghn.

(afsoftfb) pdttfry, h ndw pfrgfbth`f dj whnn mfgdrhtedb,hbm tlf hasfbgf dj mfgdrhtedb db tlf dutfr semf dj tlf reo.

]lf hasdnutf mhtf oust prdvesedbhnny af mftfroebfm ayofhbs dj gdophrhanf pdttfry jrdo Wpeicfbessf (jebmspdt8;-1<), eb tlf pfht hrfh sdutl dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry (Zhb]refruo 85<:, fsp. je`. 7;9 8-8:). Jdr tles (seb`nf plhsf4)sfttnfofbt tlrff G8= mhtfs hrf hvhenhanf (Zhb ]refruo8551, :8). Hjtfr ghnearhtedb1;, tlf gdoaebfm mhtfs pdebt tdtlf oemmnf dj tlf =tl gfbtury AG. ]lf Gn= mhtf dj 111; ¸16 A[ (@rB-1;678) jrdo h glhrrfm arhbgl jrdo setf 80.=8etsfnj èvfs h teofsphb dj g. 70;-1;; ghn. AG. ]lf suppdsfmmhtf hrdubm 76; AG jets wetleb tles rhb`f, aut ghb bdt afgdrrdadrhtfm ay tles dutgdof.

]lf le`l mf`rff dj seoenhrety aftwffb Oemmnf hbm NhtfErdb H`f pdttfry db adtl semfs dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry whs`ddm rfhsdb jdr Zhb Lffreb`fb (8551) td hsgreaf tlf pdttfrydj adtl hrfhs td tlf shof rfèdbhn (Ardfcpdnmfr) stynf `rdup.]lfrfjdrf tlf mhtf dj hadut 76; AG jdr Wpeicfbessf 8;-1< eslfrf hmdptfm hs tlf sthrt dj tlf sfgdbm dgguphtedb plhsf djtlf pfht hrfh bdrtl dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry.

]lf dtlfr jebmspdts prdmugfm pdttfry wetl nhtfrglhrhgtfrestegs. ]lf G8= mhtfs (hadut tlerty) wlegl lhvfaffb dathebfm jdr setfs hrdubm Ohhsnhbm hbm Znhhrmeb`fbgdvfr h sldrt teofsphb. ]lfy vhry aftwffb 11<; ¸ 76 A[hbm 181; + 1; A[.18 ]les nhst mhtf es ahsfm db wddm jrdo h

jhrostfhm, jrdo wlegl h sfgdbm wddm shopnf `hvf h G8=mhtf dj 187; ¸ 16 A[.11 Jdr tles nhst setf h mhtf sdofwlfrfeb tlf 1bm gfbtury AG es odst prdahanf, aut fvfb tlf jerstlhnj dj tlf nst gfbtury AG nefs wetleb tlf rhb`f dj pdsse-aenetefs. ]lf pdttfry jrdo tles setf afndb`s wetl tlf ydub`frhssfoanh`fs dj tlf pfht hrfh.

Jdr tlf teof afeb`, sdof pdttfry hssfoanh`fs jrdoWglefmho ohy af gdbsemfrfm td af tlf ydub`fst dbfs eb tlf

pfht hrfh, bhofny tldsf wetl tlf le`lfst prdpdrtedb dj whhbm reo mfgdrhtedb, hbm wlegl, odrfdvfr, lhvf reomfgdrhtedb hnodst hnwhys pnhgfm db tlf dutfr fm`f dj tlf re(Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, fsp. 70-Ddst- n, -=, -6, -88). Ldwfvfmuf td tlf nhgc dj hasdnutf mhtfs tles sthtfofbt ghbbdt yft avfrejefm.17 Et es stenn gdbgfevhanf tlht bdt glrdbdndèghn, autrfèdbhn gunturhn mejjfrfbgfs wetleb tlf pfht hrfh (hbm tlfArdfcpdnmfr stynf `rdup) rfsuntfm eb tlf dasfrvfm vhrehtedbaftwffb Nhtf Erdb H`f pdttfry hssfoanh`fs.

]lf ydub`fst Erdb H`f sfttnfofbts eb tlf pfht hrfh bffbdt af mhtfm nhtfr tlhb g. 8;; AG. Pf ohy pdebt ht mrhstegglhb`fs eb pdttfry glhrhgtfrestegs afjdrf tlf fbm dj tlfnst gfbtury HM, wlegl tlfdrfteghnny bffm h gdbsemfrhanfnhpsf dj teof. ]lf ohby setfs jrdo tlf nst gfbtury HMwlegl lhvf affb rfgdvfrfm eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst sldwpdttfry wetl hnodst fxgnusevfny dr`hbeg tfopfr ebstfhm dj`rd`3 odrfdvfr, mfgdrhtedb es vfry ubgdoodb (je`. <).

Et es stenn ubgnfhr wlfrf pfdpnf nevfm mureb` tlf pfredmaftwffb. Pfttfr fbverdbofbthn gdbmetedbs hrf sffb hs tlfeopftus jdr h mfpdpunhtedb dj tlf pfht hrfh bdrtl dj tlfOfusf fstuhry hrdubm 8;; AG dr, ht tlf utodst, lhnj hgfbtury nhtfr (Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, 7;5). ]les pdsseanyjdrgfm tlf gdooubetefs dbtd tlf nfvffs dj tlf revfr Ofusfjdr dbf dr twd gfbturefs. Nhtfr frdsedb dj tlf nfvffs,ldwfvfr, prfgnumfs tlf tfsteb` dj tles lypdtlfses.1=

Gdbsemfreb` tlf sthtf dj hjjhers eb tlf nst gfbtury AG,wlfb tlf sdutlfrb lhnj dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms sujjfrfm jrdoGhfshrs's @hnneg Phr hbm fxpfrefbgfm ftlbeg slejts, dbf es

iustej efm td dppdsf tlf fxpnhbhtedb dj mesgdbtebuetefs ebpdttfry glhrhgtfrestegs eb tfros dj ndghn gunturhn mrejt.Ebstfhm dj hb fvdnutedb dj tlf pdttfry wetleb tlf dreèbhnpdpunhtedb (dutsemf tlf hrglhfdndèghn jefnm dj vefw), wfsldunm gdbsemfr h summfb arfhc eb tlf pdttfry trhmetedb. Et



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quetf rfhsdbhanf td suppdsf tlht eb tlf nst gfbtury HM hpdpunhtedb wetl h bfw ftlbeg se`bhturf whs hnsd prfsfbt ebmef pfht hrfh bdrtl dj tlf Odusf fstuhry. Eb hby ghsf. tlfbhtevf Qdohb pdttfry eb tlf hrfh aftwffb Ofusf hbm Qlebfsldws h mestebgt Jresehb sthop (]hhycf 855;, 800), hntldu`ltles hrfh es cbdwb hs tlf neveb` hrfh dj tlf Ghbhbfjhtfs. ndrwlegl treaf Qdohb netfrhry sdurgfs su``fst hb fhstfrb

dreèb (suoohresfm eb Andfofrs 850<, 06 jj.).n.ddceb` ht tlf Fhrny Qdohb bhtevf pdttfry jrdo

Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst. wf sldunm. eb dur dpebedb, rfgcdb wetlht nfhst h gdbsemfrhanf gdbtreautedb ay mfsgfbmhbts dj tlfdreèbhn nrdb H`f pdpunhtedb (>Ƒ. Jdbteib 855=). Hnsdgdbsemfreb` tlf èvfb G'8= mhtfs, wf tlfrfjdrf prdpdsf hneof nhpsf dj odrf tlhb dbf gfbtury aftwffb tlf nhtfst nrdbH`f hbm tlf fhrnefst cbdwb bhtevf Qdohb pdttfry.

]lf jdrf`deb` mesgussedb ohcfs gnfhr tlht eb drmfr tdghngunhtf tlf nrdb H`f pdpunhtedb mfbsety, wf sldunm lhvfeb oebm twd plhsfs dj dgguphtedb. ]lf dbf setf jrdo

Crhaafpnhs-sdume wlegl afndb`s td tlf fhrny plhsf (hrdubm:;; EC') ghb lhrenny af usfm ndr sugl ghngunhtedbs.]lfrfjdrf, tlfsf wenn lhvf td af rfstregtfm td tlf sfgdbmdgguphtedb plhsf. Jdr tles plhsf twd hbm h lhnj gfbturefs htodst ohy af rfsfrvfm. bhofny jrdo 76; td 86;/8;; AG.]lf pdttfry jrdo tldsf nebmspdts eb thanf 8 wlegl gdunm bdtaf spfgejefm wetleb tlf nrdb H`f, sffos, ht nfhst jdr tlf`rfhtfr phrt. td afndb` td tles dgguphtedb plhsf.

=.8.1 ]lf buoafr dj jhroldusfs db h setfEt es mejjegunt td fsthanesl ldw ohby jhroldusfs stddm

db tlf setfs dj Crhaafpnhs-sdutl, af et gdbtfopdrhbfdusnydr ht mejjfrfbt sth`fs. Mureb` tlf ebvfste`htedbs eb tlfJdppfbpdnmfr, eb 85<</85<5, tlf eoh`f dj sdnethry jhroswlegl lhm prfvedusny affb lfnm, whs gdopnftfnyubmfroebfm9 eb hb hrfh dj bd odrf tlhb <; x =; o, tlfrfohebs dj ht nfhst sex jhroldusfs ghof td ne`lt (Haaebc85<5). ]lhe tlfsf sex wfrf gfrthebny bdt hnn eb usfgdbtfopdrhbfdusny mdfs bdt hjjfgt dur pdebt, sebgf wfhrf preohreny tryeb` td ghngunhtf tlf tdthn buoafr dj ldusfsmureb` tlf sfgdbm dgguphtedb plhsf. ]lf dasfrvfmgnustfreb` dj ldusfs hppfhrs bdt td af rfstregtfm td tlfJdppgbpdnmfr. Db tlf gdbtrhry, eb tlf sdutl dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm et sffos td af tlf runf rhtlfr tlhb hb fxgfptedb.16

Ht odst nebmspdts eb Crhaafpnhs-sdutl et gdunm bdt af

mftfroebfm en' tlfrf lhm affb odrf tlhb dbf jhrostfhm dbtlf jebm ndghtedb, dweb` td tlf jebm gerguosthbgfs.Ldwfvfr. hn tlf ndghtedb wlegl gdunm af ebvfste`htfm odsttldrdu`lny (8:.65). ht nfhst twd jhroldusfs dr auenmeb`plhsfs wfrf rfprfsfbtfm. iust hs ht setf 8:.71 fnsfwlfrfeb tlf Crhaafpnhs-hrfh (Haaebc tles vdnuof). ]lfdasfrvhtedbs ht setf 8:.:5 hnsd rhesf tlf hssuoptedb dj tlfprfsfbgf dj odrf tlhb dbf jhroldusf. ]lf prfsfbgf dj

odrf tlhb dbf lfhrtl ht h setf (8:.77 hbm 8:.0:), es,ldwfvfr, hndbf bdt sujjegeãbt td suppdsf odrf tlhb dbfjhro.

Ahgcfm ay tlf jebmeb`s jrdo wfnn-ebvfste`htfm setfs ebOemmfb-Mfnjnhbm, hb hvfrh`f buoafr dj ldusfs dr auenmeb`plhsfs dj 8.6 pfr setf jdr odmfn H ghb af sthtfm, hbm 1 jdrodmfn A (tha. 1).

=.8.7 ]lf nejfsphb dj h jhroldusfHssuoeb` tlht pfdpnf eblhaetfm h jhroldusf ubten et

bffmfm rfpnhgfofbt, et wdunm af usfjun td af hanf tdghngunhtf ets hvfrh`f nejfsphb. ]lf wddm spfgefs usfm jdrtlf strugturf hrf, eb dur ghsf, tlf odst rfnfvhbt gnufs. ]lfwddm-spfgefs jrdo sfvfrhn nrdb H`f jhroldusfs eb tlfsdutlfrb pfht hrfh dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm lhvf affb mftfroebfm(Cddt/Zfroffrfb tles vdnuof). Dbf hppfhrs td lhvfprfmdoebhbtny usfm tlf, nfss murhanf, wddm dj hnmfr (Hnbus)hbm hsl (Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr), wlfrfhs murhanf ohtfrehn,bdthany dhc, lhs bdt yft affb mfodbstrhtfm td lhvf

jubgtedbfm hs auenmeb`-ohtfrehn. Jdr hnmfr hbm hsl ubmfrodest gdbmetedbs, hadvf `rdubmwhtfr thanf, hb hvfrh`f usf-nejf dj nfss tlhb jevf yfhrs es prdpdsfm (gj Ahcfns 850<,tha. :). Mureb` Aretesl jefnm tfsts wetl sthcfs dj 6 x 6 go,hnmfr hbm hsl nhstfm jdr = hbm =-: yfhrs rfspfgtevfny wlfbpnhgfm eb ndho sden ([ursndw 850:). ]lf hutldr, ldwfvfr,sthtfs tlht tlf hvfrh`f usf-nejf wdunm af eb merfgt prdpdrtedbtd tlf tlegcbfss dj tlf sthcfs.

Hphrt jrdo tlf mehoftfr dj tlf pdsts afeb` h vhrehanfjhgtdr wlfb mftfroebeb` murhaenety. tlf prflestdref prhgtegfsffos td nfèteohtf h rfhmiustofbt dj usf-nejf eb hb upwhrmmerfgtedb. Jdr ebsthbgf, jdr tlf fhrny plhsf dj tlf ArdbzfH`f sfttnfofbt dj Advfbchrspfn h suggfssedb dj ht nfhst 16`fbfrhtedbs mureb` sdof sex gfbturefs gdunm af fsthaneslfm,jdnndweb` tlf ebtfrsfgteb` ldusf-pnhbs. ]les rfsunts eb hbhvfrh`f ohxeouo nejfsphb dj 1= yfhrs jdr h jhroldusf dbtlf gnhy `rdubms. Lfrf tdd, wddm dj tlf ndwfst murhaenetygnhss sffos td lhvf affb prfmdoebhbtny usfm, wenndw hbmhnmfr fspfgehnny. ]lf odmhn mehoftfrs dj tlf pdsts hrfaftwffb 88 hbm 18 go (Vzfrffj/Zhb Qf`tfrfb Hntfbh 8558.0=-0:).

Gdophrfm wetl Advfbchrspfn, tlf jhroldusfs eb tlf pfhthrfh hrf glhrhgtfresfm ay h ndwfr hvfrh`f mehoftfr dj tlfpdsts. H tlegcbfss dj odrf tlhb 81 go es rhrf (gj. Cddt/Zfroffrfb tles vdnuof).

]lf rfpfhtfm mesgdvfry dj jhroldusfs wlegl lhvfsuasemfm eb tlf pfht, h prdgfss wlegl oust lhvf sthrtfmmureb` lhaethtedb (Haaebc tles vdnuof), wenn lhvf sldrtfbfmtlf nejfsphb dj tlfsf ldusfs. Jdr h bhtevf Qdohb jhroldusfeb Befuwfblddrb (Zddrbf-[uttfb) et lhs affb hsgfrthebfmtlht et whs rfauent tlrff nebefs hntfr ets frfgtedb, prdahany hsh gdrdnnhry dj tlf jdrohtedb dj h jhunt db tlf spdt.Mfbmrdglrdbdndèghn rfsfhrgl lhs sldwb tlht tlf jerst tlrff




lhaethtedb plhsfs nhstfm :, 18 hbm 17 yfhrs rfspfgtevfny(Zhb ]refruo 8551, <<). Wfvfrhn spfgefs dj wddm wfrfutenesfm jdr tlf whnn-pdsts, odstny dhc hbm fno, aut hnsdhnmfr, wenndw hbm ohpnf. ]lf pdsts suppdrteb` tlf grdss-Ex-hebs dj tlf jerst plhsf wfrf ohmf dj ohpnf hbm fno(hvfrh`f mehoftfr 87.5 go), jdr tlf nhtfr dbfs prfmdoebhbtnydhc lhm affb usfm (Arebccfopfr/Zfroffrfb 8551, 881).

]lfrfjdrf, tlf nfb`tl dj tlf usf-nevfs ohy preohreny rfjnfgttlf cebms dj wddm wlegl lhm affb usfm jdr tlf strugturf.

Hb hrùofbt dj h gdopnftfny mejjfrfbt bhturf jdr h ndb`frnejfsphb dj tlf jhroldusfs es suppdrtfm ay tlf nhr`fhodubts dj pdttfry jdubm db ohby setfs eb tlf pfht hrfh.]lf ldusf-setfs wlegl lhvf affb ebvfste`htfm odsttldrdu`lny, prdmugfm eb fvfry ghsf ohby tfbs dj cend`rhos.

Jdr tlf Erdb H`f ldusf eb tlf Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs wetlodst trhgfs dj rfpher, ]lfrcdo fsteohtfm h ohxeouonejfsphb dj 76 yfhrs. ]lf nhr`fst quhbtety dj pdttfry whsgdnnfgtfm jrdo tles jhroldusf, tlf wfe`lt dj wlegl whs1:8 c`(]lfrcdrb 85<0,185).

]lf vhnufs dj < hbm 81 yfhrs jdr tlf jhroldusf nejfsphbeb odmfn H hbm A rfspfgtevfny, md bdt tlfb sffo td affxdraethbt eb tlf ne`lt dj tlf jdrf`deb` jhgts.1:

=.8.= ]lf buoafr djjhrostfhm eblhaethbts

]lf odmhn ldusfldnm ht nfhst gdopresfm h gdrf jhoenywetl sfvfrhn glenmrfb. [dsseany hnsd dbf dr twd ofoafrs djhb dnmfr `fbfrhtedb gdopnftfm tlf ldusfldnm. Jdr nhtfrprflestdry dbf usuhnny rfgcdbs wetl hb hvfrh`f buoafr dj:-< pfrsdbs.1"

=.1 ODMFNNEB@

Jdr tlf odmfns H hbm A eb thanf 1 vhnufs hrf prfsfbtfm

wlegl nfhm rfspfgtevfny td h ndw hbm h le`l buoafr jdrpdpunhtedb mfbsety. Dbny tlf 88 prdahanf hbm gfrthebsfttnfofbt setfs jrdo tlf Oemmnf hbm Nhtf Erdb H`f eb tlffxtfbsevfny survfyfm hrfh Crhaafpnhs-sdutl lhvf affbthcfb ebtd hggdubt td jhro tlf sthrteb`-pdebt jdr tlfghngunhtedbs. Fxtrhpdnhtfm td 8 co1 tles wdunm ofhb 51setfs. Ay why dj prfghutedb, dbny <; setfs hrf fbtfrfm lfrf.

Jdr mftfroebeb` tlf buoafr dj ldusf-`fbfrhtedbs (a/m),wf hssuof hb dgguphtedb pfredm aft wffb 76; hbm 8;; AGeb odmfn H9 wetl odmfn A tlf glrdbdndèghn neoet lhs affbsft ht 86; AG.

]lf buoafr dj jhroldusfs ht hby dbf odofbt ghb afghngunhtfm wetl tlf jdrounh y ? h x g/(a/m). ]lf dutgdof djg. = hbm 8; jhrostfhms pfr co1 eopny tlht hrdubm dbfjhrostfhm nhy g. 16 lh hbm 8; lh dj nhbm rfspfgtevfny.

Eb vefw dj tlfsf jhgts et ohy af hrùfm tlht h pdpunhtedbdj 17 pfrsdbs pfr co1 (odmfn H) es h ndwfr neoet ebmffm.]les es afghusf twd odrf jebmspdts lhvf affb gnhssejefm hspdsseanf sfttnfofbts ht Crhaafpnhs-sdutl, sdof jebmspdtswetl esdnhtfm jebms ohy hnsd rfprfsfbt setfs, hbm sdof pndts

lhvf rfohebfm gdvfrfm wetl gnhy hbm tlus gdunm bdt afsurvfyfm. Odrfdvfr, hb dgguphtedb pfredm dj 16; yfhrs esprdahany tdd le`l hb fsteohtf jdr tlf pfht hrfh djZnhhrmeb`fb hbm Ohhsnhbm.

Db tlf dtlfr lhbm. wf oust rfgcdb tlht h mfbsety dj 00pfrsdbs (odmfn A) wdunm af hodb` tlf eopdsseaenetefs. ]lffgdbdoef ghrryeb` ghphgety dj tlf hrfh wdunm lhvf affb

ebsujjegeãbt. [ruoofn ghngunhtfm tlf bffm jdr nhbm jdrh`regunturf hbm nevfstdgc wetl rf`hrm td tlf gdbtfopdrhbfdeblhaethbts dj tlf pfht hrfh dj Zddrbf-[uttfb, ht tlf dtlfrsemf dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry ([ruoofn 85<5).1< ]lf oebeouorfquerfofbt dj 8:.6 lh nhbm pfr (sohnn) jhrostfhm wdunmhnndw h gdvfrh`f dj ohxeohnny : jhrostfhms, dr 7: pfrsdbspfr co1. Arebccfopfr (8557, 86; jj.) hrrevås ht h oebeouorfquerfofbt dj 78 lh dj phsturfs hbm 6 lh dj hrhanf nhbm jdrjhrostfhm wetl 8; sthnns hbm : eblhaethbts eb tlf shof rfèd]les wdunm ofhb h ohxeouo dj bd odrf tlhb 7 jhros pfrco1, ej dbf hssuofs tlht hrhanf nhbm hbm phsturfs hnn nhyhrdubm tlf jhrostfhm. Bdbf dj tlfsf ghngunhtedbs fvfbgdbsemfrs tlf fxtrh sphtehn rfquerfofbts, sugl hs jdr tlf

jhroyhrm hbm gdppegf wddmnhbm (gj. Jdccfbs 8558, 860).

Cbdweb` tlht tlf rhesfm ad` hrfh gdbnhebfm mespfrsfmswhopy ndghtedbs hbm tlht grffcs grdssfm tlf nhbmsghpf, tsurjhgf hrfh suetfm jdr hb h`regunturhn fgdbdoy es stenn odrrfstregtfm.1'' ]lfrfjdrf, wf wenn gfrthebny lhvf td rfgcdbwetl hb dutgdof gndsfr td odmfn H tlhb td odmfn A. Et es,ldwfvfr, quetf gdbgfevhanf tlht tlf eblhaethbts usfm nhbmdutsemf tlf eoofmehtf surrdubmeb`s dj tlf sfttnfofbt, hrhanhbm hs wfnn hs phsturfs. Eb tles ghsf dbf sldunm tlebc dj tlnfvffs dj tlf revfr Ofusf (bdw whslfm hwhy), dbny 1-7 cohwhy, hbm dj tlf gdhsthn pnheb (trhbsluohbgf3 gj. Arhbmt/Zhb @eib 85<:). Ldw rfprfsfbthtevf, tlfb, es tlf pegturf

scftglfm hadvf db tlf ahses dj hb hrfh fbgdophsseb` bdodrf tlhb 81 lh4

=. 7 QVNF DQ F\GF[]EDB4

]lfrf hrf hrùofbts td sthtf tlht ht nfhst sfvfrhn phrts dtlf pfht hrfh gdbthebfm sdof tfbs dj pfrsdbs pfr co 1.

Eb tlf jerst pnhgf, db tlf 81 lh dj Crhaafpnhs-sdutl bdsfttnfofbt dj h vennh`f bhturf whs mesgdvfrfm. Db tlfgdbtrhry, tlf nhbmsghpf gdopresfm mespfrsfm sfttnfofbtswetl dbf dr twd, ht odst tlrff, gdbtfopdrhbfdusjhrostfhms. ]les sfttnfofbt phttfrb davedusny gdbtebufsafydbm Crhaafpnhs-sdutl. Hntldu`l tlf dasfrvhtedbs wfrf

nfss systfohteg tlfrf, tlf ohby jebmspdts tlht wfrfmesgdvfrfm bdbftlfnfss, hssurf us tlht ht nfhst tlf 8 co 1 tljeùrfs eb thanf 1 lhs affb gdvfrfm. ]les hrfh whs odrfstrdb`ny mdoebhtfm ay pfht tlhb tlf `fdndèghn mhth su``f(je`. 0). ]lf strftglfs dj gnhy tlht grdss tlf pfht hrf, eb jhggdopdsfm rfpfhtfmny dj9 h Mubcerc ; grffc jenn, h ydub`frpfht nhyfr rfsteb` db et (wetl ebtrusedb gnhy hbm hrglhfdnd`ghn rfohebs), hbm h gdvfr dj Mubcerc EEE gnhy (gj. je`. 0 wetha. 8, gdnuob strhte`rhpleg pdsetedb).




Jeùrf 5. [hnhfd`fd`rhpleghn ohp

dj tlf hrfh bdrtl dj tlf Ofusf

fstuhry3 rfgthb`nf9 je`s. 1/:/0.

Hjtfr Zhb Lffreb`fb 85<<.

h9 afhgl ahrrefrs

a9 Ldnnhbm pfht

g9 Mubcerc E glhbbfn mfpdsets

m9 Mubcerc E oum-jnht mfpdsets

f9 jebmspdt Oemmnf hbm/dr Nhtf Erdb

H`f

j9 hrfh bdt ohppfm • g GYEm GYN F7

]hanf 1. ]wd odmfns jdr ghngunhteb` pdpunhtedb mfbsety eb

Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst mureb` tlf Oemmnf hbm Nhtf Erdb H`f.

h. buoafr dj setfs pfr co1

a. nfb`tl dj lhaethtedb (eb yfhrs)g. buoafr dj jhroldusfs db h setfm. nejfsphb dj h jhroldusf (eb yfhrs)f. buoafr dj jhroldusf eblhaethbts

y. buoafr dj jhros ht hby dbf odofbt pfr co1

z. buoafr dj pfrsdbs pfr co1

Eb tlf sfgdbm pnhgf, ht h mesthbgf dj 8 co eb adtl hbdrtlfrny hbm rtdrtl-fhstfrny merfgtedb jrdo tlf Crhaafpnhs,gnustfrs dj Erdb H`f jebmspdts wfrf hnsd mesgdvfrfm, fvfbubmfr gdbmetedbs dj dasfrvhtedb ougl nfss jhvdurhanf tlhbtldsf eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst. ]lfsf gnustfrs hrf eb tlf bdrtldj tlf Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr hbm eb tlf Ardfcpdnmfr (je`. 5).Hs h gdbsfqufbgf dj tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm hbm dj stenn odrfrfgfbt mesgdvfrefs mureb` nhbm mfvfndpofbt wdrcs, hprhgteghnny ubebtfrruptfm sfrefs dj sfttnfofbt setfs db pfht

<; <;16; 1;;8.6 1.;s 81(e <

7.< 5.:17 00

ghb af trhgfm hndb` h strftgl dj = co, jrdo Znhhrmeb`fb-

Pfst ebtd tlf Muejpdnmfr.Jrdo hnn tlfsf jhgts wf ghb gdbgnumf tlht tlf pfht hrfh

bdrtl dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry whs mfbsfny dggupefm mureb` htnfhst twd gfbturefs dj tlf Erdb H`f. Afghusf rfohebs jrdoafjdrf 7;; AG hppfhr td af rfnhtevfny sghrgf, aftwffb 7;;hbm 86;/8;; AG gfrtheb oegrd-rfèdbs oust lhvf affbdpteohnny dggupefm.7; Pf ohy rfgcdb wetl =-6 jhrostfhmspfr co1, tlht es 16-76 pfrsdbs. Hntldu`l wf md bdt cbdwtlf rfnhtevf prdpdrtedbs dj tlf sphtehnny bdt vfry mfohbmeb`hrhanf jhroeb` hbm tlf ougl odrf fxtfbsevf nevfstdgccffpeb`, wf oust hssuof tlht phrt dj tlf h`regunturhn`rdubms nhy dutsemf tlf mfbsfny eblhaetfm hrfhs.

H pdpunhtedb mfbsety dj 16-76 pfrsdbs mureb` tlf 7rm hbm1bm gfbtury AG ay jhr fxgffms tlf ghngunhtedbs ohmf jdrdtlfr phrts dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms, fspfgehnny jdr tlf shbmyhrfhs. Jdr tldsf rfèdbs tlf ghngunhtfm mfbsetefs vhryaftwffb 8.6 hbm 6 pfrsdbs pfr co1 (f.`. Lhrsfoh 85<;, 713Cdde 8505, 80=3 Wndjstrh 8558, 8=53 Zfrnebmf 85<0, 71:).]lfsf jeùrfs hrf hnodst ebvhrehany ahsfm updb sfttnfofbthbm urbjefnm mhth jrdo tlf Nhtf Ardbzf H`f hbm tlf FhrnyErdb H`f. Mhth jdr tlf nhtfr pfredms hrf sghrgf. Ldwfvfr, eb




tlf oegrd-rfèdb tlht es gdvfrfm ay tlf fxghvhtedbs ht Dss-Vssfb. hndb` tlf Ofusf eb tlf prdvebgf dj Bdrtl-Arhahbt.tlfrf hrf strdb` ebmeghtedbs tlht tlf pdpunhtedb mfbsety whsgdbsemfrhany le`lfr eb tlf Nhtf Erdb H`f gdophrfm wetl tlfFhrny hbm Oemmnf Erdb H`f, hodubteb` td h oebeouo dj8< pfrsdbs pfr co1 (Wglebcfn 855=, 1:=).

=.= ]LF [FH] HQFH HW H PLDNFZhb Lffreb`fb hssuofs hb eblhaetfm pfht hrfh dj 81 x

= co db tlf bdrtlfo semf dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry eb tlfOemmnf Erdb H`f. Hnn cbdwb jebmspdts hrf hsgreafm td dbfseb`nf gfbtury, tlht afeb` tlf 7rm gfbtury AG. Wthteb` h usf-nejf dj 16-6; yfhrs jdr h jhrostfhm, lf hrrevås ht :; td 85;gdbtfopdrhbfdus eblhaethbts jdr tlf wldnf rfèdb mureb`tlf Oemmnf Erdb H`f (Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, 786).

Ej wf, db tlf dtlfr lhbm, rfgcdb wetl tlf usf-nejf dj <-81(odmfn H/A) hbm ej wf mhtf tlf setfs gdbgfofm aftwffb76; hbm 86; AG, tles wdunm rfsunt eb dbny 8;-17 gdbtfopdrhbfdus eblhaethbts eb tlf wldnf pfht hrfh mureb` tlf twd

ofbtedbfm gfbturefs.Eb drmfr td hrrevf ht h odrf rfhnesteg fsteohtf, bdw tlht

tlf dasfrvhtedbs eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst lhvf affb ohmf, wfghb ohcf h jffm-ahgc td tlf systfohteg survfy dj Aunt.Petleb tlf 8 co1 hrfh dj tlf Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr, Auntmesgdvfrfm jdur Erdb H`f setfs (je`. :h). Fvfb tlfsf jfwsetfs jdro h rfnhtevf gnustfr hodb` tlf tdthn dj 11 pdsseanftd gfrtheb Erdb H`f setfs wlegl lf mesgdvfrfm eb tlfsurvfyfm phrts dj tlf pfht hbm pfht/gnhy hrfh (Aunt 85<7,tha. 87). Hjtfr h rfhpprheshn dj jebmspdts wetl esdnhtfmjebms", tlfsf ohcf up 8=% dj tlf setfs mesgdvfrfm. ]lfy nefeb hb hrfh wlegl gdopresfs lhrmny odrf tlhb 7% dj tlfebmeghtfm phrt dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm9 8;; lh dj tlf 716< lh

dj pfht hbm gnhy/pfht eb tlf trehb`nf Hhncfft-Auetfb-pdnmfr/Pdumsf [dnmfr/Hccfrmeicsf [dnmfr (je`. nh).

Ej tlfsf jdur setfs necfwesf gdbthebfm 8=% dj tlfpdpunhtedb, hbm ej wf ” hggdrmeb` td dur ghngunhtedbs ”hssuof tlfsf 8=% td af 16-76 ebmevemuhns, tlfb tlfpdpunhtedb hs h wldnf tlfdrfteghnny gdubtfm 805-16;ebmevemuhns. Hjtfr gdrrfgtedb jdr tlf phrts dj tlf pfht hbm gnhy/pfht hrfh wlegl lhvf bdt affb survfyfm ay Aunt 81, hbm hjtfrhmmeb` suasthbtehn ohrèbs, hs h 'rfofmy' h`hebst tlf fxtrh-pdnhtedbs jrdo h sohnn hrfh, wf hrrevf ht 8:;-7;; ebmevemuhnsjdr tlf pfht hbm gnhy/pfht hrfh dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm.

]lf mestreautedb dj tlf setfs dvfr tles hrfh es, ldwfvfr,

vfry eoahnhbgfm (je`. 5). Eb jhgt tlfy hrf hnodst gdopnftfnygdbgfbtrhtfm eb h afnt dj 8= co1 eb tlf sdutlfo lhnj dj tlfhrfh (sdutl dj gddrmebhtf ==8). Jdr h pfht hrfh dj 6 co1

adrmfreb` Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm db tlf fhstfrb semf, eb tlfoubegephnety dj Znhhrmeb`fb, tles shof hvfrh`f mfbsety ohyaf hssuofm (gj. Aunt 85<7, Ohp-hppfbmex 8). ]les ofhbstlht aftwffb g. 76; hbm 8;; AG, h zdbf dj 85 co1 whseblhaetfm ay h pdpunhtedb wlegl db hvfrh`f gdopresfm

rdu`lny 1;;-=;; pfdpnf, jeùrfs wlegl ebmeghtf tlf prfsfbdj h sfnj-susthebeb` `rdup eb adtl h sdgehn hbm rfprdmugtevrfspfgt. Dtlfr hvfrh`f vhnufs jdr tles hrfh tlfb hrf (db tlfahses dj odmfn H) pfr co19 g. 8;-1; ebmevemuhns, 1-7jhrostfhms hbm g. 7;-6; lh nhbm hrdubm fhgl jhrostfhm.

Eb hb hrfh dj hadut 6 co1 fvfb jurtlfr fhstwhrms, bdw etlf auent-up phrt dj Wglefmho, wf ghb hsgreaf fvfb le`lfr

mfbsetefs, aut dbny eb tlf 1bm gfbtury AG3 eb fhrnefr teofstlf hrfh whs ubeblhaetfm (sff bdtf 7;).

]lf bdrtlfo phrt dj tlf pfht hrfh dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm,nyeb` odrf tlhb : co hwhy jrdo tlf Ofusf, sffos dbny tlhvf affb vfry sphrsfny dggupefm. ]lf lymrdndèghnsetuhtedb ohy hggdubt jdr tles jhgt, ht nfhst jdr hb eopdrthbphrt. Eb tles bdrtlfo hrfh tlf pfht ad` wenn lhvf affbmrhebfm td h nfssfr fxtfbt tlhb bfhr tlf grffc odutls hndb`tlf Ofusf.

6. Wdof gdbgnusedbsAfghusf dtlfr phrts dj tlf gdhsthn pfht hrfh oust hnsd

lhvf affb dggupefm mureb` tlf Erdb H`f (Hssfbmfnvfr[dnmfrs, Zddof-[uttfb, Phnglfrfb), wf ghbbdt lfnp autgdbgnumf tlht tlf pfht jdrofm hb fgdbdoeghnny gdvftfmnhbmsghpf ebstfhm dj h aujjfr zdbf mureb` pfredms djdvfrpdpunhtedb eb adrmfreb` zdbfs, jdr ebsthbgf eb tlf mubfafnt (gj. Haaebc 8557). ]lf eoprfssevf wdrc dj ZhbLffreb`fb db tlf Erdb H`f dj tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbmsèvfs bd ebmeghtedbs dj dvfrpdpunhtedb fetlfr (ZhbLffreb`fb 8551, fsp. je`. 0=).

Hntldu`l tlf hrfh sdutl dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry (Zddrbf-[uttfb) lhs hnsd prdmugfm sdof gnustfrs dj jhrostfhms jrdotlf Oemmnf hbm Nhtf Erdb H`f (Zhb ]refruo 8551, je`s :,:<), wf oust fsteohtf tlf dvfrhnn pdpunhtedb mfbsety td afndwfr tlhb eb tlf pfht zdbf adrmfreb` tlf bdrtlfo ahbcs dtlf revfr (sff hnsd Arebccfopfr 8557, 8=6). Hs hbeopdrthbt fxpnhbhtdry jhgtdr wf ohy gdbsemfr tlf bhturf dtlf lhaetht. Zddof-[uttfb sffos td lhvf gdopresfm jfwfrdne`dtrdpleg pfhtad`s hbm odrf jfb-pfht tlhb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm (gj. Arebccfopfr 8557, 71). ]lf pfht hrfh hrdubmtlf Dfr-V fstuhry, wlegl jdr h `rfht phrt nefs wetleb tlfHssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs, mdfs bdt èvf tlf eoprfssedb dj hmfbsf dgguphtedb (Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, 78=-780).

Hnn mhth ebmeghtf tlht pfdpnf odvfm ebtd tlf pfht hrfh djOemmfb-Mfnjnhbm hs sddb hs tles lhm afgdof eblhaethanf(h`heb) ay bhturhn mrhebh`f. ]lf hrfh whs prdahany nfjt dbn

wlfb h oebeohn suasestfbgf whs bd ndb`fr jfhseanf (hjtfrsuaofrèb`4). Hrdubm :;; AG tlf pfht hrfh dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm whs, jdr h sldrt pfredm, eblhaetfm ay dbny h jfwmespfrsfm, pedbffreb` jhrofrs. Eb h sfgdbm plhsf tlfrf ouslhvf affb odofbts, aftwffb 76; hbm 8;; AG, wlfb sdofoegrdrfèdbs db rhesfm ad`s cbfw mfbsetefs dj sdof 16-76pfrsdbs pfr co1. Et rfohebs, ldwfvfr, hb dpfb qufstedb hstd wlftlfr tlf prfsfbgf dj oebfrhn `rdubms (grffc hbm




glhbbfn jenneb`s, nfvffs) whs hb fssfbtehn jhgtdr eb httrhgteb`gdooubetefs wetl h oexfm jhroeb` fgdbdoy.

Hpphrgbnny tlf eblhaethbts tddc ebtd hggdubt tlht ay

mwfnneb` db pfht tlfy rfùnhrny lhm td thcf ofhsurfs

h`hebst suasemeb` hbm thunteb` jnddrs, hbm tlht dbf hnsd lhm

td hggfpt tlf dtlfr oesfrefs wlegl neveb` eb h swhopy

nhbmsghpf ardu`lt wetl et jdr luohb afeb`s hbm hbeohns.

]lf gurrfbt fgdndèghn ebvfste`htedbs wenn phrtegunhrny lhvftd hmmrfss tlf qufstedb hs td wlht afbfjets tlf pfht hrfh lhm

td djjfr db tlf pdsetevf semf dj tlf ahnhbgf.77

bdtfs

8 ]lf Ebstenutf dt' [rflestdry dj' tlf Vbevfrsety dj Nfemfb (E[N) hbmtlf Sbstetutf dj [rf- hbm [rdtdlestdreg Hrglhfdnd`y dj tlfVbevfrsety dj Hostfrmho (e[[) hrf adtl ebvdnvfm eb fxghvhteb`sfttnfofbts wlegl wenn af phrtny dr gdopnftfny mfstrdyfm ay tlfsuasfqufbn mg^fndpofbt prd`rhoof. ]lf hgtevetefs dj tlf E[Ngdbgfbtrhtf db tlf Erdb H`f lhaethtedb. wlfrfhs tlf E[[ ohebny

jdgusfs db Elf Qdohb pfredm. ]lf Wthtf Wfrvegf jdr HrglhfdndèghnEbvfste`htedbs eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms (QDA) lhs ubmfrthcfb sdofrfsguf fxghvhtedbs ht sfvfrhn nhtf ofmefvhn setfs.

]lf aunc dj tlf hrglhfdndèghn wdrc es jebhbgfm ay tlf phrtefsgdbgfrbfm eb tlf mfvfndpofbt wdrcs, tlfsf afeb` tlf @dvfrbofbtWfrvegf jdr Nhbm hbm Phtfr Vsf (Nhbmebreglteb`smefbst), tlfMfphrtofbt dj Dutmddr Qfgrfhtedb dj tlf Oebestry dj H`regunturf,Bhturf Ohbh`fofbt hbm Jeslfrefs, tlf Oemmfb-MfnjnhbmQfgrfhtedb Hutldrety (Qfgrfhtefsglhp Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm) hbm tlfVbedb dj Mfnjnhbm Mrhebh`f Mestregts (Ldd`lfforhhmsglhp

Mfnjnhbm). ]lf [rdvebgf dj Yuem-Ldnnhbm lhs hnsd ohmf hsuasthbtehn jebhbgehI gdbtreautedb.

1 [hrtegunhrny adreb`s mdbf ay [.@. Lfebsardfc (sff Lfebsardfc8558, 8557h, 8557a).

7 Gj. Haaebc 85<5, je`. 0, nhyfrs 1 hbm =3 Lfebsardfc 8557a, je`. 7.

= ]lf rfpfhtfmny qudtfm G8= mhtf dj 1:=6 ¸ :6 A[ jrdoNdmmfrnhbm lhs affb mfsgreafm ay ets hutldr hs h tfroebus pdstqufo ndr tlf mfpdsets (Zhb Wthhnmuebfb 8505, :;). Wff hnsd Zhb]refruo 8551, 85.

6 @rB-8<:=8. Jdr jurtlfr ebjdrohtedb hadut tlf daifgt sff Zhbmfb Ardfcf 8558, 777.

: Gndsf td tlf ebtrusedb pdebt dj tlf glhbbfn ubmfr mesgussedb jrdotlf Ofusf fstuhry, eb tlf Hhncfft-Aebbfbpdnmfr, Or [.@. Lfebsardfc fsthaneslfm ay ofhbs dj adreb`s tlht eb h glhbbfn mfpdsetut prdahll Mubcerc Mh`f. .e bfw whtfrgdursf lhm affb jdrogm

mureb` tlf Mubcerc 8 trhbs`rfssedb pfredm, dr h stenn fxesteb`rfsemuhn afm lhm affb rfgut. ]les whtfrgdursf whs jennfm up hnodstgdopnftfny mureb` tles shof trhbs`rfssedb pfredm. Mureb` adreb`, h`rddvf mfgdrhtfm lub H`f slfrm «hs ardu`ln nd ne`lt trdo tlfadttdo dj tlf jenn (7.1; o afndw surjhgf)9 pdttfry slfrms wfrf hnsdjdubm ht h le`lfr nfvfn (;.=-8.; o afndw tlf surjhgf), nyeb` eb hbmhndb` h bhrrdw rfsemuhn afm eb tlf hnodst gdopnftfm grffcmfpdsets(Zhb mfb Ardfcf/Zhb Yeivfrmfb 8557, jebmspdt 80.=;3 Lfebsardfc|557h). ]les nhst-ofbtedbfm pdttfry es hnodst gfrthebny bhtevf-Qdohb (hnn slfrms gdbtheb dr`hbeg tfopfr). ]lfsf grffc mfpdsets

hbm tlf hmidebeb` oum-jnht mfpdsets hrf tlfb davedusny dj Mubcerc Emhtf. ]lf gnhy nhyfr gdvfreb` tlf jebms gdbsests dj Mubcerc Ennamfpdsets.

0 Jebmspdt 8:.:0. ]les gdbgfrbs slfrms dj dbf dr odrf lhbmohmf`ndaunhr pdts dj lhrm jhareg hbm jebf tfopfr, hs wfnn hs slfrms djfhrny wlffn-turbfm gfrhoegs dj `ndaunhr pdt jhareg (mft. F.I. Aunt).]lf jhgt tlht ofmefvhn jebmspdts db pfht hrf sghrgf eb Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst oust af rfnhtfm td h mejjfrfbt gldegf dj sfttnfofbt ndghtedb

mureb` tlf Oemmnf H`fs (sff afndw).

< H setf wetl pdttfry jrdo tlf 1bm hbm/dr 7rm gfbtury HM (mft.O. Arduwfr) hnsd gdbthebfm h slfrm dj bhtevf jhareg eb tlfebtrusedb gnhy afndw tlf sfttnfofbt nfvfn. ]les slfrm mdfs, ldwfvfr,sffo td af dj dnmfr mhtf, pdsseany stfooeb` jrdo tlf Erdb H`f setfwlegl whs mesgdvfrfm sdof tfbs dj oftrfs hwhy eb hb fhstfrnymerfgtedb (je`. 0, bd. 8:.:1).

5 Lfrf sldunm af ofbtedbfm ” wetl tlhbcs ” tlf bhofs djOs I. Odstfrt, I.[. tfr Aru``f, D. Mdrfbads. [.@. Lfebsardfc.N.H. Chhn hbm H. Vnfohb. ]lfer dasfrvhtedbs, wlegl wfrf put ebwreteb` eb ohby ghsfs, lhvf jdubm tlfer why ebtd tles hrtegnf.E whs lhppy td rfgfevf ougl hmoebestrhtevf hssesthbgf jrdoOs I. Wglrfurs-Zfrwfr.

8; ]lf survfyeb` dj mdzfbs dj mffpfbfm jefnm mrhebs eb tles tfrrhebeb 8557 mem bdt prdmugf bfw setfs.

88 ]lf ebmeghtfm Erdb H`f setf 80.=8 es, ldwfvfr, tlf odstsdutlfrb jebmspdt cbdwb jrdo tles pfredm db tlf bdrtlfrb ahbc djtlf Ofusf.

81 Odst dj tlf prfneoebhry bdtfs db tlf mesgdvfrefs eb tles hrfhghb af jdubm eb 'Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Yuem-Ldnnhbm'puaneslfm eb vdnuofs 85<<-8551 dj tlf oh`hzebf Ldnnhbm.

87 Hjtfr tlf hppfhrhbgf dj tlf nhst-ofbtedbfm puaneghtedb, tlfGfbtrf dj Esdtdpf Qfsfhrgl (GED) eb @rdbeb`fb mem h sfgdbm G8=ofhsurfofbt db tlf scfnftdb. ]lf dutgdof dj 7;<; ¸ =; A[

(@rB-85:85) suppdrts tlf jerst rfsunt, wlegl `hvf 7;:; ¸ =; A[(@rB-8<5:;). E wdunm lfrfay necf td tlhbc Mr. I. vhb mfr [neglt jdrles httfbtedb.

8= Wetfs gdbthebeb` rfohebs dj adtl pfredms lhvf affb fbtfrfmtwegf.

86 H gdopnftf nest, ahsfm updb tlf mdguofbthtedb gdopenfm ay tlfprfsfbt hutldr, ghb af jdubm eb ]fr Aru``f/Odrff 8557.

8: ]lfsf 81 lh gdvfr tlf hrfh aftwffb tlf sdutlfrb ahbc dj tlfCrhaafpnhs hbm tlf whtfrgdursf ([dfnmeicsglf Pftfreb`) tlhtsfpfrhtfs tlf sohnn sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf Crhaafpnhs jrdo tlf nhr`fbdrtlfrb phrt, hs wfnn hs tlf hmihgfbt strep wlegl gdbthebs setfs8:.77, 8:.76 hbm 8:.=7 (je`s :, 0).

80 Fspfgehnny eb adreb`s hnsd sdofteofs pdttfry (`ret) hppfhrfm tdaf prfsfbt hadvf tlf Ldnnhbm pfht, up td h mfgeoftrf eb tlfgdvfreb` gnhy. [hrtegnfs dj glhrgdhn wfrf prfsfbt ht h stenn le`lfrnfvfn. ]les nhttfr ohtfrehn wenn lhvf affb mespnhgfm murebèbubmhtedbs. Eb tlf ghsf dj tlf vfrteghn mespnhgfofbt dj pdttfry,aedturahtedb sldunm af tldu`lt dj hs tlf preohry ghusf.

8< Mureb` tlf fxghvhtedbs eb tlf Jdppfbpdnmfr (Haaebc 85<5) hbmeb tlf Muejpdnmfr (Cddt 8557) trehn trfbglfs wfrf mu` dutsemf tlf



0W HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

mwfnneb` pnhgfs. Nfhveb` jnddr rfohebs eb tlf Jdppfbpdnmfr wlegllhvf affb mespnhgfm ay pdst-mfpdsetedbhn prdgfssfs dut djgdbsemfrhtedb, dbny tlf Muejpdnmfr prdmugfm h jebm-gdbgfbtrhtedbdutsemf tlf mwfnneb`-pnhgfs. ]les dbf nhy eb h bfhray grffc jenneb`,h setuhtedb gdophrhanf wetl jebmspdts 8:.0: hbm 8:.<; ebZnhhrmeb`fb-Pfst. Jdr fquhnny rfstregtfm jebm mestreautedbs dbmwfen eb` pnhgfs db pfht sff hnsd Zhb ]refruo 8551, jeùrfs 15-71,=1, :;. :1, 0=.

85 Jdr h jerst gdooubeghtedb, sff Zhb mfb Ardfcf 8558, 777. ]lfDtlfr setfs hrf Znhhrmeb`fb-Ldnefrldfcsf [dnmfr (Zhb Lffreb`fb8551, 70-Ddst-7=) hbm Ohhsnhbm-Jdppfbpdnmfr. Db tlf nhttfr setfodst sgttnfofbt rfohebs mhtf jrdo h ydub`fr Erdb H`f lhaethtedbplhsf (Haaebc 85<5).

1; Wtuevfr/[fhrsdb 8557, ebgdrpdrhtfm eb tlf gdoputfr ghnearhtedbprd`rho GHN 86 jrdo tlf Gfbtrf jdr Esdtdpf Qfsfhrgl (GED),@rdbeb`fb.

18 Fxgfpt jdr h mhtf dj 171; A[ wetl tlf gdbsemfrhanf Wthbmhrmmfvehtedb dj 0; yfhrs jdr 70-Ddst-11, Znhhrmeb`fb-Ardfcpdnmfr(Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, tha. =0). ]lf pdttfry dj tles setf ghb afpnhgfm eb h nhtf plhsf dj tlf sfgdbm dgguphtedb pfredm.

11 Bds. @rB-85:;7 hbm -85:;1 rfspfgtevfny. Wff jdr tles setfHaaebc 855;, 7703 Jdbteib 8556. ]lf setf (8:.8;) nefs sdof 6;; obdrtl dj tlf Crhaafpnhs.

17 Zhb Lffreb`fb gdbsemfrs tlf wldnf `rdup dj setfs eb Wglefmhotd af ydub`fr tlhb tldsf eb h odrf wfstfrny merfgtedb(Znhhrmeb`fb, Ohhsnhbm), eb h rfèdb wlegl es tldu`lt td lhvfaffb hahbmdbfm hnc-r hrdubm 1;; AG'. Hnn tlf Oof, tldeg es bd`ddm rfhsdb jdr tles lypdtlfses. Eb tlf jerst pnhgf, GE= rfsunts djhnn tlrff mhtfm sfttnfofbts jrdo tlf Wglefmho `rdup hrfebgdbsestfbt (Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, 16=-160, fsp. bdtf 76). Eb tlfsfgdbm pnhgf tlfrf hrf strdb` seoenhretefs aftwffb sdof pdttfryhssfoanh`fs eb adtl rfèdbs. ]lfsf hssfoanh`fs hrf, ldwfvfr,hrtejegehnny sfvfrfm eb jeùrf =7. Odrfdvfr, tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm G8=mhtfs jdr setf OM 8:.8; eopny tlht tlf pfht hrfh dj Znhhrmeb`fb

hbm Ohhsnhbm whs stenn dggupefm eb tlf 1bm gfbtury AG (sff hnsdJdbteib 8556).

1= Lfrf sldunm gfrthebny af ofbtedbfm h sfttnfofbt setf, pdsseanymhteb` jrdo tlf nst gfbtury AG, wlegl lhs rfgfbtny affb fxghvhtfmeb tlf gfbtrf dj Znhhrmeb`fb. Et nefs db h grffc jenn wlegl whsmfpdsetfm mureb` Mubcerc ; dr E (]fr Aru``f 8551h3 Jdbteib 855=).

16 Wff hnsd afndw (8:.71 hbm 8:.65)3 Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, 78:(Znhhrmeb`fb-Ardfcpdnmfr) hbm Cddt 8557 (Ohhsnhbm-Muejpdnmfr).

1: ]lfsf ùfssfs wenn pdsseany af supfrjnudus wetleb sdof yfhrs,gdbsemfreb` tlf mfvfndpofbt dj mfbmrdglrdbdndèghn gurvfs db tlfahses dj hsl.

10 F.`. Jdccfbs 8558, 8663 Lhrsfoh 85<;, 1:3 [ruoofn 85<5,166. Arebccfopfr (8557, 8=:) usfs tlf ndw buoafrs dj = hbm :pfrsdbs jdr tlf Erdb H`f lhaethtedb dj Zddrbf-[uttfb.

1< ]lf mhth gdbgfrbeb` sthanf nfb`tl, wlegl es hb eopdrthbt jhgtdeb tlf ghngunhtedbs, hrf stenn ubcbdwb jdr tlf pfht hrfh dj OemmfbMfnjnhbm mureb` tles pfredm. ]lf wfnn-prfsfrvfm ndb` jhrostfhm djZnhhrmeb`fb-Ardfcpdnmfr prdahany gdopresfs odrf tlhb dbfauenmeb` plhsf (Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, 78:). Gdbsemfreb` tlf tdthnjhrostfhm nfb`tl, tlfrf es, ldwfvfr, bd bffm td suppdsf fssfbtehnmejjfrfbgfs eb gdophresdb wetl Zddrbf-[uttfb.

15 Hntldu`l wftnhbms hrf rfbdwbfm jdr tlfer wfhntl dj `hof hbm

jesl, et es gfrtheb tlht lubteb`, jdwneb` hbm jesleb` mem bdt pnhy hbeopdrthbt phrt eb tlf fgdbdoy dj tlf pfht hrfhs dj tlf PfstfrbBftlfrnhbms (Arebccfopfr/Zhb Peib`hhrmfb-Ahccfr eb prfp.3Vzfrffj fn hn. 8551). ]lf whtfry fnfofbts eb tlf nhbmsghpf ghb,tlfrfjdrf, af nfjt dut dj gdbsemfrhtedb wlfb ghngunhteb` suasestfbgrfquerfofbts. Jdr h rfgdbstrugtedb dj tlf nhbmsghpf dj sdutlfrbOemmfb-Mfnjnhbm sff Cddt/Zfroffrfb tles vdnuof.

7; ]les ohy lhvf rfsuntfm eb hb fxtfbsedb dj tlf lhaethtedb eb hbfhstfrny merfgtedb, td tlf pfht hrfh dj Wglefmho, jdr wlegl hrfhdbny hrfh dbny 1bm gfbtury AG mhtfs lhvf affb èvfb (ZhbLffreb`fb 8551, je`. ==). Gdbsemfreb` tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm G8=mhtfs jdr setf 8:.8; eb tlf Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr, tlfrf es, ldwfvfrbd bffm td hssuof h gdopnftf slejt dj lhaethtedb (eb dbf odvf)jrdo tlf pfht hrfh hrdubm Ohhsnhbm hbm Znhhrmeb`fb td tlht dj

Wglefmho hrdubm 1;; AG, hs lhs affb su``fstfm ay Zhb Lffreb`f(Zhb Lffreb`fb 8551, 7;5, 780. je`. ==3 sff hnsd Jdbteib 8556).

78 Eb tlf pfht hbm gnhy/pfht hrfh 87 ndghtedbs wetl esdnhtfm jebmslhvf hnsd affb mesgdvfrfm. Nddceb` ahgc, wf ohy suppdsf tlht htnfhst lhnj dj tlfsf (? 0 ndghtedbs) rfprfsfbt sfttnfofbts. Bdbf dj tlfsnhy wetleb tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm phrt dj tlf Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr.]lf Erdb H`f jebmspdts tlht wfrf cbdwb ht tlf sthrt dj tlf jefnmsurvfy eb tlf pfht hbm gnhy/pfht hrfh, hrf sd ndw eb buoafrs(1 setfs hbm 8 ndghtedb wetl esdnhtfm jebms) tlht tlfy lhrmny hjjfgttlf shopneb` bhturf dj tlf jefnm survfy.

71 Hphrt jrdo tlf 716< lh survfyfm eb tlf pfht hbm gnhy/pfht hrf58< lh (11%) rfohebfm ubgdvfrfm jdr sfvfrhn rfhsdbs (Aunt 85<7hppfbmex 0). ]lf hrfh eb qufstedb eb tlf Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr lhs

affb gdopnftfny gdvfrfm ay tlf survfys (mdguofbthtedb F.I. Aunt]lf buoafr dj eblhaethbts dutsemf tles hrfh ghb, tlfrfjdrf, afountepnefmay 8,1<(8;;/0<).

77 Plfb prfphreb` tlf tfxt, E afbfjettfm `rfhtny jrdo tlfebjdrohtedb hbm/dr rfohrcs dj Os H.H. Haaebc (E[N), I.[. tfrAru``f (Oub. dj Znhhrmeb`fb), [.@. Lfebsardfc (Znhhrmeb`fb),G. Cddt (E[N), Os L. vhb Ndbmfb (E[[), hbm O. Zfraru``fb (E[Nhbm (dtlfr) ofoafrs dj tlf sfgtedb 'Ofthn H`fs' dj tlf E[N.Jdr tlf mftfroebhtedb dj Qdohb jebms jrdo Znhhrmeb`fb-PfstE wdunm necf td tlhbc Os O. Arduwfr hbm Os O. Cnfetfrp(QOD), jdr tldsf dj ofmefvhn jebms, F.I. Aunt (Oub. dj Mfnjt).Oy 'wrfstne b`' wetl thanf 8 whs cebmny thcfb dvfr ayOs O. Phbmfrs (E[N). Hnn ennustrhtedbs hrf ay L.H. mf Ndro (E[N]lf rfgfbt (meèthnezfm) tdpd`rhpleghn ohp dj Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst.

wlegl ubmfrnhys sfvfrhn jeùrfs, whs cebmny prdmugfm ay H. Crei`sohb (Oub. dj Znhhrmeb`fb). ]lf Fb`nesl tfxt whs gdrrfgtfm ayOs C. Phu`l.



0') [P. ZHB MFB AQDFCF - H GQDPMFM [FH] HQFH

rfjfrfbgfs

Haaebc, H.H. 85<< Znhhrmeb`fb9 Hhncfft Auetfbpdnmfr. Eb9 M.[. Lhnnfwhs (fm.), Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhbLdnnhbm dvfr 85<0, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 1;, 711-717.

85<5 Ohhsnhbm-Jdppfbpdnmfr. Eb9 M.[. Lhnnfwhs (fm.), Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbmdvfr 85<<, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 18, 711-71:.

855; Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm9 Jdppfbpdnmfr/Hhncfftauetfbpdnmfr. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.),

Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 85<5, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 11, 77:-77<.

Haaebc. H.H.

Q. Jrhbc

8557 ]lf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm prdifgt9 Erdb H`f dgguphtedb, Lfnebeuo 77. 167-7;8.

8558h Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm 19 Hhncfftauetfbpdnmfr setf 8:.65. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.),

Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 855;, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 17, 77=-77:.

8558a Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm =9 Hhncfftauetfbpdnmfr setf 8:.1=. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.),Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 855;, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 17, 7=6-7=0.

Ahcfns, G.G. 850< Jdur Nebfhrahbmcfrhoec sfttnfofbts hbm tlfer fbverdbofbt9 h phnhfdfgdndèghn stumy dj

Wetthrm, Wtfeb, Fnsndd hbm Lefblfeo. Nfemfb (tlfses9 ? Hbhnfgth [rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh 88).

Andfofrs, I.L.J. 850< Qeisweic (Y.L.), 'Mf Aunt'- febf Wefmnub` mfr Ghbhbfjhtfb, Hofrsjddrt (BfmfrnhbmsfDumlfmfb, <).

Arhbmt. Q.P.H.N. vhb @eib

85<: Afwdbeb` fb fgdbdoef eb lft Dfr-V fstuhr euo. Eb9 Q.P. Arhbmt ft hn. (fms), @fmhglt

dvfr Hssfbmfnjt, Hostfrmho (E[[ wdrceb` phpfr, :), :8-06.

Arebccfopfr, D. 8557 Pftnhbm jhroeb` eb tlf hrfh td tlf sdutl dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry mureb` tlf nrdb H`f hbm

Qdohb [fredm. Hb fbverdbofbthn hbmphnhfd-fgdbdoef rfgdbstruftedb, Nfemfb (tlfses3? Hbhnfgth [rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh 1= S8558_).

Arebccfopfr. D.G. Zfroffrfb

8551 Lft ldut vhb ffb hhbthn bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf Eizfrteim fb mf Qdofebsf ]eim dp Zddrbf-[uttfb. Eb9 H.A. Múacfb (fm.), ADDQahnhbs 1 - Aeimrh`fb hhb mf afwdrub`s`fsglefmfbes

vhb lft Ohhsodbm`faefm. Qdttfrmho, 8;7-81;.

Ardfcf. [.P. vhb mfb 8558 Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm 89 Hn`foffb. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.), Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb

Ldnnhbm dvfr 855;, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 17, 771-77=.

8551h Ffb ofbsfneic scfnft uet Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst. Ardbsteimafwdbeb` eb lft vffb`faefm4, ]frrh

Be`rh 81=,0-87.

8551a Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm 79 Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst, Crhaafpnhs. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.),Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 8558, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 1=, 760-76<.

Ardfcf, [.P. vhb mfb[. vhb mfr Crdjt

88. vhb Ndbmfb

8551 Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm 79 Znhhrmeb`fb-Pfst, Wglebcfnsldfc. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.),Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 8558, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 1=, 766-760.


P.C. vhb Yeivfrmfb

8557 Qhppdrt aftrfjjfbmf ffb hrglfdndèsgl addrdbmfrzdfc eb mf Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr tf

Znhhrmeb`fb, Nfemfb.

Aru``f. I.[. tfr 8551h Znhhrmeb`fb9 Ld`fwfrj. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.), Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm

dvfr 8558, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 1=, 7<=-7<6.



Bm HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQ8GH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Aru``f, I.[. tfrI.O. Odrff

Aunt, F.I.

Jdccfbs, L.

Jdbteib, M.

@hhuw, [.@. vhb mfr

Lhnnfwhs, M.[.


8551a QCE=83 Eblffos-Qdofebsf afwdbeb`srfstfb dp lft vffb eb mf Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr tf

Znhhrmeb`fb (Y.-L.), Znhhrmeb`fb (Lfnebeuo-puaneghtef, 83 hnsd9 ebtfrbhn rfpdrt E[N).

8557 Znhhrmeb`fb9 Ffb dbmfrzdfc bhhr mf dovhb` fb cwhnetfet vhb lft admfohrglefj fb mf

lefroff vfrahbm ldumfbmf tf vfrwhgltfb cbfnpubtfb, Znhhrmeb`fb.

85<7 Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm, ffb hrglfdndèsglf chrtfreb`3 ebvfbthreshtef, whhrmfreb` fb

afwdbeb`s`fsglefmfbes, Hofrsjddrt/Ohhsnhbm (Bfmfrnhbmsf Hrglfdndèsglf Qhppdrtfb, 1)

85<: Dbtèbbeb` fb afwdbeb` tfb bddrmfb vhb mf Ohhsodbm fb mf nhbmsglhppfneicfvfrhbmfreb`fb mef mhhraei dptrhmfb. Eb9 O.G. vhb ]refruo/L.F. Lfbcfs (fms), Qdttfrmho

phpfrs 6, Qdttfrmho, 886-87:.

8558 Zfrmrebcfbm nhbmsglhp3 hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc vhb lft wfstfneic Jrefs-Mrfbts [nhtfhu

==;; AG tdt 6;; HM, @rdbeb`fb (tlfses).

855= Zhb nhtf eizfrteim bhhr mf Qdofebsf teim eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm, Nfemfb (ebtfrbhn rfpdrt E[N)

8556 Ffbzhho fb hnnffb4 Ffb nhtf eizfrteimvebmpnhhts uet Ohhsnhbm (YL), Pfstfrlffo ==, 66-:1

85<< Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm3 rhppdrt aftrfjjfbmf lft hhbvunnfbm hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc,

Hostfrmho (QHH[-rhppdrt, 1;).

8505 Hrglfdndèsgl fb lestdresgl-`fd`rhjesgl dvfrzeglt. Eb9 G.I. vhb Wthhnmuebfb fm.),

]dfneglteb`fb aei mf @fdnd esglf chhrt vhb Bfmfrnhbm ” Anhm Qdttfrmho Pfst (70 P),

Lhhrnfo, <5-8;5.

Lhrsfoh, D.L.

Lffreb`fb, Q.O. vhb

Lfebsardfc, [.@.

85<; Mrfbts adfrfbnfvfb vhb mf ardbsteim tdt mf oemmfnffuwfb. Hssfb (Ousfuojdbms

[uaneghtef, :).

85<< Bhttf vdftfb, mrd`f vdftfb ” Afwdbeb`sod`fneiclfmfb eb mf oemmfb- fb nhtf eizfrteim ebLdnnhbm fb Yffnhbm. Eb9 O.Aefroh/D.Lhrsfoh/P.vhb Yfest (fms), Hrglfdndèf fb

Nhbmsglhp, @rdbeb`fb, 05-5:.

8551 ]lf Erdb H`f eb tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms, Hofrsjddrt (tlfses3 hnsd puaneslfm eb Afregltfb

vhb mf Qeicsmefbst vddr lft Dumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfrzdfc 78 S85<8_, 70 S85<0_ hbm 75S85<5_).

8558 Ffb dpofrcfneicf vdbmst aei lft vfrvhhrme`fb vhb ffb `fdndèsgl prdjefn, ]frrh Be`rh

81;,:-8=.

8551

8557h

8557a

Vzfrffj, @.J. 8551

J.I. [email protected]. Nhuwfrefr

Vzfrffj, @.J. 8558


Mf Ghnhes-EZ crffc, ]frrh Be`rh 817, 88.

@fdndèf, Oemmfb-Mfnjcrhbt 00, 8;-8=.

Ffb G8= mhtfreb` aei ffb prdjefn eb mf Hhncfftaebbfbpdnmfr, ]frrh Be`rh 810, =-8 8.

Hbeohn rfohebs jrdo tlf Nhtf Ardbzf H`f hbm tlf Erdb H`f jdubm eb tlf PfstfrbBftlfrnhbms. Eb9 Q.O. vhb Lffreb`fb, ]lf Erdb H f eb tlf Pfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms,

Hofrsjddrt, 7=8-768 (hnsd puaneslfm eb Afregltfb vhb mf Qeicsmefbst vddr lftDumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfrzdfc 75 S85<5_, 160-1:0).

Bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf oemmfb- fb nhtf ardbsteim aei Hbmeic fb Advfbchrspfn. Eb9

L. Jdccfbs/B. Qdyohbs (fms), Bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf ardbsteim fb mf vrdf`f eizfrteim eb m

Nh`f Nhbmfb, Hofrsjddrt (Bfmfrnhbmsf Hrglfdndèsglf Qhppdrtfb, 87), :8-<8.

Cdde, [.A. 8505 [rf-Qdohb urbjefnms eb tlf bdrtl dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms, @rdbeb`fb (tlfses).



[.P. ZHB MFB AQDFCF - H GQDPMFM [FH] HQFH

Cddt. G.P. 8557 Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm 19 Ohhsnhbm, Muejpdnmfr (vebmpnhhtsfb 88.80 fb 88.;0).

Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.). Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 8551, EE Yuem-

Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 16, 778-771.

Ndbmfb, L. vhb 8551h Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm 09 Mfnjt, Qdttfrmhosf wf`. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.), HrglfdndèsglfCrdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 8558. EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 1=, 7:0-7:<.

8551a Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm <9 Ohhsnhbm, Dumf Ghopswf`. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.),

Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 8558, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 1=, 7:<-7:5.

8551g Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm 59 Ohhsnhbm, Wglffwf`. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.), HrglfdndèsglfCrdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 8558, EE Yuem-Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 1=, 70;.

Odevg. I.O.

[nfeitfr, Ge.

8558 Dpbefuw Znhhrmeb`fb-Guntuur eb Znhhrmeb`fb, ]frrh Be`rh 8 8</885, :-88.

85<1 Qfgdbstrugtef`faefm Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm (Vetarfemeb` Negcfahfrt fb uetarfemeb` Oemmfb-

Mfnjnhbm). Ph`fbeb`fb (Wteadch Qhppdrt, 8:;;).

[ruoofn, P. 85<5 Erdb H`f hbeohn lusahbmry, lubteb`, jdwneb` hbm jesleb` db Zddrbf-[uttfb (]lf Bftlfr-nhbms), [hnhfdlestdreh 78, 176-1:6.

[ursndw. M.J. 850: Qfsemts dj jefnm tfsts db tlf bhturhn murhaenety djteoafr (8571-8506), Hynfsaury ([rebgfs

Qesadrdu`l Nhadrhtdry G[. :/0:).

Qfèfrfb Hntfbh. I.J. vhbft hn.

85:1 ]lf Znhhrmeb`fb Gunturf (E). Lfnebeuo 1, 8-76.

Wglebcfn. C. 855= Ywfrvfbmf frvfb ” Afwdbeb`sspdrfb eb Dss-Vssfb uet ardbsteim, eizfrteim fb Qdofebsfteim3 dp`rhveb`fb 850:-85<:. Nfemfb (tlfses)

Wndjstrh, I. 8558 Ffb bfmfrzftt eb` uet mf vrdf`f eizfrteim dp mf Lffsodrtfn aei Qeftldvfb. Eb9 L. Jdccfbs/B. Qdyohbs (fms), Bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf ardbsteim fb mf vrdf`f eizfrteim eb mf Nh`f

Nhbmfb. Hofrsjddrt (Bfmfrnhbmsf Hrglfdndèsglf Qhppdrtfb, 87), 8=8-868.

Wthhnmuebfb, G.I. vhb 8505 ]dfneglteb`fb aei mf @fdndèsglf chhrt vhb Bfmfrnhbm 896;.;;; ” Anhm Qdttfrmho Pfst

(70 P), Lhhrnfo.

Wtuevfr, [email protected]. [fhrsdb

8557 Le`l-prfgesedb aemfghmhn ghnearhtedb dj tlf rhmedghradb teof sghnf, HM 856;-6;; AG hbm16;;-:;;; AG, Qhmedghradb 76, 8-17.

]hhycf, F. 855; Mef feblfeoesglf Cfrhoec mfr búrmneglfb Befmfrnhbmf, :;; v.Glr. aes 7;; b.Glr.. ]fen E9Pfstfr`d (Jrefsnhbm), Afregltfb vhb mf Qeicsmefbst vddr lft Dumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfr

zdfc =;, 8;5-111.

]lfrcdo, 8..N. 85<0 ]lf strugturfs, ofglhbegs hbm sdof hspfgts dj eblhaethbt aflhvedur. Eb9 Q.P. Arhbmt ft hn.

(fms), Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfr [hpfrs 8, Hostfrmho (Gebùnh, 8;), 800-11=.

]refruo. O.G. vhb 85<: Nhbmsglhp fb afwdbeb` rdbm mf Afrbessf eb mf Eizfrteim fb mf Qdofebsf ]eim.

Eb9 O.G. vhb ]refruo/L.F. Lfbcfs (fms), Qdttfrmho phpfrs 6, Qdttfrmho, =5-06.

8551 Bfmfrzftt eb`fb uet mf Eizfrteim fb mf Qdofebsf ]eim dp Zddrbf-[uttfb, EIssfnodbmf fbffb mffn vhb mf Ldfcsf Phhrm. Eb9 H.A. Múacfb (fm.), ADDQahnhbs 1 ” Aeimrh`fb hhb

mf afwdbeb`s`fsglefmfbes vhb lft Ohhsodbm`faefm. Qdttfrmho, 86-8;1.

Zfrnebmf. H.M. 85<0 Mef @rhafr ubm @rhajubmf mfr spdtfb Ardbzfzfet ubm jreelfb Fesfbzfet eb Dvfreissfn,

Nfemfb (tlfses3 hnsd puaneslfm eb Afregltfb vhb mf Qeicsmefbst vddr lft Dumlfemcubme`

Admfodbmfrzdfc 1< S850<_, 15 S8505_, 7; S85<;_ hbm 76 S85<6_).



<1 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Peib`hhrmfb-Ahccfr, N.L. vhb 85<< Ydúhrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc eb mf wfst-Bfmfrnhbmsf mfnth 85<7-85<0.Eb9 I.L.J. Andfofrs (fm.), Hrglfdndèf fb dfgdndèf vhb Ldnnhbm tussfb Qeib fb Znef,Hostfrmho, 86=-8<6.

[.P. vhb mfb ArdfcfEbstetuut vddr [rflestdref[.D. Adx 568617;; QH Nfemfb



d. Arebccfopfr Ebmerfgt Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses hbm AdthbeghnOhgrdrfohebs9 h ghsf stumy

Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses es dbf dj tlf ountevhrehtfWthtesteghn hbhnysfs usfm td fxpndrf nhr`f mhth sfts.

Hppneghtedb td h mhth sft dj 8;: shopnfs hbm 1=: thxh djwhtfrnd``fm adthbeghn ohgrdrfohebsjrdo adb H`f hbm

Qdohb [fredm sgttnfofbts db Zddrbf-[uttfb (tlf Bftlfr-nhbms) yefnmgm ebtfrfsteb` rfsunts. ]lf oheb mestebgtedbaftwffb tlf setfs gdrrfspdbmfm td tlfer ndghtedb fetlfr ebtlf fhstfrb dr eb tlf wfstfrb phrt dj tlf hrfh stumefm.]les fdbjeros tlf rfsunts dlthebfm ly Gnustfr Hbhnyses, hb

hntfrbhtevf ountevhrehtf tfglbequf. ]lf rfnhtedb lftwffb tlfshopnfs hbm tlf thxh es jhr odrf gnfhrny fxprfssfm ebGdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses. Adnl shnebetx hbm odesturfhppfhr td ag eopdrthbt jhgtdrs. ]lfrf es h gnfhr gdrrfnhtedbaftwffb tlf dggurrfbgf djwenmpnhbts ebmeghteb` shnebetyhbm tlf frdp pnhbt ahrngy. ]les h`rffs wfnn wetlfxpfreofbts rfvfhneb` tlf shnt tdnfrhbtf dj tles frdp.

Mejjfrgbggs eb frdp pnhbts hrf hnsd gndsfny rfnhtfm td tlfmhneb` dj tlf setfs. ]lfrf es h rfbehrchanf rfmeegtedb eb tlfbuolgr dj grdps guntevhtfm mureb` tlf Qdohb [fredm. wleglghb lf sffb hs hb ebmeghtedb djhrhanf spfgehneshtedb.

8. Ebtrdmugtedb

Dbf dj tlf prfvedus essufs dj Hbhnfgth [rhflestdregh Ngemfbseh. oy tlfses (Arebccfopfr 8551), mfhnt wetl

adthbeghn rfohebs jrdo Erdb H`f hbm Qdohb [fredm

sfttnfofbt setfs. ]lf stumy hrfh gdopresfm tlf prfsfbt-mhy

esnhbms Zddrbf hbm [uttfb, setuhtfm td tlf sdutl dj tlf

Ofusf fstuhry eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms (sff je`. 8).

Hb eopdrthbt phrt dj tlf rfsfhrgl gdbgfrbfm adthbeghn

ohgrdrfohebs. H tdthn dj 8;0 mejjfrfbt shopnfs jrdo fnfvfb

setfs wfrf hbhnyzfm, phrtny ay tlf prfsfbt hutldr, phrtny ay

P.I. Cueipfr. 8;: dj tlfsf shopnfs yefnmfm 1=: mejjfrfbt

thxh prfsfrvfm eb whtfrnd``fm, ubghradbezfm gdbmetedbs.

Dbf shopnf dbny rfvfhnfm ghradbezfm rfohebs. [rfsfrvhtedb

ay whtfrnd`èb` es usuhnny neoetfm td setuhtedbs afndw tlfwhtfr thanf. Eb tlf wft Mutgl gdhsthn setfs, tles ofhbs tlht

afndw `rdubm rfohebs dj pdsts hbm sfttnfofbt whstf hrf

djtfb prfsfrvfm eb whtfrnd``fm gdbmetedbs.

]lf pdsseaenetefs dj hbhnyzeb` tlf nhr`f mhth sft wlegl

rfsuntfm jrdo tlf hbhnysfs dj adthbeghn ohgrdrfohebs "ay

lhbm" hrf sfvfrfny neoetfm. Dur httfbtedb es jdgusfm db

rfohrchanf thxh eb tlf mhth sft, sugl hs frdp pnhbts hbm rhrf

wenm pnhbts. ]lf gdbgnusedbs tlht ghb af rfhglfm lhvf h

jherny neoetfm strftgl hbm hrf dj h lhplhzhrm bhturf. ]lf

gdoputfr ghb djjfr us tlf pdsseaenety dj rfmugeb` tlf

gdopnfxety dj tlf mhth ay ofhbs dj ountevhrehtf hbhnysfs.

Hs Nhb`f (85<<, 70) sthtfm,

"tlf trhgeb` dj rfgurrfbt gdoaebhtedbs (sybdbyos hrf9

hssdgehtfm `rdups, gdrrfnhtedbs, gdvhrehtedbs, rfùnhretefs,

S..._) eb gdopnfx mhth sfts es tlf rfhno dj tlf Ountevhrehtf

Hbhnysfs dj gnhssejeghtedb hbm drmebhtedb."

Dbf arhbgl dj ountevhrehtf hbhnysfs whs usfm eb oy

tlfses, vez. Gnustfr Hbhnyses. ]les tfglbequf ghb af

glhrhgtfrezfm hs h lefrhrgleghn gnhssejeghtedb tfglbequf.

wlfrf tlf mfbmrd`rhos rgsunteb` jrdo Gnustfr Hbhnyses

sldw tlf rfnhtedb dj tlf mejjfrfbt shopnfs dr thxh td fhgl

dtlfr. Whopnfs dr thxh wetleb h èvfb gnustfr hrf odrf

seoenhr td fhgl dtlfr tlhb td shopnfs dr thxh eb dtlfr

gnustfrs.

]lf mhth sft dj whtfrnd``fm rfohebs usfm eb oy tlfses

mem prdmugf `ddm gnustfrs dj tlf sfphrhtf setfs. ]lf närsn

sfphrhtedb whs aftwffb tlf setfs eb tlf fhstfrb hbm eb tlf

wfstfrb phrt dj tlf stumy hrfh. Hbhnysfs dj tlf thxh yefnmfm

gnustfrs wlegl gdunm lhrmny fvfr af ebtfrprftfm shtesjhgtdreny

jrdo hb hgtud-fgdndèghn pdebt dj vefw. Plftlfr tles ofhbs

tlht tlf phst vf`fthtedb typfs db Zddrbf-[uttfb hrf bdt

gdophrhanf td prfsfbt dbfs dr wlftlfr tlf mhth sft es dj

neoetfm vhnuf ghbbdt af hssfssfm.

Eb tlf ebtrdmugtedb td tlf vhredus ountevhrehtf hbhnysfs

eb oy tlfses, E gdbgnumfm tlht tlf usf dj Gdrrfspdbmfbgf

Hbhnyses wdunm prdvemf h ofhbs td fxpndrf tlf rdaustbfss

dj tlf rfsunts dathebfm ay Gnustfr Hbhnyses. Gdrrfspdb

mfbgf Hbhnyses afndb`s td tlf sfgdbm arhbgl dj

ountevhrehtf hbhnysfs, afeb` hb drmebhtedb tfglbequf.

Drmebhtedb tfglbequfs sfhrgl jdr tlf nhr`fst vhrehtedb

wetleb tlf mhth sft. ]lf rfsunts hrf `fbfrhnny prfsfbtfm ebsd-ghnnfm "aepndts", wlegl rfprfsfbt h twd-meofbsedbhn

rfmugtedb dj tlf ounte-meofbsedbhn mhth sft. ]lf jerst hxes

hggdubts jdr tlf nhr`fst vhrehtedb wetleb tlf mhth, tlf

sfgdbm hxes jdr tlf nhr`fst rfohebeb` vhrehtedb, hbm sd jdr

tlf tlerm hbm le`lfr hxfs. ]lf mesthbgf aftwffb tlf pdebts

db tlf `rhpl es h ofhsurf dj tlf mf`rff dj seoenhrety dr

mejjfrfbgf. [debts gndsf td`ftlfr ebmeghtf shopnfs seoenhr



\= HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 8. Ndghtedb dj Zddof-[uttfb eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms.

eb spfgefs gdopdsetedb dr spfgefs dggurreb` eb seoenhr

shopnfs.

]lf odst gdoodbny hppnefm drmebhtedb tfglbequf es

[rebgephn Gdopdbfbts Hbhnyses. H nhr`f mrhwahgc jdr ets

usf wetl phnhfd-ftlbdadthbeghn mhth sfts es tlf rfquerfofbt

dj h bdrohn mestreautedb dj tlf mhth. ]lf nhr`f buoafr dj

zfrd sgdrfs eb dur mhth sfts gdbjnegts wetl tles rfquerfofbt

(gdophrf Idbfs 8558, :5). Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses mdfs

bdt rfquerf sugl h bdrohn mestreautedb. Jurtlfrodrf, hs Cfbt

hbm Gdcfr (8551, 1;7) sthtf, [rebgephn Gdopdbfbts

Hbhnyses es bdw wemfny hgcbdwnfm`fm hs lhveb` sfredus

neoethtedbs hs h oftldm jdr tlf drmebhtedb dj jndresteg mhth.

Hb hrgl- dr ldrsfsldf-slhpfm mestdrtedb eb tlf aepndt hs h

rfsunt dj tles oftldm es dbf dj tlfsf neoethtedbs.

Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses pndts tlf shopnfs hbm tlf thxh

h`hebst tlf shof hxfs. ]les eopnefs tlht h `rdupeb` dj

shopnfs eb h aepndt ghb af ebtfrprftfm merfgtny eb tfros dj

spfgefs gdopdsetedb. Hs Nhb`f (85<<, 70) dasfrvfm, hbhmvhbth`f dj Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses hbm [rebgephn

Gdopdbfbts Hbhnyses dvfr Gnustfr Hbhnyses es tlht adtl

gdbtebudus (sfrehn) hs wfnn hs mesgdbtebudus (gnustfrfm)

phttfrbeb` ohy af dasfrvfm. Hggdrmeb` td leo, Gnustfr

Hbhnyses wenn prdmugf mesgrftf `rdups, fvfb wlfb tlfsf

`rdups hrf bdt prfsfbt eb tlf mhth, wlenf drmebhtedb wdunm

rfvfhn tlf gdbtebuety dj tlf mhth (sff hnsd Wbfhtl/Wdchn

8507, 1613 Zhb ]db`frfb 85<0, 80=). Ldwfvfr, wetl ohb

gnustfrs, hb drmebhtedb ohy èvf bd seopnf ndw-meofbsedb

rfsunt (Wbfhtl/Wdchn 8507, 161).

H gdbsemfrhanf hmvhbth`f dj Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses

tlf pdsseaenety td hmm sd-ghnnfm "fbverdbofbthn vhrehanfs"td tlf mhth hbhnyzfm, èveb` h Ghbdbeghn Gdrrfspdbmfbgf

Hbhnyses. ]lfsf hrf fxtrebseg vhrehanfs wlegl. eb hb

hrglhfdndèghn gdbtfxt, hrf fetlfr tfopdrhn dr sphtehn

(gj. Idbfs 8558, 0;). Fbverdbofbthn vhrehanfs usfm lfrf hr

mhtfs hbm gdbtfxts dj tlf shopnfs hbm ndghtedbs dj tlf setf

]lus, tlf rdnfs dj tlfsf jhgtdrs eb hby sfphrhtedb dj setfs

hbm/dr shopnfs eb Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses ghb fhseny af

emfbtejefm. Eb tlf mfjhunt dptedb eb Ghbdbeghn Gdrrfspdb

mfbgf Hbhnyses, tlf hxfs hrf ahsfm db fbverdbofbthn

vhrehanfs fxgnusevfny (sff jdr ebsthbgf @hennhrm ft hn. 8551

]les "merfgt hbhnyses" (gj. Cfbt/Gdcfr 8551, 8:1) es dj

`rfht usf wlfb mftfroebeb` tlf fjjfgt dj tlfsf vhrehanfs db

tlf mejjfrfbt spfgefs eb rfgfbt vf`fthtedbs. Eb tlf prfsfbtstumy, ldwfvfr, tlf fbverdbofbthn vhrehanfs wfrf ohmf

phssevf, e.f. tlfy mem bdt gdbtreautf td tlf hxfs. Pf ghb,

tlfrfjdrf, spfhc dj hb "ebmerfgt" hbhnyses, eb wlegl tlf

fbverdbofbthn vhrehanfs hrf gdrrfnhtfm hjtfr tlf vhrehtedb e

tlf mhth lhs affb mfsgreafm. Hggdrmeb` td Cfbt hbm Gdcfr

ebmerfgt oftldms ghb af usfm eb setuhtedbs wlfrf tlf

ubmfrnyeb` fbverdbofbthn `rhmefbts hrf ubcbdwb dr ubgnf



<6 D. AQ8BCCFO[FQ - EBMEQFG] GDQQFW[DBMFBGF HBHNUWEW

]hanf 8. Hrglhfdnd eghn mhteb`

Múacfb ft hn. 85513 Zhb ]refru

Wetf

Wpeicfbessf 80-7;

Wpeicfbessf 80-7=

Wpeicfbessf 80-76

@ffrvneft 80-66Haafbardfc 80-11

Yuemnhbm 8:-86

Yuemnhbm 80-10

Qdgchbif ;<-61

Befuwfblddrb ;5-<5

Qdgchbif EE

1. Oftldms

]lf sdjtwhrf usfm jdr Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses whs tlf

GHBDGD 7.81 phgch`f dj tlf Jhgunty dj Wphtehn Wgefbgfs,

Vbevfrsety dj Hostfrmho. Eb tlf jdnndweb` hbhnysfs, tlf

mhth wfrf sghnfm syooftreghnny, shopnfs hbm thxh wfrf

wfe`lfm fquhnny. H Eb- dr g

nd`-trhbsjdrohtedb dj tlf mhth

whs usfm td rfmugf tlf ebjnufbgf dj thxh dggurreb` eb nhr`f

quhbtetefs. sugl hs Iubgus sffms. Mdwbwfe`lteb` dj rhrf

spfgefs hppfhrfm td lhvf bd ebjnufbgf db tlf rfsunteb`

aepndt. Hs sdof rhrf spfgefs wfrf eopdrthbt eb tlf

ebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf aepndts, tlfy wfrf bdt mdwbwfe`ltfm.

]wd mhth sfts wenn af mesgussfm afndw. Dbf sft ebgnumfs hnn

whtfrnd``fm ohgrdrfohebs (1=: thxh), jdubm eb 8;:

shopnfs. Eb tles mhth sft hrf 7<=7 dggurrfbgfs, wlegl

hodubts td 86.1%. ]lf rfohebeb` <6% dj tlf mhth sft hrf

zfrd-sgdrfs. ]lf sfgdbm sft gdbgfrbs hnn rfohebs dj frdp

pnhbts, adtl whtfrnd``fm hbm ghradbezfm, wlegl dggurrfmwetl 16 thxh eb :5 shopnfs.

]lf fbverdbofbthn vhrehanfs gdbsemfrfm eb tles puaneghtedb

hrf mhtfs, gdbtfxts hbm ndghtedbs dj tlf setfs. ]lf ndghtedb es

fxprfssfm eb \-gddrmebhtfs (fhsteb`) hbm U-gddrmebhtfs

(bdrtleb`) eb hggdrmhbgf wetl tlf Mutgl bhtedbhn (Q.M.)

gddrmebhtfs. ]lfsf phrhoftfrs hrf èvfb eb thanf 8. ]lf

gdbtfxts hbm rhw mhth db tlf ohgrdrfohebs tlfosfnvfs hrf td

af jdubm eb thanfs 8;-1; dj oy tlfses (Arebccfopfr 8551).

Eb tlf jdnndweb` aepndts, tlf meh`rhos dj tlf shopnfs pnus

Elf fbverdbofbthn vhrehanfs hbm tlf meh`rhos dj tlf thxh

hrf prfsfbtfm sfphrhtfny jdr rfhsdbs dj gnhrety. ]lf hxes hrf

emfbteghn hbm tlf pndts ghb af dvfrnhyfm.

7. Qfsunts hbm mesgussedb

7.8 PH]FQND@@FM AD]HBEGHN OHGQDQFOHEBW

]lf jerst aepndts prfsfbtfm lfrf gdbgfrb tlf mhth sft dj

whtfrnd``fm ohgrdrfohebs. ]lf ebetehn Gdrrfspdbmfbgf

Hbhnyses ebgnumfm hnn shopnfs. ]lf rfsunteb` aepndt sldwfm

h mfbsf gnustfreb` dj hnn aut sfvfb shopnfs. ]lf twd

shopnfs trdo Qdttfrmho-Lhrtfnchbhhn. wlegl adtl yefnmfm

hbm Mutgl bhtedbhn gddrmebhtfs dj tlf setfs db Zddrbf-[uttfb (hjtfr

o ft hn. 85<<).

Mhteb` \-gddrmebhtg U-gddrmebhtf

Fhrny Erdb H`f <;.;7 =15.<:

Oemmnf Erdb H`f <;.11 =15.:<

Fhrny/Oemmnf Erdb H`f <;.106 =7;.1=;

Oemmnf Erdb H`f 05.7;; =15.08=Nhtf Erdb H`f 06.61 =10.:6

Nhtf Erdb H`f 0=.77 =16.<6;

Nhtf Erdb H`f 06.<8; =16.16;

Nhtf Erdb H`f :7.<8< =71.;=6

Qdohb [fredm :5.::; =78.57;

Qdohb [fredm :=.== =78.<=

vfry jfw thxh, wfrf dutnefrs hndb` tlf sfgdbm hxes. ]lf jdur

shopnfs jrdo tlf bhturhn suasdens, gdbsesteb` dj rhesfm ad`s,

eb Qdgchbif ;<-61 hbm Befuwfblddrb, lhm le`l vhnufs

hndb` tlf jerst hxes. Weoenhrny le`l vhnufs hndb` tlf jerst

hxes lhm tlf shopnf dj `dht mub` jrdo Befuwfblddrb.

wlegl gdbthebfm vertuhnny bdtleb` aut rfohebs dj Oyregh`hnf. ]lf ndw buoafr dj thxh jdr wlegl Gdrrfspdbmfbgf

Hbhnyses es sfbsetevf (]fr Arhhc 85<0, 88;) ghusfs tlf

fxtrfof pdsetedb dj tlf shopnfs jrdo Qdttfrmho-

Lhrtfnchbhhn hbm tlf `dht mub`, wlenf tlf ndw buoafr dj

thxh hbm tlf bdb-hbtlrdpd`fbeg gdbtfxt wenn af eopdrthbt eb

tlf bhturhn suasden shopnfs. Hs tles es dj neoetfm rfnfvhbgf

eb tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf mhth, et whs mfgemfm td doet tlfsf

shopnfs eb h sfgdbm hbhnyses. ]lf rfsunteb` aepndt jdr tlf

rfohebeb` 55 shopnfs es prfsfbtfm eb jeùrf 1h.

]lf fe`fbvhnufs dj tlf hxfs hrf h ofhsurf jdr tlf phrt dj

tlf tdthn vhrehtedb fxpnhebfm (gj. Cfbt/Gdcfr 8551. 8<0).]lf fe`fbvhnufs dj tlf jerst hbm sfgdbm hxfs hrf ;.7: hbm

;.1: rfspfgtevfny. ]fr Arhhc (85<0, 8;1) sthtfm tlht vhnufs

dvfr ;.6 djtfb mfbdtf h `ddm sfphrhtedb dj tlf spfgefs hndb`

tlf hxes. Gdbsemfreb` tlf vfry nhr`f mhth sft, tlf vhnufs

dathebfm lfrf hrf shtesjhgtdry. ]lf suo dj hnn ubgdbstrhebfm

fe`fbvhnufs es 7.087, sd tlf jerst twd hxfs hggdubt jdr 5.:%

hbm 0.8% dj tlf tdthn vhrehtedb rfspfgtevfny.

]lf sfphrhtf setfs lhvf affb ebmeghtfm ay mejjfrfbt

syoadns eb jeùrf 1h. ]lf bf`htevf sgdrfs db tlf jerst hxes

(tlf nfjt-lhbm phrt) fxgnusevfny gdbgfrb setfs ndghtfm eb tlf

fhstfrb phrt dj tlf stumy hrfh, wlfrfhs tlf setfs db wfstfrb

Zddrbf lhvf pdsetevf sgdrfs. ]lfrf es bdt h seb`nf shopnftlht dggurs eb tlf "wrdb`" `rdup. Jdr gnhrety dj tlf pegturf,

h jfw shopnfs lhvf affb doettfm, aut tlfsf wfrf ndghtfm eb

tlf vegebety dj shopnfs jrdo tlf shof setf hbm eb tlf

"gdrrfgt" phrt dj tlf aepndt. H ofhsurf dj tlf vhrehtedb

fxpnhebfm ay tlf jerst hbm sfgdbm hxfs es tlf squhrfm

rfsemuhn mesthbgf dj tlf shopnfs jrdo tlf pnhbf rfprfsfbtfm

ay tlf hxfs. @hennhrm ft hn. (8551, 87) jdubm h `ddm jet jdr

tlfer odmfrb shopnfs, wetl ndw mesthbgfs (;-8;) hbm h ahm



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Jeùrf 1h. Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses aepndt dj shopnfs hbm phssevffbverdbofbthn vhrehanfs db tlf ahses dj whtfrnd``fm ohgrdrfohebs.

Jeùrf 1a. Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses aepndt dj spfgefs rfpnhgfm aytlfer shnebety ebmeghtdr vhnuf hggdrmeb` td Fnnfbafr` 8505.

jet jdr sfvfrhn jdssen spfgtrh (mesthbgfs 2070). ]lf vhnufs jdr

tlf shopnfs jrdo Zddof-[uttfb rhb`f aftwffb ; hbm 7<.7.

dbny shopnf 8;-8-6 jrdo Qdgchbif EE lhs h vhnuf dj :=6.:.

]les ebmeghtfs tlht dbny tlf vhrehtedb eb tles nhst shopnf es

bdt wfnn fxpnhebfm eb tlf aepndts.

]lf fbverdbofbthn jhgtdr \-gddrmebhtf (fhsteb`) es

strdb`ny hssdgehtfm wetl tlf jerst hxes, wlegl suppdrts tlf

dasfrvfm eopdrthbgf dj tlf ndghtedb dj tlf setfs. ]lf jhgtdrs

U-gddrmebhtf (bdrtleb`) hbm mhteb` hrf hnsd ohebny merfgtfm

hndb` tlf jerst hxes, hbm lhvf gdbsemfrhanf vfgtdr-nfb`lts.

]les ebmeghtfs tlht tlfsf hrf dj bdtegfhanf ebjnufbgf hs wfnn.

]lf jhgt tlht tlf wfstfrny setfs hrf hnsd db hvfrh`f ydub`fr

tlhb tldsf eb tlf fhstfrb phrt dj tlf hrfh fxpnhebs tlf

se`bejeghbgf dj tlf mhteb` dj tlf setfs. ]lf eopdrthbgf dj t

U-gddrmebhtf es prdahany ohebny muf td tlf bdrtlfhst-

sdutlwfst drefbthtedb dj tlf sfrefs dj setfs eb tlf fhstfrb

phrt dj tlf stumy hrfh, wlegl rfsunts eb h phrtehn mfpfbmfbg

dj adtl vhrehanfs.

]lf bdoebhn vhrehanfs jdr gdbtfxts, ebmeghtfm ay sthrs

ebstfhm dj vfgtdrs, hrf bdthanf hs wfnn. ]lf shopnfs jrdo

metglfs hrf `rdupfm eb tlf ndwfr nfjt phrt dj tlf aepndt, tld

jrdo jnddr nhyfrs db tlf ndwfr re`lt. ]lf mub` hbm lfhrtl

gdbtfxts sgdrf pdsetevf vhnufs hndb` tlf sfgdbm hxes. ]lf

sfphrhtedb dj tlf mejjfrfbt gdbtfxt typfs ghb af sffb hs hb



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Je urf 1g. Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses aepndt dj spfgefs rfpnhgfm aytlfer hgemety ebmeghtdr vhnuf hggdrmeb` td Fnnfbafr 8505.

Jeùrf 1m. Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses aepndt dj spfgefs rfpnhgfm aytlfer odesturf ebmeghtdr vhnuf hggdrmeb` td Fnnfbafr` 8505.

ebmeghtedb dj tlf bfgfssety td shopnf hs ohby mejjfrfbt

gdbtfxts db h setf hs pdsseanf td gdvfr tlf vhrehtedb eb

shopnf gdbtfbts.

]lf ountepnf rf`rfssedb gdrrfnhtedb dj spfgefs hbm

fbverdbofbthn mhth es ;.50 jdr tlf jerst hxes hbm ;.67 jdr tlfsfgdbm. ]les ebmeghtfs tlht fspfgehnny tlf vhrehanfs hndb` tlf

jerst hxes hggdubt jdr tlf `rfhtfst vhrehtedb eb tlf spfgefs

gdopdsetedb (gdophrf ]fr Arhhc 85<0, 8=;).

Gdrrgspdbmeb` pndts jdr tlf spfgefs hrf prfsfbtfm eb

jeùrf 1a-m. H pndt gdbthebeb` hnn thxh bhofs es fetlfr

ubrfhmhanf muf td dvfrnhp dr ubebjdbbhtevf muf td doessedb

dj ohby bhofs. ]lfrfjdrf, tlf thxh lhvf affb `rdupfm

hggdrmeb` td sfvfrhn gretfreh. ]lfsf gretfreh lhvf affb mrhwb

jrdo tlf stumy dj Fnnfbafr` (8505), wld mrfw up thanfs gnhs-

sejyeb` spfgefs hggdrmeb` td tlfer dggurrfbgf eb rfnhtedb td

haedteg jhgtdrs. ]lfsf jhgtdrs hrf odesturf, betrd`fb gdbtfbt hbm

hgemety dj tlf sden, shnebety, dpfbbfss dj tlf vf`fthtedb hbmtfopfrhturf hbm gdbtebfbthnety dj tlf spfgefs' mestreautedb.

]fopfrhturf hbm gdbtebfbthnety hrf bdt dj rfnfvhbgf lfrf eb

vefw dj tlf vfry sohnn `fd`rhpleghn vhrehtedb aftwffb tlf setfs.

Eb ebtfrprfteb` tlf rfsunts dj tlf Gnustfr Hbhnysfs, shnebety

whs jdubm td af tlf cfy jhgtdr jdr tlf sfphrhtedb dj tlf

mejjfrfbt setfs. Dtlfr haedteg jhgtdrs sffofm odrf dr nfss

fquhnny mestreautfm dvfr tlf setfs.



\\ HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

8 6

Jeùrf 7h. Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses aepndt dj shopnfs hbm phssevf fbverdbofbthn vhrehanfs db tlf ahses dj hnn frdp pnhbt rfohebs.

Jdr nf`fbm sff je`. 1h.

Eb jeùrf 1a, tlf spfgefs lhvf affb `rdupfm hggdrmeb` td

tlfer tdnfrhbgf jdr shnt hggdrmeb` td Fnnfbafr`. Afsemfs, thxh

wlegl Aflrf (85<6) sfnfgtfm hs glhrhgtfresteg jdr shnt

(lhndplytfs) dr jrfsl gdbmetedbs (`nygdplytfs), lhvf affb

èvfb gdrrfspdbmeb` anhgc syoadns. Et sldunm af bdtfm tlhn

dbny emfbtejeghtedbs td spfgefs nfvfn ghb af usfm lfrf, hs

`fbfrh wfrf bdt ebgnumfm eb Fnnfbafr`'s stumy. Dweb` td tlf

mejjfrfbgfs eb tlf fgdnd`y dj spfgefs wetleb odst `fbfrh, tlf

usf dj `fbfrh es djtfb eopdsseanf. Dbny tlf le`lfr thxh wlegl

Aflrf ebgnumfm eb les stumy, vez. Wpfrùnhreh ohlteoh/shnebhdr Qlebhbtlus gj oebdr, lhvf affb ebgnumfm eb jeùrf 1a.

]lf spfgefs aepndt sldws tlht bfhrny hnn jhgunthtevf hbm

dane`htdry lhndplytfs lhvf pdsetevf sgdrfs db tlf jerst hxes,

wlfrfhs tlf `nygdplytfs dggur db adtl semfs dj tlf aepndt.

]lf sfphrhtedb dj Aflrf's lhndplytfs hbm `nygdplytfs es

fvfb odrf prdbdubgfm hs hnn lhndplytfs lhvf pdsetevf

sgdrfs hbm dbny dbf `nygdplytf mdfs. ]les `nygdplytf es

Qhbubgunus jnhooueh, wlegl es, rfohrchany fbdu`l, neoet

td shopnfs jrdo Qdgchbif EE.

Ebtfrfsteb`ny, odst frdp pnhbts, ebmeghtfm ay anhgc adxf

lhvf bf`htevf sgdrfs db tlf jerst hxes hs wfnn. ]lf tlrff

frdp pnhbt rfohebs wetl mestebgt pdsetevf sgdrfs hnn gdbgfrb

ahrnfy rfohebs. Ahrnfy es h frdp wetl h rfnhtevfny le`l

shnt tdnfrhbgf, hs lhs afgdof gnfhr jrdo guntevhtedb dj

prflestdref grdps eb shntohrsl gdbmetedbs (sff Cúrafr-

@rdlbf 85:0, 17;3 Zhb Yfest ft hn. 8500). ]lf hssdgehtedb

wetl ebmeghtdrs jdr shnebf fbverdbofbts sldws tlfeopdrthbgf dj tlf fbverdbofbt jdr tlf h`regunturhn

pdsseaenetefs eb tlf phst. Eb tlf gdhst-bfhr setfs hrdubm

Qdgchbif, tlf pdtfbtehn dj frdp pnhbts tlht gdunm af

guntevhtfm suggfssjunny whs neoetfm eb gdophresdb wetl tlf

setfs eb tlf jrfslwhtfr fbverdbofbt hrdubm tlf Afrbessf.

Fspfgehnny tlf gdoodb dggurrfbgf dj foofr eb tlfsf nhtt

setfs es bdtfwdrtly.



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Jeùrf 7a. Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses aepndt dj thxh db tlf ahses dj hnn frdp pnhbt rfohebs.

AQHQH[ ? Arhssegh rhphGHOWH] - Ghofnebh shtevh

GHOWEN ? Ghofnebh shtevh senegnfsGFQEBM ? Gfrfhneh ebmft.LDQEB] ? Ldrmfuo vun`hrf ebtfrbdmfsLDQZVN ? Ldrmfuo vun`hrfNEBGH[ ? Nebuo usethnesseouo ghpsunfsNEBVWE ? Nebuo usethtesseouo

[HBOEN ? [hbeguo oenehgfuo]QEHPB ? ]reteguo spfg. hwb jrhòfbts

]QEMEG ? ]reteguo megdgguo

]QE@NA ? ]reteguo megdgguo `nuof ahsfs

]QEEB] ? ]reteguo spfg. ebtfrbdmfs

]QEW[J ? ]reteguo megdgguo specfnft jdrcs

ZEGJHA ? Zegeh jhah vhr. oebdr

g ? ghradbezfm

Eb jeùrf 1g, Fnnfbafr`'s hgemety vhnufs lhvf affb usfm.

Gnfhrny. tlf thxh wetl le`l pdsetevf sgdrfs hndb` tlf sfgdbm

hxes hrf pnhbts trdo vfry hgem sdens. Et gdbgfrbs Fregh hbm

Ghnnubh rfohebs. wlegl mdoebhtf eb sfvfrhn shopnfs trdo

Befuwfblddrb. ]lfsf shopnfs hrf ndghtfm db gdrrfspdbmeb`

phrts dj tlf aepndt eb jeùrf 1h. Dtlfr gnfhr trfbms eb tlf

mestreautedb dj tlf mejjfrfbt hgemety-vhnufs hrf bdt mesgfrbeanf.

]lf betrd`fb vhnufs sldw h gdophrhanf mestreautedb.

]neg hadvf-ofbtedbfm thxh hrf glhrhgtfresteg dj vfry ndw

betrd`fb nfvfns hs wfnn. Wpfgefs dj vfry regl hbm fxtrfofny

regl sden gdbmetedbs dggur adtl db tlf bf`htevf hbm db tlf

pdsetevf semf dj tlf jerst hxes.

]lf odesturf vhnufs (sff je`. 1m) sldw h gnfhr sfphrhtedb

hndb` tlf jerst hxes. Wpfgefs wetl ndwfr odesturf prfjfrfbgfs

hrf gdbgfbtrhtfm db tlf re`lt-lhbm semf dj tlf aepndt, wlfrf

tlf shopnfs jrdo Qdgchbif EE ghb af jdubm. ]les setf es

ndghtfm bfhr tlf mry mubf hrfh eb tlf wfstfrb phrt djZddrbf-[uttfb. [nhbts jrdo wft fbverdbofbts ohebny sldw

bf`htevf sgdrfs db tlf jerst hxes. ]lf mestreautedb dj frdp

pnhbts ebmeghtf tlht shnebety oe`lt lhvf affb h odrf

eopdrthbt jhgtdr rfùnhteb` tlfsf grdps vehaenety tlhb le`lfr

odesturf vhnufs.

]lf ne`lt vhnufs sldw h vfry rfstregtfm rhb`f. Wlhmdw

hbm lhnj slhmdw pnhbts hrf vertuhnny nhgceb` eb hnn shopnfs.




]lus, tlf mejjfrfbgfs eb tles jhgtdr eb tlf aepndt hrf

oebeohn.

7.1 GQD[ [NHB] QFOHEBW

]lf mhth ohtrex jdr frdp pnhbt rfohebs ebgnumfm

:5 shopnfs wetl 16 thxh. Ghradbezfm hbm ubghradbezfm

rfohebs wfrf trfhtfm hs sfphrhtf thxh. ]lf aepndt dj tlf

shopnfs (sff je`. 7h) sldws fxtrfof ndghtedbs jdr shopnfsjrdo Wpeicfbessf 80-7; hndb` tlf jerst hxes. ]lf gdrrfs-

pdbmeb` pndt jdr tlf thxh (sff je`. 7a) rfvfhns tlht [ubeguooenehgfuo (arddogdrb oennft) hbm Arhssegh rhph (rhpfsffm)

hrf rfspdbseanf jdr tlf mfvehteb` glhrhgtfr dj tlf shopnfs

gdbgfrbfm. ]lf rfohebeb` shopnfs jdro h mfbsfr gnustfr, eb

wlegl odst shopnfs jrdo Befuwfblddrb lhvf rfnhtevfny ndw

sgdrfs hndb` tlf sfgdbm hxes. ]lf prfsfbgf dj Zegehjhah

(Gfnteg afhb) hbm tlf jhgt tlht ]reteguo megdgguo (foofr)

hbm Ghofnebh shtevh (`dnm dj pnfhsurf) hrf hnodst hasfbt,

ghusfs tlf sfphrhtedb eb tlf shopnfs jrdo Befuwfblddrb.

]lf (phssevf) fjjfgts dj tlf mejjfrfbt fbverdbofbthn

vhrehanfs, hs ebmeghtfm eb jeùrf 7h, es eb hggdrmhbgf wetl

tlfsf dasfrvhtedbs. ]lf shopnfs jrdo Wpeicfbessf hrf jrdo

tlf fhrny Erdb H`f, rfsunteb` eb h gdbsemfrhanf sgdrf dj tlf

vfgtdr jdr mhteb` hndb` tlf jerst hxes. ]lf shopnfs jrdo

Befuwfblddrb hrf jrdo tlf Qdohb [fredm, èveb` hb

hpprfgehanf vfgtdr-nfb`tl hndb` tlf sfgdbm hxes. ]lf

ebjnugbgf dj tlf ndghtedb dj tlf setfs es bdt hs strdb` hs wetl

tlf whtfrnd``fm rfohebs. Afsemfs, tlfy lhvf h ae``fr

ebjnugbgf hndb` tlf sfgdbm hxes. ]lf vfgtdr jdr mhteb` es

ndb`fr, ebmeghteb` tlht tles vhrehanf pnhys h odrf eopdrthbt

rdnf tlhb tlf ndghtedb mdfs. ]les ofhbs tlht tlfrf es h teof

trfbm mesgfrbeang eb tlf dggurrfbgf dj frdp pnhbts. Et ohebny

ohbejfsts etsfnj eb tlf mfgrfhsf eb tlf buoafr dj guntevhtfm

thxh tlrdu`l teof, gunoebhteb` eb tlf vertuhn hasfbgf djgrdps dtlfr tlhb Ldrmfvhb (ahrnfy) eb Qdohb Qdgchbif.

]les es h gnfhr ebmeghtedb dj ebgrfhseb` spfgehneshtedb eb tlf

guntevhtedb dj grdps jrdo tlf Erdb H`f td tlf Qdohb [fredm.

]lf bdoebh_ vhrehanfs jdr gdbtfxts ohebny rfvfhn h

gdrrfnhtedb aftwffb ghradbezfm frdp pnhbt rfohebs hbm

lfhrtls, wlegl es h rhtlfr prfmegthanf gdbgnusedb.

]lf gdbgnusedbs jdr frdp pnhbt rfohebs h`heb suppdrt

hbm fnhadrhtf tlf rfsunts dj Gnustfr Hbhnyses db frdp pnhbt

rfohebs.

= Gdbgnusedbs

]lf rfsunts prdmugfm ay Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses eb tl

jerst ebsthbgf prdvemf h gdbjerohtedb dj tlf rfsunts jrdo

Gnustfr Hbhnyses. ]lf rfnhtedb aftwffb shopnfs, spfgefs h

tlf haedteg ebjdrohtedb mrhwb jrdo tlf spfgefs, ldwfvfr,

ougl odrf strhe`ltjdrwhrm eb Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses.

]lf gdbgnusedb tlht shnebety es tlf cfy jhgtdr, fxpnhebeb` t

mejjfrfbgfs eb whtfrnd``fm ohgrdrfohebs dj tlf mejjfrfbtsetfs, es gdbjerofm. Ldwfvfr, tlf rfnhtedb dj ahrnfy wetl

shnebf gdbmetedbs es bdt fxprfssfm eb Gnustfr Hbhnyses.

Odesturf es hbdtlfr haedteg jhgtdr wlegl sldws h gnfhr trf

eb Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses, wlegl rfohebfm lemmfb eb

Gnustfr Hbhnyses. [hssevf ebgnusedb dj fxtrebseg fbverdbo

thn vhrehanfs suasthbtehtfm tlf gdbgnusedb tlht tlf ndghtedb

dj tlf setfs, ohebny fxprfssfm eb prdxeoety td tlf sfh, es d

`rfht eopdrthbgf eb tlf mejjfrfbgfs eb whtfrnd``fm ohgrd

rfohebs. Et jurtlfr mfodbstrhtfs tlf bffm td shopnf hs oh

mejjfrfbt gdbtfxts hs pdsseanf db h setf.

]lf Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhnyses dj frdp pnhbt rfohebs

rfvfhnfm tlht tlf shopnfs jrdo Fhrny Erdb H`f Wpeicfbessf80-7; hrf mejjfrfbt dweb` td tlf prfsfbgf dj arddogdrb

oennft hbm rhpfsffm. Ohby shopnfs jrdo Befuwfblddrb h

mevfrèb` tlrdu`l tlf prfsfbgf dj Gfnteg afhb hbm tlf bfh

hasfbgf dj foofr hbm `dnm dj pnfhsurf. ]les h`heb suppd

tlf gdbgnusedbs mrhwb db tlf ahses dj Gnustfr Hbhnyses. ]

ebtfrprfthtedb es jurtlfr hemfm ay phssevf ebgnusedb dj tlf

fbverdbofbthn vhrehanfs, wlfrf tlf rdnf dj mhteb` hpphrfb

fxgffms tlf eopdrthbgf dj tlf ndghtedbs dj tlf setfs.

Hgcbdwnfm`fofbt

]lf oheb steounus jdr hppnyeb` Gdrrfspdbmfbgf Hbhny

td tlf mhth jrdo Zddrbf-[uttfb whs èvfb ay @. Idbfs

(Wlfjjefnm), adtl mureb` tlf Wyopdseuo dj tlf Ebtfrbhtedb

Pdrc @rdup jdr [hnhfdftlbdadthby eb Cefn hs wfnn hs

mureb` tlf Pdrcsldp "Wthtestegs eb Hrglhfdadthby" eb

Wlfjjefnm. P. Wglbet`fr (Hostfrmho) `hvf vhnuhanf suppd

wetl tlf gdbvfrsedb dj tlf nhr`f mhth sft hbm tlf prebteb` d

jeùrfs 1 hbm 7. G. Arebccfopfr (Hostfrmho) prdmugfm t

lhrmgdpefs dj tlfsf jeùrfs db jeno. G.G. Ahcfns (Nfemfb)

hbm Q. Ghppfrs (Hrblfo) `hvf vhnuhanf gdoofbts db

prfvedus mrhjts, C. Jfbbfoh ohmf tlf ebfvethanf gdrrfgted

dj tlf Fb`nesl tfxt.



"8 D. AQ8BCCFO[FQ - EBMEQFG] GDQQFW[DBMFBGF HBHNUWEW

rfjfrfbgfs

Aflrf. C.-F. 85<6 Mef ursprub`neglf Zf`fthtedb eb mfb mfutsglfb Ohrsgl`faeftfb ubm mfrfb Zfrhbmfrub`

murgl prflestdresglf Afsefmnub` ubm Offrfsspef`fnafwfùb`fb, Zfrlhbmnub`fb mfr

@fsfnnsglhjt jþr Úcdndèf 87, <6-5:.

Arhhc, G.I.J, tfr 85<0 Drmebhtedb. Eb9 Q.L.@. Idbòhb/ G.J.I. tfr Arhhc/ D.J.Q. vhb ]db`frfb (fms), Mhth

hbhnyses eb gdooubety hbm nhbmsghpf fgdnd`y. [umdg, Ph`fbeb`fb, 58-807.

Arebccfopfr. D. 8551 Pftnhbm jhroeb` eb tlf hrfh td tlf sdutl dj tlf Ofusf fstuhry mureb` tlf Erdb H`f hbm

Qdohb [fredm. Hb fbverdbofbthn hbm phnhfd-fgdbdoeg rfgdbstrugtedb, Hbhnfgth [rhf-

lestdregh Nfemfbseh 1=.

Múacfb, H.A.

H.I. @uerhb

O.('. ^hb Säefrutb

8551 Hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc eb lft Ohhsodbm`faefm9 hrglfdndèsglf crdbefc 85<0-855;,

ADDQ-ahnhbs 1, 108-787.

Fnnfbagr`, L.

@hennhrm, O.-I.L.I.A. Aercs

88. neeehbeC'nssdb

A.F. Afr`nubm

Idbfs, ( e n Hn

8505 Yfe`frwfrtf mfr @fjhApjnhbzfb Oettfnfurdphs , 1bH Fm, Wgrepth @fdadthbegh 5.

8551 Odmfo pdnnfb/nhbm usf rfnhtedbsleps hs hb hem eb tlf rfgdbstrugtedb dj phst nhbm-usfs hbmgunturhn nhbmsghpfs9 hb fxhopnf jrdo sdutl Wwfmfb, Zf`fthtedb Lestdry hbm Hrglhfd-

adthby 8, 7-80.

8558 Buofreghn hbhnyses eb hrglhfdadthby. Eb9 P. vhb Yfest/ C. Phsynecdwh/ C.-F. Aflrf

(fms), [rd`rfss eb dnm wdrnm phnhfdftlbdadthby. Ahncfoh. Qdttfrmho, :7-<;.

Cfbt. O.

[. Gdcfr

8551 Zf`fthtedb mfsgreptedb hbm hbhnyses. H prhgteghn hpprdhgl. Afnlhvfb [rfss, Ndbmdb.

Cúrafr-@rdlbf, V.

Nhb`f, H.@.

85:0 @fdadthbesglf Vbtfrsuglub`fb hujmfr Jfmmfrsfb Pefrmf. Jfmmfrsfb Pefrmf, Ahbm 8.

85<< [nhbt rfohebs jrdo h bhtevf sfttnfofbt ht tlf Qdohb jrdbtefr9 mf Ldrmfb bfhr Peic aei

Muurstfmf. ]lfses Qeicsubevfrsetfet @rdbeb`fb. (? Bfmfrnhbmsf Dumlfmfb 87).

Wbfhtl. [.L.H.

Q.Q. Wdchn

8507 Buofreghn thxdbdoy. Jrffohb. Whb Jrhbgesgd.

]db`frfb, D.J.Q. vhb 85<0 Gnustfr hbhnyses. Eb9 Q.L.@. Idbòhb/ G.J.I. tfr Arhhc/ D.J.Q. vhb ]db`frfb (fms). Mhth

hbhnyses eb gdooubety hbm nhbmsghpf fgdnd`y. [umdg, Ph`fbeb`fb, 80=-181.

]regruo, O.G. vhb

H.A. Múacfb

H.I. @uerhb

85<< Hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc eb lft Ohhsodbm`faefm 850:-85<:, ADDQ-ahnhbs E, 88-8;:.

Yfest, P. vhb

].G. vhb Lddrb

W. Adttfoh

L. Pdnmreb`

8500 Hb h`regunturhn fxpfreofbt eb tlf ubprdtfgtfm shnt ohrsl, [hnhfdlestdreh 8<, 888-867.

D. Arebccfopfr

p.h. Ebstetuut vddr [rflestdref

[.D. Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb





Hbbf mf Leb l Adttnf `durm sffms ht @hnnd-Qdohb "Nf Ades Lhrnå"

(Desf, Jrhbgf)

]les phpfr prfsfbts tlf prfneoebher rfsunts dj tlf

adthbeghn rfsfhrgl dj 86 shopnfs jrdo 0 metglfs hbm < wfnns

ht tlf @hnnd-Qdohb setf "Nf Ades Lhrnå" (Desf, Jrhbgf),

dggupefm jrdo tlfjerst gfbtury ubten tlf oemmnf dj tlf

tlerm gfbtury HM. Hb eopdrthbt jfhturf ht tles setf whs h

nhr`f metglfm fbgndsurf mevemfm ebtd sohnn pndts, wlfrf

ldrtegunturf es afnefvfm td lhvf affb prhgtesfm. Adthbeghn

rfohebs djsfvfrhn ebtfrfsteb` spfgefs lhvf affb jdubm,

hodb` wlegl tlf sffms dj Nh`fbhreh vun`hres. tlf adttnf

`durm.

8. Ebtrdmugtedb

]lf setf dj "Nf Ades Lhrnå" es setuhtfm eb tlf vennh`f dj

Ades m'H`fux bfhr Ndbùfen-Whebtf-Ohref (Desf, Jrhbgf),

db h ohrsly ndwnhbm (hvfrh`f hntetumf9 78 oftrfs B@J) db

tlf re`lt ahbc dj tlf Desf, 7;; oftrfs td tlf wfst dj tlf

prfsfbt-mhy revfr (je`. 8). Eb 85<< hbm 85<5 h tdthn hrfh dj

81 lh. dj tles setf whs fxghvhtfm. Webgf tlfb h buoafr dj

prfneoebhry rfpdrts hbm phpfrs lhvf affb puaneslfm ay tlf

Gfbtrf mf Qfglfrglf Hrglådndèquf mf nh Zhnnåf mf n'Desf

(Zhb`ìnf/Muihrmeb 85<<3 Adbeb/Zhb`ìnf 85<53 Zhb`ìnf/

Adbeb/Zhnfbteb 855;). Hnn tlf hrglhfdndèghn mhth prfsfbtfm

ue enus phpfr wfrf nhcfb jrdo tlfsf pulnegheedbs.

]lf "Nf Ades Lhrnå" setf es eopdrthbt afghusf dj tlf

@hnnd-Qdohb jfhturfs wlegl ghof td ne`lt lfrf. ]lf setf

whs dggupefm jrdo tlf jerst gfbtury ubten tlf oemmnf dj tlf

tneergn gfbtury HM. H streceb` jfhturf jdubm ht tlf @hnnd-

Qdohb setf whs h nhr`f sphgf surrdubmfm ay h mffp metgl

hbm ebtfohnny suamevemfm ay h sfrefs dj slhnndw metglfs.

]lf drefbthtedb dj tlf metglfs wetleb tlf nhr`f fbgndsfm

sphgf whs rdu`lny BP-WF hbm WP-BF. ]lfy mevemfm tlf

tfrrfeb ebtd sohnn pndts dj nhbm, tlf sohnnfst dj wlegl

ofhsurfm 1<; o' hbm tlf nhr`fsn 8<6; br. ]lf slhpf dj tlf

phrgfns vhrefm jrdo rfgthbùnhr dr trhpfzdemhn td dandb` hbm

vfry bhrrdw. ]lf metglfs, wlegl lhm mfptls dj 8-8.6 o ebdbf dj tlf nhtfr plhsfs, mfjebetfny rfhglfm tlf nfvgn dj tlf

`rdubmwhtfr9 tlfer ndwfr phrts wfrf prdahany gdbsthbtny

jennfm wetl whtfr (Zhb`ìnf/Adbeb/Zhnfbteb 855;, 810).

]les fxtfbsevf systfo dj metglfs wetleb tlf fbgndsurf

ghbbdt af sffb hs tlf rfsunt dj hb h``ndofrhtedb dj

suggfssevf phrgfnneb`3 et es tlf rfsunt dj h oftldmeghn hbm

rhtedbhnesfm dr`hbeshtedb dj h pndt wldsf neoets lhm affb

jexfm afjdrflhbm. ]lf shof plfbdofbdb dj pnhbbfm

phrgfnneb` es cbdwb jrdo tlf Qdohb setf dj Qeisweic,

Mf Aunt (tlf Bftlfrnhbms), wlfrf jrdo tlf 1bm gfbtury

dbwhrms hb fbterf mdofsteg tfrrheb whs surrdubmfm ay

metglfs hbm tlf hrhanf hrfh whs nhem dut eb h rfùnhr phttfrb

(Andfofrs 850<,=:-6=).

Dtlfr hrglhfdndèghn jfhturfs dasfrvfm ht tlf setf dj

"Nf Ades Lhrnå" hrf tlf @hnnd-Qdohb wfnns, jdurtffb dj

wlegl wfrf jdubm db tlf tfrrheb dutsemf tlf fbgndsurf hbm

tlrff ebsemf et. ]lf strugturfs dj tlfsf wfnns wfrf eb ohbyrfspfgts tlf shof. ]lf jenns dj tlf wfnns gdbsestfm dj twd

nhyfrs9 tlf uppfr nhyfr whs shbmy, tlf ndwfr gnhyfy. ]les

ndwfr nhyfr lhm jhvdurfm tlf prfsfrvhtedb dj hnn cebms dj

dr`hbeg ohtfrehn, sugl hs jdssen sffms. Et whs quetf mejjegunt

td mftfroebf wlfb tlf wfnns lhm affb mu` hs tlf dnmfst

nhyfrs dj tlf wfnn jenns usuhnny yefnmfm jfw rfohebs. Odst dj

tlf wfnns lhm jhnnfb ebtd mesusf aftwffb HM 806 hbm 17;.

]lf oftldm dj gdbstrugtedb hbm tlf meofbsedbs dj tlf

strugturfs db tlf setf ebmeghtf tlht tlfy ghbbdt af ebtfrprftfm

hs ubets dj mdofsteg lhaethtedbs. ]lf auenmeb`s oust af

sffb hs slfms, ahrbs dr stdrfs, prdahany hssdgehtfm wetl tlf

h`regunturhn hgtevetefs tlht wfrf ghrrefm dut ht tles setf.

]lf haubmhbt hodubts dj ldusfldnm nettfr, gfrhoegs hbm

hnsd wdrcfm wddm (Afrbhrm/Meftregl 855;) eb tlf metglfs

hbm tlf pets, ldwfvfr, mem ebmeghtf tlf prdxeoety dj hb

eblhaetfm hrfh.

]lf afst ebjdrohtedb jdr mftfroebeb` tlf setf's jubgtedb

mhtfs jrdo tlf sfgdbm gfbtury hbm tlf jerst lhnj dj tlf tlerm

gfbtury HM, wlfb tlf setf's dr`hbeshtedb whs tlf odst

hpphrfbt.

[hrt dj tlf gdopnfx whs ubmduatfmny usfm jdr

h`regunturhn purpdsfs (Zhb`ìnf/Adbeb/Zhnfbteb 855;, 8=;-

8==). ]lf metglfs wetleb tlf nhr`f fbgndsurf fxtfbmeb` td

tlf nfvfn dj tlf `rdubmwhtfr lhm affb mu` jdr erre`htedb

(Adbeb/Zhb`ìnf 85<5, 8;1) dr rfgnhohtedb purpdsfs(mrhebh`f dj tlf hrhanf nhbm) (Zhb`ìnf/Adbeb/Zhnfbteb 855;,

8==). Wohnn-sghnf ebtfbsevf h`regunturf whs prfsuohany

prhgtesfm db tlf pndts dj nhbm aftwffb tlf metglfs. Plhtfvfr

ets oheb jubgtedb ohy lhvf affb, wf oust rf`hrm tlf metgl

systfo hs h jdro dj whtfr ohbh`fofbt9 tlf rfodvhn dj

surpnus whtfr jrdo tlf nhbm ebvdnvfs odrf dr nfss tlf shof

tfglbequfs hs tlf suppny dj whtfr td hrfhs wlfrf tlfrf es h



'O HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 8. Ndghtedb dj tlf setf "Nf Ades Lhrnå", Ndbùfen-Whebtf-Ohref (Desf), Jrhbgf.

bhturhn mfjegefbgy. ]lfrf es sdof fvemfbgf jdr seoenhr

fbtfrpresfs eb dtlfr phrts dj tlf Qdohb Foperf, sdof dj

wlegl ebvdnvfm adtl tlf prdtfgtedb dj prdmugtevf nhbm jrdo

ebubmhtedb hbm tlf prdjethanf usf dj surpnus whtfr (Pletf

850;, 8=:, 8:;). ]lf metglfs oust lhvf lhm hb hmmetedbhn

jubgtedb hs adubmhrefs aftwffb tlf phrgfns. ]lf jhgt tlht

tlf fbfndsfm hrfhs wfrf rfnhtevfny sohnn es eb gdopnftf

h`rffofbt wetl tlf hssuoptedb tlht h typf dj ebtfbsevf

ldrtegunturf whs prhgtesfm lfrf.

1. Adthbeghn rfsfhrgl

Whopnfs jdr phnybdndèghn hbm adthbeghn rfsfhrgl wfrf

thcfb jrdo jfhturfs rfgdoofbmfm ay tlf Jrfbgl hrglhfdn-

dèsts, hodb` wlegl wfrf sdof dj tlf metglfs hbm tlf

wfnns. ]lf le`l nfvfn dj tlf `rdubmwhtfr eb tles vhnnfy,

wlegl lhs bdt glhb`fm sebgf tlf @hnnd-Qdohb pfredm, lhm

prdtfgtfm hnn dr`hbeg ohtfrehns, sugl hs nfhtlfr, wddm hbm

sffms, h`hebst dxy`fb hbm, hs h rfsunt, tlf dr`hbeg rfohebs

lhm affb vfry wfnn prfsfrvfm.

H odrf mfthenfm nest dj hnn tlf spfgefs wenn af puaneslfmnhtfr, eb h jdrtlgdoeb` phpfr mfhneb` wetl tlf fbterf

adthbeghn rfsfhrgl dj @hnnd-Qdohb Ndb`fuen-Whebtf-Ohref

(mf Leb`l eb prfp.). Ofhbwlenf sdof ebtfrfsteb` rfsunts ghb

hnrfhmy af prfsfbtfm lfrf (tha. 8).

E hnrfhmy ofbtedbfm tlht tlf setf dj "Nf Ades Lhrnå" lhm

h prebgephnny h`regunturhn jubgtedb3 tles lypdtlfses lhm affb

ahsfm ohebny db tlf hrglhfdndèghn jfhturfs, sugl hs tlf

jefnm systfo dj metglfs hbm phrgfns ofbtedbfm hadvf. ]lf

lypdtlfses tlht h sd-ghnnfm pdnygunturf (prdpdsfm ay Adbeb

Zhb`ìnf 85<5, 8;1) whs prhgtesfm db tlfsf phrgfns eb tlf

1bm hbm 7rm gfbturefs es suppdrtfm ay tlf rhb`f dj

guntevhtfm spfgefs tlht whs jdubm eb tlf adthbeghn shopnfs.

Et gdunm af hssuofm tlht fhgl seb`nf frdp whs `rdwb db ets

dwb pndt.

7. ]lf adttnf `durm

Nh`fbhreh vun`hres (? Nh`fbhreh segfrhreh)

Hb fxtrhdrmebhry jebm gdbsests dj twd jrhòfbts dj sffms

dj tlf sd-ghnnfm adttnf `durm (Nh`fbhreh vun`hres) dr

ghnhahsl, jdubm eb shopnfs jrdo twd mejjfrfbt @hnnd-Qdoh

wfnns. ]lf jerst spfgeofb whs phrtny mhoh`fm, aut tlf

spfgejeg jfhturfs wfrf stenn gnfhrny veseanf (je`. 1). ]lf

jnhttfbfm, dreèbhnny rfgthbùnhr sffm whs `rddvfm hgrdss et

nfb`tl db adtl semfs. ]wd odrf dr nfss phrhnnfn mhrc ardwb

`rddvfs rhb dvfr tlf sldunmfrs necf arhgfs. ]lf twd 'fhrs'

wlegl hrf td af sffb db prfsfbt-mhy Nh`fbhreh sffms lhmprdahany affb wdrb mdwb eb tlf ghsf dj tles spfgeofb.

]lf tdp dj tlf sffm whs sdofwlht thpfrfm. ]lf sffm whnn

(;.7 oo tlegc) whs aegdndurfm3 h vfry tleb ne`lt-gdndurfm

ebbfr nhyfr hbm h tlegc, mhrcfr dutfr nhyfr wfrf mestebùesl-

hanf. Ets ofhsurfofbts wfrf9 <.6 oo x :.7 oo x 1.5 oo.

]lf sfgdbm spfgeofb whs dbny h sohnn jrhòfbt, aut sten

uboesthchany dj tlf ndwfr semf dj h `durm sffm, e.f. tlf



56 H. MF LEB@L - AD]]NF @DVQM WFFMW

]hanf 8. Jrfqufbgy meh`rho dj tlf guntevhtfm spfgefs dj 86 shopnfs thcfb jrdo < wfnns hbm 0 metglfs ht

"Nf Ades Lhrnå".

spfgefs buoafr dj shopnfs

Gfrfhns9

Ldrmfuo vu/`hrf

[hbeguo oenehgfuo

Ahrnfy

Oennft

dr`f

oennft gdooub

s

1

]reteguo hfstevuo Arfhm Plfht jrdofbt =

]reteguo gn', megdgguo Foofr hoemdbbefr E

[unsfs9

Nfbs gunebhres Ngbten nfbtennf 7

[esuo shtevuo [fh pdes guntevg 1

Zegeh jhah Gfnteg Afhb vfsgf jìvf E

@durm jhoeny9

Geehebees shtevbs Guguoafr gdbgdoarf 0

Nh`fbhreh vun`hres Adttnf @durm ghnfahssg 1

Wpegfs9

Gdrehbmruo shtevuo Gdre hbmfr gdrehbmrf 1

[hphvfr sdobejfrwb [dppy phvdt sdobejìrf 1

Dtlfrs9 Aìth vun`hres Afft afttfrhvf n

Zetes veojfrh Zebg ve`bf 7

pdebt wlfrf tlf twd mhrc `rddvfs offt. Adtl sffms wfrf

jrdo repf Nh`fbhreh jruets. ]lf `durm es ofbtedbfm quetf

jrgqufbtny eb gdbtfopdrhry Qdohb netfrhturf. Qdohb

hutldrs necf [neby, Gdnuofnnh hbm [hnnhmeus èvf us mfthenfm

ebjdrohtedb hadut ldw hbm wlfb tlf sffms hrf td af sdwb,

hadut tlf prdgfss dj `rdweb` hbm tlf mejjfrfbt whys eb

wlegl tlf jruets ghb af usfm. ]lf ubrepf (`rffb) jruets hrf

fmeanf ” Hpegeus' gddcfry addc gdbthebs ohby rfgepfs jdr

`durm ” hbm eb tlf hutuob. wlfb tlf jruets repfb hbm tlf

pfreghrp afgdofs lhrm hbm tlegc (hadut 7 oo), tlf punp

mrefs dut hbm tlf ghnhahsl ghb af usfm hs h gdbthebfr jdr

webf ([nebeus 85.1=.08) dr dtlfr suppnefs, sugl hs ldbfy dr

petgl (Gdnuofnnh 8;.7<6-0).

]lf prfsfbgf dj sffms dj Nh`fbhreh, h pnhbt dj trdpeghn

dreèb tlht es cbdwb td lhvf affb `rdwb eb tlf Ofmetfr-

rhbfhb eb tlfsf teofs, eb tles rfèdb eb tles fhrny pfredm es

fxtrhdrmebhry. ]lfrf es bd gdbsfbsus hadut tlf qufstedb

wlftlfr tlf `durm whs guntevhtfm eb bdrtlwfst Furdpf ht

tles teof. Wdof afnefvf tlht et es bdt pdsseanf tlht

Nh`fbhreh whs fvfr guntevhtfm dr fvfr `rfw eb bdrtlwfst

Furdpf3 tlf glhbgf dj adttnf `durm pnhbts afhreb` jruet ebdur gneohtf wdunm lhvf affb vfry sohnn hs tlf pnhbts ghb

mfjebetfny bdt fbmurf be`lt jrdst (Cddestrh/Lfsseb` 85<5,

801). Dtlfrs hrf dj tlf dpebedb tlht tlf jruets ohy wfnn lhvf

repfbfm ubmfr dur gneohteg gdbmetedbs, aut tlht tlf pfreghrp

wenn bfvfr lhvf lhrmfbfm (Arduwfr/Wthlneb 8506, 80;).

Hb fxpfreofbt eb bdrtlfo @frohby sldwfm tlht eb h ldt

suoofr Nh`fbhreh segfrhreh pnhbts ghb af `rdwb dutmddrs

fvfb eb h tdwb hs jhr bdrtl hs Lhoaur` (Wtfplhb 85<6, 86=).

Pf ohy tlfrfjdrf hssuof tlht ubmfr jhvdurhanf gerguo-

sthbgfs (prdtfgtfm h`hebst tlf webm hbm gdnm) tlf `durm

gdunm lhvf affb guntevhtfm fvfb eb tlf tfopfrhtf gneohteg

zdbf dj bdrtlfrb Jrhbgf.

]lf `durm es cbdwb td rfquerf nhr`f hodubts dj whtfr, dj

wlegl et hasdras fbdrodus quhbtetefs (Pletf 850;, 867).

]les jhgt ohy af hssdgehanf wetl tlf erre`htedb systfo hbm

tlf nhr`f buoafr dj wfnns tlht lhm affb mu` ht tlf setf.

Dbny dbf dtlfr spfgeofb dj Nh`fbhreh lhs sd jhr affb

jdubm eb h @hnnd-Qdohb gdbtfxt, bhofny ht Ohzeìrfs-fb-

Ohu`f (Ohebf-ft-Nderf, Jrhbgf). Lfrf Ohref-[efrrf Quhs

jdubm h sffm dj Nh`fbhreh gj. segfrhreh eb h gdophrhanf

hrglhfdndèghn gdbtfxt, eb h wfnn ht hb hrteshbhn setf. ]les

adttnf `durm sffm lhs affb mhtfm td tlf sfgdbm lhnj dj tlf

sfgdbm gfbtury HM (Quhs 855;, 76-<). Eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms

dbf fxhopnf dj h adttnf `durm jebm es cbdwb. Mureb` tlf

fxghvhtedb dj h wfnn eb fhrny ofmefvhn Ldutfb (prdvebgf dj

Vtrfglt) jrhòfbts dj tlf pfreghrp dj Nh`fbhreh spfg. wfrf

jdubm, wlegl wfrf mhtfm td hrdubm HM :6;-0=; (Cddestrh/

Lfsseb` 85<5). Bd dtlfr jebms dj rfohebs dj tlf adttnf`durm eb bdrtlwfst Furdpf hrf cbdwb td tlf hutldr.

=. Gdbgnusedb

Pf ohy hssuof tlht tlf @hnnd-Qdohb setf dj "Nf Ades

Lhrnå" lhm hb h`regunturhn dr, odrf spfgejeghnny, h

ldrtegunturhn jubgtedb. ]les hssuoptedb es ahsfm db tlf

strugturf dj tlf setf hs wfnn hs db tlf prfsfbgf dj sffms dj




Jeùrf 1. Wffm dj Nh`fbhreh vun`hres {? N. segfrhreh, Adttnf `durm) jrdo h `hnnd-rdohb wfnn. Wghnf ub

8 oo.

f.`. Gdrehbmruo shtevuo, [hphvfr sdobejfruo, Guguoes

shtevus hbm Nh`fbhreh vun`hres eb tlf adthbeghn shopnfs

jrdo tlf setf. Et es fvfb pdsseanf td hssuof tlht h

pdnyfunturf whs prhgtesfm db tlf sohnn pndts wetleb tlfmetglfm fbgndsurf, wlegl wdunm ofhb tlht h mejjfrfbt

prdmugt whs `rdwb db fhgl seb`nf pndt. ]lf mejjfrfbgfs eb

sezf aftwffb tlf jefnms gdunm ebmeghtf tles gdbgnusedb.

]lf prfsfbgf dj sffms dj Nh`fbhreh vun`hres (adttnf

`durm) eb tles rfèdb eb tles fhrny pfredm es bdtfwdrtly.

]lfrf hrf sfvfrhn pdsseanf hbswfrs td tlf qufstedb ldw

tlfsf twd sffms fbmfm up eb tlf twd @hnnd-Qdohb wfnns.

]lf sffms ohy lhvf gdof jrdo ubrepf dr repf jruets jrdo

tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf Qdohb Foperf, ebtfbmfm td af usfm

hs h vf`fthanf dr hs h utfbsen, rfspfgtevfny. ]lfy ohy hnsd

lhvf gdof jrdo ubrepf dr repf jruets tlht wfrf `rdwb

eb setu. Plfb wf nddc ht tlf oheb fxtfrbhn jfhturfs dj tlf

sffms wf oust gdbgnumf tlht tlf twd sffms wfrf repf.

]les wdunm ofhb tlht tlfy ghof jrdo jruets ofhbt td af

usfm hs gdbthebfrs dr adttnfs hbm ohmf tlfer why ebtd tlf

wfnns td`ftlfr wetl dtlfr mdofsteg rfjusf, dr jrdo jruets

tlht wfrf usfm jdr dathebeb` sdweb` sffm.

Ohy wf hssuof tlht Nh`fbhreh whs guntevhtfm db dbf dj

tlf sohnn pndts ht tles setf, eb spetf dj tlf ubjhvdurhanf

gneohteg gdbmetedbs4 ]lf dr`hbeshtedb dj tlf gdopnfx

ebmeghtfs hb fxtrfofny rhtedbhnesfm usf dj tlf nhbm jdr

ldrtegunturhn purpdsfs. Jfhturfs necf tlf nhr`f buoafr dj

wfnns, tlf phrgfnneb` dj tlf tfrrheb hbm tlf rfgnhohtedb dr

erre`htedb systfo sldw td wlht fxtfbt ohb fxpndetfm tlf

tfrrheb jdr h`regunturhn purpdsfs. [frlhps wf ohy gdbsemfr

tlf guntevhtedb dj Nh`fbhreh h plfbdofbdb dj tles shof

dr`hbeshtedb9 wf ghb eohèbf tlht ougl httfbtedb whs phem

td tlf guntevhtedb dj tlf `durm, tlht et whs prdtfgtfm jrdo tl

webm hbm tlf gdnm hbm whs prdvemfm wetl haubmhbt whtfr.

6. Qåsuoå

Nfs jduennfs que dbt åtå gdbmuetfs sur nf setf `hnnd-rdoheb

mu "Ades Lhrnå" h Ndbùfen-Whebtf-Ohref (Desf) pfbmhbt

85<< ft 85<5 phr 8'åquepf mu Gfbtrf mf Qfglfrglf Hrglåd-

ndèquf mf nh Zhnnåf mf 8'Desf dbt oes fb åvemfbgf mfs

plåbdoìbfs trfs ebtfrfsshbts. Mhbs nf tefrs oåremedbhn mu

setf db h rfbgdbtrf mfs jdssås hssfz prdjdbms mfssebhbts ub

fbgnds trhpåzdämhn, que fst h sdb tdur suameveså phr ubf såre

mf jdssås que måneoetfbt mfs phrgfnnfs. Nh vdghtedb mf gfttf

phrtef mu gdopnfxf fst shbs mdutf neåf h mfs hgtevetås

h`regdnfs. Nfs jdssås dbt sfrve hu mrhebh`f du h nh erre`htedb

mfs phrgfnnfs, fb tdut ghs hu gdbtrdn mf n'fhu.

86 prånfvfofbts ghrpdndèqufs pres mhbs nfs puets ft nfs

jdssås dbt åtå fxhoebås phr 8'hutfur h n]bstetut mf

[rålestderf mf Nfemfb. Mfs fspìgfs ebtårfsshbtfs dbt åtå

trduvåfs, fbtrf hutrfs Gdrehbmruo shtevuo. [hphvfr sdobe

jfruo, Guguoes shtevus ft mfux `rhebfs mf Nh`fbhreh

vun`hres (Ghnfahssf). Db pfut s'eohèbfr ubf sdet-meshbt

pdnyfunturf sur nfs mejjfrfbtfs phrgfnnfs. Nh ghnfahssf fst

ubf fspìgf m'dreèbf trdpeghnf, que åthet, m'hprìs fbtrf hutrf

[nebf, 8'hutfur rdoheb gnhssequf, usåf sdet pdur ohb`fr nh

punpf, sdet pdur nf stdgch`f mu veb ftg. quhbm nf pfreghrp

åthet murgef. Nf jhet qu'db h trduvå nfs `rhebfs ege sfoanf h

ebmequfr quf nf nåùof h åtå guntevå sur pnhgf.



50 H. MF LEB@L - AD]]NF @DVQM WFFMW

rfjfrfbgfs

Afrbhrm. Z.

H. Mefnregl

Andfofrs. I.L.J.

Adbeb, ].

J. Zhb`ìnf

Arduwfr, P.

H. Wteelneb

855; 'Nfs daifts fb ohteìrfs dr`hbequfs mågduvfrts sur Ef setf mu "Ades Lhrn å" h Ndbùfen-

Whebtf-Ohref (Desf)', Qfvuf Hrglådndèquf mf [eghrmef bd spågehn <, 8=0-86<.

850< Qeisweic (Y-L) "Mf Aunt". Febf Wefmnub` mfr Ghbhbfjhtfb (? Bfmfrnhbmsf Dumlfmfb <),

Hofrsjddrt.

85<5 'Ndbùfen-Whebtf-Ohref "Nf Ades Lhrn å" (Desf). Gdopnfxf h`regdnf `hnnd-rdoheb3 bdtf

prfneoebherf'. Qfvuf Hrglådndèquf mf [eghrmef 7/=, 57-8;=.

8506 Lhbmaugl mfr Whofbcubmf jþr Nhbmwertsglhjt, @hrtfbahu ubm Jdrstwertsglhjt, Jrhbcjurt.

Gdnuofnnh, N.E.O.

Leb`l, H.F. mf

Cddestrh, N.E.

P.H.O. Lfsseb`

[nebeus, G.G.

QVO, O.-[.

b.m. Mf Qf Qustegh

eb prfp. Qfglfrglfs ghrpdndèqufs hu setf `hnnd-rdoheb mu "Ades Lhrnå" (Desf, Jrhbgf).

85<5 'H trdpeghn surpresf eb h Mutgl fhrny ofmefvhn wfnn ', Hrglhdldthbec. Messfrthtedbfs

Adthbeghf 877, 8:0-80=.

b.m. Lestdreh Bhturhnes.

855; Qfglfrglfs ghrpdndèqufs mhbs nf ohssej hrodregheb mu ofsdnetlequf hu ahs Odyfb H`f,

[hres.

Wtfplhb. G.

Zhb`ìnf. J.

I.-G. Muihrmeb

Zhb`ìnf, J.

]. Adbeb

A. Zhnfbteb

Pletf. C.M.

85<6 'Mfr Jnhsglfbcþraes (Nh`fbhreh segfrhreh) eo Lhus`hrtfb', Mfr [hnofb`hrtfb =5 (7),

86=-66.

85<< 'Ndbùfe n-Wtf-Ohref, "Nf Ades Lhrn å". Adur`hmf h`regdnf `hnnd- rdohebf' (prfneoebhry

rfpdrt).

855; 'Nfs dgguphtedbs glhngdnetlequfs ft `hnnd-rdohebfs mu "Ades-L hrnå" h Ndbùfen-Wheb tf-

Ohref (Desf). Aenhb mf mfux hbbfås mf jduennf (85<<-85<5)', Qfvuf Hrglådndèquf mf

[eghrmef bd spågehn <, 885-8=:.

850; Qdohb Jhroeb`, Ndbmdb.

Hbbf mf Leb`l


[.D .Adx5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb





gffs Cddt Bhturhn wddm rfsdurgfs hbm luohb mfohbm9Ghrdnebf vfroffrfb usf dj wddm eb Erdb H`f ldusfs eb tlf wftnhbms dj

Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm

]lf Oemmnf Erdb H`f dgguphbts dj tlf pfhty mfpdsets dj

tlf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm pdnmfrs usfm ohebny wddm djhnmfr

(Hnbets spgg.) hbm hsl (Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr) jdr tlf

gdbstrugtedb djtlfer ldusfs. Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr whs

bde gdoodbny jdubm eb tlf surrdubmeb`s dj tlf idur

sfttnfofbts mesgussfm hbm wf ohy tlfrfjdrf ebjfr d

prfjfrfbgf jdr tles spfgefs. ]lf rhb`f dj spfgefs usfm eb

Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm whs sohnnfr elhb meht eb Ewd dtlfr hrfhs

gdbthebeb` Erdb H`f dgguphtedb rfohebs wlegl lhvf lffb

ebtfbsevfny stumefm.]lf wddmwdrceb` oftldms usfm wfrf rhtlfr ubejdro.

Nettnf usf whs ohmf di' neolgr3 tlf wdrcfm wddm gdbsestfm

ohebny dj rdubm wddm. ]lf wddm whs usuhnny spnet3 et whs

wdrcfm wetl hxfs dbny. Qfsfhrgl nehs lffb mdbf ebnd tlf

ebmevemuhn tddns usfm td mftfroebf tlf oebeouo wemtl dj tlf

hxfs hbm tlf oebeouo buolfr dj tddns usfm. Eb tlf ghsf dj

setf OM 88.80 tles rfsfhrgl whs ubsuggfssjun9 tlf buolfr

dj nddnohrcs whs sd nhr`f tlht wf gdunm bdn sfg tlf wddm

jdr tlf trffs.

8. aetrdmugtedb

Hntldu`l wddm es h gdoodbny usfm ohtfrehn, et es rhrfny

jdubm eb hrglhfdndèghn fxghvhtedbs. Eb hb ubghradbesfm

jdro tles dr`hbc ohtfrehn es dbny prfsfrvfm ubmfr spfgejeg

gdbmetedbs ebvdnveb`, jdr fxhopnf, pfhty sdens hbm h le`l

`rdubmwhtfr nfvfn. ]lf pdnmfr hrfh dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm

(sff Halebc tles vdnuof je`. E jdr tlf setuhtedb dj Oemmfb-

Mfnjnhbm) es dbf dj tlf pnhgfs wlfrf sugl gdbmetedbs ghb af

jdubm. Webgf 85<< tlf Ebstetutf dj [rflestdry Nfemfb lhs

affb mdeb` rfsfhrgl ebtd tlf Erdb H`f dgguphtedb dj tles

hrfh. Hrglhfdndèghn hbm gdopnfx pdst-mfpdsetedbhn

prdgfssfs (Haaebc tles vdnuof) lhvf ebvfrtfm tlf

hrglhfdndèghn rfohebs hbm lhvf ghusfm tlfo td sebc ebtd

sd-ghnnfm pfht-jessurfs. Hs h gdbsfqufbgf dj tlfsf

mesturahbgfs et es mejjegunt td rfgdbstrugt tlf pnhbs dj tlfldusfs. ]lf prdgfssfs lhvf, ldwfvfr, nfm td afttfr

prfsfrvhtedb gdbmetedbs jdr tlf jnddr nhyfrs hbm phrts dj tlf

wddmfb strugturfs wlegl. lhveb` subc ebtd tlf pfht, lhvf

affb gut djj jrdo dxy`fb ay tlf le`l `rdubmwhtfr nfvfn.

]lhbcs td tlfsf prdgfssfs phrts dj wddm wlegl lhm affb

mu` hbm mrevfb ebtd tlf `rdubm, aut fvfb phrts dj tlf uppfr

strugturf dj tlf ldusfs lhvf affb prfsfrvfm.

]les hrtegnf es tlf jerst puaneghtedb db tlf Oemmnf Erdb

H`f (f. =;;-1;; A.G.) usf dj wddm eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm.

Et mesgussfs wddm jrdo tlf Muejpdnmfr setfs Bds 0 hbm 80

(OM 88.;0 hbm OM 88.80) hbm hmmetedbhn ebjdrohtedb jrdo

tlf Jdppfbpdnmfr setf Bd. = (OM 86.;=) hbm tlf Hhncfft-

Auetfbpdnmfr setf Bd. 65 (OM 8:.65). Hjtfr h sldrt

ebtrdmugtedb td tlf setfs h rfvefw wenn af èvfb dj tlf spfgefs

tlht `rfw eb tlf hrfh hbm tlf spfgefs wlegl wfrf usfm eb tlf

gdbstrugtedb dj tlf ldusfs. [dsseanf prfjfrfbgfs jdr spfgejeg

wddm spfgefs wenn af mesgussfm. Wuasfqufbtny httfbtedb wennjdgus db tlf dasfrvfm fvemfbgf jdr mejjfrfbt wddmwdrceb`

oftldms. Jebhnny tlf tddnohrcs tlht lhvf affb trhgfm db tlf

wddm wenn af mesgussfm hbm tlf why eb wlegl tldsf

tddnohrcs wfrf rfgdrmfm hbm gdophrfm wenn af fxpnhebgm.

Nettnf rfsfhrgl lhs affb mdbf db hrglhfdndèghn wddm hbm

dbny jfw hrtegnfs lhvf sd jhr affb puaneslfm db tlf suaifgt

(Gdnfs 85<13 Lfhn 85<1). Petl tles hrtegnf tlf hutldrs ldpf

td ennustrhtf tlf fxtrh ebjdrohtedb tlht sugl rfsfhrgl ghb

prdvemf db prflestdref ohb's cbdwnfm`f dj tlf prdpfrtefs dj

mejjfrfbt wddm spfgefs, db les scenns eb wdrceb` (wetl) wddm

hbm db tlf tddns tlht lf usfm, wlegl hrf rhrfny prfsfrvfm eb

tlf hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm.

1. ]lf fxghvhtedbs

Wetf OM 88.80 eb tlf Muejpdnmgr yefnmfm tlf rfohebs dj h

sfttnfofbt gdbsesteb` dj twd BBF-WWP drefbtfm ldusfs

(je`. 89 hb eoprfssedb dj tlf fxghvhtedb dj ldusf 8 dj OM

88.80) Adtl ldusfs lhm affb mesturafm ay jessurfs. Eb spetf

dj tlf mesturahbgfs wf wfrf hanf td jdro hb eoprfssedb dj

tlf meofbsedbs dj tlf ldusfs hbm tlf pdsetedbs dj pdsts,

sthcfs hbm whnns ay hbhnyzeb` tlf fxghvhtedb pnhbs

tldrdu`lny. ]lf jessurf dj ldusf 8 ofhsurfm 16 x 6 o ht

odst hbm tlht dj ldusf 1, 7; x 6 o ht odst. ]lfsf rfjnfgt

tlf oebeohn nfb`tl hbm wemtl dj tlf ldusfs. ]lf jnddr

nhyfrs dj adtl ldusfs wfrf stenn <; go tlegc eb tlf mffpfstphrt dj tlf jessurf. Afghusf dj tlfer fxgfptedbhn nfb`tls wf

hssuof tlht adtl ldusfs lhm affb rfauent. ]lf prfsuofm

(phrtehn) gdbtebuety dj tlf mejjfrfbt plhsfs es gurrfbtny afeb`

ebvfste`htfm (Cddt eb prfp.). ]d tlf fhst dj tlf ldusfs, ht

re`lt hb`nfs td tlfer ndbètumebhn hxfs, tlfrf whs h tlerm

slhnndw jessurf dj ht odst < x 7 o. Et gdbthebfm sdof

ohssevf pdsts hbm jrhòfbts dj whttnf. Bd gnfhr jnddr nhyfrs



E(C) HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 8. Hb eoprfssedb dj tlf fxghvhtedb dj ldusf 8 dj OM 88.80,tlf pdsts hrf phrt dj tlf ebtfrbhn gdbstrugtedb dj tlf ldusf.

gdunm af dasfrvfm eb tles jessurf. Odst dj tlf jnddrs

gdbsestfm dj nhyfrs dj mub` hntfrbhteb` wetl nhyfrs dj rffm

hbm oexfm wetl dgguphtedb mfares. ]les sohnn jessurfgdbthebfm dbny rffm hbm sdof slfrms. Jurtlfr hbhnyses dj

tlf fxghvhtedb rfsunts wenn ldpfjunny prdvemf hb fxpnhbhtedb

jdr tles.

Hadut 0; o td tlf bdrtlwfst dj OM 88.80 tlf setf

OM E 8.;0 whs jdubm, hnsd h sfttnfofbt gdbsesteb` dj twd

ldusfs, dj wlegl tlf F-P drefbtfm wfstfrb ldusf lhm affb

gdopnftfny ubmfroebfm. ]lf dtlfr ldusf whs drefbtfm

BBF-WWP3 tlf ohxeouo meofbsedbs dj tlf jessurf wfrf

1; x 6 o. ]lf jnddr nhyfrs wfrf hadut 8 o tlegc.

Eb tlf Jdppfbpdnmfr tlf sfttnfofbt OM 86.;= lhs affb

ebvfste`htfm (Haaebc 85<5). ]lf fxghvhtedb dj tles setf

rfvfhnfm tlf rfohebs dj sex ldusfs, twd dj wlegl lhm affb

rfnhtevfny wfnn prfsfrvfm (ldusfs 8 hbm 1). ]lf drefbthtedbs

dj tlf ldusfs vhrefm3 tlrff wfrf drefbtfm BF-WP. twd BP-

WF hbm dbf rdu`lny F-P. ]lf nfb`tls dj tlf jessurfs

hssdgehtfm wetl tlf ldusfs rhb`fm jrdo 81 td 1; o. Eb tles

ghsf. tdd, et es hnodst eopdsseanf td mesguss tlf strugturfs dj

tlf ebmevemuhn ldusfs afghusf dj tlf mesturahbgfs. Ldwfvfr,

et prdvfm pdsseanf td mftfroebf tlf dreèbhn jubgtedb dj

ougl dj tlf wddm rfgdvfrfm jrdo ldusfs 8 hbm 19 et lhm

sfrvfm ohebny hs rddj suppdrts hbm hs phrts dj tlf whnns.

H nfss gdoodb mesgdvfry whs hb hpprdxeohtfny 1.6 o wemf

pnhbceb` eb ldusf 1, wlegl ohy lhvf jdrofm phrt dj hbfbtrhbgf dr h phrtetedb aftwffb tlf neveb` hrfh hbm tlf ayrf.

Eb hmmetedb td tlf wddm dj ldusfs 8 hbm 1, wlegl lhs affb

stumefm hbm wenn af mesgussfm eb tles hrtegnf, hadut 76; dtlfr

pefgfs dj wddm wfrf emfbtejefm. Odst dj tlfsf wfrf jdubm eb

hb hrfh tlht ohy lhvf affb h cebm dj ebmustrehn pnhtjdro, hs

su``fstfm ay tlf erdb snh`s hbm phrt dj hb dvfb `rhtf jdubm

tlfrf (Haaebc pfrs.gdoo.).

Jebhnny wf wenn mesguss tlf wddm jrdo setf OM 8:.65 e

tlf Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr (Haaebc/Jrhbc 8558). ]lf

dgguphtedb rfohebs ht tles setf lhm affb vfry ahmny

mesturafm ay sfvfrhn jessurfs. ]lf nhr`fst jessurf ofhsurfm

hpprdxeohtfny 7; x 7 o hbm gdbthebfm tlf wddm dj h BF

WP drefbtfm ldusf. Ht re`lt hb`nfs td tlf bdrtl semf dj tl

jessurf wfrf sfvfrhn sohnnfr jessurfs gdbthebeb` dgguphtedb

mfares. ]lf glhdteg ohss dj wddm eb tlf jessurfs prdahanyrfprfsfbtfm tlf rfohebs dj sfvfrhn auenmeb` plhsfs. ]lf

wddm gdopresfm h 81 o ndb` phrt dj tlf .sdutlfrb whttnf

whnn, wlegl lhm jhnnfb ebwhrms. Qddj suppdrteb` pdsts

sphgfm 1 o hphrt wfrf dasfrvfm dutsemf tles whnn. ]lf

wddm jrdo tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf setf, ebgnumeb` tlht dj

tles whnn. lhs affb stumefm.

7. ]lf wddm spfg truo rfsun teb` jrdo tlf

fxghvhtedbs

Dj tlf tlrff strugturfs dj OM 88.80 =<: pefgfs lhvf

affb mfsgreafm hbm emfbtejefm. ]lf jdnndweb` spfgefs wfrf

fbgdubtfrfm9 hsl (Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr), hnmfr (Hnbus spfg)lhzfn (Gdrynus hvfnnhbh), aergl (Aftueh spfg), dhc (Xufrg

spfg), wenndw (Whnex spfg), anhgctldrb ([rubus spebdsh)

hbm ohpnf (Hgfr spfg). Eb tlf jdnndweb` mesgussedb tlf

wddm dj "strugturf 7" wenn af nfjt dut dj gdbsemfrhtedb,

afghusf h) et es ubcbdwb wlht et rfprfsfbts hbm a) et

gdbsests ohebny dj h sohnn phrt dj whttnf.

Ldusfs 8 hbm 1 yefnmfm 1;; hbm 1:: pefgfs dj wddm,

rfspfgtevfny. Et es gfrtheb tlht odst dj tlfsf pefgfs lhm aff

usfm eb tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf ldusfs. ]lf pefgfs prdahan

rfprfsfbt tlf rfohebs dj sfvfrhn auenmeb` plhsfs, aut wf

lhvf bdt yft affb hanf td hbhnyzf tlf fjjfgts dj tlf pdst-

mfpdset edbhn prdgfssfs sujjegefbtny td af hanf td shy ldw

ohby plhsfs tlfrf wfrf. Pf ldpf td sdnvf tles prdanfo

tlrdu`l jurtlfr hbhnyses dj tlf fxghvhtedb pnhbs eb

gdoaebhtedb wetl mfbmrdglrdbdndèghn rfsfhrgl. Vbten tlf

rfsunts dj tlht rfsfhrgl hrf cbdwb wf wenn bdt fsteohtf tlf

oebeouo buoafr dj trffs usfm jdr pdsts hbm sthcfs eb tlf

gdbstrugtedb dj tlf ldusfs. Et es, ldwfvfr, pdsseanf td ohc

h gdbvfrsedb td pefgfs dj rdubm wddm usfm ay hmmeb` up t

spnet wddm. '[dsts' hrf lfrf ubmfrstddm td af tlf upre`lt

phrts dj tlf strugturf wlegl sfrvfm preohreny hs rddj

suppdrts. 'Wthcfs' hrf tlf upre`lt phrts eb whnns wldsf

preohry jubgtedb whs td hmm sthaenety td tlf whnn, aun tlfy

hnsd lhm h suppdrteb` jubgtedb. ]hanf 8 sldws tlf

mestreautedb dj tlf wddm spfgefs.]lf mdoebhbgf dj Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr es davedus. ]les

spfgefs whs usfm fspfgehnny jdr tlf ndhm-afhreb` phrts dj

tlf strugturfs9 tlf pdsts hbm sthcfs. ]leb arhbglfs hbm

twe`s dj Hnbus hbm Gdrynus hvfnnhbh wfrf usfm jdr whttn

Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr whs hnsd usfm jdr whttnf, eb wlegl gh

ets arhbglfs wfrf usuhnny spnet. Wpnet wddm whs gdoodbn

usfm jdr tlf ndhm-afhreb` phrts dj strugturfs. Eb jeùrf 1h



8;8 G. CDD] HBM G. ZFQOFFQFB - BH]VQHN PDDM QFWDVQGFW

]hanf 8. ]lf wddmspfgtruo dj tlf fxghvhtedb OM 88.80(tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf ldusfs 8 hbm 1 es hnsd sldwfm sfphrhtfny).

tdthn ldusf n ldusf 1

Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr 7\1(0<.:%) 806(<0.6%) 1;8(06.:%)

Hnbus spfg.

Gdrynus hvfnnhbh

Agnemh spfg.Xufrgus spfg.

[reous spebdsh

Hgfr spfg.

Whnex spfg.

:7 (81.7%) 1; (8;.;%) =8 (86.=%)

1; (=.8%) 7 (8.6%) 80 (:.=%)

< (8.:%) 8 (;.6%) 1 (;.<%)= (;.<58) - = (8.6%)

8 (;.1%) 8 (;.6%) -8 (;.1'/3) - 8 (;.=%)

8 (;.1>\) - -

hbm a tlf rfsunts hrf èvfb dj tlf rfsfhrgl mesgussfm

hadvf.

Wetf OM 88.;0 whs jdubm 0; o td tlf bdrtl dj OM 88.80.

]lf twd setfs wfrf vfry seoenhr. Eb tdthn 885 pefgfs dj wddm

wfrf emfbtejefm, 85 dj wlegl wfrf Hnbus (8:%), tlf dtlfr

8;; afeb` Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr

(<=%). (te`. 7). Et es necfny tlhthnn dj tlf emfbtejefm pefgfs wfrf usfm td gdbstrugt tlf twd

ldusfs hntldu`l wf lhvf bdt yft affb hanf td hsgreaf hnn dj

tlf pefgfs td dbf dj tlf twd ldusfs. Eb tlf jdnndweb`

mesgussedb tlf fvemfbgf jrdo tles setf wenn af gdbsemfrfm hs

dbf shopnf.

Hadut :6; pefgfs dj wddm jrdo setf OM 86.;= lhvf affb

emfbtejefm3 57 dj tlfsf pefgfs lhvf affb hsgreafm td ldusf 8

hbm 1;8 pefgfs td ldusf 1. ]hanf 1 sldws tlf usf dj Hnbus,

Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr, Gdrynus hvfnnhbh. Whnex. Hgfr. [rubus

hveuongfrhsus hbm Xufrgus hs auenmeb` ohtfrehns. ]lf dtlfr

emfbtejefm pefgfs wlegl lhvf bdt yft affb hsgreafm td dbf dj

tlf twd ldusfs ebgnumf pefgfs dj tlf hadvf rhb`f dj wddm

spfgefs pnus h buoafr dj bfw spfgefs9 purèb` augctldrb(Qlhobus ghenehreegbs), ùfnmfr rdså (Zeaurbeebe dpeenus),

ad` oyrtnf (Oyregh `hnå) hbm prdahany spebmnf-trff

(>Ƒ. Fudbybuts gurdphgus).

]hanf 1. ]lf wddmspfgtruo dj tlf ldusfs dj tlf fxghvhtedbsOM 86.;= hbm OM 8:.65

OM 86.;=

ldusf 8

OM 86.;=

ldusf 1

OM 8:.65

Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr

Hnbus spfg.('drynus hvfnnhbh

Xufrgus spfg.

Hgfr spfg.

Whnex spfg.

[rubus hveuo gfrhsus

Qlhobus ghtlhrtegus

E 'neeeus spfg.

=0 (68%) 56 (=0.7%)

76 (7<%) <5 (==.7%)8 (;.6%)

8 (;.6%)

7 (7%) 8 (;.6%)

1 (1%) < (=.;%)

8 (;.6%)

0; (1<.0%)

866 (:7.6%)6 (1.;%)

= (8.:* )

< (7.7%)

8 (;.=%)

8 (;.=%)

11= pefgfs dj wddm jrdo tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj setf

On) 8:.65 lhvf affb emfbtejefm, 77 dj wlegl afndb`fm td

tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm whttnf whnn9 Hnbus3 8: (=5%), Jrhxebus

fxgfnsedr, 8= (=1%) hbm Gdrynus hvfnnhbh3 1 (:%). Hnn dj

tlfsf pefgfs lhm affb usfm eb tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf shof

ldusf3 sff thanf 1 jdr tlf mestreautedb dj spfgefs. ]lf le`l

pfrgfbth`f dj Hnbus es streceb` gdophrfm wetl tlf fvemfbgf

dathebfm jdr tlf dtlfr setfs. ]les spfgefs whs jrfqufbtnyusfm eb whttnf, ht nfhst eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. Hnbus ohy af

dvfrrfprfsfbtfm afghusf ohby pefgfs dj wddm lhm

mehoftfrs dj nfss tlhb 6 go, wlegl eopnefs tlht tlfy

prdahany jdrofm phrt dj whttnf. Ej tlfsf pefgfs hrf nfjt dut

dj gdbsemfrhtedb tlf mestreautedb afgdofs9 Hnbus3 01

(:7.7%), Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr3 7< (77.:%), Gdrynus hvfnnhbh3

8 (;.5%), Whnex3 8 (;.5%) hbm Qlhobus ghtlhrtegus3

8 (;.5%). ]lf prdpdrtedbs lhrmny glhb`f hbm tlf gdbgnusedb

oust tlfrfjdrf af tlht Hnbus whs tlf oheb spfgefs usfm

eb tlf gdbstrugtedb dj OM 8:.65. ]hanf 1 sldws tlf

mestreautedb dj wddm spfgefs hsgreafm td tlf ldusfs dj

OM 86.;= hbm 8:.65.

Eb suoohry et ghb af gdbgnumfm tlht Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr

hbm Hnbus wfrf tlf odst gdoodbny usfm spfgefs3 bfxt

ghof Gdrynus hvfnnhbh, wlegl whs usfm ougl nfss

jrfqufbtny. Wpfgefs necf Xufrgus, Aftueh, Hgfr hbm Whnex

wfrf usfm ebgemfbtny. Dtlfr spfgefs fbgdubtfrfm hrf [rubus

spebdsh, [rubus hveuongfrhsus, Qlhobus ghrtlhrtegh,

Vlbus. Zeaurbuo dpunus, Oyregh `hnf hbm Fudbybuts

furdphfus. ]lf `rfhtfr phrt dj tlf emfbtejefm wddm lhm affb

usfm eb tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf ldusfs.

=. ]lf ndghn wddm vf`fthtedb hbm prfjfrfbgfs

jdr spfgejeg typfs dj wddm

Ay rfgdbstrugteb` tlf fbverdbofbts eb wlegl tlf

sfttnfofbts wfrf setuhtfm wf ghb mftfroebf ldw prflestdref

ohb usfm tlf ndghn wddm vf`fthtedb. ]lf jdur sfttnfofbts

stumefm wfrf auent db ndghn dne`dtrdpleg pfht gusledbs,

wlegl wfrf rfstregtfm eb sezf. Qfobhbts dj tlfsf dne`d

trdpleg pfht gusledbs wfrf dasfrvfm afbfhtl tlf jnddrs dj

tlf Erdb H`f ldusfs eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. ]lf ldusfs lhm

affb auent db h mfgdopdsfm surjhgf pfht. Eb sdof ghsfs

pfhtodss (Wplh`buo spfg.) hbm gdttdb`rhss (Fredpldruo

spfg.) whs dasfrvfm. [hnybdndèghn rfsfhrgl dj shopnfs

thcfb jrdo mejjfrfbt pnhgfs ht setf OM 86.;= (Arebccfopfr

8558, 8=) sldwfm tlf ndghn mfvfndpofbt. ]lf hrfh whsdreèbhnny h rhesfm ad` wlfrf Aftueh hbm Freghgfhf

prfmdoebhtfm. Eb tlf ad` ohrèbs `rfw Hnbus. Wdof

Gdrynus hvfnnhbh hbm Xufrgus `rfw db oebfrhn sdens jurtlfr

hwhy. Mflymrhtedb nfm td tlf jdrohtedb dj h ad` oyrtnf

aruslwddm wetl @rhoebhfhf hbm Freghgfhf. ]lf nhst sth`f

whs h mrhebfm rhesfm ad` wetl hb dxemesfm surjhgf. ]lf pfht

gusledbs wfrf surrdubmfm ay hb dpfb, wft rffm vf`fthtedb



8;1 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

81

8;..

<

:

=

1

;

b ? 7 :OM8880

LDVWF 8'H gdrrfgtedb gnfhveb

Jrhxebus fxgfnsed

Hnbus

V V V N

4jt&»I Dufrgus

Gdrynus

Aftueh

Jeùrf 1. ]lf ahrmeh`rhos èvf tlf

buoafr dj pdebtfm sthcfs hbm pdsts

(y-hxes) pfr gerguojfrfbgf gnhss.

]lf mestreautedb dj wddm spfgefs

usfm es hnsd sldwb jdr fhgl

gerguojfrfbgf gnhss (x-hxes, go).

[fr spfgefs hbm pfr gnhss tlf

gdrrfgtedb jdr gnfhveb` es èvfb

(lhtglfm). ]les es tlf gdbvfrsedb dj

gnfhvfm wddm ebtd rdubm wddm.

]lus tlf tlrff sthcfs dj Jrhxebus

fxgfnsedr eb tlf gerguojfrfbgf

gnhss 0-81 go dj jeùrf 1h

rfprfsfbt twd pefgfs dj rdubm

wddm hbm tlf sthcf dj Hnbus es hgnfhvfm pefgf dj wddm hbm

rfprfsfbts tlfrfjdrf dbf pefgf dj

rdubm wddm.

Jeùrf 1h rfjfrs td tlf sthcfs hbm

pdsts dj OM 88.80 ldusf 8 hbm

jeùrf 1a td OM 88.80 ldusf 1.

8:

8=..

81..

8;

<

: .

=

b ? < =LDVWF 1

OM 88;0

Jeùrf 7. ]lf mestreautedb dj sthcfs

hbm pdsts hodb` spfgefs hbm

gerguojfrfbgf gnhssfs jdr setf

OM 88.80, sff jeùrf 1 jdr tlf

mfsgreptedb dj tlf meh`rho.

b?7= P//P//P/H

'/////,

Å =%/>

8[VPP/HÅ =%/>

8[

0 81 80 11 10 71 70 =1



8;7 G'. CDDE HO ) (' Z! QOln.QlB BH EZQHN PDDM QLWDn EQGCW

(Arebccfopfr 8558, 1;). ]les mfvfndpofbt gdrrfspdbms

wfnn td mfvfndpofbth muf td ohrebf ebjnufbgfs dasfrvfm eb

dtlfr Mutfl gdhsthn pdnnfb meh`rhos (Arebccfopfr 8551).

H seoenhr fbverdbofbt lhs affb rfgdbstrugtfm jdr "ldusf

X", hb Fhrny Erdb H`f sfttnfofbt wlegl lhs affb fxghvhtfm

eb tlf Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs (]lfrcdrb ft hn. 85<=).

]lf pdnnfb meh`rho dn' tles setf sldws, eb drmfr dj elfer

mdoebhbgf, Whnex, Hnbus, Xufrgus, Jhùs synvhtegh, Aftuehhbm Vnbos (@rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f 85<<. 8=1). ]lf

jerst twd spfgefs `rfw eb tlf fbverdbofbt mfsgreafm hadvf,

tlf dtlfrs eb tlf mubfs. ]lf spfgefs usfm odst eb tlf

gdbstrugtedb dj ldusf X hrf Hnbus hbm Whnex, jdnedwfm ay

Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr, Xufrgus, Aftueh, Gdrynus hvfnnhbh hbm

Hgfr. Jevf dtlfr Erdb H`f pdnnfb meh`rhos dathebfm jdr tlf

Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs prfsfbt h seoenhr pegturf. ]lf odst

gdoodb spfgefs es Hnbus. ]lf jdnndweb` tlrff pnhgfs hrf

thcfb ay Xufrgus. Jhùs synvhtegh hbm Whnex, eb mejjfrfbt

drmfrs3 sdofteofs Gdrynus hvfnnhbh rhbcs le`l wlenf

spfgefs necf Aftueh hbm Vnous rhbc ndwfst (@rdfbohb

vhb Phhtfreb`f 85<<, 8=7).

H tlerm rfèdb wetl tlf shof cebm dj nhbmsghpf eb tlf

Fhrny hbm Oemmnf Erdb H`f whs db tlf esnhbm dj Zddrbf-

[uttfb, wlegl whs gdvfrfm wetl h jfb pfht wetl sdof hnmfr

ghrrs, wlfrf h jfw Whnex trffs `rfw afsemfs Hnbus. ]lf jfb

pfht ebgnumfm h jfw sohnn hrfhs dj sphrsfny wddmfm rhesfm

ad`. ]lf prdpfr wddms wfrf td af jdubm db tlf le`lfr

nfvffs hbm eb tlf mubfs (Arebccfopfr/Zfroffrfb 8557,

887).

Jrdo tlf hadvf et ohy af gdbgnumfm tlht Hnbus hbm

prdahany hnsd Whnex `rfw eb tlf surrdubmeb`s dj sfttnfofbts

OM 88.;0, 88.80, 86.;= hbm 8:.65, hntldu`l tlf prfsfbgf

dj tlf nhst spfgefs stenn lhs td af gdbjerofm ay odrf pdnnfb

meh`rhos jrdo Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. ]lf dtlfr spfgefs `rfw db

sdens wetl h le`lfr oebfrhn gdbtfbt, sugl hs nfvffs, strfho

rem`fs hbm tlf mubfs (sff hnsd Drof/Gdnfs 85<6, 0-8=3

Zhb mfr Ofeimfb 855; jdr mfsgrept edbs dj h. tlf spfgefs

ofbtedbfm hbm a. pfhty wftnhbms). ]ldsf sdens wfrf bdt

hnwhys td af jdubm gndsf td tlf sfttnfofbts.

Gdophresdb dj tles gdbgeusedb wetl tlf rfsunts dj tlf

rfsfhrgl ebtd tlf wddm jrdo tlf jdur sfttnfofbts nfhms td

tlf jdnndweb` dasfrvhtedbs. Hnbus whs usfm odst eb tlf

gdbstrugtedb dj OM 8:.65'. aut Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr es hnsd

wfnn rfprfsfbtfm. Adtl spfgefs lhm affb usfm eb hnodst

fquhn prdpdrtedbs eb tlf ldusfs dj OM 86.;= wlfrfhsohebny Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr lhm affb usfm eb tlf gdbstrugtedb

dj tlf ldusfs dj OM 88.;0 hbm 88.80. ]les spfgefs lhm

affb usfm odrf tlhb wdunm af fxpfgtfm db tlf ahses dj ets

bhturhn dggurrfbgf eb tlf eoofmehtf surrdubmeb`s dj tlf

sfttnfofbts. wlegl su``fsts h prfjfrfbgf jdr tles typf dj

wddm.1 ]les prfjfrfbgf es bdt strhb`f eb vefw dj tlf

fnhstegety hbm tdu`lbfss dj tles typf dj wddm, wlegl

prdpfrtefs ohcf et vfry suethanf jdr usf hs tdde slhjts hbm

pdsts (Arebccfopfr/Zfroffrfb 8557, 88=-863 Drof/Gdnfs

85<6, 8;). ]lf wddm ghb af fhseny wdrcfm. Ldwfvfr,

tlf murhaenety dj tles typf dj wddm es pddr ay odmfrb

sthbmhrms9 ht odst 6 yfhrs eb luoem sdens td ht odst

81 yfhrs eb mry sdens. ]les sldrtgdoeb` ohy lhvf affb

dutwfe`lfm ay tlf wddm's dtlfr quhnetefs. H prfjfrfbgf jdr

Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr mureb` tlf Erdb H`f hbm tlf Qdohbpfredm eb tlf wfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms lhs affb hsgfrthebfm

afjdrf (Arebccfopfr/Zfroffrfb 85573 @rdfbohb-vhb

Phhtfreb`f 85<<, 8=8, 8=<). Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr `rfw

fspfgehnny ht tlf fm`fs dj tlf nhr`fr nfvffs wetl h oebfrhn

suasden (Arebcfopfr/Zfroffrfb 8557, 8873 @rdfbohb-vhb

Phhtfreb`f 85<<, 8=83 Drof/Gdnfs 85<6, 8;).7

Qfohrchanf es tlf nettnf usf ohmf dj Whnex hbm Aftueh eb

tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf ldusfs eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. Whnex

whs hpprfgehtfm fspfgehnny jdr ets suethaenety jdr whttnf

(Drof/Gdnfs 85<6, 81). Eb ldusf X Whnex lhm affb usfm eb

tlf whttnf whnns dj tlf neveb` hrfh, aut et lhm bdt affb usfm

ht hnn eb tlf ayrf. ]les lhs affb httreautfm td h afnefj cbdwbjrdo ofmefvhn sdurgfs wlegl lhs affb fxtrhpdnhtfm td

prflestdry9 et whs afnefvfm tlht tlf twe`s dj tles spfgefs lhm

h bf`htevf ebjnufbgf db tlf oenc prdmugtedb hbm jfrtenety dj

gdws tlht `bhwfm db tlfo (]lfrcdrb ft hn. 85<=, 7:1).

Ldwfvfr, eb rfgfbt ebvfste`htedbs dj sdof Erdb H`f

sfttnfofbts db Zddrbf [uttfb Whnex lhs affb jdubm eb whttnf

whnns dj ayrfs (Arebccfopfr/Zfroffrfb 8557, 88:).

Pf ghb tlebc dj twd fxpnhbhtedbs jdr tlf nettnf usf ohmf

dj Whnex eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. ]lf jerst es tlht Whnex whs

prdahany nfss gdoodb lfrf tlhb eb tlf dtlfr hrfhs.

Ldwfvfr, tles wenn lhvf td af gdbjerofm ay odrf pdnnfb

meh`rhos tlhb tlf tlrff sd jhr dathebfm jrdo OM 86.;=.

Ej prflestdref ohb lhm h prfjfrfbgf jdr Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr

hbm whs wenneb` td ohcf hb fjjdrt td datheb et, wly mem lf

bdt ohcf tlf shof fjjdrt jdr Whnex'4 [frlhps afghusf

Gdrynus hvfnnhbh. wlegl whs hnsd suethanf jdr whttnf, whs

hvhenhanf eb tlf surrdubmeb`s (Drof/Gdnfs 85<6, 5).

H sfgdbm pdsseaenety es tlht sujjegeãbt arhbglfs hbm twe`s

jdr whttnf wfrf prdmugfm eb tlf prfphrhtedb dj trffs jdr

pdsts hbm sthcfs hbm tlht tlf arhbglfs dj tlf spfgefs eb

qufstedb, Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr hbm Hnbus, wfrf gdbsemfrfm

`ddm fbdu`l jdr tles purpdsf.

H gdophresdb dj tlf fvemfbgf dj tlf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm

sfttnfofbts wetl tlht dj tlf Erdb H`f sfttnfofbts dj tlfHssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs hbm Zddrbf [uttfb rfvfhns h `rfhtfr

vhrehtedb eb tlf typfs dj wddm usfm eb tlf nhst twd rfèdbs.

[dsts hbm sthcfs lhm affb ohmf jrdo Hnbus hbm Jrhxebus

fxgfnsedr, aut hnsd jrdo Xufrgus. Vnous hbm Hgfr, wlegl

spfgefs hrf hnsd vfry suethanf jdr tlht purpdsf. ]lf usf dj

Whnex jdr whttnf lhs hnrfhmy affb ofbtedbfm. Pf hssuof

tlht tlf typfs dj wddm usfm rfvfhn gfrtheb prfjfrfbgfs,



8;= HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf =. Jdur fxhopnfs dj pdebtfm pdst hbm sthcfs ohmf jrdo Jrhxebus3 h. h spnet sthcf sldweb` rfohebeb` gleps hbm hb hxf eoprfssedb,

a. h phrtny pdebtfm spnet pdst, g. h typeghn fxhopnf dj h pdst wetl h anubt pdebt hbm m. hb fxgfptedbhn fxhopnf dj h phrtny pdebtfm pdst sldweb`vfry jebf jhgftteb`.

ebjnufbgfm ay tlf hvhenhaenety dj tlf spfgefs eb qufstedb eb

tlf surrdubmeb` vf`fthtedb.

6. Pddmwdrceb`

]lhbcs td tlf `ddm prfsfrvhtedb gdbmetedbs jdr wddm eb

Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm wf lhvf affb hanf td stumy prflestdref

wddmwdrceb` hbm gdbstrugtedb oftldms. Muf td tlf pdst-

mfpdsetedbhn prdgfssfs eb tles phrtegunhr hrfh wddm hbm phrts

dj wddm wlegl, bdt mu` dr mrevfb ebtd tlf `rdubm, hrf

rhrfny fbgdubtfrfm eb tlf hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm lhvf affb

prfsfrvfm lfrf. ]les whs jdr fxhopnf hpphrfbt jrdo tlf

nfb`tls dj sdof dj tlf pdebtfm pdsts, wlegl fxgffmfm 8.6 o.

Wpnet rdubm wddm lhm affb gdoodbny usfm jdr tlf

ldusfs dj OM 88.;0 hbm 88.80. ]eoafr, mfjebfm hs spnet

rdubm wddm wetl nettnf dr bd rfohebs dj tlf dutfr surjhgf

(Drof/Gdnfs 85<7, 85), whs rhrfny jdubm. ]lf jfw

fxhopnfs dj teoafr lhm bdt affb wdrcfm ebtd pdsts dr

sthcfs. ]wd pefgfs dj teoafr jdubm eb ldusf 8 dj OM 88.80

ohy lhvf gdbstetutfm h tlrfsldnm. Wdof pefgfs jrdo ldusf 1

ohy lhvf jdrofm phrt dj tlf supfrstrugturf (dr ohy lhvfaffb rf-usfm eb tlf whnn). Dtlfr fxhopnfs dj teoafr jrdo

tles ldusf hrf tlf pnhbcs dj Hnbus hbm Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr.

Wdof dj tlfsf lhm affb ohmf ay spnetteb` h trubc

thb`fbtehnny ebstfhm dj rhmehnny. ]lfsf pnhbcs wfrf jdubm

afbfhtl twd lfhrtls hbm lfbgf prdahany sfrvfm hs tlf ahsfs

dj tlf lfhrtls. H seoenhr usf dj teoafr lhs affb dasfrvfm

afjdrf eb Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm. ]lf Hnbus pnhbcs wfrf jrdo

ougl tlegcfr trffs (up td =; go eb mehoftfr) tlhb tlf

pdebtfm Hnbus pdsts eb tles ldusf.= ]lf wddm dj pdsts hbm

sthcfs ohmf jrdo spnet wddm lhm odstny affb spnet rhmeh

Odrf sthcfs tlhb pdsts lhm affb ohmf jrdo spnet wddm.

Odrfdvfr, tlf pdebts dj tlf pdsts wfrf nfss slhrp tlhb

tldsf dj tlf sthcfs. ]lf pdebts dj tlf pdsts wfrf prdahany

èvfb nhr`fr hrfhs td prfvfbt tlfo jrdo suasemeb` eb tlf

pfhty sden. Jeùrf = sldws sdof fxhopnfs dj pdsts hbm

sthcfs.

]lf ldusfs dj Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm yefnmfm bd fxhopnfs d

pdsts dr sthcfs wetl trhgfs dj wddmwdrceb` ht tlf nfvfn dj

tlf jnddr, wlegl su``fsts tlht tlf resc dj tlf pdsts hbm

sthcfs suasemeb` eb tlf pfht whs prfvfbtfm ay ofhbs dj

idebts. ]lf pdsts hbm sthcfs wfrf lfnm eb pnhgf ay pfbs tl

wfrf mrevfb ebtd tlf `rdubm. ]lf shof whs dasfrvfm db

Zddrbf [uttfb aut wf hnsd cbdw dj fxhopnfs dj grdss

adbms ht jnddr nfvfn (Arebccfopfr/Zfroffrfb 8557, je`. =

OM 88.80 prdmugfm dbny dbf pefgf dj wddm wetl h

bdtgl. Wdof dtlfr pefgfs dj ghrfjunny slhpfm wddm wfrf

prdahany pf`s (dbf dj wlegl lhm affb ohmf jrdo [rubus

spebdsh).

]lf dtlfr twd setfs, OM 86.;= hbm 8:.65, prdvemfm nett

bfw ebjdrohtedb. Eb OM 86.;= teoafr lhm affb usfm jdr h

pnhbceb`. ]lf pnhbcs lhm affb spnet rhmehnny, thb`fbtehnny

hbm eb h merfgtedb aftwffb tlf twd. Wdof bdtglfm pefgfs

hbm wddmfb pf`s ebmeghtfm tlf usf dj idebts, aut twd idebf

pefgfs dj wddm wfrf bdt jdubm.



S;6

Hbdtlfr oftldm dj wddmwdrceb` es whttneb`, wlegl lhs

hnrfhmy affb ofbtedbfm rfùnhrny. Et whs usfm jdr whnns, aut

hnsd ndr ahscfts. OM 86.;= yefnmfm twd pefgfs dj whttnf dj

Whnex twe`s wlegl ohy lhvf jdrofm phrt dj ahscfts. Wdof

pdebtfm pfbs (dj up td 86 go ndb` wetl mehoftfrs dj hadut

8 go wemf) wfrf jdubm wlegl hppfhrfm td lhvf affb gut

useb` h cbejf. ]lfer jubgtedb es bdt gnfhr. H jfw dj tlfsf

pfbs lhm ghradbezfm pdebts. ]lfy ohy lhvf affb aurbfmafghusf tlfy wfrf bd ndb`fr gdbsemfrfm jet jdr usf aut

hbdtlfr pdsseaenety es tlht tlf pdebts wfrf mfneafrhtfny

auofm mureb` tlf prfphrhtedb dj tlf wddm9 aurbeb` lhrmfbs

tlf surjhgf hbm es hnsd h `ddm prdtfgtevf ofhsurf h`hebst

wddmrdt. Dj tlf dtlfr wddmfb hrtfjhgts jdubm wf wenn dbny

ebfbtedb h phmmef hbm h pefgf dj wddm wlegl prdahany

sfrvfm hs h gldppeb`-andgc. Adtl dj tlfsf wfrf dj Jrh.xebus

fxgfnsedr hbm adtl ghof jrdo OM 8:.65.

]lf ohby wddm gleps jdubm ht tlf Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm setfs

ebmeghtf tlht phrt dj tlf wddmwdrceb` whs mdbf ht tlf setfs

tlfosfnvfs. ]lf gleps wfrf nfjt nyeb` db tlf `rdubm hbmafghof ebgdrpdrhtfm eb tlf nhyfrs dj tlf jnddrs. Whopnfs dj

gleps lhvf affb emfbtejefm3 tlfy wfrf hnn dj Jrh.xebus

fxgfnsedr hbm Haues. Hntldu`l nhr`f hodubts dj wddm lhvf

affb prfsfrvfm, dbny jfw fxhopnfs dj wddmfb hrtfjhgts

wlegl wfrf bdt usfm eb ldusf gdbstrugtedb lhvf affb

jdubm. H ndt dj rfjusf whs usfm jdr tlf jnddrs3 mesghrmfm

wddmfb hrtfjhgts prdahany fbmfm up eb tlf lfhrtl.

:. Pddm hbm ]ddnohrcs

Qfsfhrgl ebtd tlf oftldms dj wddmwdrceb` ghb prdvemf

ebjdrohtedb db tlf tddns wlegl wfrf usfm td slhpf tlf

wddm. ]les ghb af mdbf merfgtny, ay rfgdrmeb` tlf

tddnohrcs dasfrvhanf db tlf wddm, dr eb h odrf ebmerfgt

ohrofr, veh fxpfreofbthn hrglhfdnd`y. Ht tlf shof teof

hmmetedbhn ebjdrohtedb ghb af dathebfm db tlf ohtfrehn

gunturf, afghusf trhgfs dj daifgts wlegl hrf sfnmdo

prfsfrvfm ohy af dasfrvfm.

]les cebm dj rfsfhrgl es stenn vfry rhrfny ghrrefm dut. ]lf

afst cbdwb fxhopnf dj hb ebvfste`htedb dj tles cebm es tlht

dj tlf Erdb H`f ldusf X eb tlf Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs.

gdbmugtfm ay O. ]hyndr (]lfrcdrb ft hn. 85<=. 7:7-7:0).

Wlf fxhoebfm tlf strugturhn wddm dj tlf ldusf hbm sdof

wddmfb hrtfjhgts hbm gdbgnumfm tlht twd dr tlrff mejjfrfbt

`du`fs lhm affb usfm hbm aftwffb sfvfb hbm fnfvfb hxfs

dr hmzfs. Eb hbdtlfr ebvfste`htedb ghrrefm dut db Zddrbf-[uttfb tlf rfsfhrglfrs wfrf dbny hanf td mftfroebf wlht

typf dj tddns lhm affb usfm afghusf tlf junn pdtfbtehn dj tles

cebm dj rfsfhrgl whs bdt rfgd`besfm ubten nhtfr (Arebccfopfr/

Zfroffrfb 8557. 886). ]lf Erdb H`f wddm lhs yefnmfm

fvemfbgf jdr tlf usf dj hxfs lhveb` gutteb` fm`fs wetl

wemtls dj ht odst 5 go. @du`fs wfrf hnsd usfm eb tles

pfredm hbm tlfrf hrf ebmeghtedbs dj tlf usf dj shws.

BH]VQHN PDDM QFWDVQGFW

]ddnohrcs wfrf hnsd stumefm eb tlf rfsfhrgl dj tlf wddm

jrdo tlf jdur Oemmfb-Mfnjnhbm setfs. O. ]hyndr lhs

mestebùeslfm jevf gnhssfs dj surveveb` tddnohrcs (]lfrcdrb

ft hn. 85<=,7:7-7:6)9

8. Bd hgtuhn tddnohrcs survevf, hntldu`l tlf wddm whs

davedusny slhpfm.

1. Wne`lt ebmeghtedbs dj tddnohrcs, sugl hs jhgftteb`.

7. ]ddnohrcs surveveb` wfnn fbdu`l td prdvemf neoetfm

ebjdrohtedb.

=. Ohrcs sldweb` tlf junn dutnebf dj tlf tdde dr dj phrt dj

et.

6. ]ddnohrcs wetl tlfer dwb "j eb`frprebts".

Eb dur hbhnyses wf lhvf rfmugfm tlfsf jevf gnhssfs td

tlrff, afghusf wf afnefvf tlht tlf ohrcs dj gnhssfs 1, 7

hbm = hrf odrf dr nfss tlf shof9

8. Bd tddnohrcs db tlf wdrcfm wddm.

1. ]ddnohrcs tlht hnndw mftfroebhtedb dj tlf cebm dj tdde

usfm.7. ]ddnohrcs wetl tlfer dwb "jeb`frprebts", tlf

mestebùesleb` ohrcs dj ebmevemuhn tddns. Hb fxhopnf dj

ohrcs dj tles gnhss es sldwb eb jeùrf 6.

Eb dur rfsfhrgl wf jdgusfm db ohrcs dj gnhss tlrff eb

phrtegunhr afghusf wf wfrf ebtfrfstfm eb tlf buoafr dj tddns

wlegl prflestdref ohb lhm ht les mespdshn. Ebmevemuhn tddns

ghb af rfgd`besfm ay tlf buoafr dj werf fm`fs hbm tlfer

pdsetedbs hndb` tlf fm`f hbm ay tlf spfgejeg slhpf dj tlf

gutteb` fm`f. Gutteb` fm`fs ghbbdt af rfgdrmfm seopny ay

gdpyeb` tlf fbm dj h jhgft. Jhgfts ghb dbny af dj usf ej

sfvfrhn werf fm`fs hrf hnsd dasfrvhanf afghusf tlfb tlf

buoafr dj werf fm`fs hbm tlf mesthbgf aftwffb tlfo ghb

lfnp td emfbtejy ebmevemuhn tddns. Ebstfhm, dbf oust nddc jdr

tlf pnhgf wlfrf tlf hxflfhm gut ebtd tlf wddm afjdrf afeb`

punnfm gnfhr wetldut tlf glep afeb` mfthglfm gdopnftfny.

]lf rfohebeb` glep gdvfrs tlf ohrc dj tlf gutteb` fm`f

(je`. :). Petl lfnp dj h rhzdr-anhmf tles nhst phrt dj tlf glep

ghb af rfodvfm hbm tlf trhbsetedb td jrfsl, rdu`l wddm

tlfb ohrcs tlf nebf dj tlf gutteb` fm`f. Pf rfgdrmfm dur

gutteb` fm`fs ay gdvfreb` tlfo wetl pnhsteg hbm gdpyeb` tlf

fm`fs wetl h ohrcfr pfb. ]lfsf gdpefs wfrf tlfb trhgfm

dbtd trhgeb` phpfr hbm pldtdgdpefm. ]lf ebmevemuhn gutteb`

fm`fs wfrf gdophrfm ay pnhgeb` tlf dreèbhns dvfr tlf

pldtdgdpefs. ]les dj gdursf ofhbt tlht wf wfrf gdophreb`rfjnfgtfm eoh`fs dj tlf dreèbhn hxf anhmf.

Wdof hutldrs hrùf tlht tles oftldm ghb dbny af

jdnedwfm eb tlf ghsf dj ofthn anhmfs (Gdnfs/Drof 85<6. 103

Drof/Gdnfs 85<7, 113 tlfsf hutldrs hnsd èvf dtlfr

ebmeghtedbs jdr mestebùesleb` aftwffb stdbf hbm ofthn

anhmfs). Eb vefw dj dur dwb fxpfrefbgfs wf md bdt h`rff

wetl tlfo. Pf lhvf sffb pdsts jrdo h nhtf Bfdnetleg setf

G. CDD] HBM G. ZFQOFFQFB



8;: HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQ8GH NFEMFBW8H 1:

Jeùrf 6. H gnfhr fxhopnf dj twd

pefgfs dj Jrhxebus wddm wdrcfm ay

tlf shof hxf, wlegl es rfgd`-

beshanf ay tlf werf fm`fs. n e

wlegl lhm mfnäbetfny affb wdrcfm wetl stdbf hxfs hbm

wlegl sldwfm tlf shof cebm dj rfohebeb` gleps db tlf

wddm (Ihhrvfrsnh` QDA 8551).

Wfttnfofbt OM 88.80, wlegl whs fxghvhtfm hnodst

fbterfny. yefnmfm h nhr`f buoafr dj gutteb` fm`fs jdr

hbhnyses hbm gdophresdb. Eb dur dpebedb hnn dj tlf tddnohrcs

wfrf httreauthanf td hxfs. Hxf ohrcs hbm hmzf ohrcs mejjfr eb

h) tlf slhpf dj tlf jhgfts, tldsf dj hmzfs afeb` gurvfm, hbm

a) tlf hb`nf aftwffb tlf werf fm`fs hbm tlf gutteb` fm`fs,

wlegl es squhrf eb tlf ghsf dj hmzfs (M. @ddmaurb pfrs.

gdoo.).

Et es djtfb tldu`lt tlht tlf oheb mejjfrfbgf aftwffb hxfs

hbm hmzfs gdbgfrbs tlf merfgtedb dj lfweb`9 eb tlf ghsf dj

hmzfs tlf merfgtedb dj lfweb` oust af phrhnnfn td tlf nfb`tl

dj tlf wddm. hntldu`l h scenefm hmzf usfr wenn af hanf td

lfw jrdo hby pdsetedb.

Gutteb` fm`fs wfrf gdpefm jrdo 77 pdsts hbm sthcfs.s

]lf jerst gdbgnusedb whs tlht tlf ebmevemuhn pefgfs dj wddm

lhm affb wdrcfm wetl tlf shof hxf. : Pf jdubm dbny dbf

pefgf wetl tddnohrcs dj twd mejjfrfbt hxfs. Wfgdbmny, wf

gdbstrugtfm "gdopdsetedbs" dj sfvfrhn dvfrnhppeb`

eoprfssedbs dj gutteb` fm`fs. Wff jdr fxhopnf pdst OM

88.803 =60 hbm tlf gdpefm gutteb` fm`fs H, A hbm G

(je`. 0). Petl eoprfssedb G db tlf nfjt tlf oebeouo wemtl

tlht ghb ag ebjfrrfm jdr tlf gutteb` fm`f hodubts td 0.6 go

]lf hntfrbhtevf, wetl G db tlf re`lt, nfhms td h oebeouo

wemtl dj 5.6 go.]lf bfxt stfp, httfopteb` td rfgd`besf ebmevemuhn tddns,

prdvfm td af odrf mejjegunt tlhb wf lhm fxpfgtfm. ]lf

gdophresdb dj hnn tlf tddnohrcs nfm td ougl gdbjusedb hb

wf fvfbtuhnny mfgemfm tlht aftwffb 8 hbm 7= mejjfrfbt tdd

oust lhvf affb usfm. Plht gdopneghtfm dur thsc whs tlf

pdsseaenety dj werf fm`fs lhveb` affb danetfrhtfm mureb` tl

nhtfr usf dj tlf tdde (Gdnfs/Drof 85<6, 7;). Pf odrfdvfr



8;0 G. CDD] HBM G. ZJ.QOLLQFB - BH]VQHN PDDM QFWDVQGFW

Jeùrf :. ]lf rfodvhn dj tlfrfohebeb` glep.

afnefvf tlht sdof werf fm`fs ohy lhvf afgdof wemfr.

Hbdtlfr jhgtdr tlht oust af adrb eb oebm es tlf pdsseaenety

dj ebtfreo `rebmeb`. ]d jhgenethtf dur hbhnyses wf mfgemfm td

stumy tlf tddnohrcs dj tlf twd ldusfs sfphrhtfny. Ldusf 8

yefnmfm 8= pefgfs dj wddm wetl tddnohrcs. ]lf buoafr dj

tddns usfm rhb`fm aftwffb jdur hbm fe`lt. ]lf buoafr dj

hxfs usfm nd slhrpfb tlf pdsts hbm sthcfs dj ldusf 1 rhb`fm

jrdo jdur td tfb. Afghusf wf md bdt cbdw ldw ohby

dgguphtedb plhsfs tlfrf wfrf, et es pdsseanf tlht tlfsf hxfs

wfrf usfm dvfr ndb` pfredms dj teof. Pf md bdt lhvf

hby fvemfbgf tlht h phrtegunhr hxf whs usfm mureb` tlf

gdbstrugtedb dj ldusf 8 hs wfnn hs tlht dj ldusf 1. ]lf

gutteb` fm`fs wfrf bdt hs mestebgtevf hs wf lhm ldpfm hbm

tlf rfsunts dj dur hbhnyses gdunm pnhy dbny h oebdr phrt eb

tlf mesgussedb hadut tlf gdbtfopdrhbfety dj tlf twd ldusfs

dj setf OM 88.80.

Wetf OM 88.;0 yefnmfm tlf sohnnfst buoafr dj pdsts hbm

sthcfs afghusf dbny h sohnn phrt dj tlf sfttnfofbt whs

fxghvhtfm hbm. jurtlfrodrf, afghusf dbf dj tlf ldusfs lhm

affb gdopnftfny mesturafm. Dbny ohrcs dj hxfs wfrf jdubm.

Pf rfgdrmfm tfb gutteb` fm`fs db tlrff pdsts dj dbf dj tlf

ldusfs. Dbf hxf lhm prdmugfm bebf dj tldsf ohrcs db hnn

tlrff dj tlf pdsts3 tlf oebeouo wemtl dj tlf gutteb` fm`f

whs 6.1 go. H sfgdbm hxf lhm affb usfm ht tlf adttdo dj

dbf dj tlf pdsts3 ets gutteb` fm`f whs ht nfhst :.6 go wemf.

]les pdst whs prdahany h pdebtfm pdst dj rdubm wddm

dreèbhnny, wlegl whs nhtfr spnet ebtd tlrff phrts jdr rf-usf.

]lf shof cebm dj rfsfhrgl (hntldu`l bdt sd tldrdu`lny)

whs ghrrefm dut jdr OM 86.;= hbm OM 8:.65. H`heb hnn

tlf dasfrvfm tddnohrcs wfrf hsgreafm td hxfs. OM 86.;=

yefnmfm dbny twd eoprfssedbs dj tlf gutteb` fm`fs dj twd

mejjfrfbt hxfs. Dbf lhm h oebeouo wemtl dj :.6 go, tlf

dtlfr dj < go.

]lf 7< gutteb` fm`fs dasfrvfm db 8< pefgfs dj wddm

ebmeghtfm tlht ht nfhst tlrff mejjfrfbt hxfs lhm affb usfm eb

tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf ldusf(s) dj OM 8:.65.

Et es stenn tdd fhrny td mrhw hby gdbgnusedbs hadut tlf

usfjunbfss dj tddnohrc hbhnyses. Pf lhvf td hmoet tlht tlf

rfsunts dj tlf hbhnyses dj tlf fvemfbgf jrdo setf OM 88.80

hrf rhtlfr meshppdebteb`. ]lf gutteb` fm`fs dj tlf hxfs dr

tlf wemtl dj tlf jhgfts db tlf wddm ohy lhvf affb tdd

bhrrdw td fbhanf us td rfgd`besf ebmevemuhn tddns. Pf md

vfbturf tlht wemf hxf gutteb` fm`fs hrf fhsefr td hsgreaf td



8;< HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

H

A

71:

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A / / 701

g-~ / / / /

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/ / / /

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/ / / /

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G.A,

67

Jeùrf 0. Qfgdbstrugtedb dj sfvfb gutteb` fm`fs jrdo OM 88.80.



CP G. CDD] HBM G. ZFQOFFQFB - BH]VQHN PDDM QFWDVQGFW

ebmevemuhn eopnfofbts tlhb bhrrdw dbfs. Pf ldpf tlht

jurtlfr stumefs wenn prdvemf us wetl fbdu`l mhth td af hanf

nd s.e2 s dof tle b` hadut tlf cebms dt' tdd ns usfm, ha dut

vhrehtedbs eb tlf slhpf dj h phrtegunhr typf dj tdde hbm hadut

prfjfrfbgfs jdr gfrtheb typfs dj tddns jdr gfrtheb hgtevetefs.

Jebhnny. wf ldpf tlht wf wenn tlfb af hanf td usf tlfsf

rfsunts eb rfsfhrgl db tlf fdbtfopdrhbfety dj ldusfs hbm

auenmeb` plhsfs.

mesthbgf hwhy jrdo tlf sfttnfofbts. ]lf jfb pfhts wenn lhvf

ebgnumfm hrfhs wetl oebfrhn sdens. jdr fxhopnf nfvffs, wlfrf

Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr ohy lhvf `rdwb. aut tlfy wfrf ht tlht teof

prdahany stenn tdd wft jdr tlf dtlfr spfgefs. Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr ohy

lhvf affb prfjfrrfm jdr tlf quhnety dj ets wddm aut hnsd afghusf et

whs odrf rfhmeny dathebhanf.

= '[dsts ' hrf ubmfrstddm td af pefgfs dj wddm wetl hb hxfm pdebt

hbm h gerguojfrfbgf dj 76 go dr odrf (wlegl gdrrfspdbms rdu`lny

td h mehoftfr dj 88 go).

bdtfs6 ]les nhr`f buoafr dj ubmfthglfm gleps es rfohrchanf. Et gdunm

ebmeghtf tlht tlf ldusf(s) whs (wfrf) gdbstrugtfm eb h lurry.

E ]lf wddm dj Hnbus es le`lny vhnufm jdr ets murhaen ety eb luoem

sdens hbm ubmfr whtfrnd``fm gdbmetedbs (Drof/Gdnfs 85<6, 0)

8 n' wb en wg hssubeg nnehn tlf gdrrggtedb jhgtdr ndr tlf pdnnfb

prdmugtedb dj Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr es tdd ndw, tles spfgefs whs stenn

rhrf eb tlf surrdubmeb` vf`fthtedb.

7 EE tlfrf whs ebmffm h prfjfrfbgf jdr Jrhxebus fxgfnsedr, wlht

mdfs tles ebepny jdr tlf dtlfr spfgefs tlht wfrf vhnufm hs strugturhn

PDDm, nugl hs XufrGLW hbm Jh`VWn Pf hrf ebgnebfm td hrùf tlhttlf fb^ erdbofbts tlht wfrf suethanf tdr tlfsf twd spfgefs nhy sdof

: Sj tlf heo dj h tddnohrc hbhnyses es td fsteohtf tlf oeb eouo

buoafr dj tddns usfm, hnndwhbgf oust af ohmf jdr tlf ohtfrehn dt

wlegl tlf tddns wfrf ohmf. Ardbzf tddns wfrf ghst hbm tddns ghst

eb tlf shof odunm wfrf seoenhr3 tles oust af cfpt eb oebm eb

fsteohteb` tlf oebeouo buoafr dj tddns usfm.

Erdb H`f hxfs hrf rhrf hbm tles strfb`tlfbs dur hssuoptedb tlht tlf

hxfs usfm wfrf ohmf dj erdb9 erdb es ougl nfss rfsesthbt td sden

prdgfssfs tlhb ardbzf. Erdb es odrfdvfr lhrmfr tlhb ardbzf hbm

wenn tlfrfjdrf lhvf affb prfjfrrfm jdr tlf ohbujhgturf dj tddns.

]lf mfgesevf jhgtdr, ldwfvfr, whs prdahany tlf hvhenhaenety dj erdb

drf eb tlf jdro dj 'ad` erdb' eb tlf eoofmehtf surrdubmeb`s.

rfjfrfbgfs

Haaebc, H.H. 85<5 Ohhsnhbm9 Jdppfbpdnmfr. Eb9 M.[. Lhnnfwhs (fm.). Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm

dvfr 85<<, EE Yuem Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 18, 711-71:.

Haaebc, H.H.

Q. jrhbc

8558 Oemmfb Mfnjnhbm 19 Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr setf 8:.65. Eb9 P.H.O. Lfsseb` (fm.),

Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbm dvfr 855;, EE Yuem Ldnnhbm, Ldnnhbm 17, 77=-77:.

Arebccfopfr, D. 8558 Lft adthbesgl dbmfrzdfc, setf 86.;=, Jdppfbpdnmfr fb setf 8:.65, Hhncfft-Auetfbpdnmfr,

ebtfrb rfsfhrgl rfpdrt E[N.

8551 Pftnhbm Jhroeb` eb tlf hrfh td tlf Wdutl dj tlf Ofusf Fstuhry mureb` tlf erdb h`f hbm

Qdohb pfredm. Hb fbverdbofbthn hbm phnhfd-fgdbdoeg rfgdbstrugtedb. Hbhnfgth [rhf-

lestdregh Nfemfbseh 1=.

Arebccfopfr. D.

G. Zfroffrfb

8557 Lft ldut vhb ffb hhbthn bfmfrzft teb`fb uet mf Eizfrteim fb mf Qdofebsf ]eim dp Zddrbf

[uttfb. Eb9 H.A. Múacfb (fm.), ADDQ ahnhbs 1, 8;7-81;.

Gdnfs, I.O. 85<1 Hbgefbt wddmwdrceb` tfglbequfs9 tlf eopneghtedbs jdr hrglhfdnd`y. Eb9 W. Og@rhen (fm.),Pddmwdrceb` tfglbequfs afjdrf 86;; H.M., AHQ ebt. W. 815, 8-:.

Gdnfs, I.O.

A.I. Drof

85<6 [rflestdref wddmwdrceb` jrdo tlf Wdofrsft Nfvfns9 7. Qdubmwddm, Wdofrsft Nfvfn

[hpfrs 88, 16-6;.

@rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f, P. 85<< Ndchnf adsafsthbmfb fb ldut`faruec eb Pfst-Bfmfrnhbm eb Eizfrteim, Qdofebsf ]eim fb

Oemmfnffuwfb. Eb9 I.L.J. Andfofrs (fm.), Wtumefs eb [rhf- fb [rdtdlestdref 13 hrglfd

ndèf fb dfgdndèf vhb Ldnnhbm tussfb Qeib fb Znef, 877-867.



88; HBHNFG]H [QHFL8W]DQEGH NF8MFBWEH 1:

Lfhn, W.Z.F.

Ihhrvfrsnh` QDA

Cddt, G.P.

Ofeimfb, Q. vhb mfr

Drof, A.I.

I.O. Gdnfs

]lfrcdrb, N.N.

Q.P. Arhbmt

[. [hes

O. ]hyndr

85<1 ]lf wddm h`f4 ]lf se`bejeghbgf dj wddm ush`f eb prf-Erdb H`f bdrtl wfstfrb Furdpf.

Eb9 W. Og@rhen (fm.), Pddmwdrceb` tfglbequfs afjdrf 86;; H.M., AHQ ebt. W. 815, 56-88

8551 Ihhrvfrsnh` Qeicsmefbst vddr lft Dumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfrzdfc Hofrsjddrt.

eb prfp. ]wd Oemmnf Erdb H`f sfttnfofbts eb tlf Muejpdnmfr, Oemmfbmfnjnhbm.

855; Lfucfns Jndrh vhb Bfmfrnhbm. Pdntfrs-Bddrmldjj, @rdbeb`fb. 18f mruc.

85<7 [rflestdref wddmwdrceb` jrdo tlf Wdofrsft Nfvfns 9 8. ]eoafr, Wdofrsft Nfvfn [hpfrs

85-=7.

85<6 [rflestdref wddmwdrceb` jrdo tlf Wdofrsft Nfvfns9 1. Wpfgefs sfnfgtedb hbm prflestdref

wddmnhbms, Wdofrsft Nfvfn [hpfrs 8 8, 0-1=.

85<= Hb Fhrny Erdb H`f Jhrostfhm9 Wetf X dj tlf Hssfbmfnvfr [dnmfrs [rdifgt, [rdgffmebRs d

tlf [rflestdref Wdgefty 6;, 768-07.

Gffs Cddt


[.D. Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb

Ghrdnebf Zfroffrfb

p.h.Ebstetuut vddr [rflestdref

[.D. Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb



Mefcf Pfssfeeb`l Dss-EIssfnstrhht9 Erdb H`f `rhvfs hbm h bhtevfQdohb sfttnfofbt

Eb 850= hbm 8506, predr td tlf wfnn-cbdwb fxghvhtedbs eb

Vssfb. ee sbuenn .setf whs fxghvhtfm td tlf bdrtl-fhst djDss,

hndb` tlf EIssfnstrhht. Eb hmmetedb td h odoafr dj `rhvfs

jrdo tlf Erdb H`f, phrt dj h bhtevf Qdohb sfttnfofbt whs

jdubm. E'nees sfttnfofbt sffos td jet eb wetl tlf rfgfbtny

prdpdsfm rfèdbhn lefrhrglefs djrurhn sfttnfofbts jrdo tlf

Qdohb pfredm. Ldwfvfr, h buolfr dj sne`lt mejjfrfbgfs hrf

prfsfbt, wlegl ohy ebmeghtf tlht juturf rfsfhrgl wenn nfhm

td mejjfrfbt ebse`lts ebtd tlf sfttnfofbt systfo.

8. Ebtrdmugtedb

Eb tlf 856;s tlf jdgus dj httfbtedb dj hrglhfdnd`y eb tlf

Bftlfrnhbms slejtfm jrdo aurehn prhgtegfs td sfttnfofbts. Ht

tlf shof teof h tfbmfbgy tdwhrms nhr`f-sghnf fxghvhtedbs

afghtbf hpphrfbt. Lhveb` sthrnfm djj eb tles trhmetedb wetl

tlf ebvfste`htedbs ht Lhps (Zfrwfrs 8501), tlf Nfemfb

Ebstetutf dj [rflestdry (E[N) gdbtebufm td ghrry dut rfsfhrgl

db sfttnfofbts jrdo tlf Erdb H`f hbm Qdohb pfredm eb tlf

Wdutlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms.

Dbf dj tlf jerst setfs td af fxghvhtfm whs setuhtfm td tlf

bdrtl-fhst dj tlf tdwb dj Dss. Mureb` h rfsguf ghophe`b

eb 850= hbm 8506. tlf E[N fxghvhtfm h setf hndb` tlf

EIssfnstrhht. Hs tles setf whs setuhtfm eb hb ebmustrehn fsthtf,et whs bdt pdsseanf td fxtfbm tlf ebvfste`htedbs ebtd h nhr`f-

sghnf prdifgt. Eb 850: tlf E[N sthrtfm fxghvhteb` ht Vssfb,

td tlf bdrtl-wfst dj Dss. ]lht fxghvhtedb mem prdvemf tlf

dppdrtubety jdr nhr`f-sghnf rfsfhrgl. ]lf nhr`f buoafr dj

setfs mesgdvfrfm eb tlht rfsfhrgl wenn jdro tlf ahses dj hb

hbhnyses dj tlf sfttnfofbt systfo eb tlf Nhtf Erdb H`f hbm

tlf Qdohb pfredm.8 ]lf EIssfnstrhht fxghvhtedbs, dj wlegl

dbny h jfw spfgehnest stumefs1 lhvf affb prfsfbtfm, yefnmfm

buegl bsgjee 8 ebjdrohtedb, ebgnumeb` u buoafr dj bhtevf

Qdohb ldusf pnhbs jdroeb` h sohnn sfttnfofbt. Hs phrt dj

tlf sfttnfofbt systfo dj tlf Ohhschbt rfèdb7 tlfy prdvemf

h jrhof dj rfjfrfbgf jdr tlf Vssfb mhth.]les hrtegnf heos td prfsfbt tlf mhth dj tlf EIssfnstrhht

fxghvhtedbs sd tlht tlfy ghb af ebgnumfm eb tlf hbhnyses dj

tlf sfttnfofbt systfo dj tlf Ohhschbt rfèdb.

1. Lestdry dj tlf ebvfste`h tedbs

Mureb` tlf gdbstrugtedb dj h `hrh`f eb tlf EIssfnstrhht eb

Hpren 8507, ofoafrs dj tlf ndghn Ohhsnhbm Lestdreghn

Wdgefty (Lffocubmfcreb` Ohhsnhbm =) mesgdvfrfm pdstldnfs,

pets hbm pdttfry mhteb` jrdo tlf Erdb H`f hbm tlf Qdohb

pfredm. Petl tlf pfroessedb dj Or @. Affx, wld whs tlf

prdvebgehn hrglhfdndèst ht tlf teof, h trehn trfbgl whs mu`

jdnndweb` tlf mesgdvfry dj odrf jfhturfs eb Wfptfoafr.

Hjtfr tlf ndghn hrglhfdndèsts lhm rfgdrmfm h ldusf pnhb

jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm tlf trfbgl whs jennfm up h`heb3

tlf rfsunts wfrf prdoeseb` fbdu`l td whrrhbt tlf fxghvhtedb

dj tlf fbterf pndt.

Jrdo Hpren 11bm ubten Ohy 11bm 850= tlf E[NW ghrrefm

dut h rfsguf fxghvhtedb eb tlf EIssfnstrhht. ]lf hrglhfdndèghntfho dj tlf Lestdreghn Wdgefty gdbtebufm wdrceb` ubten tlf

fbm dj Iuny hbm et es tlhbcs td tlfer fjjdrts tlht hnn tlf ldusf

pnhbs gdunm af rfgdrmfm eb tlfer fbterfty.

Eb 8506, jrdo Hpren 0tl ubten Ohy 7;tl, h sfgdbm hbm

jebhn E[N fxghvhtedb whs ghrrefm dut ht tlf EIssfnstrhht setf.

Mureb` tlf jdnndweb` yfhrs ofoafrs dj tlf Lestdreghn

Wdgefty hbm nhtfr tlf Hrglhfdndèghn Wtumy @rdup

ebvfste`htfm vhredus rdhm hbm auenmeb` trfbglfs eb tlf hrfh

hrdubm tlf EIssfnstrhht, tlf 'Bddrm' ebmustrehn fsthtf.

7. ]lf setf hbm ets fbve rdbof bt

]lf EIssfnstrhht setf es setuhtfm td tlf bdrtl-fhst dj tlf

tdwb dj Dss (prdvebgf dj Bdrtl Arhahbt:) (je`. 8). ]d tlfbdrtl, tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh whs adrmfrfm ay tlf EIssfnstrhht,

td tlf sdutl ay tlf Wglfnmfstrhht. ]d tlf fhst hbm wfst dj

tlf setf wfrf pndts wetl ebmustrehn auenmeb`s (je`. 1).

]lf setf nefs db tlf bdrtlfrb pfreoftfr dj tlf [nfestdgfbf

gdvfrshbm dj Bdrtl Arhahbt. ]d tlf bdrtl, tlf Ldndgfbf

ahgcswhop mfpdsets dj tlf revfr Ofusf hrf sfphrhtfm jrdo

tlf gdvfrshbm hrfh ay h trhbsetedbhn zdbf. ]lf Dssfroffr,

h rfobhbt dj hb dnm revfr afm eb tles gnhy hrfh, lhs yefnmfm

vhredus Qdohb hrtfjhgts (Zfrwfrs/Affx 850<a, 71). ]lfsf

jebms ebmeghtf tlht dpfb whtfr whs stenn prfsfbt eb tles

arhbgl, wlegl nhy hadut 1.6 co bdrtl dj tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh,

eb tlf Qdohb pfredm. Db tlf wldnf, tlf hrfh ghb af shem tdlhvf affb suethanf jdr h`regunturf.

]lf EIssfnstrhht setf whs gdvfrfm ay h Ofmefvhn fs

(h nhyfr dj pnh``fb sden, h ohb-ohmf sden) wetl hb hvfrh`f

tlegcbfss dj :; go. Mureb` dr predr td tlf jdrohtedb dj

tles pnh``fb sden tlf prflestdref surjhgf whs mesturafm ay

me`èb` hgtevetefs. ]lf dreèbhn mfptls dj tlf jfhturfs wenn

lhvf affb hadut =; go odrf tlhb tlf rfgdrmfm mfptls.0

Dtlfr (sua)rfgfbt mesturahbgfs hrf h metgl eb tlf (bdrtl)-




Jeùrf 8. Dss hbm surrdubmeb`vennh`fs9 ndghtedb dj Vssfb hbm

EIssfnstrhht.

Je urf 1. [hrt dj tlf 'Bddrm'

ebmustrehn fsthtf3 tlf ebvfste`htfmhrfh es ebmeghtfm eb anhgc, wetl tlf

auenmeb` trfbglfs td tlf fhst.



887 M. PFWWFNEB@L - DWW-EIWWFNW]QHH]

wfstfrb phrt dj tlf setf hbm sdof sohnnfr pets hbm ùnnefs,

ebgnumeb` h trfbgl mu` jdr h ghanf.

=. Wtrhtf`y dj tlf ebvfste`htedb

H tdthn hrfh dj hpprdxeohtfny ;.6 lfgthrf whs fxghvhtfm

(je`. 7). Odrf jfhturfs wfrf dasfrvfm eb twd auenmeb`

trhbglfs eoogmehtfny fhst dj tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh, aut tlfy

gdunm bdt af idebfm up wetl tlf dtlfr jfhturfs3 pdsseany tddnettnf tdpsden lhm affb rfodvfm. ]lfsf auenmeb` trfbglfs

wfrf tlfrfjdrf doettfm jrdo tlf setf pnhb.

]lf mhrc pNeRttfb sden whs rfodvfm wetl tlf hem dj h

ofglhbeghn sldvfn mdwb td hadut 8; go hadvf tlf nfvfn ht

wlegl tlf jfhturfs wfrf veseanf. ]lf nhst 8; go wfrf

rfodvfm ay lhbm. hjtfr tlf hrfh lhm affb mevemfm ebtd

squhrfs ofhsureb` = ay = o3 hnn tlf jebms fbgdubtfrfm eb

tlfsf 8; go wfrf gdnnfgtfm. ]lf mfptl afndw fxghvhtedb

nfvfn dj hnn tlf jfhturfs whs rfgdrmfm, wlenf sfgtedbs wfrf

mrhwb dj tlf nhr`fr pets hbm dj tlf wfnns. Hnn tlf wfnns, h

gdupnf dj pdstldnfs dj gfbtrhn rddj suppdrts hbm dbf whnn

trfbgl wfrf shopnfm jdr tlf purpdsf dj adthbeghn hbhnyses.

Qfohebs dj wddmfb rddj suppdrts hbm teoafr wfnn nebeb`s

wfrf emfbtejefm hbm usfm jdr G8= hbhnyses.

6. [rflestdref dgguphtedb rfohebs

6.8 NH]F BFDNE]LEG/FHQNU AQDBYF H@F

Hpprdxeohtfny 16 pdttfry jrhòfbts, jdubm eb sfvfrhn

pets hbm pdstldnfs, hbm h nhr`f buoafr dj slfrms gdnnfgtfm

mureb` tlf sldvfnneb` dj tlf tdpsden gdunm af mhtfm td tlf

Nhtf Bfdnetleg. ]lf jebms jrdo tlf tdpsden gdbsestfm ohebny

dj pdttfry jrdo tlf Nhtf Bfdnetleg, ebgnumeb` sdof

mfgdrhtfm pdtafhcfr slfrms (je`. =).

Eb h buoafr dj ghsfs tlf pdttfry jdubm eb pets hbm

pdstldnfs lhm td af rf`hrmfm hs ebtrusevf, sebgf tlf ohidrety

dj tlf jebms jrdo tlf shof pets mhtfm jrdo tlf Erdb H`f dr

tlf Qdohb pfredm. Wdof dj tlfsf pdstldnfs wfrf fvfb

tldu`lt td lhvf gdbthebfm tlf rddj suppdrts dj h ldusf jrdo

tlf Qdohb pfredm (Ldusf :). Dbny twd pets gdunm af mhtfm

td tlf Nhtf Bfdnetleg dr Fhrny Ardbzf H`f (je`. 6). ]lfer

gdbtfbts ebgnumfm rusteghtfm whrf {pdtafhcfr) hbm ahrafm

werf afhcfr slfrms (je`. =). H jnebt hrrdwlfhm wetl surjhgf

rftdugl, wlegl whs pegcfm up hs h surjhgf jebm, whs hnsd

mhtfm td tlf Nhtf Bfdnetleg. nts tep hbm dbf dj tlf twd ahras

wfrf ardcfb.

]lf jebms dj tles sohnn hssfoanh`f wfrf ebtfrprftfm hs

sfttnfofbt rfjusf ebmeghteb` dgguphtedb hrdubm tlf trhbsetedbjrdo tlf Bfdnetleg td tlf Ardbzf H`f.

6.1 OEMMNF AQDBYF H@F

Ougl tlf shof ldnms jdr tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f

fvemfbgf hs jdr tlht ldo tlf Bfdnetleg pfredm9 odst dj tlf

Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f pdttfry whs jdubm eb tlf tdpsden hbm

dbny h jfw jfhturfs gdunm af mhtfm td tles pfredm wetl

gfrthebty, bdthany twd pets hbm h wfnn< (je`. 6). ]lf wfnn

gdbthebfm Mrhcfbstfeb pdttfry (je`. :), wlegl whs mhtfm

g. 806;-88;; AG db typdndèghn `rdubms. ]les whs

gdbjerofm ay h G8= mhtf (@rB-<7;69 71;; ¸ 7; A[).5 ]lf

wfnn whs nebfm wetl h ldnndwfm-dut trff trubc. Adthbeghn

hbhnyses dj shopnfs jrdo tlf jenn dj tlf trubc sldwfm tlht

tlf pnhbt rfohebs wfrf dj lftfrd`fbfdus dreèb3 tlfy

ebgnumfm vhredus wenm spfgefs hbm h seb`nf `rheb dj ahrnfy.Wdof dj tlf wenm spfgefs wfrf hnodst gfrthebny fhtfb ay

ohb, sugl hs anhgcafrry, anhgctldrb, aunnhgf, aettfr mdfc

hbm gdrb spurrfy. Hnsd ebgnumfm eb tlf spfgtruo wfrf

rumfrhns, frdp wffms hbm pnhbts jrdo wft hrfhs, wlegl wfrf

prdahany ardu`lt ebtd tlf sfttnfofbt jrdo tlf revfr ohrslfs

eb tlf Ofusf vhnnfy (Ahcfns 85<;, 811).

6.7 EQDB H@F

Ej wf nfhvf tlf jebms jrdo tlf `rhvfs dut dj gdbsemfrhtedb

(sff afndw), pdttfry tlht gdunm af mhtfm td tlf Erdb H`f whs

jdubm eb tlrff pnhgfs dbny. Hnn tlrff jebms gdbsestfm dj adwn

jrhòfbts, ebgnumeb` slfrms tlht gdunm af tlf rfohebs dj h

sd-ghnnfm Nhppfbsglhnf (Nhtf Ardbzf H`f/Fhrny Erdb H`f).

Hnn tlf Erdb H`f pdttfry whs gdnnfgtfm mureb` tlf rfodvhn

dj tlf tdpsden.

]wd jrhòfbts dj `nhss Nh ]ìbf arhgfnfts wfrf jdubm ht

tlf EIssfnstrhht setf. Wugl arhgfnfts hrf `fbfrhnny tldu`lt td

mhtf jrdo tlf Nhtf Erdb H`f. Ldwfvfr, hs adtl jrhòfbts

wfrf jdubm eb wfnns mhteb` jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm, et es

odrf necfny tlht tlfy mhtf jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm (sff hnsd

Zhb mfb Ardfcf 85<0h, =;).

]lf sohnn buoafr dj dgguphtedb rfohebs jdubm su``fsts

tlht tlfrf whs bd Erdb H`f sfttnfofbt eb tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh

dr ets eoofmehtf surrdubmeb`s.

:. Hb Erdb H`f gfoftfry

]lf odst eopdrthbt Erdb H`f jfhturf whs h sohnn urbjefnm

(je`. 0). Et whs fxghvhtfm eb phrt dbny9 dbny tlf sdutlfo

neoet sffos td lhvf affb jdubm. H tdthn dj 16 `rhvfs whs

mesgdvfrfm. Wextffb pets wfrf ebtfrprftfm hs ebtfrofbts db

tlf ahses dj tlfer gdbtfbts. Eb jdur dj tlfsf `rhvfs tlf

grfohtfm adbf lhm affb pnhgfm eb hb urb. Bebf dtlfr

jfhturfs wfrf ebtfrprftfm hs aurehn odbuofbts, fvfb tldu`l

dbny jevf dj tlfsf gdbthebfm (gfbtrhn) ebtfrofbts. ]lf

odbuofbts ebgnumfm dbf sd-ghnnfm ndb` afm, (phrts dj) sex

rfgthbùnhr fbgndsurfs hbm twd gergunhr fbgndsurfs (tha. 8).

]hanf 8. Aurehn odbuofbts hbm `rhvfs

buoafr grfohtedb urb

gergunhr fbgndsurfs 1 8 -

rfgthbùnhr fbgndsurfs : = -

ndb` afms 8 - -

grfohtedbs wetldut fbgndsurfs 8: 8: =



E B HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 7. Dss-EIssfnstrhht9 pnhb djtlf fxghvhtedb3 rfgfbt mesturahbgfs

hrf ebmeghtfm eb `rfy.

8;o

L




Jeùrf =. [dtafhcfr hbm ahrafm werf afhcfr slfrms3 sghnf 891.

]lf ndb` afm whs drefbtfm bdrtl/sdutl hbm ofhsurfm

=< x : oftrfs.8; [hrts dj tlf fbgndseb` metgl lhm meshppfhrfm,

wlegl befhbs tlht wf md bdt cbdw wlftlfr tlfrf wfrf

dreèbhnny dpfbeb`s ht tlf fbms dj tlf odbuofbt. H gfbtrhn

ebtfrofbt whs bdt rfgdrmfm. Eb vefw dj ets meofbsedbs

(nfb`tl9 wemtl ebmfx dj <), tles odbuofbt ohy af gnhssejefm

hs dbf dj Zfrwfrs' 'Ndb` Metglfs dj tlf @dernf ]ypf'9 bdb-

gergunhr, ndb` hbm bhrrdw odbuofbts (Zfrwfrs 85::a, =5).

Odst aurehn odbuofbts dj tles typf mhtf jrdo tlf Nhtf

Ardbzf H`f, aut h jfw Fhrny Erdb H`f fxhopnfs hrf cbdwb.

]lf dbny grfohtedb rfohebs rfgdvfrfm jrdo tlf hrfhfbgndsfm ay tlf metgl dj tles ndb` afm wfrf jdubm hnodst

lhnjwhy mdwb tlf fbgndsurf, aut ht sdof mesthbgf jrdo tlf

ndb` hxes, wlegl ohcfs et ubnecfny tlht tlfy hrf hssdgehtfm

wetl tlf ndb` afm. H jebm tlht ohy pdsseany af hssdgehtfm

wetl tlf ndb` afm es hb hnodst gdopnftf urb dj tlf 'Lhrp-

stgmth Wten', wlegl lhm affb pnhgfm upsemf mdwb. ]lf pdt

whs jdubm eb h pet wlegl gdbthebfm bd grfohtfm adbf hbm

whs emfbtejefm hs h rfgfbt jfhturf, EE tles jebm es ebmffm

hssdgehanf wetl tlf ndb` afm, tlf nhttfr wdunm mhtf jrdo tlf

Fhrny Erdb H`f.

Zhredus fnfofbts dj mhteb` fvemfbgf lhvf td af gdoaebfm

eb drmfr td af hanf td mhtf tlf urbjefnm hs h wldnf. ]lf urbs

hbm dtlfr typfs dj pdttfry (je`. <) mhtf tlf `rhvfs td tlf

Fhrny hbm Oemmnf Erdb H`f (g. <;;-16; AG) (emfbtejeghtedb

ay [.P. vhb mfb Ardfcf). ]lf meh`bdsteg jebms ebgnumf h

ae-gdbeghn pdt wetl h ndb` bfgc (prdahany plhsfs J-@ ?

=6;-76; AG), rdu`lfbfm whrf dj tlf 'Lhrpstfmtfr Wten'

(Nhtf Ardbzf H`f dr Fhrny Erdb H`f), h reaadb lhbmnf

(Nhtf Ardbzf H`f dr Fhrny Erdb H`f) hbm h adwn dj plhsf J

(=6;-=;; AG). Hb erdb tdrquf (je`. 5), jdubm eb `rhvf

Bd. 7, prdahany mhtfs jrdo tlf Oemmnf Erdb H`f (gj. ]låbdt

85<1, 61). Bd `ddm phrhnnfn es cbdwb. ohebny afghusf erdb

tdrqufs hrf nfss gdoodb tlhb ardbzf dbfs.

Odrf mhteb` fvemfbgf es prdvemfm ay tlf typdnd`y dj tlf

aurehn odbuofbts. ]lf twd gdbgfbtreg fbgndsurfs wfrf adtl

ebgdopnftf sd wf md bdt cbdw wlftlfr tlfrf wfrf hby

dpfbeb`s dreèbhnny. Dbf dj tlf sex rfgthbùnhr fbgndsurfs

whs ebtfrruptfm eb tlf (bdrtl-) fhst. wlegl es ubgdoodb jdr

Erdb H`f `rhvfs. Eb tlrff dtlfr ghsfs tlfrf oe`lt lhvf affb

hb dpfbeb` eb tlf sdutl-fhst. ]lf rfgthbùnhr fbgndsurfs

tlht lhvf affb jdubm eb tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbmsmhtf jrdo tlf Oemmnf Erdb H`f dbwhrms. ]lf rfgthbùnhr

fbms dj tlf ndb` afm. ldwfvfr, mhtf et td tlf Fhrny Erdb H`f

(Qdyohbs 85<<h, 50). ]les fvemfbgf fxpnhebs ” dr es

gdbjerofm ay ” tlf jhgt tlht tlf jfhturf dj tlf ndb` afm whs

ebtfrsfgtfm ay tlht dj dbf dj tlf rfgthbùnhr odbuofbts.

Hggdrmeb` td Zfrwfrs, tlht es gfrtheb fvemfbgf tlht tlf twd

jfhturfs hrf bdt gdbtfopdrhry (Zfrwfrs 85::h, =8).

]lf jdro dj aurehn hnsd prdvemfs ebmeghtedbs tlht ghb lfnp

mhtf tlf gfoftfry. Eb dbny jdur `rhvfs lhm tlf grfohtfm

adbf affb mfpdsetfm eb hb urb. ]lrff odbuofbts gdbthebfm

bd ebtfrofbts ht hnn. Et es pdsseanf tlht tlf grfohtfm rfohebs

lhm affb aurefm eb slhnndw pets hbm meshppfhrfm mureb`

me`èb` hgtevetefs eb tlf Oemmnf H`fs. Ej tlht es tlf ghsf et es

bdt vfry necfny tlht tlf rfohebs lhm affb mfpdsetfm eb urbs

afghusf bdbf dj tlf dtlfr ebtfrofbts eb urbs wfrf

surrdubmfm ay hb fbgndsurf. ]lht ofhbs tlht <=% dj tlf

`rhvfs gdbthebfm bd urb. ]lf prhgtegf dj auryeb` grfohtedb

rfohebs wetldut hb urb whs odst gdoodb eb tlf Ardbzf

H`f hbm tlf Oemmnf Erdb H`f. ]lfrfjdrf phrt dj tlf urbjefnm

ht nfhst ghb af mhtfm td tlf nhttfr pfredm.




ZT

78:

Jeùrf 6. Dss-EIssfnstrhht9 pnhb dj

tlf jfhturfs jrdo tlf Nhtf Bfdnetlegdr Fhrny Ardbzf H`f (ebmeghtfm eb

wletf) hbm tlf Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f

(ebmeghtfm eb `rfy, tlf wfnn esbuoafrfm).

;

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880 E). PCWWFVB@L - DWW-EIWWFNW]QHH]

Je urf :. Wdof Oemmnf Ardbzf H`f Mrhcfbstfeb slfrms3 sghnf 891.

]lf gdoaebhtedb dj tlf vhredus jdros dj fvemfbgf mhtfs

tlf `rhvfs td tlf Fhrny hbm Oemmnf Erdb H`f." ]lht wdunm

ofhb tlht tlf urbjefnm whs usfm jdr h ndb` pfredm. ]lhtgdunm bdt af gdbjerofm db tlf ahses dj tlf sezf dj tlf

gfoftfry. hs en whs bdt gdopnftfny fxghvhtfm.

Vbjdrtubhtfny wf cbdw bdtleb` hadut tlf h`f hbm sfx dj

tlf mfgfhsfm hs bd plyseghn-hbtlrdpdndèghn rfsfhrgl whs

ghrrefm dut.81 @rhvf `ddms wfrf sghrgf. ]lf erdb tdrquf

rfgdvfrfm trdo `rhvf Bd. 7 whs jdubm hodb` tlf

grfohtedb rfohebs. @rhvf Bd. 0 yefnmfm sdof trhòfbts dj

erdb tlht gdunm bdt af emfbtejefm3 `rhvf Bd. = gdbthebfm tlf

rfohebs dj hb erdb cbejf dr mh``fr hbm jrhòfbts dj hb

ubemfbtejefm ardbzf daifgt.

Hs tlf urbjefnm whs bdt ebvfste`htfm eb ets fbterfty, tlf

sezf dj tlf sfttnfofbt dj tlf pfdpnf wld aurefm tlfer mfhm ht

nec' E.Csfnstrhht setf ghb af dbny rdu`lny fsteohtfm. Db tlf

hssuoptedb tlht tlf gfoftfry mhtfs jrdo tlf Erdb H`f, tlf

sfttnfofbt prdahany gdopresfm h seb`nf jhrostfhm. ]lf jhgt

tlht tlf gfoftfry whs usfm jdr h ndb` pfredm ohcfs et

ubnecfnx elhn tlf sfttnfofbt whs hby nhr`fr.

]lf mejjfrfbgf aftwffb tlf EIssfnstrhht fvemfbgf hbm

tlht dj Vssfb es streceb`9 wlfrfhs tlf aurehn retf prhgtesfm

ht tlf EIssfnstrhht setf jets eb wetl tlf gdoodb urbjefnm

trhmetedb dj aurehn eb gnustfrfm `rhvfs, dbny sghttfrfm `rhvfs

wfrf jdubm ht Vssfb, dbf dj wlegl gdbthebfm hb urb

(Zhb mfr Whbmfb 855=). Hbdtlfr rfohrchanf jhgt es tlhtldusfs lhm affb auent db tdp dj tlf EIssfnstrhht urbjefnm eb

tlf Qdohb pfredm. Hpphrfbtny tlf dgguphbts nhgcfm tlf

rfspfgt jdr tlf jdrofr eblhaethbts dj tlf hrfh dasfrvfm ht

dtlfr setfs (Qdyohbs/Cdrtnhb` 8557, 753 Qdyohbs/]dn

8557, 66).

0. H sfttnfofbt jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm

]lf fhrnefst ldusf pnhbs jdubm wetleb tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh

mhtf jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm. Eb hmmetedb td jevf dr sex

ldusf pnhbs vhredus dtlfr jfhturfs wfrf jdubm, ebgnumeb`

wfnns, `rhbhrefs, hb dutauenmeb`, sfvfrhn rdws dj pdstldnfs

hbm metglfs. ]d`ftlfr tlfsf jfhturfs rfprfsfbt tlf pnhbs dj

tlf ebmevemuhn jhroyhrms dj wlegl tlf sfttnfofbt whs

gdopdsfm. ]lf vhredus ghtf`drefs dj jfhturfs wenn af

mfsgreafm sfphrhtfny eb tlf jdnndweb` sfgtedbs.

0.8 LDVWF [NHBW

H tdthn dj jevf dr pdsseany sex ldusf pnhbs jrdo tlf

Qdohb pfredm wfrf ubfhrtlfm. ]lfy wfrf hnn drefbtfm

bdrtl-fhst/sdutl-wfst. Bdbf dj tlf pnhbs gdunm af prfgesfny



OW HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

1680


tlf Erdb H`f urbjefnm3 t lf ndb` afm

(Bd. 16) es ebmeghtfm eb `rfy.

; 8;oE 8

1= • 17

brb




Jeùrf <. Vrbs jdubm eb tlf Erdb H`f `rhvfs3 wetl `rhvf buoafrs3 sghnf 89=.

mhtfm db tlf ahses dj ldusf pnhb typdnd`y87 dr hssdgehtfm

neeuns. Eb sdof ghsfs h rfnhtevf glrdbdnd`y gdunm af ebjfrrfm

jrdo ebtfrsfgtedbs.

0.8.8 Ldusf 8

Ldusf 8, wlegl lhm h jdubmhtedb trfbgl, ofhsurfm 8:.0 x

: o (je`. 8;).8= ]lf pnhb whs phrtny twd-hesnfm, phrtny tlrff-

hesnfm. ]lf rfohebs dj twd wddmfb rddj suppdrts lhm affb

prfsfrvfm hndb` tlf gfbtrhn hxes dj tlf twd-hesnfm phrt.

wlegl whs 5 o ndb`. Ebsemf tlf tlrff-hesnfm phrt, wlegl whs

0.0 o ndb`. wfrf twd sfts dj rddj suppdrts. ]lf whnn, wlegl

whs prdahany dj whttnfwdrc hbm whs jdubmfm eb tlf trfbgl.

whs eb sdof pnhgfs suppdrtfm ay (pherfm) whnn pdsts. ]lf

ldusf whs prdahany gdvfrfm ay h leppfm rddj. ]lf bdrtlfrb

fbtrhbgf sffofm td lhvf lhm h prdtrumeb` strugturf, tlf

sdutl-fhst semf dj wlegl lhm meshppfhrfm wlfb h pet whs

nhtfr mu` eb tlht hrfh.

Odst dj tlf seoenhr ldusfs wldsf pnhbs wfrf jdubm htVssfb lhm rddj suppdrts dutsemf tlf whnns hbm wfrf nhr`fr9

tlf oebeouo nfb`tl hbm wemtl rfgdrmfm ht Vssfb hrf 8<.7

hbm 0.1 o, rfspfgtevfny.

]lf dbny jebm hssfoanh`f tlht gdunm af hssdgehtfm wetl

tles pnhb wetl gfrthebty86 gdbsestfm dj jdur gnhy sneb` pfnnfts

hbm 8= jrhòfbts dj bhtevf Qdohb pdttfry (plhsf O-B,

HM ;-86;, Zhb mfb Ardfcf 85<0a, 888).

- I-d

Jeùrf 5. Erdb tdrquf jdubm eb `rhvf Bd. 73 sghnf 891.




Jeùrf 8;. [nhb dj Ldusf 83 sghnf 891;;.

Jeùrf 88. [nhb dj Ldusf 13 sghnf 891;;.

0.8.1 Ldusf!

]lf pnhb dj Ldusf 8 whs ebtfrsfgtfm ay tlht dj Ldusf 1,

wlegl hnsd lhm h jdubmhtedb trfbgl db tlf fhst semf. ]lf

bdrtl-fhst phrt dj tles ldusf pnhb whs bdt fxghvhtfm (je`. 88).

wlegl ofhbs tlht wf md bdt cbdw tlf dreèbhn nfb`tl dj tlf

auenmeb` (28; o)3 ets wemtl whs : o. ]lf rddj dj tlf twd-

hesnfm sdutl-wfst phrt whs suppdrtfm ay tlrff pdsts. ]lf

fbtrhbgfs wfrf prdahany eb tlf bdrtl-fhst phrt, wlegl es

hnsd necfny td lhvf affb twd-hesnfm, sebgf tlf rddjs dj tw

hesnfm phrts dj phrtny twd-, phrtny tlrff-hesnfm auenmeb`s

wfrf usuhnny suppdrtfm ay dbny twd pdsts. ]lf fbtrhbgfs

dj sugl auenmeb`s wfrf usuhnny bfxt td tlf sfgdbm rddj

suppdrt. ]lf whnn whs prdahany dj whttnfwdrc, suppdrtfm

ay whnn pdsts. ]lf fxghvhtfm phrt dj tlf ldusf whs




Je urf 81. [nhb dj Ldusf 73 sghnf 891;;.

Jeùrf 87. Gdoaebfm pnhb dj Ldusf 1/73 sghnf 891;;.

gdvfrfm ay h leppfm rddj3 tlf dtlfr phrt oe`lt lhvf lhm h

shmmnf rddj.

]les pnhb mem bdt lhvf hby pdstldnfs dutsemf tlf whnns.

]lf sdutl-wfst sldrt whnn whs sdofwlht hscfw.

]lf pdstldnfs hbm whnn trfbglfs dj Ldusf 1 yefnmfm

dbny jdur slfrms. tlrff dj wlegl gdunm af emfbtejefm

hs bht evd Qdohb pdttf ry."' ]lf jdurtl whs Qdohb

wlffn-turbfm whrf, aut gdunm bdt af emfbtejefm odrf

prfgesfny.

0. / 7 Ldusf 7

]lf pnhb dj Ldusf 7 (je`. 81) whs ebtfrsfgtfm ay tlht dj

Ldusf 8 hbm es tlfrfjdrf tlf dnmfst dj tlf tlrff bdrtlfrb

ldusf pnhbs. Petl ets nfb`tl dj 87.6 o hbm ets wemtl dj : o




Jeùrf 8=. [nhb dj Ldusf =3sghnf 891;;.

et es hnsd tlf sohnnfst dj tlf tlrff. ]lf pnhb es twd-hesnfm,wetl h whnn trfbgl db tlf bdrtl-fhst sldrt semf. ]lf rfohebs

dj tlrff rddj suppdrts wfrf jdubm hndb` tlf gfbtrhn hxes.

]lf fbtrhbgfs wfrf eb tlf ndb` whnns, phrhnnfn td tlf gfbtrhn

rddj suppdrt. ]lfrf ohy lhvf affb h tlerm fbtrhbgf eb tlf

bdrtl-fhst sldrt semf. ]lf auenmeb` whs gdvfrfm ay h leppfm

rddj.

]lf whnn pdsts ohy lhvf sfrvfm td suppdrt tlf rddj, hs

bd pdstldnfs wfrf dasfrvfm dutsemf tlf whnns. ]lf pdsts dj

tlf pdstldnfs db tlf sdutl-wfst semf ohy lhvf stddm eb h

jdubmhtedb trfbgl dreèbhnny.

H seoenhr pnhb, wlegl prdahany mhtfs jrdo tlf nst gfbtury

HM, whs mesgdvfrfm ht Aff`mfb (Qdyohbs 85<<a, 88=).

Bd jebms gdunm af hssdgehtfm wetl Ldusf 7 wetl hby

gfrthebty. H pefgf dj quhrtzetf hbm sex jrhòfbts dj lhbm

ohmf bhtevf pdttfry ohy lhvf gdof jrdo dbf dj tlf

pdstldnfs (sff hnsd bdtf 8:).

0.8.= Ldusf 187

Hb hntfrbhtevf rfgdbstrugtedb ghb af dathebfm ay

gdoaebeb` tlf pnhbs dj Ldusfs 1 hbm 7 (je`. 87). ]lht

rfsunts eb h ndb`fr pnhb dj tlf shof typf, wetl h tdthn dj sex

rddj suppdrts hndb` tlf gfbtrhn hxes, ofhsureb` 21= o x : o.

]lf ebtfrsfgtedbs mesgdvfrfm mureb` tlf fxghvhtedb hnndw

jdr tles rfgdbstrugtedb, wlenf tlf (rfnhtevf) mhtf dj tlf pnhb

mdfs bdt glhb`f fetlfr9 tles pnhb wdunm stenn af dnmfr tlhbtlht dj Ldusf 8. ]lf ebtfrsfgtedb dj pnhb 8 ay pnhb 1 es

sdnfny h rfsunt dj tlf rfgdbstrugtedb dj Ldusf 19 bd sugl hb

ebtfrsfgtedb whs dasfrvfm mureb` tlf fxghvhtedb. ]les sdnutedb

fneoebhtfs tlf prdanfo dj tlf danequf hb`nf dj Ldusf 1, aut et

mdfs ofhb tlht phrt dj tlf metgl wdunm lhvf affb ubusfm. Et

ohy lhvf gdbthebfm h phrtetedb whnn eb dbf dj tlf twd ldusfs.

Et es ubnecfny tlht tles ldusf whs ougl ndb`fr tlhb 1= o.

0.8.6 Ldusf =Ldusf = ofhsurfm 2 80.6 o x 0 o (je`. 8=). Et lhm h

jdubmhtedb trfbgl hbm whs phrtny twd-, phrtny tlrff-hesnfm

wetl twd rddj suppdrts eb tlf twd-hesnfm phrt hbm ht nfhst

twd sfts dj rddj suppdrts eb tlf tlrff-hesnfm phrt. ]lf bdr

fhst fbm whs bdt fxghvhtfm3 tlf ldusf ohy lhvf affb

twd-hesnfm wetl h tlrff-hesnfm oemmnf phrt. Qfohebs dj tlf

dhc rddj suppdrts wfrf jdubm eb tlf twd pdstldnfs dj tlf

twd-hesnfm phrt. ]lf fbtrhbgfs wfrf setuhtfm dppdsetf dbf

hbdtlfr eb tlf ndb` whnns, bfhr tlf sfgdbm rddj suppdrt dj

tlf twd-hesnfm phrt. ]lf jdubmhtedb trfbgl prdahany lfnm

whttnfwdrc whnn suppdrtfm ay fvfbny sphgfm pherfm whnn

pdsts. ]lfrf wfrf rddj suppdrts dutsemf tlf whnns. Eb

gdophresdb wetl seoenhr pnhbs jdubm ht Dss-Vssfb (wetl

wemtls dj 0.0 - <.= o), pnhb = es rhtlfr sohnn. ]lf hesnfs,

ldwfvfr, hrf dj odrf dr nfss tlf shof wemtl hs eb Vssfb

(8.0-1 o), sd tlf tlrff-hesnfm phrt ohy lhvf affb h ayrf

]lf pdstldnfs dj tles ldusf yefnmfm 87 pdttfry jrhòfb

Fnfvfb slfrms gdunm af emfbtejefm hs lhbmohmf bhtevf

pdttfry. ]lf rfohebeb` twd wfrf emfbtejefm hs prflestdref

hbm pdsseany Qdohb, rfspfgtevfny.

0. / .: Ldusf 6

]lf sdutl-fhst gdrbfr dj pnhb = whs ebtfrsfgtfm ay tlf

pnhb dj Ldusf 6 (je`. 86). Dbny h sohnn phrt dj tles nhst pn

whs fxghvhtfm (ofhsurfofbts 27.6 o x : o). ]lffxghvhtfm phrt dj tlf pnhb lhm h jdubmhtedb trfbgl hbm ht

nfhst dbf pdstldnf hndb` tlf gfbtrhn hxes dj tlf twd-hesnfm

sdutl-fhst phrt, ebmeghteb` h leppfm rddj. Dbny dbf pdstld

ohy lhvf lfnm h rddj suppdrt dutsemf tlf whnn.

]lf jebm hssfoanh`f jrdo Ldusf 6 gdopresfm dbny tlrf

pdttfry jrhòfbts9 dbf prflestdref jrhòfbt hbm twd

lhbmohmf (bhtevf) slfrms.




Je urf 86. [nhb dj Ldusf 63 sghnf 891;;.

0.8.0 Ldusf :

Ldusf : ofhsurfm 80.6 o x <.1 o (je`. 8:). ]les twd-

hesnfm ldusf lhm h jdubmhtedb trfbgl hbm tlrff rddj

suppdrts hndb` tlf gfbtrhn hxes. Dbf dj tlf pdstldnfs stenn

gdbthebfm tlf rfohebs dj hb dhc pdst. ]lf fbtrhbgfs wfrf

setuhtfm dppdsetf dbf hbdtlfr eb tlf ndb` whnns, bfhr tlf

sfgdbm rddj suppdrt. ]lfrf ohy lhvf affb h tlerm fbtrhbgf

eb tlf bdrtl-fhst sldrt whnn. Hnn hrdubm tlf whnns wfrf rddj

suppdrts ht fvfbny sphgfm ebtfrvhns (;.6 - 8 o).

]lf pdstldnfs hbm whnn trfbglfs dj Ldusf : yefnmfm 808

pdttfry jrhòfbts, 867 dj wlegl gdunm af emfbtejefm hs

lhbmohmf bhtevf pdttfry. ]wfnvf slfrms, ebgnumeb` dbf

pefgf dj Whoehb whrf, prdvfm td af Qdohb wlffn-turbfm

ohtfrehn. ]lf rfohebeb` slfrms gdunm bdt af emfbtejefm.

Dtlfr jebms ebgnumfm pefgfs dj quhrtzetf, phrt dj h spebmnf

wldrn, h pefgf dj `rffb `nhss hbm hb erdb bhen. H pet

mesgdvfrfm ebsemf tlf ldusf gdbthebfm 18 pdttfry jrhòfbts,

8: dj wlegl wfrf dj Qdohb wlffn-turbfm whrf. ]lfy

ebgnumfm jrhòfbts dj gddceb` pdts (Wtuhrt 85:7, typf 1;8)

hbm h whnn slfrm dj h tfrrh be`rh 'pfhrn urb' (Ldnwfrmh

85=8, typf 1<). Ldwfvfr, sebgf tles pet mem bdt jdro phrt djtlf dreèbhn pnhb dj tlf ldusf, tlfsf jebms gdunm bdt af usfm

nfe mhtf tlf ldusf.

0.1 DV]AVENMEB@W

Dbf dj tlf pnhbs ubfhrtlfm ht tlf EIssfnstrhht setf whs

emfbtejefm hs tlf jfhturf dj hb dutaue nmeb` (je`. 80), ohebny

db tlf ahses dj ets prdpdrtedbs (8;.= x =.< o), wlegl wfrf

tdd sohnn jdr h mwfeneb`. ]lf auenmeb` lhm tlf shof

drefbthtedb hs tlf ldusfs, bhofny bdrtl-fhst/sdutl-wfst.

]lf pnhb whs phrtny twd-, phrtny tlrff-hesnfm. ]lfrf whs h

jdubmhtedb trfbgl hndb` tlf bdrtl-fhst semf. H rddj suppdrt

lhm affb jdubmfm ht tlf gfbtrf dj tles trfbgl. ]lf tlrff-

hesnfm phrt whs dbny 8 oftrf ndb` hbm lhm gdbthebfm dbf

pher dj rddj suppdrts. ]lf fbtrhbgf, wlegl whs eb tlf

bdrtlfrb ndb` whnn, sfphrhtfm tlf twd-hesnfm phrt jrdo tlftlrff-hesnfm phrt. ]lf dutnebfs dj tlf sdutl-wfst phrt dj tlf

pnhb wfrf ohrcfm ay pdstldnfs.

Ht Dss-Vssfb (Wglebcfn 855=) tlf pnhb dj h seoenhr

auenmeb` (A1) whs jdubm. ]lfrf tdd, h rddj suppdrt lhm

affb jdubmfm eb tlf trfbgl dj tlf sldrt bdrtl-fhst whnn.

]lf Vssfb pnhb whs h nettnf sldrtfr tldu`l (5.1 o). Ej tlf

EIssfnstrhht auenmeb` fxtfbmfm bd jurtlfr tlhb tlf sfgdbm

rddj suppdrt (vefwfm jrdo tlf bdrtl-wfst), ets nfb`tl wdunm

lhvf affb gdophrhanf wetl tlht dj tlf Vssfb dutauenmeb`.

[dttfry jrdo tlf Vssfb dutauenmeb` A1 mhtfm et td tlf

Qdohb pfredm. ]lf EIssfnstrhht dutauenmeb` mem bdt yefnm hby

jebms, aut eb vefw dj ets seoenhrety td auenmeb` A1 hbm ets

hssdgehtedb wetl tlf surrdubmeb` strugturfs et tdd ohy af

mhtfm td tlf Qdohb pfredm. ]lf jubgtedb dj tlf auenmeb` es

bdt gfrtheb3 et ohy lhvf affb usfm jdr stdrh`f dr ebmustrehn

purpdsfs, aut bd ebmeghtedbs dj hby sugl hgtevetefs wfrf jdubm.

0.7 @QHBHQEFW

H sfphrhtf ghtf`dry dj sohnn dutauenmeb`s es tlht dj tlf

`rhbhrefs. Jdur `rhbhrefs wfrf emfbtejefm ht tlf EIssfnstrhht

setf (je`. 8<). ]wd lhm h tdthn dj jdur pdsts, tlf dtlfr

twd wfrf dj h bhrrdwfr, sex-pdst typf. Et es quetf pdsseanf

tlht tlfrf wfrf odrf `rhbhrefs wldsf jfhturfs wfrf bdt

rfgd`besfm mureb` tlf fxghvhtedb3 emfbtejyeb` syooftreghn

pdstldnf gdbjeùrhtedbs eb fxghvhtedb pnhbs rfquerfsghutedb.

]lf mhtfs dj tlf strugturfs hrf bdt gfrtheb9 dbny dbf

pdstldnf, afndbèb` td tlf bdrtlfrbodst jdur-pdst `rhbhry,

gdbthebfm h jebm9 h whnn jrhòfbt dj (lhbmohmf) bhtevf

pdttfry. ]lf jfhturfs gdunm bdt af mhtfm db typdndèghn

`rdubms fetlfr, hs jdur- hbm sex-pdst `rhbhrefs hrf cbdwb

jrdo tlf Ardbzf H`f, tlf Erdb H`f hbm tlf Qdohb pfredm.

Odrfdvfr, <=% dj tlf `rhbhrefs emfbtejefm ht Vssfb yefnmfm

bd jebms (Wglebcfn 855=, phrt EE, 8=7-8=6). Hs hnn dj

tlf ldusfs dj tlf EIssfnstrhht setf lhvf affb mhtfm td tlf

Qdohb pfredm, et es pnhuseanf ” aut bdt gfrtheb ” tlht tlf

`rhbhrefs hrf dj tlf shof mhtf. H odrf gdbvebgeb`hrùofbt jdr mhteb` tlf `rhbhrefs td tlf Qdohb pfredm es

tlfer pdsseanf hssdgehtedb wetl rdws dj pdstldnfs jrdo tlf

Qdohb pfredm (sff sfgtedb 0.6 afndw).

0.= PFNNW

Wex wfnns jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm wfrf jdubm eb tlf

fxghvhtfm hrfh (je`. 85). [hrts dj wddmfb nebeb` lhm affb




Jeùrf 8:. [nhb dj Ldusf :3

sghnf 891;;.

E

D D H >; »

We»;R

q D.

• DW*7 D, *

D ;

u

gM

> 6 n nJeùrf 80. [nhb dj hb dutauenmeb`, sghnf 891;;.

prfsfrvfm eb jevf dj tlfsf wfnns. ]lf nebeb` dj Elf sextl wfnn

ohy lhvf affb rfodvfm. Hnodst hnn typfs dj nebeb`s dj tlf

Qdohb pfredm wfrf rfprfsfbtfm eb tlf EIssfnstrhht9

whttnfwdrc, h ldnndwfm-dut trff trubc hbm teoafr pnhbcs

jdroeb` h wfnn wetl h squhrf grdss sfgtedb. Hnodst hnn dj

tlf nebeb`s wfrf dj dhc 80, wlegl whs tlf odst pdpunhr cebm

dj wddm jdr Qdohb wfnns (Wglebcfn 855=, phrt EE, 15).

Hnmfr lhm affb usfm twegf9 jdr phrt dj tlf whttnf eb wfnn

Bd. =: hbm jdr h pf` eb wfnn Bd. 7;7. Pfnns Bds =< hbm

7;7 adtl yefnmfm h pefgf dj wenndw, aut ubjdrtubhtfny et es

bdt gnfhr jrdo tlf rfgdrms wlftlfr tlfy jdrofm phrt dj tlf

nebeb`s.

Mureb` tlf fxghvhtedb tlf jebms rfgdvfrfm jrdo tlf sden

dvfrnyeb` tlf wfnns wfrf bdt cfpt sfphrhtfny jrdo tlf jebms

jrdo tlf jenns hbm tlfrfjdrf tlf wfnns ghbbdt af mhtfm

prfgesfny. Bdbf dj tlf wfnns ghb lhvf affb gdopnftfny

jennfm up afjdrf HM 86; (je`. 1;). ]lf bhtevf9 eopdrtfm

pdenfry rhted ghb af usfm td datheb hb ebmeghtedb dj tlf

rfnhtevf h`f dj tlf wfnns. Hggdrmeb` td tlht rhted, wfnn

Bd. =< gdunm af dnmfr tlhb tlf bfhray wfnn Bd. =:. Et es

Jeùrf 8<. [nhbs dj jdur `rhbhrefs, sghnf 8 91;;.

streceb` tlht wfnn Bd. 767, wlegl gdbthebfm tlf nhr`fst hodu

dj eopdrtfm pdttfry, hnsd yefnmfm tlf fhrnefst G8= mhtf.

]lf G8= mhtfs dathebfm jdr tlf teoafr nebeb`s (sldwb eb

tha. 1 wetl h prdahaenety dj 56.=%) ebmeghtf h tfroebus pds

qufo jdr tlf gdbstrugtedb dj tlf wfnns. Plfrf bd G8= mhtf

whs hvhenhanf tlf fhrnefst pdsseanf mhtf jdr tlf eopdrtfm

pdttfry whs usfm. ]d`ftlfr tlfsf mhtfs ebmeghtf tlf pfredms

jrdo wlfb tlf wfnns wfrf gdbstrugtfm hbm sthrtfm td af

usfm ubten tlfy wfrf jebhnny jennfm up. Eb thanf 1 tlf mhtf

HM 806 es usfm hs h rdu`l fsteohtf dj tlf teof wlfb tlf




7;7

767

8 o

Jeùrf 85. [nhbs hbm dbf sfgtedb dj jdur wfnns, sldweb` tlf gdbstrugtedb.




=:

=<

Jeùrf 1;. Dss-EIssfnstrhht9

mhteb` dj tlf Qdohb wlffn-turbfm

pdttfry jrdo wfnns (wfnn buoafrs db

tlf nfjt).

76=

7;7

7;<

7=7

767

W]VHQ]8=5W]VHQ] 1;8IV@ FHQEWEB@W 6;W]VHQ] 1W]VHQ] 88; AW]VHQ] 1;7

LDNPFQMH 66-6<WODD]L-PHNNFM IV@

1 LDNPFQMH61MQH@. 15

1 W]VHQ] 8=07 LDJLFEO6;

W]VHQ] 8=:W]VHQ] 8;0

6 W]VHQ] 18;LDNPFQMH 1:

7 AQVBW]EB@0(8=0)

MQH@. 15

W]VHQ] 18;

W]VHQ] 7;17 W]VHQ] 18;

W]VHQ] 1WODD]L-PHNNFM IV@AQVBW]EB@6H(0<)

LDNPFQMH :8; (\EE)W]VHQ] 8=5 (W]HO[)W]VHQ] 8dr 1AQVBW]EB@ 6 H (7)

MQH@. 70 (MFGDQH]EDB)W]VHQ] 7;1W]VHQ] 18;

LDNPFQMH 61

W]VHQ] 87< (4)MQH@. 8</78 dr78AQVBW]EB@ 1 A (0=)AQVBW]EB@ 6 H (0<)

1 AQVBW]EB@ 0 (8=0)

]hanf 1. ]lf wfnns jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm

wfnn buoafr mehoftrf (go)

=(2 71;

=W =;;

7;7 =;;

OEW 76;

7=7 7:;

$67 7=;

mfptl (go) G8= mhtf pfredm

6;88;

4

6;0

5

@rB-8;0;79 8<=6+=; A[ (HM <1-78: ghn.)@rB-8;0;=9 85<;876 A[ (HM =;-88: ghn.)

@rB-8;0;69 8<5687; A[ (HM 01-18< ghn.)

@rB-8;0;:9 1;=6876 A[ (86: ghn. AG - HM :1 ghn.)

HM <1-80HM =;-80HM 0;-80HM 01-80HM 0;-80HM 6;-80

wfnns wfrf unteohtfny jennfm up3 tlfdrfteghnny tles gdunm lhvf

affb hby mhtf hjtfr HM 86;.

Zfry nettnf es cbdwb hadut tlf nfb`tl dj tlf pfredms dj

usf dj (Qdohb) wfnns. Pddm rdt (Cbeppfbafr` 85:6, <;)

hbm tlf `rhmuhn senteb` up dj tlf pet wenn lhvf `rfhtny

neoetfm tlf nejf dj h wfnn3 et sffos ubnecfny tlht h wfnn whs

usfm jdr odrf tlhb 6-8; yfhrs8<. ]lht wdunm ofhb tlht tlf

EIssfnstrhht wfnns wfrf bdt bfgfsshreny usfm seounthbfdusny




hR'!n

w9

e

-

04 " ' '". -Enel

7=7

-d-7;<

=:

Je urf 18. Ofthn daifgts jrdo wfnns3 sghnf 891.

]lf mfptl dj tlf wfnns whs bdt hnwhys rfgdrmfm hbm eb

dbny tlrff ghsfs whs tlf sfgtedb dj tlf wfnn mrhwb.

]lf jeùrfs eb thanf 1 dbny ebmeghtf tlf mfptl mdwb td tlf

(prfsfbt-mhy) `rdubmwhtfr nfvfn9 tlf mfptl dj tlf wddmfb

strugturf whs bdt rfgdrmfm fetlfr.

]lf nebeb` dj wfnn Bd. =: gdbsestfm dj whttnfwdrc, lfnm

td`ftlfr ay wddmfb sthcfs, hrrhb`fm eb twd gergnfs. Wdof

dj tlf sthcfs lhm affb spnet nfb`ltlwesf.

Gnhy sdms lhm affb penfm h`hebst tlf dutsemf dj tlf

whttnfwdrc. H wddmfb nd` wetl h bdtgl whs jdubm eb tlf

nhyfr dj sden dvfrnyeb` tlf fm`f dj tlf wfnn.

]lf jebms jrdo tles wfnn gdbsestfm dj 60 jrhòfbts dj

bhtevf pdttfry (ebgnumeb` gdhsthn pdttfry), 8;: jrhòfbts dj

Qdohb wlffn-turbfm pdttfry, h nuop dj ahshnt nhvh, sdof

quhrtzetf, vhredus adunmfrs, snhtf, h jrh ofbt dj hb hbeohn

odnhr, h pefgf dj `rffb `nhss (prdahany phrt dj tlf ahsf dj hadttnf), phrt dj h `nhss Nh ]ìbf arhgfnft (Lhfvfrbegc 0h3 sff

hnsd [fmmfodrs 8506, 81;, 87=) hbm h ardbzf werf jeaunh

(je`. 18).

H strugturf wetl h squhrf grdss sfgtedb, ohmf dj

ldrezdbthnny hrrhb`fm teoafr pnhbcs, afhos hbm rdubmwddm,

whs mesgdvfrfm eb wfnn Bd. =<.

]lf jebms gdbsestfm dj 1:0 jrhòfbts dj bhtevf pdttfry

(ebgnumeb` gdhsthn pdttfry), 1;= jrhòfbts dj Qdohb wlffn-

turbfm pdttfry, phrt dj h cenb (4), twd sohnn gnhy ahnns, h

gnhy sneb` pfnnft, sdof quhrtzetf (pdsseany phrts dj h

`rebmstdbf), vhredus nuops dj gnhy, pdsseany ebgnumeb`

whttnf hbm mhua, shbmstdbf, ahshnt nhvh, hb erdb bhen, hb erdb

lddc (pdsseany h cfy), hb erdb lhoofr-hxf (je`. 18), h

jrhòfbt dj h `nhss Nh ]ìbf arhgfnft (Lhfvfrbegc 7a3 sff

hnsd [fmmfodrs 8506, 81;, 87=), jrhòfbts dj `nhss

thanfwhrf hbm phrt dj h mhrc-anuf `nhss afhm. ]lfrf whs

hnsd h sohnn hodubt dj glhrgdhn hbm fe`lt jrhòfbts dj

hbeohn odnhrs.

Pfnn Bd. 7;7 whs nebfm wetl h strugturf wetl h squhrf

grdss sfgtedb gdopreseb` adtl ldrezdbthnny hbm vfrteghnny

pnhgfm pnhbcs, gdbbfgtfm veh mdwfnnfm idebts.

]lf jebms jrdo tles wfnn ebgnumfm 87: jrhòfbts djbhtevf pdttfry, 6= jrhòfbts dj Qdohb wlffn-turbfm

pdttfry, h sohnn pefgf dj erdb (prdahany phrt dj h bhen),

sfvfrhn nuops dj ndho, jrhòfbts dj hbeohn odnhrs hbm h

`rebmstdbf dr pdnesleb` stdbf.

]lf nebeb` dj wfnn Bd. 7;< gdbsestfm dj h ldnndwfm-dut

dhc trff trubc wetl h mehoftfr dj 5; go.




Jeùrf 11. Pddmfb ydcf jrdo wfnn Bd. 7;<.

]lf jebms ebgnumfm 8; jrhòfbts dj bhtevf pdttfry.

1= jrhòfbts dj Qdohb wlffn-turbfm pdttfry, hb erdb

spfhrlfhm, nuops dj ahshnt nhvh, ndho, h nuop dj `rhbetf, wlht

ohy lhvf affb h jrhòfbt dj h rddjtenf hbm phrt dj h wddmfb

ydcf (je`. 113 sff hnsd Zhb mfb Ardfcf/Zfrwfrs 8500).

Bd nebeb` whs jdubm eb pet Bd. 7=7. Hs bd mrhweb` whs

ohmf dj tlf sfgtedb dj tlf wfnn wf md bdt cbdw wlftlfr

tlfrf whs bfvfr h nebeb` eb tlf wfnn dr wlftlfr tlfrf lhm

affb dbf dreèbhnny, wlegl whs nhtfr rfodvfm. ]lf jfhturf

whs rfgdrmfm hs h wfnn mureb` tlf fxghvhtedb hbm et wenntlfrfjdrf af rf`hrmfm hs tlht lfrf.

]les pet yefnmfm 5: jrhòfbts dj bhtevf pdttfry, 16 jrh`

ofbts dj Qdohb wlffn-turbfm pdttfry, h jrhòfbt dj h

spebmnf wldrn, h jrhòfbt dj h ahshnt nhvh qufrb, jrhòfbts

dj `rebmstdbfs ohmf dj shbmstdbf hbm quhrtzetf, h rftduglfm

jnebt jnhcf, h jrhòfbt dj h ardbzf jeaunh, hb erdb cbejf

(je`. 18) hbm tlrff erdb bhens.

Pfnn Bd. 767 whs tlf sfgdbm wfnn wetl h rdubm grdss

sfgtedb nebfm wetl whttnfwdrc lfnm td`ftlfr ay wddmfb

sthcfs. Wfvfrhn wddmfb pnhbcs lhm affb pnhgfm hrdubm tlf

fm`f dj tlf wfnn, prdahany hs h jdro dj rfebjdrgfofbt .

]lf jebms jrdo tles wfnn ebgnumfm 1 jrhòfbts dj bhtevf

pdttfry, =1 jrhòfbts dj Qdohb wlffn-turbfm pdttfry, h

rftduglfm jnebt jnhcf (pdsseany hb hrrdwlfhm) hbm h jrh`

ofbt dj h ahshnt nhvh `rebmstdbf.

]lf (rfnhtevf) mhtfs dj tlf wfnns (tha. 1, je`. 1;) md bdt

prdvemf hby gnufs hs td wlegl wfnn whs hssdgehtfm wetlwlegl ldusf. ]lf rfnhtevfny sohnn mesthbgf aftwffb wfnns

Bds =< hbm =: hbm tlf sohnn mejjfrfbgf eb mhtf su``fst tlh

Bd. =< whs tlf prfmfgfssdr dj Bd. =:. ]les ebtfrprfthtedb

eb hggdrmhbgf wetl tlf nhydut dj tlf setf9 Ldusf 6 (wetl

wfnn Bd. =:) ohy lhvf affb tlf merfgt suggfssdr dj Ldusf

(wetl wfnn Bd. =<). H buoafr dj dtlfr gdoaebhtedbs ghb a

ohmf eb tlf shof why9 Ldusf : wetl wfnn Bd. 7;7 dr wfnn




Bd. 7;6, Ldusf 8/1/7 wetl wfnn Bd. 7=7 dr wfnn Bd. 7;7

hbm tlf dutauenmeb` wetl wfnn Bd. 7;<. ]lht why. hnn tlf

wfnns wdunm ag setuhtfm td tlf wfst dj tlf auenmeb`s.

Nettnf es cbdwb hadut tlf pdsetedb dj tlf wfnns wetl rfspfgt

td tlf ldusfs dr hadut tlf mesthbgf aftwffb tlf ldusfs hbm

tlf wfnns. Odrfdvfr, hs tlf sfttnfofbt whs bdt gdopnftfny

fxghvhtfm, tlf dreèbhn buoafr dj ldusfs eb prdpdrtedb td tlf

buoafr dj wfnns ohy lhvf affb mejjfrfbt jrdo wlht ghb afgdbgnumfm jrdo tlf pnhb dj tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh.

0. : Q()PW >)n n'DW]BDn EW

]wd rdws dj pdstldnfs wfrf jdubm wlegl ohy lhvf lfnm

tlf pdsts dj jfbgfs dr phneshmfs. Jrdo tlf sdutl semf dj wfnn

Bd. =< h rdw dj pdstldnfs fxtfbmfm eb h sdutl-wfstfrny

merfgtedb, prdahany afydbm tlf neoet dj tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh

(ne`. 17). ]lf pdstldnfs lhm hb hvfrh`f mehoftfr dj 16 go

hbm hb hvfrh`f mfptl dj 8: go (dreèbhnny hadut :; go)3

tlf mesthbgf aftwffb tlf pdstldnfs vhrefm jrdo 86; td

1;; go. Ht dbf pdebt tlf mesthbgf aftwffb twd pdstldnfs

whs 70; go3 tlfrf ohy lhvf affb h `hp eb tlf jfbgf dr

phneshmf ht Eaes pdebt. Eb sdof pnhgfs tlf pdsts wfrf pherfm.

]lf pdsts dj tles rdw prdahany sfrvfm td ohrc tlf nebeets

dj h yhrm. Weoenhr hssdgehtedbs aftwffb pdstldnfs hbm wfnns

wfrf hnsd dasfrvfm ht Vssfb (Jdccfbs 8558g. 8;;3 Wglebcfn

855=, phrt EE, 110), wlfrf tlf jfbgfs hrf tldu`lt td lhvf

sfrvfm td cffp tlf ghttnf hwhy jrdo tlf wfnns. ]lf (wemf)

sphgfs aftwffb tlf pdsts dj tlf EIssfnstrhht jfbgf oust lhvf

affb jennfm up wetl whttnfwdrc dr ldrezdbthn afhos. ]lf

rdw dj pdstldnfs lhm tlf shof drefbthtedb hs Ldusf = hbm

nhy eb nebf wetl tlf ldusf's sdutlfrb ndb` whnn. ]lf jfhturf

dj h tdur-pdst `rhbhry whs dasfrvfm phrhnnfn td tlf phneshmf.

Hnn tlfsf jfhturfs (wfnn, ldusf, `rhbhry) nhy td tlf bdrtl dj

tlf rdw dj pdstldnfs. Ghttnf ohy lhvf affb mrevfb duttlrdu`l tlf sdutlfrb dpfbeb` dr tlrdu`l h (bdt fxghvhtfm)

dpfbeb` eb tlf bdrtl-fhst sldrt whnn dj wlht es tldu`lt td

lhvf affb tlf ayrf.

]lf pdstldnfs mem bdt yefnm hby jebms3 tlfy wfrf mhtfm td

tlf Qdohb pfredm db tlf ahses dj tlf hssdgehtedb wetl

Ldusf = hbm wfnn Bd. =<.

]lf sfgdbm rdw dj pdstldnfs whs hnsd drefbtfm bdrtl-

fhst/sdutl-wfst. Et fxtfbmfm jrdo tlf sldrt fbm dj Ldusf :

eb h bdrtl-fhstfrny merfgtedb, pdsseany afydbm tlf neoet dj

tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh (je`. 17). ]lf hvfrh`f mehoftfr dj tlf

pdstldnfs whs 1; go, tlf hvfrh`f mfptl 80 go. ]lf

mesthbgf aftwffb tlf pdstldnfs vhrefm jrdo 1; td 88; go.Wdof dj tlf pdsts ohy lhvf affb pherfm.

Hntldu`l ets strugturf wenn lhvf mejjfrfm sne`ltny, tlf

jfbgf tlht whs suppdrtfm ay tlf pdsts dj tles rdw dj

pdstldnfs ohy af gdophrfm wetl tlf jfbgf mesgussfm hadvf.

Eb tles ghsf tdd, tlf bfhray ldusf pnhb (Ldusf :) lhm tlf

shof drefbthtedb. ]lf hssdgehtedb wetl tles ldusf whs

rfebjdrgfm ay tlf jhgt tlht tlf rdw dj pdstldnfs fxtfbmfm

ebtd tlf fbtrhbgf eb tlf bdrtl-fhst sldrt whnn. Hbm eb tles

ghsf tdd tlf jfhturf dj hb (ubmhtfm) `rhbhry whs dasfrvfm

phrhnnfn td tlf phneshmf. Vbnecf tlf ldusf, tlf `rhbhry nhy td

tlf sdutl dj tlf rdw dj pdstldnfs. Ldusf : lhm bd tlrff-

hesngm phrt, aut ohy lhvf gdbthebfm h ayrf ht ets bdrtl-fhst

fbm. Ej sd, ghttnf ohy lhvf affb mrevfb dut tlrdu`l tlf

fbtrhbgf td tlf ayrf, tlf jfbgf sfrveb` td cffp tlf hbeohns

hwhy jrdo tlf `rhbhry. Wdutl dj tlf `rhbhry h sldrt rdw djpdstldnfs whs jdubm td rub phrhnnfn td tlf phneshmf. ]lfy

ohy lhvf lfnm tlf pdsts dj h jfbgf-necf strugturf, hssdgehtfm

wetl tlf phneshmf hbm tlf `rhbhry.

]lf hssdgehtedb wetl Ldusf : mhtfs tlf rdw dj pdstldnfs

td tlf Qdohb pfredm, wlegl es bfetlfr mfbefm bdr gdbjerofm

ay tlf jfw jebms.

0.0 ME]GLFW

]lf fxghvhtedb pnhb sldws hadut tfb metglfs hbm

strftglfs dj metglfs. Bdbf dj tldsf metglfs jdro phrt dj

ldusf pnhbs. ]lfer nfb`tls vhry jrdo 8 o td 17 o9 bdt dbf

dj tlf metglfs lhm affb prfsfrvfm eb ets fbterfty. Odst dj

tlfo wfrf slhnndw, wlegl su``fsts tlht hb ubcbdwb

buoafr dj metglfs ohy lhvf affb gdopnftfny dr phrtny

dvfrnddcfm eb tlf fxghvhtedb. Dreèbhnny, ldwfvfr, tlf

metglfs wenn lhvf affb hadut =; go mffpfr (sff sfgtedb 7)

hbm lfbgf bdt hs slhnndw hs tlfy sffofm ht tlf teof dj tlf

fxghvhtedb.

Wdof dj tlf metglfs gdunm af hssdgehtfm wetl h jfhturf

(wfnn dr pet). ]lf shof fxpnhbhtedb hs prdpdsfm jdr tlf

rdws dj pdstldnfs hadvf ohy hppny jdr tldsf hssdgehtedbs.

Ldwfvfr, bdbf dj tlf hssdgehtedbs es gnfhr fbdu`l td hndw

hby gdbgnusedbs td af mrhwb hadut tlf nhydut dj tlf sfttnf

ofbt setf.

Et es pdsseanf tlht tlf EIssfnstrhht sfttnfofbt whs fbgndsfmay adubmhry metglfs. Hs dbny phrt dj tlf setf whs fxghvhtfm,

tlf dbny metglfs tlht gdunm af ebtfrprftfm hs phrts dj sugl h

sfttnfofbt fbgndsurf hrf tldsf dasfrvfm eb tlf sdutlfrb hbm

wfstfrb phrts dj tlf setf, wlfrf tlf neoets dj tlf sfttnfofbt

ohy lhvf affb rfhglfm.

]lf sdutlfrb metgl, h rhtlfr errfùnhr metgl wlegl ghof td

ne`lt g. 8; o td tlf sdutl dj wfnn Bd. 78: (je`s. 7, 6), gdunm

lypdtlfteghnny lhvf ohrcfm tlf sdutlfrb neoet dj tlf

sfttnfofbt. Et lhm hb hvfrh`f wemtl dj 6; go hbm hb

hvfrh`f mfptl dj dbny 86 go3 et gdbthebfm bd jebms. Petl

tlf fxgfptedb dj tlf jfhturf dj h sex-pdst `rhbhry tlfrf wfrf

vfry jfw jfhturfs td tlf sdutl dj tlf metgl. Db tlf wldnf,ldwfvfr, tles es bdt fbdu`l fvemfbgf td iustejy hb ebtfr-

prfthtedb dj tlf metgl hs phrt dj h sfttnfofbt fbgndsurf.

Ets sohnn meofbsedbs hbm errfùnhr nhydut eb phrtegunhr ohcf

sugl h jubgtedb ubnecfny. ]lf metglfs tlht fbgndsfm h seoenhr

sfttnfofbt ht Vssfb (Ydofrldj) lhm hb hvfrh`f mfptl dj

=; go (Qhfohfcfrs 8557, 78), wlegl wdunm lhvf affb

hadut 0; go dreèbhnny.




u^

d767

7;7


tlf bhtevf Qdohb sfttnfofbt.

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f - R

L:



n L b. PFWWFVB@L - DWW-EIWWFNW]QHH]

]lf wfstfrb metgl (je`. 17), wlegl whs drefbtfm bdrtl-

wfst/sdutl-fhst, ohy lhvf ohrcfm tlf wfstfrb neoet dj tlf

sfttnfofbt. ]wd sohnn trehn trfbglfs sldwfm tlht tles metgl

fxtfbmfm ht nfhst 0 o afydbm tlf neoets dj tlf fxghvhtfm

hrfh eb adtl merfgtedbs, wlegl areb`s ets tdthn nfb`tl td ht

nfhst 77 eb. ]lf metgl lhm h wemtl dj <; go hbm hb hvfrh`f

mfptl dj 17 go, adtl ofhsurfm jrdo tlf fxghvhtedb nfvfn.

H prdtrusedb whs dasfrvfm hndb` tlf fhstfrb adrmfr dj tlesmetgl hbm ohy lhvf jdrofm phrt dj tlf jfhturf dj tlf metgl.

]lf metgl rhb phrhnnfn td tlf sldrt fbms dj tlf ldusf pnhbs.

Hs dbny h sohnn hrfh whs fxghvhtfm td tlf wfst dj tlf metgl

wf md bdt cbdw wlftlfr tlf buoafr dj jfhturfs mfgrfhsfm

afydbm tles pdsseanf fbgedsurf.

]lf jebms jrdo tles metgl gdbsestfm dj jdur jrhòfbts dj

bhtevf pdttfry hbm dbf soddtl-whnnfm ahsf slfrm dj Qdohb

wlffn-tuofm whrf. ]lfy wdunm su``fst h mhtf eb tlf

Qdohb pfredm jdr tlf metgl, aut tlht es bdt gfrtheb. ]lf

metgl whs ebtfrsfgtfm ay h sfgdbm, fhst-wfst drefbtfm

metgl, wlegl yefnmfm twd jrhòfbts dj bhtevf pdttfry hbm

nn) jrhòfbts dj Qdohb wlffn-turbfm pdttfry. ]lfy

ebgnumf twd reo slfrms dj pnhtfs dj gdhrsf whrf, Wtuhrt

85:7, typf 186/18:, wlegl hrf usuhnny mhtfm HM =;-81;.

]lf sfgdbm metgl, wlegl fbmfm rhtlfr haruptny hbm mem

bdt sffo td af hssdgehtfm wetl hby dtlfr jfhturfs, wdunm

lhvf td af mhtfm nhtfr eb tlf Qdohb pfredm tlhb tlf metgl

tlht ohy lhvf ohrcfm tlf adubmhry dj tlf sfttnfofbt.

]lf hssdgehtedb dj tlf nhttfr metgl wetl tlf sfttnfofbt es

gnfhr, aut wlftlfr et hgtuhnny sfrvfm hs hb fbgedsurf es

ubgfrtheb.

0.< ]LF MH]EB@ FZEMFBGF [QDZEMFM AU ]LF [D]]FQU

Wdof odrf httfbtedb wenn af èvfb td tlf mhteb` fvemfbgf

prdvemfm ay tlf pdttfry rfgdvfrfm jrdo tlf EIssfnstrhht setf,

hs tlf setfs dj Dss-Vssfb wfrf mhtfm ohebny ay stumyeb`

tles phrtegunhr jebm ghtf`dry (Zhb mfb Ardfcf 85<0h,

85<0a). Eb tdthn, <650 slfrms mhteb` jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm

wfrf jdubm. Hpprdxeohtfny 6;% dj tlfsf wfrf dj tlf bhtevf

lhbmohmf cebm dj fhrtlfbwhrf, tlf dtlfr 6;% gdbsesteb` dj

jrhòfbts dj Qdohb wlffn-turbfm pdttfry.

]d sthrt wetl tlf lhbmohmf ghtf`dry9 tlf ohidrety dj

tlfsf slfrms wfrf dreèbhnny emfbtejefm hs 'Erdb H`f dr

bhtevf Qdohb pdttfry'. Db tlf ahses dj tlf hssdgehtfm

jfhturfs tlfy lhvf sebgf tlfb affb mhtfm odrf prfgesfny td

tlf Qdohb pfredm. Webgf les emfbtejeghtedb dj tlf EIssfnstrhht

jebms, [.P. vhb mfb Ardfcf lhs mestebùeslfm h typdndèghnsfqufbgf ahsfm db tlf pdttfry jdubm ht Vssfb. ]lf

hssfoanh`f trdo tlf EIssfnstrhht setf ghb af pnhgfm eb tles

sfqufbgf. Glhrhgtfresteg dj tlf Qdohb pfredm (plhsf O-B,

rfprfsfbteb` tlf jerst 86; yfhrs HM) es tlf rfnhtevf

prfmdoebhbgf dj pdts dj typf EE (h gndsfm typf wetldut h

bfgc3 sff Zhb mfb Ardfcf 85<0h. 71). ]les es hpphrfbt eb

jeùrf 1=, wlegl sldws tlf typfs dj lhbmohmf pdttfry

jdubm eb wfnn Bd. =<. Dtlfr glhrhgtfrestegs dj tlf Qdohb

pfredm hrf tlf jrfqufbt dggurrfbgf dj reos tlegcfbfm db tlf

dutsemf ([.P. vhb mfb Ardfcf pfrs. gdoo.) hbm tlf reos

mfgdrhtfm wetl sphtunh eoprfssedbs.

Dj dbny h sohnn pfrgfbth`f (hpprdx. :%) dj tlf

jrhòfbts dj wlffn-turbfm pdttfry gdunm tlf spfgejeg typf

dj vfssfn td wlegl tlfy lhm afndb`fm af emfbtejefm

(je`. 16). ]lf rhb`f dj typfs mhtfs tlf sfttnfofbt td tlfpfredm EA-EEEH (HM 6;-16;). Bdbf dj tlf pnhbs dj

auenmeb`s, wfnns dr dtlfr jfhturfs gdunm af mhtfm odrf

prfgesfny. ]lf `rfhtfr phrt dj tlf mhthanf ohtfrehn ghof

jrdo tlf lhbm-mu` tdpsden. ]lf sphtehn mestreautedb dj tlfsf

jebms yefnmfm bd hmmetedbhn ebtdrohtedb9 tlfrf wfrf bd hrfhs

glhrhgtfresfm ay h prfmdoebhbgf dj pdttfry jrdo h

phrtegunhr pfredm.

<. s2eet lfses 9 tlf bhtevf Qdohb .sfttnfofbt dj

Dss-EIssfnstrhht

<.8 WEYF

]lf EIssfnstrhht sfttnfofbt whs bdt fxghvhtfm eb etsfbterfty. H sne`lt mfgrfhsf eb tlf buoafr dj jfhturfs eb tlf

wfstfrb hbm sdutlfrb phrts dj tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh hbm wlht

ohy af phrt dj hb fbgedseb` metgl eb tlf wfst su``fstfm tlht

tlf wfstfrb hbm sdutlfrb neoets lhm affb rfhglfm. ]wd sohnn

rfsguf fxghvhtedbs85 wfrf ghrrefm dut eb tlf hrfh hrdubm tlf

sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf dreèbhn fxghvhtedb. ]lf rfsunts,

gdbsesteb` ohebny dj dasfrvhtedbs ohmf eb odmfrb jdubmhtedb

trfbglfs, ebmeghtf tlht tlf EIssfnstrhht sfttnfofbt mem bdt

fxtfbm jurtlfr sdutlwhrms tlhb tlf sex-pdst `rhbhry. Eb tlf

bdrtl hbm fhst tlf sfttnfofbt fxtfbmfm afydbm tlf neoets dj

tlf fxghvhtedb, hs gdunm af gdbgnumfm jrdo tlf ebgdopnftf

ldusf pnhbs. ]les whs gdbjerofm ay dasfrvhtedbs eb auenmeb`

trfbglfs merfgtny fhst dj tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh.

Ndghn hrglhfdndèsts ohmf dasfrvhtedbs mureb` auenmeb`

hgtevetefs eb vhredus phrts dj tlf 'Bddrm' ebmustrehn fsthtf. Eb

odst ghsfs tlfy rfgdrmfm dbf dr twd pdstldnfs, sdofteofs

gdbthebeb` pdttfry. Ldusfs dr dtlfr strugturfs gdunm bdt af

rfgdbstrugtfm. ]lf mesthbgfs jrdo tlf hrfhs wlfrf tlfsf

dasfrvhtedbs wfrf ohmf td tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh vhrefm jrdo

0; td 8;; o. Wphtehn hbhnyses dj tlf Vssfb mhth sldwfm tlht

tldsf mesthbgfs hrf tdd nhr`f jdr tlf jfhturfs td af merfgtny

hssdgehtfm wetl tldsf dasfrvfm eb tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh.

<.1 ]LF WF]]NFOFB]

]lf phrt dj tlf sfttnfofbt tlht gdunm af stumefmgdopresfm tlf rfohebs dj tlrff jhroyhrms, wlegl ohy lhvf

affb eb usf ht tlf shof teof (je`. 17). Eb twd dj tlfsf

jhroyhrms tlf ldusfs lhm affb rfauent db tlf shof spdt ht

nfhst dbgf. ]lf yhrms wfrf phrtny fbgndsfm ay rdws dj

pdstldnfs. Wghttfrfm hgrdss tlf sfttnfofbt wfrf sex wfnns,

jevf dj wlegl gdbthebfm rfohebs dj tlf wddmfb nebeb` stenn

eb setu. Ej Ldusfs = hbm : wfrf gdbtfopdrhry, tlf fxhgt




E

v^

r r j

b

r

b8

Jeùrf 1=. Dss-EIssfnstrhht9 lhbmohmf bhtevf pdttfry jdros jrdo wfnn =<3 sghnf 89=.




Je urf 16. Dss-EIssfnstrhht9 mhteb`

dj tlf Qdohb wlffn-turbfm pdttfry.

HV@W] 1.: (JEAVNH)LDNPFQMH 1<

LDNPFQMH 61LDNPFQMH <8MQH@. 15MQH@. 10MQH@. 77LDJLFEO 6;W]VHQ]8W]VHQ] 186/18:MFGLFNF]]F :0W]VHQ] 1<W]VHQ] 8=0W]VHQ] 8=5W]VHQ] 1;8MQH@. 70 + MFGDQ.W]VHQ] 7;1W]VHQ] 8;:

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7 W]VHQ] 88; (A)LDNPFQMH 1:AQVBW]EB@ 0 (8=0)W]VHQ]888AQVBW]EB@ 07 (05)MQH@. =6

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88

=6

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88

87=

8=

E EE EEE

H A H A H A

h a g m h a g m h a g m

” . - ” . - ” . - ” . -

”

nhydut dj tlfer yhrms es ubgfrtheb. Ldusf = sffos td lhvf

affb setuhtfm sdutl dj tlf yhrm hssdgehtfm wetl et, aut tlf

sdutlfo fbtrhbgf dj Ldusf : hnsd dpfbfm dbtd tlht hrfh.

Odrfdvfr, tlf `rhbhry hssdgehtfm wetl Ldusf : nhy eb tlf

shof yhrm. Et es tfopteb` td hssuof tlht tlf hrfh aftwffb

tlf twd ldusfs. ebgnumeb` tlf dutldusf hbm pdsseany dbf

wfnn, whs gdooubhn. Eb tlht ghsf adtl jfbgfs wenn lhvf

sfrvfm td cffp ghttnf dut dj tlf yhrm. Plht tlf yhrm dj

Ldusf 8/1/7 nddcfm necf es bdt gnfhr, phrtny afghusf tlf

jfhturfs dj tles jhrostfhm nhy ht tlf fm`f dj tlf fxghvhtfm

hrfh.

]lf sfttnfofbt whs seopnf eb glhrhgtfr. nts nhydut whs

bdt gdopnfx hbm sldws bd se`bs dj hby lefrhrgly. Et ohy

lhvf affb fbgndsfm ay h slhnndw metgl. ]lfrf es nettnf

mejjfrgbgd aftwffb tlf ebmevemuhn ldusf pnhbs9 bdbf dj

tlfo prdvemfm fvemfbgf jdr h mejjfrfbt auenmeb` stynf dr tlf

usf dj Qdohb auenmeb` ohtfrehn. ]lf ohtfrehn gunturf hnsd

èvfs hb eoprfssedb dj seopnegety9 tlf Qdohb eopdrtfm

pdttfry (hrdubm 6;%) ebgnumfm bd ubusuhn typfs (je`. 16).

Dtlfr nuxury `ddms, necf `nhss, gdebs dr ifwfnnfry, wfrf

jdubm eb vfry sohnn quhbtetefs dbny.

<.7 ]LF WF]]NFOFB] WUW]FO9 WDOF EMFHW

]lf EIssfnstrhht sfttnfofbt es gdophrhanf eb glhrhgtfrwetl tlf Ydofrldj sfttnfofbt, h bhtevf Qdohb sfttnfofbt ht

Vssfb tlht whs hnsd fxghvhtfm eb phrt dbny (Jdccfbs 8557.

je`. =63 Zhb mfr Whbmfb 85<0, 65). ]lf bebf ldusfs dj tlf

Ydofrldj sfttnfofbt wfrf hnn twd-hesnfm dr phrtny twd-,

phrtny tlrff-hesnfm. Jevf teoafr-nebfm wfnns wfrf jdubm

wetleb tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh (hpprdx. 886 x 816 o). Necf tlf

EIssfnstrhht sfttnfofbt, tles sfttnfofbt gdbthebfm bd nuxury

eopdrtfm `ddms dr Qdohb auenmeb` ohtfrehns. ]lf



87= HBHNFG]H [QHFL8W]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 1:. Dss9 ndghtedb dj tlf

Qdohb pfredm setfs.8? EIssfnstrhht, 1 ? Zeivfr,

7 ? Ydofrldj, = ? Pfstfrvfnm, 6 ?Wglhncschop, : ? Yhntadoofnsfwf`, 0 ? Fecfbaddo`hhrm,< ? Ldrzhc, 5 ? Fnzfbaur`,tt ? gfoftfry.

" " " R / O h h s

7ZR>h

7ZR Ohglhrfb dNetl

• 5

^ Lhrfb

j =

1 *

R6

•

:

2<³ 'N G7

Afr`lfo

j =

1 *

R6

•

:•

0G7

Afr`lfo

7 ^

R Dss

; 8 co

7 ^

Ydofrldj sfttnfofbt gdopresfm tlrff jhroyhrms, wleglwfrf prdahany eb usf ht tlf shof teof. Mureb` h pfredm dj

86; yfhrs (g. HM 06-116) tlf jhrostfhms wfrf rfauent db

tlf shof spdt. Hndb` ets wfstfrb pfreoftfr ht nfhst tlf

sfttnfofbt whs fbgndsfm ay h metgl wetl hb dpfbeb`

(Qhfohfcfrs 8557, 71). ]lf twd sfttnfofbts' setuhtedbs

rfnhtevf td tlf nhr`fr, fbgndsfm Pfstfrvfnm sfttnfofbt (Zhb

mfr Whbmfb 85<0, :8-::) mejjfrfm9 tlf EIssfnstrhht sfttnfofbt

nhy ougl jurtlfr hwhy jrdo tlf Pfstfrvfnm sfttnfofbt

(7;;; o) tlhb tlf Ydofrldj sfttnfofbt (8;;; o) (je`. 1:).

Wohnn sfttnfofbts necf tldsf dj Ydofrldj hbm EIssfnstrhht

hrf hssuofm td lhvf rhbcfm ndwfst eb tlf rfèdbhn lefrhrgly

dj rurhn sfttnfofbts (Zhb mfr Whbmfb 855;, 8;8). Db tlf

ahses dj tlfer sohnn meofbsedbs hbm tlf fvemfbgf jdr

gdbtebuety dj lhaethtedb eb dbf pnhgf tlfy ghb af ghtf`dresfm

eb tlf gnhss dj 'sohnn rurhn sfttnfofbts' dj tlf pfredm HM

0;-1:; eb tlf sfttnfofbt lefrhrgly mestebùeslfm eb tlf

Ohhs-Mfofr-Wglfnmt hrfh ay Wndjstrh (Wndjstrh 8558. 86<).

]lf bfxt ghtf`dry mestebùeslfm ay Wndjstrh es tlht dj tlf

'fbgndsfm sfttnfofbts, vennhs hbm prdtd-vennhs'. Dj tlf

sfttnfofbts mesgdvfrfm eb tlf Dss hrfh dbny tlht djPfstfrvfnm ghb af pnhgfm eb tles ghtf`dry. Wndjstrh hrrevfm

ht tles gnhssejeghtedb dj sfttnfofbts ht h teof wlfb tlf

EIssfnstrhht mhth lhm bdt yft affb puaneslfm hbm tlf metglf

surrdubmeb` tlf Ydofrldj sfttnfofbt lhm bdt yft affb

ebtfrprftfm hs phrts dj hb fbgndsurf.

Qfgfbt rfsfhrgl ghrrefm dut hs phrt dj tlf Ohhschbt

prdifgt lhs sldwb tlht tlf Pfstfrvfnm sfttnfofbt whs bdt

tlf dbny fbgndsfm sfttnfofbt eb tles hrfh. Eb hmmetedb td tlf

fbgndseb` metgl dj tlf Ydofrldj sfttnfofbt hbm tlf hssuo

fbgndseb` metgl dj tlf EIssfnstrhht sfttnfofbt hb fbgndseb`

metgl lhs affb mesgdvfrfm hrdubm tlf nst-gfbtury sfttnf

ofbt dj Wglhncschop, eb tlf bdrtlfrb phrt dj tlf tdwb dj

Dss (Jdccfbs 8558h, 8558a, 8551). ]les fbgndseb` metglohy fvfb lhvf affb gdbbfgtfm td dbf dj tlf metglfs

surrdubmeb` tlf Pfstfrvfnm sfttnfofbt (Jdccfbs 8558h,

8558a, 81=3 Qhfohfcfrs 8557, 16). ]lfsf bfw mhth eop

h odrf gdopnfx sfttnfofbt systfo tlhb tlht prdpdsfm ay

Wndjstrh.

]lf prfsfbgf dj tlf metglfs esdnhteb` tlf sfttnfofbts jrd

tlf 'dutsemf wdrnm' mestebùeslfs tlf sfttnfofbts dj




Ydofrldj hbm Wglhncschop hbm pdsseany hnsd tlht dj

EIssfnstrhht jrdo tlf sfttnfofbts dj Zeivfr hbm Yhntado-

ofnsfvvf`. wlefl lhvf hnsd affb ghtf`dresfm hs 'sohnn rurhn

sfttnf ofbts' (Wndjstrh 8558). Ldwfvfr, tlf jdrofr

sfttnfofbts md bdt jet ebtd Wndjstrh's ghtf`dry dj 'fbgndsfm

sfttnfofbts, vennhs hbm prdtd-vennhs' fetlfr, afghusf tlfy

yefnmfm bd fvemfbgf jdr sdof jdro dj lefrhrgly wetleb tlf

sfttnfofbt. sugl hs tlf rfohebs dj h prdtd-vennh.

Mem tlfsf tlrff sfttnfofbts mejjfr jrdo tldsf wetldut

fbgndseb` metglfs eb dtlfr rfspfgts, tdd, hbm, ej sd, mem tlfy

lfbff afndb` td h le`lfr ghtf`dry dj sfttnfofbts bdt

meste bùes lfm eb Wndj strh 's gnhssej eghte db4 Et oust af adrb eb

oebm tlht dbny vfry sohnn phrts dj tlf Zeivfr hbm Yhnt-

adoofnsfwf` sfttnfofbts wfrf fxghvhtfm. Wndjstrh

leosf nj ebmeght fm tlf mejjegunty dj emfbte jyeb` ' soh nn rurhn

sfttnfofbts' eb rfnhtevfny sohnn-sghnf fxghvhtedbs (Wndjstrh

8558. =6). ]lf mesthb gf dj tlf ebmevemuhn sfttnf ofbts td tlf

Pfstfrvfnm sfttnfofbt ohy hnsd lhvf affb hb eopdrthbt

jhgtdr eb tlf rfèdbhn lefrhrgly. Ldpfjunny jurtlfr rfsfhrgl

ebtd tlf (bhtevf) Qdohb sfttnfofbts eb tlf Ohhschbt

rfèdb wenn prdvemf hbswfrs td tlf hadvf qufstedbs hbm

nfhm td h afttfr ubmfrsthbmeb` dj tlf sfttnfofbt systfo dj

tles hrfh.

Hgcbdwnfm`fofbts

8 sldunm necg td tlhbc tlf jdnndwe b` pfdpn f jdr tlfer l fnp

eb prfphreb` tles hrtegnf9 @. vhb Hnplfb hbm @. Woets (Dss)

jdr prdvemeb` of wetl tlfer pfrsdbhn mdguofbthtedb db tlf

EIssfnstrhht fxghvhtedbs, [. vhb mfb Ardfcf (E[N) jdr emfb

tejyeb` sdof dj tlf lhbmohmf pdttfry jdr tlf sfgdbm teof eb

1; yfhrs, hbm C. Wglebcfn, wld trustfm of wetl tlf ubpua-

neslfm tfxt dj les [l.M messfrthtedb hbm whs hnwhys hvhenhanf

td mesguss et. ]lf mrhweb`s wfrf ohmf ay I. Add`frm (je`s =,

:, <, 5), L. mf Ndr o (je`s 8, 1, 1;, 16), hbm @. ]hc (je `s 85,

18 , 11). ]lf fb`nesl tfxt whs gdrrfgtfm ay W. Ofnndr.

bdtfs

8 ]les rfsfhrgl prdifgt es afeb` suppdrtfm ay tlf Jdubmhtedb jdr

Lestdry. Hrglhfdnd`y hbm Hrt Lestdry, wlegl es jebhbgfm ay tlf

Bftlfrnhbms Dr`hbezhtedb tdr Wgefbtejeg Qfsfhrgl (BPD), jenf Bd.

1<;-68-;:1. ]lf Erdb H`f jfhturfs wfrf hbhnyzfm ay G. Wglebcfn

(Wglebcfn 855=). Eb tlf phst jfw yfhrs sfvfrhn sldrtfr hrtegnfs db

Dss lhvf affb puaneslfm. ohby dj tlfo ay P.H.A, vhb mfr

Whbmfb (f.`. 85<<, 855; hbm wetl [.P. vhb mfb Ardfcf 85<0).

1 Wd n'hr h buoafr dj sldrtfr puaneghtedbs lhvf affb prfsfbtfm db

tlf EIssfnstrhht fxghvhtedbs9 Zhb Hnplfb 85063 Affx 8507. 850=3

Zfrwfrs 850<3 Zfrwfrs/Affx 850<h. Jurtlfrodrf, spfgehnest

stumefs lhvf lffb puaneslfm db phre dj h wddmfb ydcf (Zhb mfb

Ardfcf/Zfrwfrs 8500). adthbegh_ hbhnyses (Ahcfns 85<;, 85<<) hbm

h Ardbzf H`f wfnn (Zfrwfrs 85<8).

]lf hbhnyses dj tlf jebms hbm mhth whs sthrtfm eoofmehtfny hjtfr

Elf nus! ghophe`b. [.P. vhb ecb Ardfcf mem h `rfht mfhn dj wdrc

hs h stumfbt hssesthbt. Lf rfgdrmfm hbm mhtfm tlf lhbmohmf

pdttfry. ]lf Qdohb wlffn-tuofm pdttfry whs emfbtejefm ay

[. Wtuhrt. @.I. Zfrwfrs hbhnysfm tlf ldusf pnhbs. I.[. Add`frm

hbm @.Q. ]hc ohmf ohby mrhweb`s, ebgnumeb` tldsf dj jebms hbm

wfnns ennustrhteb` tles hrtegnf. Wdof jebms wfrf sfbt td spfgehnests

td af emfbtejefm3 [rdjfssdr I.F. Ad`hfrs ebtfrprftfm tlf

fpe`rhplegs.

7 ]lf Ohhschbt rfèdb es tlf hrfh tlht es adrmfrfm ay tlf revfr

Ofusf td tlf bdrtl hbm ay hb eohèbhry nebf aftwffb tlf tdwbs dj

's-Lfrtd`fbadsgl, Dss hbm Lfrpfb td tlf sdutl.

= ]lf EIssfnstrhht fxghvhtedbs ohrcfm tlf afèbbeb` dj h jruetjun

gddpfrhtedb aftwffb tlf E[N hbm ndghn hrglhfdndèsts eb hbm

hrdubm Dss ubetfm eb tlf 'Lffocubmfcreb` Ohhsnhbm', nhtfr tlf

'Hrglfdndèsglf Pfrc`rdfp Dss'. [eft mf [ddt, @frhrm vhb Hnplfb

hbm @frhrm Woets mfsfrvf spfgehn tlhbcs jdr tlfer hssesthbgf mureb`

tlf EIssfnstrhht fxghvhtedbs. H nhr`f phrt dj tlf fxghvhtedb whs

ghrrefm dut ebmfpfbmfbtny ay tlf 'Lffocubmfcreb`'.

6 ]lf 850= fxghvhtedb whs ghrrefm dut ubmfr tlf supfrvesedb dj

[rdjfssdr [.I.Q Odmmfrohb hbm @.I.Zfrwfrs. @.Q. ]hc whs tlf

jefnm tfglbegehb. Eb 850= tlf jefnm trhebeb` gdursf jdr ubmfr`rhmuhtf

stumfbts whs jdr tlf jerst teof èvfb ht Dss. Eb 8506 odrf

ubmfr`rhmuhtfs wdrcfm ht tlf EIssfnstrhht setf ubmfr tlf shof

supfrvesdrs.

: Gd-drmebhtfs9 8:6.<7;/=18.8;; (]dpd`rhpleghn ohp dj tlfBftlfrnhbms, slfft =6F).

0 ]les es dbny hb fsteohtf, ahsfm db tlf ndghn tlegcbfss dj tlf pnh``fb sden hbm tlf mfptl dj tlf jfhturfs.

< Wff hnsd Zfrwfrs 85<8, wld puaneslfm hb hrtegnf db tles wfnn.

5 Ghnearhtfm (Zhb mfr [neglt/Oddc 85<5) wetl h prdahaenety dj56.=%, tles es 868=-8=8: ghn. AG.

8; Ofhsurfm jrdo tlf ebsemf whnns dj tlf fbgndseb` metgl.

88 ]lf pdsseaenety tlht dbf dr odrf `rhvfs mhtf jrdo tlf Qdohbpfredm ghbbdt af fxgnumfm. Odst dj tlf mhthanf pdttfry ghof jrdotlf `rhvfs wetldut fbgndsurfs. ]lf sohnn hodubt dj pdttfry tlhtwhs rfgdvfrfm jrdo tlf metglfs gdunm dbny af vhùfny emfbtejefmhs 'mhthanf td tlf Erdb H`f dr tlf Qdohb pfredm'. Ldwfvfr, tlftdrquf hbm h gdupnf dj slfrms jrdo `rhvf Bd. 1 prdvf tlht sdof djtlf fbgndsfm `rhvfs ht nfhst mhtf jrdo tlf Erdb H`f.

81 ]lf grfohtfm rfohebs jrdo `rhvf Bd. 8: wfrf hbhnysfm ay

O. ]ffuwessf (nfttfr mhtfm 1:-88-85<:). ]lfy wfrf jdubm td af tlf

rfohebs dj h ohnf h`fm 7;-=; yfhrs.

87 G. Wglebcfn (Wglebcfn 855=) lhs mrhwb up h ldusf pnhb typdnd`y

jdr Dss-Vssfb, wlegl, db tlf ahses dj tlf prfsfbt fvemfbgf, sffos td

af rfprfsfbthtevf dj tlf sdutlfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms. Les stumylhs affb puaneslfm hjtfr tles hrtegnf wh.s wrettfb hbm tlfrfjdrf bd usf

lhs affb ohmf dj tlf Dss-Vssfb typdnd`y eb tlf mfsgreptedbs dj tlf

EIssfnstrhht pnhbs. Wujjegf et td bdtf tlht hnn tlf EIssfnstrhht pnhbs hrf

dj typfs < (H dr A) hbm 5 (H dr A).

]lf shof `dfs jdr Wglebcfn's typdndèfs jdr pets (wfnns), `rhbhrefs

hbm phneshmfs9 tlfy lhvf bdt affb usfm fetlfr.

8= ]lf ofhsurfofbts wfrf dathebfm ay ofhsureb` tlf dutfrodst

jfhturfs jrdo lfhrt td lfhrt. ]lht ofhbs tlht eb ghsfs wlfrf tlfrf




wfrf pdstldnfs dutsemf tlf whnns tlf ofhsurfofbts md bdt

rfprfsfbt tlf (mwfnneb`) sphgf fbgndsfm ay tlf whnns.

86 ]lf dreèb dj fe`lt slfrms hbm h pefgf dj quhrtzetf gdunm bdt af

trhgfm. ]lfy ghof trdo fetlfr Ldusf 8 dr Ldusf 7, wldsf pnhb

whs ebtfrsfgtfm ay tlht dj Ldusf 8.

8: Hnodst hnn dj tlf pdttfry tlht es ghtf`dresfm hs 'bhtevf (Qdohb)'

lfrf whs dreèbhnny emfbtejefm hs 'pdttfry jrdo tlf Erdb H`f dr

Qdohb pfredm' ay [ftfr vhb mfb Ardfcf. Et es djtfb lhrm td ohcf h

mestebgtedb wlfb emfbtejyeb` lhbmohmf pdttfry. ]lf dreèbhn

ebtfrprfthtedb whs hmiustfm hjtfr gdbsemfrhtedb dj tlf jebm gdbtfxt.

80 ]lf wddm rfohebs wfrf emfbtejefm ay [. Ahhs dj tlf Mutgl

Wthtf Lfrahreuo eb Nfemfb.

8< ]les hssuoptedb es ahsfm ohebny db fvemfbgf jrdo

fxpfreofbthn rfgdbstrugtedbs ([rflestdref Dpfb Her Ousfuo

Febmldvfb). Vbjdrtubhtfny tlfrf es lhrmny hby dtlfr ebjdrohtedb

85 Cbdwb hs 'Adr`d E' hbm 'Adr`d EE', tlfsf fxghvhtedbs wfrf

ghrrefm dut ay tlf 'Hrglfdndèsglf Pfrc`rdfp Dss' eb 85<: (ay

@. vhb Hnplfb. [. Lhhbf hbm L. [fbbeb`s) hbm 855= (ay @. vhb

Hnplfb hbm L. [fbbeb`s), rfspfgtevfny.

rfjfrfbgfs

Hnplfb. @. vhb

Ahcfns, G.G.

8506 Dp`rhveb` Addbhccfr tf Dss, Ihhrldfcif Lffocuongcreb` 'Ohhsnhbm' 8506. 88-86.

85<; Mf afwdbeb`s`fsglefmfbes vhb mf Ohhschbt E9 pnhbtfbrfstfb uet mf Ardbsteim fb

Qdofebsf teim `fvdbmfb tf Dss-EIssfnstrhht, prdv. Bddrm-Arhahbt. Hbhnfgth [rhflestdreg

Nfemfbseh 87, 886-878.

85<< [dnnfb jrdo pnh``fb sdens eb tlf prdvebgf dj Bdrtl Arhahbt, tlf Bftlfrnhbms. Dss-

EIssfnstrhht. Eb9 P. @rdfbohb-vhb Phhtfreb`f/O, Qdaebsdb (fms) Ohb ohmf WDVW,

Dxjdrm, (AHQ Ebtfrbhtedbhn Wfrefs, =8;, ? Wyopdseh dj tlf Hssdgehtedb jdr Fbverdbofb

Hrglhfdnd`y Bd.:), 6;-6=.

Affx. @.H.G.

Ardfcf. [.P. vhb mfb

8507 Dss, Hrglfdndèsgl Befuws 8507, 8;6.

850= Dss, Hrglfdndèsgl Befuws 850=, 8<=.

85<0h Mf mhtfreb`soemmfnfb vddr mf eizfrteim vhb Yuem-Bfmfrnhbm. Eb9 P.H.A, vhb mfr Whbmfb

[.P. vhb mf Ardfcf (fms) `ftfcfbm Yhbm. ]efb ihhr hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc eb Dss-

Vssfb, Phhnrf, (Aeimrh`fb tdt mf stumef vhb lft Arhahbtsf lffo, 78), 17-=7.


@.I. Zfrwfrs

n-'dccfbs. EE.

85<0a

8500

8558h

Dss-Vssfb9 Lft lhbm`fohhctf hhrmfwfrc. Eb9 P.H.A, vhb mfr Whbmfb/[.P. vhb mfb

Ardfcf (fms) @ftfcfbm Yhbm. ]efb ihhr hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc eb Dss-Vssfb, Phhnrf,

(Aeimrh`fb tdt mf stumef vhb lft Arhahbtsf lffo, 78), 8;8-885.

Ffb jrhòfbt vhb ffb Eblffos-Qdofebs iuc uet Dss. Eb9 B. Qdyohbs/I. Aefohbs/

I. Wndjstrh ft hn. (fms) Arhahbtsf Dumlfmfb3 dp`fmrh`fb hhb @frret Affx aei zeib :6stf

vfrihhrmh`, Febmldvfb, (Aeimrh`fb tdt mf stumef vhb lft Arhahbtsf lffo, 8:), 817-81<.

Lft Ohhschbtprdifgt. Dss-Wglhncschop9 Bfmfrzftteb`sspdrfb uet mf pfredmf 16; vddr t6; bh Glr., Nfemfb.

8558a Dss-Vssfb, weic Wglhncschop. Bfmfrzftteb`sspdrfb uet mf pfredmf 16; vddr tdt 6; bh G

Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Bddrm-Arhahbt 855;, Arhahbts Lffo =7, 811-877.

8558g Bfmfrzftteb`sspdrfb uet mf ardbsteim fb mf vrdf` eizfrteim eb Dss-Vssfb, weic Oeccfnmdb

Eb9 L. Jdccfbs/B. Qdyohbs (fms) Bfmfrzftteb`fb uet mf ardbsteim fb mf vrdf`f eizfrteim

mf nh`f nhbmfb, Hofrsjddrt, (Bfmfrnhbmsf Hrglfdndèsglf Qhppdrtfb, 87), 57-8;5.



870 M. PFWWFNEB@L - DWW-VWWFNW]QHH]

8551 Dss-Vssfb, Wglhncschop. Zfrsnh` dvfr lft dbmfrzdfc eb 8558 fb 8551. Hrglfdndèsglf

Crdbefc vhb Bddrm-Arhahbt 8558-8551, Arhahbts Lffo ==, 860-8:0.

8557 Dss. vfrnfmfb hhb lft neglt. Mf vddr`fsglefmfbes vhb Dss, 16;; v÷÷r tdt 16; bh Glrestus,

Dss (@foffbtfneic Ousfuo Ihb Gubfb).

Ldnwfrmh. I.L. 85=8 Mf Afnèsglf whhr eb Beiof`fb, 's-@rhvfblh`f (Afsglreiveb` vhb mf vfrzhofneb` vhb lft

Ousfuo @.O. Cho tf Beiof`fb, 1).

Cbeppfbafr`, P.L.]l. 85:6 Phtfrputtfb uet mf Qdofebsf teim tf Wt. Oeglefns`fstfn fb fnmfrs. Arhahbts Lffo \ZEE,

0=-51.

[fmmfodrs, H.

[neglt. I. vhb mfr

P.@. Oddc

8506 Nhtìbf`nhshroreb`f eb mfb Befmfrnhbmfb. Hbhnfgth [rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh ZEEE, 57-8=6.

85<5 Ghnearhtedb dj rhmedghradb h`fs ay gdoputfr, @rdbeb`fb. Qhmedghradb, Zdn. 78, Bd. 7,

<;6-<8:.

Qhfohfcfrs. M.G.O. 8557 Mf `rfppfnsystfofb uet mf nhtf eizfrteim fb mf Qdofebsf teim tf Dss-Vssfb, Nfemfb (OH

tlfses E[N).

Qdyohbs, B. 85<<h Hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc aei ffb `rebmhj'`rhveb` tf Aff`mfb (N.). Ffb ffrstf vfrsnh`,

Hrglfdndèf eb Neoaur` 76, 56-55.

85<<a Hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc aei ffb `rebmhj`rhveb` tf Aff`mfb (N.). Ffb ffrstf vfrsnh`

(vfrvdn`), Hrglfdndèf eb Neoaur` 7:. 888-88:.

Qdyohbs. B.

J. Cdrtnhb`

8557 Afwdbeb`s`fsglefmfbes vhb ffb mfczhbmnhbmsglhp nhb`s mf Hh tf Wdofrfb. Eb9

B. Qdyohbs/J. ]lfuws (fms) Ffb fb hn zhbm. ]wff ihhr `rhvfb bhhr lft Arhahbtsf

vfrnfmfb. 's-Lfrtd`fbadsgl, (@rhvfb bhhr lft Arhahbtsf vfrnfmfb, 8).

Qdyohbs, B.H. ]dn

8557 Bddmdbmfrzdfc vhb ffb mdmfbhccfr tf Oefrnd-Ldut. Eb9 B. Qdyohbs/J. ]lfuws (fms)

Ffb fb hn zhbm. ]wff ihhr `rhvfb bhhr lft Arhahbtsf vfrnfmfb, 's-Lfrtd`fbadsgl.

(@rhvfb bhhr lft Arhahbtsf vfrnfmfb, 8), =1-6:.

Whbmfb, P.H.A, vhb mfr 85<0 Dss-Vssfb9 mf bfmfrzftteb`fb. Eb9 P.H.A, vhb mfr Whbmfb/[.P. vhb mfb Ardfcf (fms)

@ftfcfbm Yhbm, ]efb ihhr hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc eb Dss-Vssfb, Phhnrf, (Aeimrh`fb tdtmf stumef vhb lft Arhahbtsf lffo, 78), 67-:0.

85<< ]lf Vssfb [rdifgt9 nhr`f sghnf sfttnfofbt hrglhfdnd`y dj tlf pfredm 0;; AG - HM 16;, h

prfneoebhry rfpdrt, Hbhnfgth [rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh 1;, 56-816.

855; Ffb bfmfrzftteb` uet mf Qdofebsf teim tf Dss (Yhntadoofnsfwf`), Arhahbts Lffo =1,

56-8;1.

855= Jubfrherf fb hhbvfrwhbtf strugturfb. Eb9 G. Wglebcfn. Ywfrvfbmf frvfb. Afwdbeb`sspdrfb

eb Dss-Vssfb uet ardbsteim, eizfrteim fb Qdofebsf teim. Dp`rhveb`fb 850:-85<:. Nfemfb

([l.M messfrthtedb), phrt EE, 170-160.

Whbmfb. P.H.A, vhb mfr[.P. vhb mfb Ardfcf (fms)

85<0 @ftfcfbm Yhbm. ]efb ihhr hrglfdndèsgl dbmfrzdfc eb Dss-Vssfb. Phhnrf, (Aeimrh`fb tdtmf stumef vhb lft Arhahbtsf lffo, 78).

Wglebcfn, G. 855= Ywfrvfbmf frvfb. Afwdbeb`sspdrfb eb Dss-Vssfb uet ardbsteim, eizfrteim fb Qdofebsf teim.

Dp`rhveb`fb 850:-85<:. Nfemfb ([l.M messfrthtedb).

Wndjstrh. I. 8558 Glhbèb` sfttnfofbt systfos eb tlf Ofusf-Mfofr-Wglfnmt Hrfh mureb` tlf Fhrny Qdohb

pfredm. Eb9 B. Qdyohbs/J. ]lfuws (fms) Eoh`fs dj tlf phst9 stumefs db hbgefbt sdgeftefs

eb Bdrtlwfstfrb Furdpf, Hostfrmho, (Wtumefs eb [rhf- fb [rdtdlestdref, 0), 878-85<.




Wtuhrt. E'. 85:7 @fwddb hhrmfwfrc uet mf Qdofebsf nf`frpnhhts fb mf aeiafldrfbmf `rhj^ ,fnmfb tf

Beiof`fb, Nfemfb (Afsglreiveb` vhb mf vfrzhofneb`fb eb lft Qeicsousfuo @.O. Cho

Beiof`fb, :).

]låbdt, H. 85<1 Nh geveneshtedb gfntequf mhbs n'Fst mf nh Jrhbgf m'hprìs nh gdnnfgtedb mf Ahyf hu Ousåf

mfs Hbtequetås Bhtedbhnfs h Whebt-@groheb-fb-Nhyf, ]doå 8, [hres.

Zfrwfrs, @.I. 85::h H nhtf Ardbzf H`f/fhrny Erdb H`f Vrbj'efnm ht @der nf, prdv. Bddrm-Arhahbt, Hbhnfgth

[rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh 1, 77-=<.

85::a Bdb-gergunhr odbuofbts eb tlf Wdutlfrb Mutgl Vrbjefnms, Hbhnfgth [rhflestdregh

Nfemfbseh 1, =5-60.

8501 Mhs Chops Zfnm eb Lhps eb Bfdnetlecuo, Ardbzfzfet ubm Fesfbzfet, Hbhnfgth

[rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh 6.

850< Dss-EIssfnstrhht. Eb9 P.I.L. Zfrwfrs/@.H.G. Affx, Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Bddrm-

Arhahbt 850=-850:, Febmldvfb, (Aeimrh`fb tdt mf stumef vhb lft Arhahbtsf lffo, 80),

81-86.

Zfrwfrs, P.I.L.

@.H.G. Affx

85<8 Ffb Ardbsteim-whtfrput eb Dss, Pfstfrlffo 7;, 6;-67.

850<h Dss-EIssfnstrhht. Eb9 P.I.L. Zfrwfrs/@.H.G. Affx (fms), Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb

Bddrm-Arhahbt 850=-850:, Febmldvfb, (Aeimrh`fb tdt mf stumef vhb lft Arhahbtsf lffo

80), 8:-80.

850<a Dss. Eb9 P.I.L. Zfrwfrs/@.H.G. Affx (fms), Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Bddrm-Arhah

850=-850:, Febmldvfb, (Aeimrh`fb tdt mf stumef vhb lft Arhahbtsf lffo, 80), 71-77.

Mefcf Pfssfneb`l


[.D.Adx 5.686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb



Hhm L. vfrstff` Nhr`f-sghnf fxghvhtedbs vfrsus survfys9Cffs sglebcfn fxhopnfs jrdo Bfves, Wt. Fusthteus hbm Wt. Cetts ebshoufe O weesdb t b f Bdrtlfrb Ghreaafhb

8

]les phpfr es hb httfopt td gdoaebf tlf ebse`lts dj nhr`f-

sghnf fxghvhtedbs wetl ebjdrohtedb mfrevfm jrdo sfttnfofbt

survfys. Jdr tles tlf esnhbms dj Bfves, Wt. Fusthteus fb

Wt. Cetts eb tlf Bdrtlfrb Ghreaafhb wfrf sfnfgtfm.

]lf gdbgnusedb es tlht tlf surjhgf ebjdrohtedb es h pddr

rfjnfgtedb dj tlf sua-surjhgf setuhtedb hbm tlht tlf

glrdbdndègh/ ubets hbm h`fbts hrf bdt jebf-`rhebfm fbdu`l

td hrrevf ht mfthenfm tfopdrhn gnhssejeghtedbs dj setfs.

8.

Ebtrdmugtedb]les phpfr es hb httfopt td sybtlfsezf hrglhfdndèghn

ebjdrohtedb db ebtfr-setf (dr9 ebtrh-esnhbm) hbm ebtfr-esnhbm

nfvfn. eb phrtegunhr tlf phttfrbeb` dj sfttnfofbts eb tlf odst

eopdrthbt dgguphtedbhn pfredms dj tlf esnhbms dj Bfves,

Wt. Fusthteus (dr Wthteh), hbm Wt. Cetts. ]lf jdgus db tlf

hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm dj tlfsf tlrff esnhbms ohcfs et

pdsseanf td gdoaebf tlf ebse`lts dj nhr`f-sghnf fxghvhtedbs

db Wt. Fusthteus wetl tlf ebjdrohtedb mfrevfm jrdo

sfttnfofbt survfys db tlfsf esnhbms. ]lf sfnfgtedb dj tlfsf

tlrff esnhbms es ahsfm db `fd`rhpleg phrhoftfrs mesgussfm

odrf eb mfthen eb tlf bfxt glhptfr9 tlf esnhbms hrf ubetfm ay

h rfnhtevfny slhnndw suaohrebf rem`f hbm tlfy hrf fhgl

dtlfr's bfhrfst bfe`ladurs (je`. 8).

Wurvfys ay Hnnherf (850=), @ddmweb (8505), Lhvesfr

(85<6), Mf Idssfneb mf Idb` (85=0) hbm Pensdb (85<5) hrf

tlf odst eopdrthbt db tlfsf esnhbms. Nhr`f-sghnf

fxghvhtedbs wfrf mdbf ht tlf @dnmfb Qdgc (Zfrstff`/

Wglebcfn 8551), hbm Wodcf Hnnfy setfs db Wt. Fusthteus.

]lf Wodcf Hnnfy mhth hrf prfsfbtfm lfrf jdr tlf jerst teof.

Mhth db sfttnfofbt dr`hbezhtedb hbm ldusf slhpf wfrf

gdnnfgtfm tlrdu`l h prd`rho dj hrglhfdndèghn rfsfhrgl

seoenhr td tlht usfm ht @dnmfb Qdgc. Wdof sfttnfofbt mhth

hrf hvhenhanf jdr Bfves.

Et es gnfhr tlht eb dur httfopt td usf adtl fvemfbgf jrdo

nhr`f-sghnf fxghvhtedbs hbm survfys, mhth dj vfry mejjfrfbtquhnety hrf gdophrfm. @fbfrhnny spfhceb`, survfys

spfgejeghnny yefnm ebjdrohtedb9

8. Db hb ebtfr-setf nfvfn9 sfttnfofbt phttfrbeb`9 mhth db tlf

spfgejeg pdsetedb eb tlf nhbmsghpf dj fhgl setf, mhth db

sden, mesthbgf jrdo hbm fnfvhtedb eb rfspfgt td tlf

sfhsldrf. ]lf quhnety dj tlf jebms es tlf ahses jdr tlf

sfttnfofbt's glrdbdnd`y. Jherny rfnehanf gdbgnusedbs ghb

af mfrevfm jrdo survfys db tlfsf suaifgts9 tlf neoetfm

sghnf dj tlf dasfrvhtedbs mdfs bdt ebjnufbgf tlf rfsunts

tdd ougl, ubnfss eopdrthbt ebtrh-setf mejjfrfbgfs fxest.

1. Ebtrh-setf ebjdrohtedb db tlf gdbtfbt dj tlf oemmfb hbm

db tlf sezf dj tlf oemmfb eb tlrff-meofbsedbhn rfspfgt

usuhnny es neoetfm. ]lf buoafr dj dasfrvhtedbs es tdd

ndw pfr setf td ohcf tles pdsseanf.

7. Vsuhnny tlfrf es neoetfm ebjdrohtedb db pdst-mfpdsetedbhn

prdgfssfs, hntldu`l tlf surrdubmeb`s dj setfs ohy èvf

sdof lebts db fjjfgts sugl hs gdhsthn frdsedb (jdr ebsthbgftlf webmwhrm afhgl gdhst db Wt. Fusthteus) hbm dtlfr

davedus nhbmsghpf glhb`fs. Vsuhnny tlf teof-jrhof dj

sugl `rdss glhb`fs es mejjegunt td fsteohtf db tlf ahses dj

dasfrvhtedbs tlht hrf pdsseanf mureb` survfys.

Eb `fbfrhn, h sohnn oemmfb eb tlf hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm

ohy rfjnfgt h lhaethtedb dggupefm jdr h sldrt pfredm dj teof,

dr usfm ay h sohnn `rdup dj eblhaethbts3 h nhr`f oemmfb

ohy rfjnfgt h ndb` pfredm dj lhaethtedb ay h sohnn `rdup dr

h sldrt pfredm dj lhaethtedb ay h nhr`f `rdup. Mfthenfm

cbdwnfm`f dj tlf glrdbdnd`y dj setfs es dj gdursf mfserhanf,

aut ht prfsfbt, te`lt glrdbdndèghn gdbtrdn es rhrf eb tlf

Ghreaafhb. Gunturhn plhsfs, ahsfm db pdttfry typdnd`y,

sffo td lhvf gdbtebufm jdr ohby gfbturefs. Et es pdsseanf

tlht mejjfrfbt esnhbms lhm setfs wetl seoenhr hrtfjhgts eb

mejjfrfbt teof pfredms. Ohby ahseg glrdbdndèghn prdanfos

rfoheb ubsdnvfm eb tlf Ghreaafhb (Zfrstff`/Wglebcfn 8551,

01). Jdr tles rfhsdb, et es bfhrny eopdsseanf ht prfsfbt td

ohcf rfnehanf fsteohtfs wlftlfr h setf whs dggupefm mureb`

h sldrt dr ndb` pfredm dj teof.

1. [lyseghn Wftteb`

Jevf vdnghbeg esnhbms nebf h tfgtdbeg suamugtedb zdbf eb

tlf bdrtlfhstfrb Ghreaafhb. ]lfy hrf, jrdo sdutlfhst td

bdrtlwfst, Odbtsfrrht, Bfves, Wt. Cetts, Wt. Fusthteus hbm

Whah (je`. 8). ]lfy hrf sdofwlht sft hphrt jrdo tlf

sfmeofbthry esnhbms td tlf bdrtl hbm fhst, fspfgehnny ht tlf

bdrtlfhstfrb fbm dj tlf glheb. Dj tlf jevf esnhbms mesgussfm,

Bfves, Wt. Cetts hbm Wt.Fusthteus slhrf h rfnhtevfny slhnndw

suaohrebf rem`f. ]lfsf tlrff esnhbms hrf tlf bfhrfst

bfe`ladur dj fhgl dtlfr9 Bfves es dbny = co jrdo Wt. Cetts.

Wt. Fusthteus es setuhtfm ht 1; co jrdo Wt. Cetts. Et es necfny



8=; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 8. Ohp Wt. Fusthteus, Bfves,

Wt. Cetts3 mfptls eb oftfrs.

jj

Wt OHQ]EB ^

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Z

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1; co

tlht prflestdref pfdpnf jrdo tlf Wt. Fusthteus - Bfves hrf

ebtfrhgtfm odrf wetl dbf hbdtlfr tlhb wetl pfdpnf jrdo

dtlfr esnhbms.

Odbtsfrrht es sfphrhtfm jrdo Bfves ay =< co dj mffpwhtfr (2 6;; o), hbm Whah es sfphrhtfm jrdo Wt. Fusthteus ay

hadut 76 co dj mffp whtfr. Odbtsfrrht es gndsfr td Hbteùh

(75 vs. =< co hwhy) tlhb td Bfves. Ht prfsfbt, ldwfvfr, et

es ubgnfhr wlegl dj tlf bfe`ladurs dj tlf tlrff esnhbms

mesgussfm lfrf (Odbtsfrrht, Hbteùh, Ahraumh, @uhmfndupf,

Wt. Ahrtls, Wt. Ohrteb, Hbùennh, Whah) ebtfrhgtfm odst.

Et oust af cfpt eb oebm, ldwfvfr, tlht tlf sfh mesthbgfs

aftwffb hby dj tlf esnhbms hbm tlfsf odrf mesthbt

bfe`ladurs (ohx. sdof 0; co) wfrf prdahany bdt

gdbsemfrfm gdbsfqufbtehn vdyh`fs ay prflestdref Ghreaafhb

shendrs.Hnn dj tlf esnhbms eb tles hrf hrf vdnghbeg hbm lhvf

rfnhtevfny le`l hntetumfs (je`. 1). ]lfsf vdnghbeg odubthebs

prdmugf drd`fbeg rhebjhnn3 su`hr whs guntevhtfm suggfssjun

db hnn dj tlf esnhbms fxgfpt Whah hbm Hbùennh eb tlf rfgfb

phst, hbm afjdrf fxtfbsevf gnfhreb` jdr guntevhtedb eb tlf

80tl gfbtury, tlf esnhbms wdunm lhvf affb lfhveny jdrfstfm

Hntldu`l dj seoenhr `fdodrpldndèghn dreèbs, Bfves,



8=8 H ZFQW]FF@ F] HN. - NHQ@F-WGHNF F\GHZH]EDBW ZFQWVW WVQZFUW

16;;

1;;;

86;;

';;;

O)

Nffwhrm Zdnghbeg Hrf

Fnfvhtedbs trdo Whah td Odbtsfrrht

Jeùrf 1. Bfves, Wt. Fusthteus, Wt.

Cetts hbm tlf bfe`ladrs Odbtsfrrht

hbm Whah jdro tlf Nffwhrm Esnhbms

Zdnghbeg Hrf. Fnfvhtedbs eb oftfrs.

Whah Wt. Fusthteus Wt. Cetts Bfves

Esnhbms

Qfmdbmh Odbtsfrrht

Wt. Fusthteus hbm Wt. Cetts mejjfr se`bejeghbtny eb tlf

haubmhbgf dj sdof rfsdurgfs.

Jrfsl whtfr, hrhanf sden. hbm gdhsthn rfsdurgfs hrf tlrff

sugl greteghn vhrehanfs. ]dmhy Bfves lhs hadut = pfrohbfbt

strfhos (je`. =), aut necf Wt. Cetts, wlegl lhs 0 pfrohbfbt

strfhos (je`. 7), et wdunm lhvf lhm odrf hbm nhr`fr jrfsl

whtfr rfsdurgfs prflestdreghnny, sebgf tdmhy ougl dj tlf

jrfsl whtfr rubdjj es ghpturfm le`lfr db tlf odubtheb,

afjdrf et rfhglfs tlf sfh. Wt. Fusthteus (je`. 6) lhs bd

pfrohbfbt surjhgf strfhos ht prfsfbt, hbm prdahany lhm

bdbf eb prflestdry. Wtenn, wfnns dr pets mu` ht tlf nffwhrm

sldrf gdunm prdvemf sujjegeãbt jrfsl whtfr jdr tlf Ebmehb

pdpunhtef³ (Zfrstff`/Wglebcfn 8551, 18).

]lf sdens wfrf seoenhr db tlf tlrff esnhbms muf td tlf

seoenhrety eb vdnghbeg phrfbt ohtfrehn, aut db hnn tlrff esnhbms,

tlf sdens lhvf affb glhb`fm ai mhohèb` su`hr guntevhtedb

prhgtegfs eb tlf 80tl tlrdu`l 1;tl gfbturefs. Wt. Cetts lhs

sujjfrfm nfhst3 u es tlf odst jfrtenf hbm prdmugtevf dn tlf

esnhbms tdmhy. hbm prdahany whs sd eb tlf phst. Hadut0; co

1 dj Wt. Cetts' 806 co

9 hrf afeb` usfm jdr guntevhtedb

tdmhy. Bfves lhs hadut 1; dj ets 81= co1 ubmfr guntevhtedb.

Wthteh's hrhaeg nhbm hodubts td 6.: dj ets 18 co 13 bdt ougl

dj tles es ubmfr guntevhtedb tdmhy (Zfrsthppfb fn hn. 8501).

]lf gdhsts dj tlf tlrff esnhbms hrf mejjfrfbt eb sghnf hbm

eb tlf bhturf dj hvhenhanf rfsdurgfs3 Wt. Cetts lhs dvfr

8;; co dj gdhstnebf, wetl hadut 7; co dj afhgl. Bfves lhs

h == co gdhstnebf, wetl hadut 81 co dj afhgl, hbm Wt. Fus

thteus lhs h 18 co gdhstnebf, hbm hadut : co dj afhgl.

Afhglfs wfrf prdahany bdt vfry eopdrthbt hs sdurgfs dj

jddm, hntldu`l turtnf bfsteb` `rdubms ohy lhvf affb

se`bejeghbt. Qffjs sffo td lhvf affb ougl odrf prdmugtevf.

Aut necf hrhanf nhbm hbm whtfr, tlfy wfrf eopdrthbt

rfsdurgfs eb mfgesedbs gdbgfrbeb` wlfrf td ndghtf

sfttnfofbts. Fvfb wlfrf tlfrf whs httrhgtevf nhbm hbm whtfr,

et whs h sfredus prdanfo wlfb ghbdfs gdunm bdt nhbm ht h

afhgl shjfny, dr wlfrf tlfy wfrf vunbfrhanf jrdo tlf sfh,

dr wlfrf tlfrf whs hbdtlfr vennh`f slhreb` tlf shof afhgl.1

]lf prfsfbt-mhy pdpunhtedbs dj tlf esnhbms djjfr sdof

ofhsurf dj tlf `fbfrhn prdmugtevety dj tlf esnhbms. Hntldu`l

odmfrb fgdbdoefs hrf quetf mejjfrfbt jrdo tldsf dj

prflestdref pfdpnfs ” suasemezfm ay fbfr`y eopdrts,

tdureso, hbm aujjfrfm h`hebst ebhmfquhtf ndghn prdmugtedb

ay trhmf eb jddm ” tlf prdmugtevf pdtfbtehn dj tlf esnhbms es

stenn rfjnfgtfm eb tlfer odmfrb pdpunhtedbs. Petl dtlfr

jhgtdrs ofbtedbfm hadvf, pdpunhtedb ebjdrohtedb es sldwbeb jeùrf :.

7. ]lf hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm

Wdof dj tlf mejjeguntefs tlht hresf eb tles phpfr hrf muf td

tlf jhgt tlht tlf mhth jrdo tlf tlrff esnhbms wfrf gdnnfgtfm

ht mejjfrfbt teofs jdr mejjfrfbt rfhsdbs hbm hrf bdt hnwhys

gdophrhanf.



8=1 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 7. Wt. Cetts hrglhfdnd eghn

setfs. Fnfvhtedbs eb oftfrs.8 ? Ohidrs Ahy-8/1

8h ? Ahnnhst Ahy

8a ? Pletfldusf Ahy-8/1

8g ? Jre`htf Ahy

1 ? Wu`hr Jhgtdry [efr

7 ? [dbm Fsthtf7h ? Ahssftfrrf

= ? Wlhmwfnn

6 ? Pfst Jhro

: ? Wtdbfjdrt Qevfr

0 ? Dnm Qdhm

0h ? Peb`jefnm Fsthtf

< ? Grhbstdubs

5 ? Mefppf Ahy

8; ? Whbmy Ahy

88 ? Anhgc Qdgcs

81 ? ]hafrbhgnf

87 ? Glrest Glurgl

87h ? Oenns Fsthtf

8= ? Ndm`f @ut

86 ? Ghydb8: ? @rfht Whnt [dbm

80 ? Gdgcfnslfnn Ahy

Wt CE]]W

• [QFGFQHOEG

• WHNHDDEM

d [DW] WHNHMDEM W]QFHOW

•) WHNHMDEM • [DW]-WHNHMDEM e b e e b AFHGLFW

x VBCBDPB GDQHN@QDP]L

Jdr fxhopnf, db Wt. Cetts, Arhbgl (85;0), Jfwcfs (8511),

hbm Hnnherf (850=) rfpdrtfm setf ndghtedbs hbm mfsgreptedbs

dj sdof dj tlf hrtfjhgts jdubm. @ddmweb (8505) rfgdrmfm

setf ndghtedbs hbm ohppfm tlf hrtfjhgt sghttfrs tlht jfen

wetleb les survfy trhbsfgts, hbm `hvf odrf fxtfbsevf

hrtfjhgt mfsgreptedbs. ]lf setfs lf rfpdrts, ldwfvfr, wfrf

jdubm tlrdu`l ounte-sth`f shopneb` dj :6 survfy trhbsfgts

(8;; x 6;; o) db Wt. Cetts. Les rfsfhrgl whs bdt mfse`bfmtd jebm hnn dj tlf setfs tlht stenn fxest db tlf esnhbm.

Db Bfves, Pensdb (85<5) survfyfm hnn dj tlf gdhst hbm

ebnhbm mrhebh`fs hbm rfgdrmfm setf hrfhs hs rfjnfgtfm eb tlf

surjhgf sghttfr dj prflestdref ohtfrehn. Ohby sohnn setfs

wfrf jdubm eb tlf gdhsthn phrt dj tles esnhbm. Db Wt. Cetts,

@ddmweb's survfy hbm tlf ebvfste`htedbs dj Hnnherf, Arhbgl,

hbm Jfwcfs mem bdt mfhn ebtfbsevfny wetl tlf gdhst. Et es

necfny tlht setfs seoenhr td tlf sohnnfr pdst-Whnhmdem setfs d

Bfves fxest db Wt. Cetts, aut tlfy hrf ubmfrrfprfsfbtfm eb

dur shopnf. Weoenhrny, db Wt. Fusthteus, Mf Idssfneb mf Idb

(85=0) rfgdrmfm tlf hrfhn fxtfbts dj tlf mfbsfst hrtfjhgt

sghttfrs. Lhvesfr (85<6) survfyfm tlf Guntuurvnhctf db

Wthteh hbm sdof dj tlf lenny phrts dj tlf esnhbm. Hs tles

esnhbm dbny es dbf-sextl tlf sezf dj Bfves (dbf-fe`ltl tlf

sezf dj Wt. Cetts) et es fhsefst td survfy. ]lf rfpdrtfm setfsprdahany hrf h jher rfprfsfbthtedb dj wlht fxests. Wdof

fxtrfofny sohnn setfs wetl h jfw ubmfgdrhtfm slfrms hbm

sdof slfnn hrf ofbtedbfm eb tlf survfy rfpdrts. Wfvfrhn hrf

ofbtedbfm eb jeùrf 6, jdr ebsthbgf setfs 8;, 81, 87, 8=, aut

tlfrf fxests mduat db tlf eopdrthbgf dj tlf setfs, hbm db

tlfer gunturhn hjjenehtedb.7 Eb tdthn 18 setfs hrf db Bfves, 7;

db Cetts, hbm 87 db Wt. Fusthteus.



8=7 H. ZFQW]FF@ F] HN. - NHQ@F-WGHNF F\GHZH]EDBW ZFQWVW WVQZFUW

Jeùrf =. Bfves hrglhfdndèghnsetfs. 7ff jeùrf 7 jdr cfy td

syoadns.

8 ? Ne`ltldusf

1 ? Wunplur @ut

7 ? Ahtl [nheb 8

= ? Ahtl Wtrfho odutl

6 ? Bfnsdb Wpreb`s

: ? Ghmfs Ahy

:h ? Bfwghstnf

0 ? Besaftts

< ? Legc's Gdvf

5 ? ]ettnf @ut

8; ? Autnfrs

88 ? Gdgdhbut Phnc

81 ? Leglohbs'Wlfnn Lfhp87 ? Leglohbs'

8= ? Ebmehb Ghstnf B/W

8=h ? Pletf Ahy B.

86 ? Ebmehb Ghstnf Fsthtf

8: ? Pletfwhnn Fsthtf

Wexty-jdur setfs hrf cbdwb jrdo tlf tlrff esnhbms, hbm 6;

dj tlfo lhvf hb fsteohtfm hgfrhoeg dr gfrhoeg hssdgehtedb.

Nfss tnehb 8; lhvf affb rhmedfhradb mhtfm, hbm wf md bdt

tffn tlht wf hrf hanf td mhtf tlf setfs wetl ougl prfgesedb

db tlf ahses dj tlf gfrhoegs, dr dtlfr hrtfjhgts, ht prfsfbt.

Eb drmfr td httfopt td mrhw odrf `fbfrhn ebjfrfbgfsgdbgfoeb` tlf gunturf lestdry dj tlf rfèdb, ldwfvfr, wf

jffn tlht tlf setfs gdbthebeb` gfrhoegs ghb af rdu`lny

mevemfm ebtd twd pfredms9 Whnhmdem hbm pdst-Whnhmdem.

Mdeb` sd prfsfbts sfvfrhn prdanfos9 et rfjnfgts tlf

adubmhry aftwffb Whnhmdem hbm pdst-Whnhmdem pfredms hbm

erfhes tlfo hs mestebgt hbm rfnhtevfny sybglrdbef ubets.= Eb

thgt, tlf trhbsetedb ohy lhvf affb `rhmuhn, wetl mfgdrhtevf

trhets necf wletf-hbm-rfm phebteb` hbm zdbfm-ebgesfm-

grdsslhtglfm ebgesedb afeb` hahbmdbfm ht mejjfrfbt teofs eb

mejjfrfbt pnhgfs, wetl nettnf eophgt db dtlfr cebms dj

aflhvedur dr hgtevetefs.

Dj tlf := cbdwb setfs, < hrf hgfrhoeg. ]wd hrf db Bfves,

= db Wt. Cetts6, hbm 1 db Wt. Fusthteus. ]wd dj tlf Cettettehb

setfs hrf db tlf sdutlfhstfrb pfbebsunh, 8 ht Lfroeth`f

Fsthtf db tlf webmwhrm gdhst, hbm 8 es ht Mhyjdrms Fsthtf.

Jeùrf 0 sldws tlf buoafr dj setfs ay pfredm db tlf tlrff

esnhbms. Et es streceb` tlht db hnn tlrff esnhbms, tlf prfgfrhoeg

setfs hrf setuhtfm bfhr eopdrthbt rffj ndghtedbs. Hbdtlfr

stumy wenn mfhn wetl tlf qufstedb wlftlfr tlf hrglhfdndèghn

rfgdrm dj tlfsf setfs ebmffm rfjnfgts h rffj-drefbthtedb:.



8== HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NF8MFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 6. Wt. Fusthteus (dr Wthteh)

hrglhfdnd eghn setfs.Wff Je`. 7 jdr cfy td syoadns.

8 - @dnmfb Qdgc

1 ? @dnmfb Qdgc -8

7 ? @dnmfb Qdgc H

= ? Wodcf Hnnfy

6 ? @dmft

: WF-01

0 ? WF-07

< ? Gdrrf Gdrrf Ahy 8

5 ? Gdrrf Gdrrf Ahy 1

8; ? WF-7:

88 ? WF-<;

81 ? WF-<187 ? WF-887

8= ? WF-81;

Wt FVW]H]EVW

Jejtffb dj tlf setfs wetl gfrhoegs lhvf gfrhoeg

mfgdrhtedbs gdbsemfrfm meh`bdsteg dj tlf Whnhmdem pfredm.

Dj tlfsf setfs, < hnsd lhvf h pdst-Whnhmdem gdopdbfbt.

]lerty-fe`lt setfs lhvf h pdst-Whnhmdem gdopdbfbt, hbm db

15 dj tlf setfs tlfrf hppfhrs td af dbny h pdst-Whnhmdem

dgguphtedb. ]les eopnefs tlfrf hrf 0 seb`nf-gdopdbfbt

Whnhmdem setfs, < setfs wetl adtl Whnhmdem hbm pdst-Whnhmdem

gdopdbfbts, hbm 15 seb`nf-gdopdbfbt pdst-Whnhmdem setfs(tha. 8).

Db Bfves tlfrf hrf twd setfs wetl uboesthchanf Whnhmdem

gdopdbfbts ” Leglohbs (@F-6), h setf dj hadut 8 lh, hbm

Ebmehb Ghstnf Bdrtl (@F-EB). Db Wt. Fusthteus tlfrf es tlf

@dnmfb Qdgc gnustfr eb tlf Guntuurvnhctf (je`. 6). Db

Wt. Cetts tlfrf hrf 88 setfs wetl Whnhmdem gdopdbfbts, : db

tlf bdrtlfhstfo gdhst, hbm 6 db tlf sdutlwfstfo gdhst. Jevf

dj Wt. Cetts' 88 Whnhmdem setfs hnsd lhvf h nhtfr gdopdbfbt,

7 db tlf bdrtlfhstfo semf hbm 1 db tlf sdutlwfstfo semf d

tlf esnhbm. Hntldu`l tlf mhteb` dj setfs es bdt yft hmfquhtf,

tlf su``fstedb ohmf ay @ddmweb (85<;, 6=, :7) hbm dtlfr

tlht Whnhmdem gdndbests ndghtfm tlfer setfs ebnhbm td thcf

hmvhbth`f dj le`l-quhnety jhronhbm hbm dtlfr tfrrfstrehn

rfsdurgfs mdfs bdt jebm suppdrt eb tlfsf mhth.

Hphrt jrdo Ghydb, tlf 8; dtlfr Whnhmdem setfs db Wt. Cetthbm Bfves hrf hnn wetleb 8;; o jrdo tlf gdhst. Jrdo tlf

tlrff esnhbms, tlf setf tlht es tlf bfxt odst mesthbt jrdo tlf

sfh es tlf @dnmfb Qdgc setf, wlegl prdahany es dbf dj tlf

nhtfst eb tlf Ghreaafhb. ]lf setfs wetl adtl Whnhmdem hbm

pdst-Whnhmdem gdopdbfbts hvfrh`f 17.6 o jrdo tlf gdhst,

wlenf tldsf wetl dbny h Whnhmdem gdopdbfbt hvfrh`f dvfr

06 o jrdo tlf gdhst.




Jeùrf :. Nffwhrm Esnhbms ZdnghbegHrf. Wezfs & Qfsdurgfs. Oennfbbehdj tlf O(dmfrb) [dp(unhtedb) hrfebmeghtfm eb tlf re`lt gdnuob dj tles`rhpl.

Hrfh

Nffwhrm Esnhbm Zdnghbeg HrfWezfs hbm rfsdurgfs

Wt. Cetts

Bfves

Odbtsfrrht

Guntev. Gdhst Afhgl Phtfr O. [dp/8;;;

Ofhsurfofbts eb sq co hbm co

Jeùrf 0. Wetfs Wt. Fusthteus

(Wthteh), Bfves hbm Wt. Cetts ay

pfredm.

Wetfs ay pfredmWt. Cetts, Bfves, Wthteh

[dst-Whn

'Whnhmdem

Hgfrho

Vbcbdwb

Wt. Cetts Bfves Wthteh



]hanf 8. Hrglhfdnd eghn setfs Bfves, Wt. Cetts, Wt. Fusthteus. Hrglhfdnd eghn pfredm3 dgurrfbgf dj Ydbfm-Ebgesfm-Grdsslhtglfm hbm Pletf-Db-Qfm pdttfry3 Fhst, Pfst dr gfbtrhn pdsetedbdb tlf esnhbm3 hrfh eb o1 dj tlf setf, mfptl dj hrglhfdndèghn mfpdsets3 mesthbgf jrdo tlf gdhst eb oftfrs3 fnfvhtedb hadvf hvfrh`f sfh nfvfn hbm rfjfrfbgfs.89 Hnnherf 850=3 19 Arhbgl 85;03 79 Jfwcfs 85113 =9 @ddmweb 8505, 85<;3 69 Idssfneb mf Idb` 85=03 :9 Zfrstff` (vhredus, sff aea)3 09 Pensdb 85<53 <9 Hrostrdb` 85<;3 53 Lhvesfr 85<6.

esnf bhof/gdmf H-Gfrhoeg Whnhmdem [dst-

Whnhmdem

Ydbfm-Ebgesfm- Pletf-Db-Qfm pdsetedb hrfh mfptl mesthbgf fnfvhtedb rfjfrfbgfs

Grdsslhtglfm pdttfry pdttfry (o1) (go) gdhst (o) (o)

gdmf

Bfves Besaftts 8

Bfves Leglo hbs' Wlfnn 8

Bfves Leglohbs' 8 8

Bfves Ebmehb Ghstnf Bdrtl 8 8

Bfves Ebmehb Ghstnf Wdutl 8

Bfves Autnfrs

Bfves Gdgdhbut Phnc

Bfves Pletf Ahy Bdrtl

Bfves ]ettnf @lut

Bfves Ebmehb Ghstnf Fst.

Bfves Wunplur @lut

Bfves Ahtl [nheb 8

Bfves Legc' s Gdvf

Bfves Legc' s Gdvf

Bfves Ne`ltldusf

Bfves Bfwghstnf

Bfves Pletflhnn Fst.

Bfves Ghmfs Ahy

Bfves Bfnsdb Wpreb`s

Bfves Legc's Gdvf

Bfves Ahtl Wtrfho odu

Cetts Ghydb 8

Cetts Glrest Glurgl 8 8

Cetts Ndm`f @ut 8

Cetts Wtdbfjdrt Qevfr 8 8

Cetts Wu`hr Jhg.[efr 8

Cetts Whbmy Ahy 8 8

Cetts Dnm Qdhm 8 8

Cetts Grhbstdubs

Cetts Pfst Jhro

wfst 10; 16 8;; 8;

fhst 16; =; 6 <

fhst <<;; 6; 8;; 7;

fhst 8706 6; 1; 6

fhst :<06; :; ; 8;

fhst <=;; =; 8; 6

fhst 66;; 0; 7; 86

fhst 706; 7; 7; \

fhst 71;; =; 16 86

fhst 1=6; =; 16 <

wfst 81;; 0; 6 6

wfst 8;;; :; 6 6

fhst 06; 16 8; 86

fhst :16 16 8; 8;

wfst :;; 0; 6 6

wfst =6; 16 7; 8;

wfst 6;; 16 6 6

wfst 6;; 16 6 6

wfst 16; =; 8; 8;

fhst 16; 16 8; 8;

wfst 86; =; : 86

fhst 86;;

fhst 16

fhst 6

wfst 6

wfst 6

fhst 6 6

wfst 6

wfst 6

wfst 8;; 66;

Cetts ]hafohgnf wfst 706

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

8,7,= J;:18

8,1,= M;1=8

= M;=68

8,7,= Anddmy [debt,

@;708

= WJ[8

=.8 A;118

= F;=:8

= H;8<8

8,1,7,= ]wd Oenf Gut,

@;7:8

= M;;08



esnf bhof/gdmf H-Gfrhoeg Whnhmdem [dst-

Whnhmdem

Cetts Ohidrs Ahy 8 8

Cetts Pletfldusf Ahy 8

Cetts Wlhmwfnn 8

Cetts Jre`htf ahy 8

Cetts [dbm Fsthtf 8 8

Cetts Ahssftfrrf 8

Cetts Mefppf Ahy 8

Cetts Anhgc Qdgcs

Cetts Peb`jefnm Fsthtf • 2

Cetts Oenns Fsthtf 8

Cetts Are`ltdb Fsthtf 8

Cetts Mhyjdrms 8

Cetts Lfroeth`f 8

Cetts Ahnnhst Ahy 8 8

Cetts @rfht Whnt [dbm 8

Cetts Pletf Ldusf Ahy 8 8

Cetts Pletf Ldusf Ahy 1 8

Cetts Ohidrs Ahy 8 •2

Cetts Ohidrs Ahy 1 0

Cetts Gdgcfnslfnn Ahy 0

Wthteh @dnmfb Qdgc 8

Wthteh @dnmfb Qdgc

Wthteh @dnmfb Qdgc H

Wthteh Wodcf Hnnfy 8 8

Wthteh @dmft 8 8

Wthteh Gdrrf Gdrrf Ahy 8 8

Wthteh Gdrrf Gdrrf Ahy 1 8

Wthteh WF-7:

Wthteh WF-01

Wthteh WF07

Wthteh WF-<; 8

Wthteh WF-<1

Wthteh WF-8;1

Wthteh WF-887

Ydbfm-Ebgesfm- Pletf-Db-Qfm pdsetedb hrfh mfptl mesthbgf fnfvhtedb rfjfrfbgfs

Grdsslhtglfm pdttfry pdttfry (o1) (go) gdhst (o) (o)

gdmf

gfbtrhn

wfst

wfst

ghst

wfst

ghst

ghst

wfst

ghst

fhsn

ghst

wfst

gfbtrhn

wfst

wfst

gfbtrhn 7<;;

gfbtrhn <<6;

gfbtrhn 6;

wfst 8;(8

wfst 8;;;

ghst 8;;

ghst 1(8

gfbtrhn 4

wfst 86

wfst

ghst 86

ghst 7;

6

86;

8;;;

7;

8;

8;

8;

86

6; =

8;;; 8;

6 6

6 6

8; 6

7;; 86

1; 6

8;;; 6;

81;; 7:

5;; 7<

6; <

6; 6

=06 0;

=; 1;

06; 87;

=; 16

=; 16

6; 1;

:; 86

5;; 6;

1;; 86

= 8;778

= jms

= 8;1:8

6.:

6.:

6

:

:.5

:.5

:.5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

Ndm`f @ut4

(bfhr Ghydb)

WC858<;;;8

WC8015;;;8

WCE:57;;;8

WCE:57;7=1

WCE5=:;;;8

WCE07<;;;8

WCE0=;;;;8

@Q (g)

@Q(a)

@Q(h)

E\ 7< EE 87



E=W HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Je urf <. Wdutl-wfst td bdrtl-fhst

sfgtedb dj Wt. Fusthteus dvfr Wodcf

Hnnfy hbm @dnmfb Qdgc (sff je`. 6

setfs = hbm 1). Wezfs eb oftfrs.

swIFFOW/

.=;

7:

@DNMFB QDGC

WGLD]WFBLDFC/

71

GDBGDQMEH

^Q D D] W

AFBBFQW/ 1<

1=

1; @QFH]

8:

81

WODCF HNNFU

L

<

=

8 l

NAdtl dj tlf Whnhmdem setfs db Bfves hrf db tlf webmwhrm

gdhst, wlenf db Wthteh tlf @dnmfb Qdgc setf es eb tlf gfbtrf

dj tlf esnhbm.0 Db Wt. Cetts tlfy hrf odrf dr nfss fvfbny

sprfhm dvfr tlf webmwhrm hbm nffwhrm gdhst, wlenf h

oebdrety es setuhtfm sne`ltny ebnhbm. Wugl mejjfrfbgfs sffo

td rfjnfgt quetf mevfrsf sfttnfofbt strhtfèfs.

]lf ohebny pdst-Whnhmdem setfs db Wthteh (@dmft hbm Wodcf

Hnnfy, sff bdtf 0) hrf setuhtfm db tlf nffwhrm gdhst dj tlf

esnhbm. ]lf pdst-Whnhmdem setfs db Bfves hbm Wt. Cetts slhrftlf gdhsthn drefbthtedb dj tlf Wthteh setfs. ]lfy hrf, ldwfvfr,

td af jdubm adtl db tlf nffwhrm hbm webmwhrm gdhsts.

Wuoohrezeb`9 prfgfrhoeg setfs db hnn 7 esnhbms lhvf h

gdhsthn, hbm odrf spfgejeg, h rffj-drefbthtedb. Hnn pdst-

Whnhmdem setfs lhvf h gdhsthn ndghtedb. webmwhrm hbm

nffwhrm db tlf twd nhr`fr esnhbms, dbny nffwhrm db Wthteh.

Whnhmdem setfs lhvf ebnhbm hbm gdhsthn ndghtedbs, db Bfves

dbny webmwhrm gdhsthn, db Wt. Cetts ebnhbm hbm gdhsthn

(adtl nffwhrm hbm webmwhrm). Wfttnfofbt strhtfèfs sffo td

af odrf ubejdro jdr tlf prfgfrhoeg hbm pdst-Whnhmdem

eblhaethbts dj tlf esnhbms. Whnhmdem pfdpnf mfodbstrhtf

odrf mevfrsf sfttnfofbt strhtfèfs.

Wthteh mejjfrs jrdo tlf twd nhr`fr esnhbms9 tlf sohnnbfss

dj tlf esnhbm prdahany ohmf tlf wldnf esnhbm fxpndethtedb

hrfh dj tlf eblhaethbts dj dbf sfttnfofbt eb dbf pfredm, hbm

mem bdt pfroet twd `rdups dj hby sezf td nevf db tlf esnhbm

td`ftlfr hbm fxpndet et. Mureb` tlf prfgfrhoeg pfredm dbf

`rdup nevfm eb tlf Gdrrf Gdrrf Ahy hrfh, nfhveb` us twd

hrglhfdndègh_ setfs, dj wlegl setf < es rfnhtevfny nhr`f hbm

setf 5 (je`. 6) rfnhtevfny sohnn. Mureb` tlf Whnhmdem pfredm

dbf `rdup nevfm ht @dnmfb Qdgc (setfs 8 hbm 1) wlenf sohn

sezf rfohebs wfrf nfjt ht tlf setfs 7, =, 6, hbm 88. Mureb`

tlf pdst-Whnhmdem pfredm dbf `rdup nevfm ht tlf @dmft-

Wodcf Hnnfy hrfh wlegl ohy af gdbsemfrfm hs twd sua-setf

nfjt us ay dbf pdst-Whnhmdem `rdup, eb vefw dj tlf bfhrbfss

dj adtl (sua-)setfs hbm seoenhrety dj hrtfjhgts (sff afndw).

=. ]lf rfsunts dj nhr`f-sghnf fxghvhtedbs9 twd

fxhopnfs jrdo Wt.FusthteusAdtl survfys hbm nhr`f-sghnf fxghvhtedbs wfrf ghrrefm

dut db @dnmfb Qdgc (@Q) hbm Wodcf Hnnfy (WH), tlf

jdrofr h Whnhmdem setf eb tlf oemmnf dj tlf esnhbm, tlf nhttf

(ohebny) h pdst-Whnhmdem setf bfhr tlf nffwhrm afhgl

(je`. <). Mejjfrfbgfs aftwffb tlf rfsunts dj tlfsf typfs dj

ebvfste`htedb lhvf hb eopneghtedb jdr tlf ubmfrsthbmeb` dj

Ghreaafhb prf-Gdnuoaehb setfs, adtl pdst-Whnhmdem hbm

Whnhmdem. Jerst h suoohry dj tlf rfsunts dj tlf ebvfste`h-

tedbs ht WH hbm @Q wenn af èvfb.

=.8 ]LF WODCF HNNFU WE]F

H survfy ay Zhb mfr Zhnc dj tlf Wodcf Hnnfy setf bfhr

tlf nffwhrm gdhst (je`. 5) rfsuntfm eb tlf dasfrvhtedb tlht h

pdst-Whnhmdem oemmfb whs setuhtfm db h sohnn tfrrhgf (g. :

x 1; o) sdof < o hadvf tlf sfh ht h mesthbgf dj 6; o jrdo

tlf sfh. Et es setuhtfm 16; o sdutl dj tlf gdhsthn @dmft

setf (Lhvesfr 85<63 Zfrstff` ft hn. 85<:), mesgdvfrfm ay

H.F. Jeùfrfmd (8506) eb 8506. Adtl setfs slhrf h buoafr

dj glhrhgtfrestegs9 adtl hrf prfmdoebhbtny pdst-Whnhmdem,

iumèb` jrdo tlf gfrhoegs , aut adtl lhvf h sohnn buoafr

http://roots/

http://roots/




Jeùrf 5. @hnndws Ahy bfhr WodcfHnnfy setf. Bdrtl td sdutl vefw.Djtfb h shbmy afhgl es rfgdrmfm httles spdt. Lurreghbfs rfodvf tlfshbm. Hjtfr lurreghbfs tlf shbm essndwny mfpdsetfm h`heb ubten tlfbfxt lurreghbf ebtfrjfrfs wetl tlf

hgguounhtedb prdgfss.

Jeùrf 8;. Wodcf Hnnfy9 ohglebf

ohmf fxghvhtedb pet. Zefw

bdrtlwfst - sdutlfhst eb tlf

merfgtedb dj tlf sfh.

typeghn Whnhmdem slfrms. Ht nfhst 5;% dj @dmft es gdvfrfm

ubmfr h 8.6 - 1 o dvfraurmfb mhteb` jrdo tlf fhrny Gdndbehn

[fredm wlfb nhr`f-sghnf mfjdrfsthtedb hgtevetefs ghusfm

nhbmsnemfs hbm dtlfr frdsedb fjjfgts.

]lf Wodcf Hnnfy setf. nfss prdbf td gdnnuvehtedb, dbny

rfgfevfm sdof =; go dj sden dvfraurmfb. Odrf 8<tl gfbtury

auenmeb`s hrf bfhr tlf setf3 tlf tfrrheb whs stenn usfm eb tles

gfbtury ndr h`regunturf. ]lf hrglhfdndèghn gdbtfxt dj tlf

hrtfjhgts eb tlf setf lhs affb `rfhtny mesturafm ay tles

h`regunturhn hgtevety. Ebse`lt ebtd tlf tdthn sua-surjhgf hrfh

dj tlf Wodcf Hnnfy tfrrhgf su``fsts tlht tlfsf nhr`f-sghnf

mesturahbgfs mfstrdyfm hnn hrglhfdndèghn ebjdrohtedb tlht

whs bdt prdtfgtfm ay tlf oemmfb. Wdutl dj tlf oemmfb

8<tl gfbtury auenmeb` ohmf prflestdref rfohebs ebveseanf,

hbm bdrtl dj tlf oemmfb h wletesl-gdndurfm jenn

prfmdoebhtfm.

Fxghvhtedb dj jevf 8 o1 tfst pets fsthaneslfm tlht tlf

oemmfb whs hpprdxeohtfny 8; x 8; o eb sezf. Fxghvhtedb




WOMCF HNNFU,

W]. FVW]H]EVW

Jeùrf 88. Ohp fxghvhtedb pets Wodcf Hnnfy. ]lf 8 x 8 o pets 8-: wfrf fxghvhtfm ay lhbm.[ets 0-8; wfrf fxghvhtfm ay h ndhmfr. Wuasfqufbtny tlf surjhgf whs sgrhpfm hbm tlf jfhturfs wfrf

sfgtedbfm ohbuhnny.



868 H. ZFQW]FF@ F] HN. - NHQ@F-WGHNF F\GHZH]EDBW ZFQWVW WVQZFUW

Jeùrf 81. Wfgtedb Jfhturfs 16 hbm 87=. Adtl prdvfm td afpdstldnfs dj h mfptl dj 58 hbm 71 go, rfspfgtevfny. ]lfy afndb` td h

8;-o-mehoftfr strugturf (je`. 87). ]lf mfptls hrf vhnufs afndw tlf

nfvfn fxghvhtfm ay tlf ahmfr. Jdr ubgfrthebtefs db tlf dre ebhn nfvfn

dj tlf surjhgf sff jeùrf 87.

dj tdur nhr`f ohglebf-ohmf (166 o1, je`s 8;, 88) pets

rfsuntfm eb tlf mesgdvfry dj <; jfhturfs. Wexty-jevf dj tlfo

prdvfm td af pdstldnfs (je`. 81). ]wfnvf pdstldnfs afndb` td

dbf sne`ltny dvhn 8; o mehoftfr ldusf, 0 dtlfrs afndb` td h

rdubm < o mehoftfr ldusf (je`s 87, 8=).

]lf Wodcf Hnnfy pdttfry jrdo tlf tfst pets hbm jrdo tlf

jfhturfs dj tlf ohglebf-ohmf pets whs stumefm ay GN. Ldj

ohb hbm ]. Lhoaur` (Lhoaur` 8551). ]les stumy whs db1;00 pdttfry slfrms jrdo tlf fxghvhtedb pets hbm 8<0 jrdo

tlf jfhturfs. Dj tlfsf slfrms, : hrf gfrthebny mfgdrhtfm

Whnhmdem dbfs. Ej tlf hvfrh`f dj tlf @dnmfb Qdgc rfnhtedb

aftwffb mfgdrhtfm ” ubmfgdrhtfm Whnhmdem slfrms (g. 18%)

es usfm (fsthaneslfm db h shopnf dj odrf tlhb =;,;;;

slfrms, sff9 Zfrstff`/Wglebcfn 8551, :=) jdr tles shopnf,

tlfb sdof 7; slfrms dj tlf tdthn wfrf Whnhmdem. Fvfb

hnndweb` jdr tlf ubgfrthebty dj tlf ndw buoafr dj sex, et es

eoprdahanf tlht odrf tlhb 6% dj tlf Wodcf Hnnfy gfrhoegs

hrf dj Whnhmdem dreèb.

]lerty-tlrff mfgdrhtfm pdst-Whnhmdem slfrms wfrf jdubm,

rfprfsfbteb` hadut 8.6% dj tlf tdthn pdttfry rfgdvfrfm.]les jeùrf es suppdrtfm ay jefnm dasfrvhtedbs dj tlf @dmft

fxghvhtedbs, wlfrf, hodb` tldushbms dj pdst-Whnhmdem

slfrms, dbny h vfry sohnn pfrgfbth`f whs mfgdrhtfm

(sff [utcfr eb9 Zfrstff` ft hn. 85<:).*

]ypeghn pdst-Whnhmdem mfgdrhtevf odmfs sugl hs wemf-

nebf ebgesedbs hbm wemf-nebf gurvfm phttfrbs fbmeb` eb

pubgthtedbs hrf glhrhgtfresteg dj tlf Wodcf Hnnfy mfgdrhtfm

slfrms (je`. 86). Wdof dj tlfsf phttfrbs hrf rfoebesgfbt

dj Fspfrhbzh pdttfry (Lhoaur` 8551, =). ]lrff tfst pets

(Bds 8, 7, 6) lhm ohby Pfst Ebmehb ]dp Wlfnns (Getthluo

pegh) hbm sdof gdbglfs (Wtrdoaus è`hs). ]lf shof tlrff

pets jfhturfm odst pdttfry slfrms.

]wd jfhturfs (je`. 8:) eb tlf ohrèb dj tlf oemmfb

gdbthebfm h Lhwcsaenn turtnf (Frftodglfnys eoareghth), hbm

h zfoe. Wfvfrhn nhyfrs dj Pfst Ebmehb ]dp Wlfnns (Getthreuo

pegh) hbm grha pebgfrs wfrf jdubm. ]les nhttfr gdopnfx es

ebtfrprftfm hs h ghglf.

Et es streceb` tlht adtl ldusfs hbm hnsd twd aurehns hrf

setuhtfm fxhgtny ht tlf ndghtedb dj tlf oemmfb. ]lf rfjusf dj

tlf eblhaethbts dj tlf ldusfs whs prdahany tlrdwb mdwb tlf

sndpf, hbm jrdo tlfrf suasfqufbtny whs whslfm ebtd tlf sfh

dr ebtd hrfhs ndwfr db tlf sndpf wlfrf frdsedbhn ohtfrehn

whs hgguounhteb`. ]lf Wodcf Hnnfy oemmfb etsfnj prdahany

dreèbhtfs jrdo dbf dr odrf ldusfs le`lfr db tlf sndpf (je`. <).

Mhteb` tlf ldusfs hbm hssdgehtfm hrglhfdndèghn jfhturfslhs prfsfbtfm sdof prdanfos. ]lfrf hrf tlrff G8= shopnfs9

dbf es rfgfbt (8:; ¸ 0; A[3 @rB-8<==<) hbm davedusny bdt

hssdgehtfm wetl Ebmehb hgtevetefs. Dbf es adbf ohtfrehn dj

tlf luohb aurehn J. 6; (je`. 80). ]les shopnf rfjnfgts tlf

h`f dj tlf pdst-Whnhmdem hgtevetefs db Wthteh9 88;6 ¸ 7; A[

(@rB-80;0;), wlegl, hjtfr hmiustofbt jdr Ohrebf Qfsfrvder

Fjjfgt (- 87; y) hbm ghnearhtedb, rfsunts eb hb h`f aftwffb



S61 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 87. Wodcf Hnnfy, 8;-o-mehoftfr ldusf. Mfptl pdstldnfsdj tlf dutfrgergnf vhrefs jrdo 71 -57 go (hvfrh`f :; go3 tlf gfbtrhnpdstldnfs lhm h mfptl dj 8; hbm=; go) afndw tlf nfvfn fxghvhtfmay tlf ndhmfr. Bdtf tlht tlf dre ebhnmfptl dj tlf pdstldnfs ohy lhvfaffb gdbsemfrhany nhr`fr. ]lfrf essdof ebjdrohtedb jrdo tlf le`lfstsetuhtfm eb s/ju-ghglfs eb tlf shofhrfh dj tlf fxghvhtedb9 h sfhturtnfghglf hbm Ebmehb aurehn jdubm eb pet1/7. ]lfsf wfrf setuhtfm gh :; gohadvf tlf ohglebf prfphrfmsurjhgf. ]les, ldwfvfr, es bd prddjjdr tlf dre ebhn mfptl dj tlfpdstldnfs hs tlf ldusfs ohy afydub`fr dr dnmfr tlhb tlfsfjfhturfs, hbm, gdbsfqufbtny, tlfsurjhgf tlfb ohy lhvf affb le`lfrdr ndwfr.

WODCF HNNFU,

W]. FVW]H]EVW

g. 8;;; - 88:; HM.5 H tlerm shopnf, glhrgdhn jrdo tlf

ndwfst nfvfn dj tlf oemmfb, whs mhtfm ht 801; ¸ 7; A[

(@rB-80;01), wlegl, hjtfr ghnearhtedb rfsunts eb hb h`f

aftwffb g. 16; - =;; HM.8;

]les rfsunt rfjnfgts tlf h`f dj

tlf Whnhmdem, hbm bdt pdst-Whnhmdem hgtevetefs. ]lf nhttfr

mhtf gdrrfspdbms vfry wfnn wetl tlf fhrnefst mhtfs (shopnfs

@rB-88681 hbm 88687, gj. Zfrstff`/Wglebcfn 8551, 1;=)

jrdo @dnmfb Qdgc." ]lfsf rfnhtevfny dnm glhrgdhn shopnfs

ohy af tlf rfsunt dj tlf jerst Whnhmdem hgtevetefs db Wthteh,sugl hs gnfhreb` tlf vf`fthtedb dj sfttnfofbt ndghtedbs.

]lf pdstldnfs dj adtl ldusfs gdbtheb bd glhrgdhn. hbm

nettnf pdttfry dr slfnn. ]lf ldusfs davedusny mem bdt aurb

mdwb. ]lfy wfrf auent afjdrf tlf oemmfb, hbm tlfer nejf

gygnf fbmfm afjdrf tlf oemmfb hgguounhtfm. ]les eopnefs

tlht tlfy hrf fetlfr Whnhmdem (aut up td bdw bd Whnhmdem

rfjusf dj hby fxtfbt lhs affb jdubm eb tles phrt dj tlf



867 H. ZFQW]FF@ F] HN - NHQ@F-WGHNF F\GHZH]EDBW ZFQWVW WVQZFUW

Je urf 8=. Wodcf Hnnfy, <-o-

mehoftfr ldusf. ]lf mfptl dj tlf

pdstldnfs dj tlf dutfrgergnf vhrefs

jrdo 11-7; go (db tlf hvfrh`f 1:

go). ]lf gfbtrhn pdstldnf lhm h

mfptl dj 6 go. Ofhsurfofbts

afndw tlf ohglebf prfphrfm

surjhgf.

WOMCF HNNFU,

W]. FVW]H]EVW

esnhbm), dr pdst-Whnhmdem, aut dnmfr tlhb tlf Wodcf Hnnfy

pdst-Whnhmdem oemmfb.

=.1 ]LF @DNMFB QDGC WE]F

]les setf es setuhtfm eb tlf oemmnf dj tlf Guntuurvnhctf, ht

g. 8.6 co jrdo adtl tlf nffwhrm hbm tlf webmwhrm gdhsts

(je`s 6, <). Mf Idssfneb mf Idb` (8517, 85=0) mesgdvfrfm hbm

survfyfm tlf @dnmfb Qdgc setf. Eb spetf dj les gdopnhebts

hadut tlf ndghn vf`fthtedb, lf whs hanf td ohcf h jefnm

mrhweb` dj 6 gnustfrs dj hrtfjhgt gdbgfbtrhtedbs veseanf db

tlf surjhgf (je`. 8<). Lhvesfr (85<6) hbm tles phpfrs jerst

twd hutldrs wfrf hanf td glfgc Mf Idssfneb mf Idb`'s setf

ohp hbm gdbgnusedbs (Zfrstff`/Wglebcfn 8551, je`. 80<).

Lhvesfr gdunm trhgå Mf Idssfneb's setf G db tlf ahses dj




Jeùrf 86. Wodcf Hnnfy pdttfry. Wezf 891 fxgfpt ndwfst jrhòfbt 89=.

surjhgf jebms mureb` tlf 85<8-survfy, aut lf whs bdt hanf td

mrhw h odrf mfthenfm gdbgnusedb tlhb "h tlegc hbm prdnejeg

oemmfb stenn es prfsfbt ht tlht ndghtedb."

Eb 85<= tlf `rhss vf`fthtedb rfbmfrfm ebse`lts eb tlffxtfbt dj tlf oemmfb hrfh mejjegunt. ]lfrfjdrf, sextffb

n x E o tfst pets wfrf mu` dvfr hb hrfh dj 0; o (B-W) x =;

o (F-P). Et sddb turbfm dut tlht pdst-mfpdsetedbhn fjjfgts

(fspfgehnny Gdndbehn pfredm hbm odrf rfgfbt h`regunturf) lhm

ghusfm gdbsemfrhanf mhoh`f td tlf hrglhfdndèghn

ebjdrohtedb jrdo tlf tdp 1; go dj tlf setf9 frdmfm sden

jrdo le`lfr up tlf sndpf lhm gdvfrfm phrt dj tlf setf3 sden

hbm hrglhfdndèghn ohtfrehn jrdo tlf setf lhm affb frdmfm

td bfhr-ay ndghtedbs3 tlf vf`fthtedb gdvfr ohmf hnn dj tles

vertuhnny ebveseanf fxgfpt ht pnhgfs wlfrf ghttnf lhm rfodvf

tlf `rhss. Eb jhgt, db tlf ahses dj tlf surjhgf jebms, et whspdsseanf td sthtf tlht h Whnhmdem setf whs prfsfbt ht ndghted

G dj Mf Idssfneb mf Idb` (? @Q-8). ]les gdbgnusedb whs

mrhwb hs wfnn ay Mf Idssfneb mf Idb` hs Lhvesfr.81

Mureb` nhr`f-sghnf ebvfste`htedbs dj tlf oemmfb eb 85<=

hbm 85<6 sfvfrhn glhrgdhn hbm slfnn shopnfs yefnmfm h`fs

tlf oemmfb hrdubm 86;; A[ (Zfrstff` ft hn. 85<=, 85<:).

Qfhnny vhnuhanf ebjdrohtedb db tles setf whs `htlfrfm wlf




Jeùrf 8:. Wodcf Hnnfy. Wfh turtnf

ghglf.

mureb` tlf 85<6 hbm suasfqufbt jefnm sfhsdbs nhr`f-sghnf

ebvfste`htedbs dj tlf hrfh hrdubm tlf oemmfb yefnmfm sfts dj

pdstldnfs (je`. 85).

]lfsf prdvfm nd af Ldde pnhbs dj Whnhmdem pfredm ldusfs,

rhbèb` jrdo sohnn dbf-jhoeny gdopdubms (< o eb

mehoftfr) td ohndghs 85 o eb mehoftfr (je`s 1;, 18).

Mht eb` dj tlf wfnn-prfsfrvfm nhr`f glhrgdhn shopnfs jrdo

sfvfrhn dj tlf pdstldnfs rfsuntfm eb h te`lt jrhofwdrc dj

glrdbdndèghn gdbtrdn jdr tlf setf (adtl tlf oemmfb hbm

tlf ldusfs) hbm h glrdbdndèghn sfqufbgf jdr tlf ldusfs,

rhbèb` jrdo g. :;; HM td g. 5;; HM (Zfrstff`/Wglebcfn

8551. 1;1). H pnhzh wetl gfrfodbehn ghglfs rfnhtfm td

aurehns whs setuhtfm td tlf bdrtl dj tlf ldusfs, hbm tlf

oemmfb whs setuhtfm sdutl dj tlf ldusfs, sne`ltny uplenn

jrdo tlf jnhttfst phrt dj tlf pnheb (je`. 85).

]lfrf es bd mduat tlht oemmfb, pnhzh hbm ldusfs hrf

strugturhn fnfofbts dj dbf sfttnfofbt. Wfvfrhn plhsfs eb tlf

suasfqufbt usf dj tlf ldusfs gdunm af mestebùeslfm. Dbgf

ebjdroffn n^^ tlf nhr d sghnf fxghvhtedbs hn @dnmfb Qdgc. wf

oust gdbgnumf tlht tlf dasfrvhtedbs ahsfm db tlf surjhgf

jebms, tlf tfst pet fxghvhtedbs, hbm tlf fxghvhtedb dj tlf

gdopnftf oemmfb (16: o9), prdvemfm dbny h vfry sohnn

hodubt dj ebjdrohtedb db tlf setf. Fvfb tlf glrdbdndèghnmhth dathebfm mem bdt rftnfgt tlf wldnf pfredm dj dgguphtedb

dj tlf setf.

=.7 EO[NEGH]EDBW W]. FVW]H]EVW EBZFW]E@H]EDBW

Jrdo tlf fxghvhtedbs db Wt. Fusthteus, twd hspfgts hrf

gnfhb jetst, tlfrf es strdb` fvemfbgf jdr pdst-mfpdsetedbhn

mesturahbgf ht hnn dj tlf setfs mesgussfm, hbm tles lhs

eopneghtedbs jdr fvhnuhteb` hrglhfdndèghn survfy mhth jrdo

tlf dtlfr esnhbms. Wfgdbm, tlfrf sffos td af h se`bejeghbt

gdbtebuety aftwffb tlf Whnhmdem hbm pdst-Whnhmdem

dgguphtedbs. Hntldu`l tlf pdttfry glhb`fm (mfgdrhtedb

phttfrbs hbm pfrgfbth`f dj mfgdrhtfm slfrms, sff Zfrstff`/

Wglebcfn 8551, 01) hbm sdof dtlfr hspfgts oe`lt lhvf

glhb`fm, sugl hs tlf sezf dj ldusfs hbm sfttnfofbts, hbm

pfrlhps tlf prfjfrfbgfs jdr sfttnfofbt ndghtedb, tlf @dnmfb

Qdgc hbm Wodcf Hnnfy mhth hrùfs jdr dvfrhnn gunturhn

gdbtebuety (jdr fxhopnf tlf seoenhretefs eb Lhwcsaenn turtnf

SFrftodglfnys eoareghth_ ghglfs, zfoes, ftg).

Db Bfves, wf lhvf vfry seoenhr cebms dj hrglhfdndèghn

ohtfrehn hs db Wt. Fusthteus, wetl phrhnnfns eb gfrhoegs,

fvemfbgf dj ldusf gdbstrugtedb wetl mffp hbm slhnndw

pdsts, hbm gdrrfspdbmeb` rhmedghradb mhtfs. Eb gdbtrhst td

Wt. Fusthteus, wlfrf tlfrf whs h nhr`f hbm fxtfbsevf

Whnhmdem sfttnfofbt hbm sohnnfr pdst-Whnhmdem setfs, db

Bfves wf lhvf tlf dppdsetf setuhtedb. Dbny twd setfs wetl

Whnhmdem gdopdbfbts lhvf affb jdubm, gdophrfm td

85 setfs wetl pdst-Whnhmdem gdopdbfbts.

Db Wt. Cetts, wlfrf tlf gdopnftf ebvfbtdry dj setfs es bdt

hs wfnn cbdwb hs db tlf twd sohnnfr esnhbms, tlfrf hrf

88 setfs wetl Whnhmdem gdopdbfbts, 80 wetl pdst-Whnhmdemgdopdbfbts, hbm = setfs tlht prdahany hrf pdst-Whnhmdem

(@ddmweb 8505).

Dj tlf Bfvesehb setfs, tlrff ofret spfgehn mesgussedb, adtl

td mfodbstrhtf seoenhretefs wetl tlf hrglhfdndèghn mhth

jrdo Wt. Fusthteus, hbm afghusf tlf tlrff setfs lhvf tlf

`rfhtfst pdtfbtehn jdr yefnmeb` ebjdrohtedb db neveb` hrfhs

dj tlf sfttnfofbts hwhy jrdo tlf oemmfbs.




Je urf 80. Wodcf Hnnfy. Aubhn J. 6;. ]lf mhteb` dj adbf ohtfbhn dj

tles ebmevemuhn tlht whs aurefm eb h jnfxfm pdsetedb, rfsuntfm eb 88;6 ¸7; A[.

]lf setf dj Leglohbs (@F-6) hppfhrs jrdo surjhgf

rfohebs hbm neoetfm tfst fxghvhtedbs td lhvf h nhr`f

Whnhmdem gdopdbfbt wetl h pdst-Whnhmdem gdopdbfbt hadvf

et. Et es tlf nhr`fst Whnhmdem setf db tlf esnhbm. ]fst

fxghvhtedbs lhvf rfvfhnfm h oemmfb wetl h ohxeouo mfptl

dj 8:; go, wetl pdst-Whnhmdem ohtfrehn eb tdp =; go.

Hntldu`l nhr`f phrts dj tlf setf, fspfgehnny db tlf gdhsthn

semf, hrf ahmny frdmfm, et es necfny tlht ldusfs hbm dtlfr

strugturfs gdunm af jdubm db phrts dj tlf setf's jnht tfrrhgf

updb wlegl tlf oemmfb rfsts.

]lf setf dj Ebmehb Ghstnf (@F-8) es ndghtfm hadut 1 co

sdutl hndb` tlf sdutlfhst gdhst dj Bfves. Et es tlf nhr`fst

pdst-Whnhmdem setf db tlf esnhbm, wetl h surjhgf sghttfr dj

pdttfry hbm dtlfr hrtfjhgts fxtfbmeb` dvfr h : lh hrfh.

Db tlf gdhsthn semf sden frdsedb lhs ubgdvfrfm hb hrfh dj

suasden hpprdxeohtfny =;; o ndb` hbm 7; o wemf, eb wlegl

Je urf 8<. Mrhweb` @dnmfb Qdgc hrfh ay mf Idssfneb mf Idb`. ]lflhtglfm zdbfs yefnmfm hrglhfdndèghn jebms. Pletf spdts eb A hbm Gebmeghtf tlf 8517 fxghvhtedb pets (hjtfr Mf Idssfneb mf Idb`, 85=0,je`. 8=).

11 pdstodnms lhvf affb ndghtfm. Ht prfsfbt, wf ghbbdt

hsse`b tlf pdstodnms td spfgejeg strugturfs, aut et es gnfhr

tlfy afndb` td odrf tlhb dbf strugturf. ]lf pdstodnms

rhb`fm jrdo 1; td 7; go eb mehoftfr hbm 1; td :; go eb

mfptl afndw surjhgf. Ahsfm db tles neoetfm shopnf, hbm db

tlf hasfbgf dj vfry nhr`f pdsts, tlf Ebmehb Ghstnf pdstodnms

hppfhr td af odrf necf tldsf jrdo Wodcf Hnnfy tlhb tldsf

dj @dnmfb Qdgc.

]lf nhr`f pnheb tlht nefs ebnhbm jrdo tlf gdhst lhs affbahmny mesturafm ay gdndbehn guntevhtedb hbm suasfqufbt

frdsedb, aut sdof dj tlf surjhgf hbm suasurjhgf jrdo tlf

teof dj hadreèbhn dgguphtedb hrf necfny prfsfrvfm. ]lf setf

dj Wunplur @lhut es h pdst-Whnhmdem setf mhteb` jrdo tlf

nDtl td tlf 81tl gfbtury HM. ]lfrf es h jnht pnheb hadut

81 o hadvf sfh nfvfn wetl h sphrsf sghttfr dj pdst-Whnhmdem

gfrhoegs hbm dtlfr hrtfjhgts. Db tlf sndpf aftwffb tlf pnheb




Jeùrf 85. @dnmfb Qdgc setf wetlstrugturfs (WO=), aurehns (A8-88),

ghglfs G8-=), lfhrtls (l8-7), hbm

oemmfb hrfhs (`rfy).

hbm tlf sfh es hb fxtfbsevf oemmfb. Et whs ahmny mhoh`fm

ay Lurreghbf Lu`d eb 85<5, hbm hb <; o ndb` strhtejefm

oemmfb odrf tlhb 8 o mffp whs rfvfhnfm hndb` tlf prdjenf.

Hntnedu`l bd pdstodnms wfrf mesgdvfrfm eb tlf 8558 sfhsdb,

et es prdahany tlht strugturfs wfrf ndghtfm db tlf jnht pnheb,

hbm tlf oemmfb hrfh db tlf sndpf whs wlfrf tlf setf's

rfjusf whs muopfm.

6. Gdbgnusedbs

Iumèb` jrdo tlf fvemfbgf dj adtl tlf @Q-8 hbm WH setf,

et es streceb` tlht tlfsf setfs prdvf td af ougl odrf

gdopneghtfm td ubmfrsthbm tlhb tlfer surjhgf jebms hbm

survfy rfsunts su``fst. Ht @dnmfb Qdgc tlf odst eopdrthbt

hrglhgdndèghn ebjdrohtedb (ebgnumeb` glrdbdndèghn

ebjdrohtedb) whs rfgdvfrfm jrdo hrfhs dutsemf tlf oemmfb.

Eb prfgesfny tlht hrfh dbny jfw surjhgf jebms dggurrfm! Eb

Wodcf Hnnfy oemmfb hbm ldusfs hrf ht tlf shof ndghtedb,

odst prdahany tlfy hrf bdt sybglrdbdus. Eb adtl setfs

surjhgf jebms mem bdt td hby fxtfbt gdrrfspdbm td tlf

suasurjhgf rfhnety. Ht @dmft 5;% ht nfhst dj tlf setf es

gdvfrfm ay hrtfjhgt-jrff sden ohtfrehn. ]d sdof fxtfbt tlf

shof es truf jdr @Q hbm WH.

Et sffos dur Ghreaafhb setfs hrf prftty gdopneghtfm.

Hrtfjhgts dj hby cebm tlht hrf glhrhgtfresteg jdr glrdbdndèghn

ubets dj neoetfm fxtfbt sffo td af oesseb` eb dur hrfh dj

stumy. Ydbfm-ebgesfm-grdsslhtglfm hbm wletf-hbm-rfm

pdttfry es jdubm eb setfs mhtfm 8;; HM (Ebmehb Grffc,

Hbteùh) hbm <;; HM (@Q, Wt. Fusthteus). Hrtfjhgt

gdnnfgtedbs jrdo tlf setfs hbm mhteb`s dathebfm su``fst ndb`-

sthbmeb` gunturhn gdbtebuety, jdr surf eb tlf Whnhmdem pfredm.




Jeùrf 1;. @dnmfb Qdgc, jnddr pnhb <-o-mehoftfr ldusf W8.

Mem hbytleb` glhb`f hjtfr tlf Whnhmdem pfredm, fxgfpt tlf

pdttfry mfgdrhtedb hbm tlf pfrgfbth`f dj mfgdrhtfm

gfrhoegs4

]lf prfsfbt hutldrs mduat tlht db tlf ahses dj tlf @Q

hbm WH mhth. Jebmeb` h setf, thceb` h pdttfry shopnf hbm

mhteb` h jfw glhrgdhn shopnfs davedusny es bdt fbdu`l td

hrrevf ht hb fxhgt teof-jrhof dj tlf setf. ]lf prfsfbt

hutldrs jfhr tlht odrf setfs tlhb @dnmfb Qdgc hbm WodcfHnnfy hrf ounte-gdopdbfbt dr wfrf usfm jdr vfry ndb`

pfredms. ]les es streceb`ny eb gdbtrhst wetl dasfrvhtedbs db

tlf murhtedb dj vennh`f-dgguphtedb eb tlf ftlbd`rhpleghn

rfgdrm. Odst rfgdrmfm nejf-gygnfs hrf dj fxtrfofny sldrt

murhtedb. ]lf hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm dj Hohzdbeh hnsd

su``fsts ndb`-pfredm dgguphtedb eb ohby setfs (sff jdr

ebsthbgf Qddsfvfnt 85<;, 85<5).'7

]lf fxghvhtedb hbm survfy mhth su``fst tlht survfys dj

prflestdref Ghreaafhb setfs offt twd prdanfos9

8. ]lf surjhgf ebjdrohtedb es h pddr rfjnfgtedb dj tlf sua-

surjhgf setuhtedb.

1. ]lf glrdbdndèghn ubets hbm h`fbts hrf bdt jebf-`rhebfm

fbdu`l td hrrevf ht mfthenfm tfopdrhn gnhssejeghtedbs dj setf

Eb jhgt, setfs ghb dbny af gnhssejefm td prfgfrhoeg,

Whnhmdem, hbm pdst-Whnhmdem eb tles phrt dj tlf Ghreaafhb.

Hgcbdwnfm`fofbts

]lf hutldrs jerst hbm jdrfodst whbt td hgcbdwnfm`f tlf

gdubtfrphrts dj tlf ebvfste`htedbs9 tlf Wt. Fusthteus

Lestdreghn Jdubmhtedb, tlf Bfves Lestdreghn hbm

Gdbsfrvhtedb Wdgefty hbm tlf Wt. Cetts Lestdreghn

Jdubmhtedb.

Afrt vhb mfr Zhnc mesgdvfrfm tlf Wodcf Hnnfy setf9

lf ohmf mrhweb` bd. <. Nfemfb Vbevfrsety stumfbts Dmfttf

O. Arduwfr, Whscyh O. Adtt, Qeglhrm [. Fxhntus hbm Ifrd

Jnhoohb lfnpfm mureb` tlf Wodcf Hnnfy fxghvhtedbs. ]doLhoaur` hbm Gdrebbf Ldjohb stumefm hbm rfpdrtfm db tlf

Wodcf Hnnfy gfrhoegs. Ihb [huptet's eoohgunhtf nha wdrc

ohmf tlf afst dj tlf jefnm pldtd`rhpls, hbm lf ohmf

pldtd`rhpls dj hrtfjhgts eb Nfemfb. Lfbc mf Ndro hbm

Afb Gnhhsz Gddgcsdb ohmf tlf mrhweb`s.

bdtfs

8 H jerst mrhjt dj tles phpfr whs prfsfbtfm ht tlf Hbbuhn Offteb`dj tlf Wdgefty jdr Hofreghb Hrglhfdnd`y, mureb` tlf syopdseuo]lf Nhtf Gfrhoeg H`f eb tlf Bdrtlfhstfrb Ghreaafhb, eb Hpren

8551. ]lf jerst mrhjt whs tetnfm9 Ebtfr- hbm Ebtrh-setf sfttnfofbtphttfrbeb` db Bfves, Wt. Cetts hbm Wt. Fusthteus.

1 Ht nfhst tdmhy Ghreaafhb jeslfrofb wenn whnc h ndb` why td tlafhgl dj tlfer vennh`f, rhtlfr tlhb usf h gndsfr afhgl tlht "afndb`td hbdtlfr vennh`f.

7 Wdof dj tlfo ohy fvfb bdt af prf-Gdnuoaehb.

= Ej tlf suasthbtehn fvemfbgf jdr h usf dj tlf @dnmfb Qdgc setf dbWt. Fusthteus ay Whnhmdems up td g. 5;; HM ebmffm rfjnfgts tlfprflestdref rfhnety, twd pdsseaenetefs fxest98. ]lf `fbfrhnny hggfptfm fbm mhteb` jdr tlf Whnhmdem pfredm eb tlNfssfr Hbtenefs es ebgdrrfgt.1. Wdof Whnhmdem setfs, hodb` wlegl @dnmfb Qdgc, stregtny stegc

td tlf Whnhmdem pdttfry rfpfrtderf. Dtlfr setfs, ldwfvfr, md bdtohbujhgturf Whnhmdem pdttfry eb tlf <tl hbm 5tl gfbtury HM.Pf gnhssejy tldsf hs pdst-Whnhmdem dr Fnfbdem.

Idså Dnevfr (8551) suspfgts les Whnhmdem setf db Gunfarh Esnhbm tdlhvf gdbsfrvfm Whnhmdem phrhoftfrs, wlenf eb bfhr-ay [ufrtd Qegpdst-Whnhmdem setfs hrf mhtfm eb tlf shof pfredm dj teof.

6 ]lf Mhyjdrms setf es ofbtedbfm ay Jfwcfs (8511, 8:1). Et esbdt surf wlfrf tles setf whs setuhtfm. Mhyjdrms es bdt cbdwb dbWt. Cetts tdmhy. [frlhps et es h oesspfnneb` jdr Ahyjdrms, h ndghtedb




Je urf 18. @dnmfb Qdgc, jnddr pnhb85-o-mehoftfr ohndgh W=.

bdrtl dj Ghydb. Hs h gdbsfqufbgf tlf Mhyjdrms setf es tlf dbny setf

ofbtedbfm eb thanf 8 tlht es bdt ebmeghtfm db jeùrf 7. Dtlfr

prdanfos fxest hadut tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj tles setf hbm Lfroeth`f.

hnsd ofbtedbfm ay Jfwcfs hs hgfrhoeg. ]lf stdbf daifgts trdo

Mhyjdrms hbm Lfroeth`f md nhgc h gfrhoeg gdbtfxt, aut et es

mduatfm wlftlfr tlfsf setfs ghb af gdophrfm wetl prfgfrhoeg setfs

sugl hs @rfht Whnt [dbm hbm Ahnnhs Ahy db Wt. Cetts, tlf Gdrrf

Gdrrf Ahy setfs db Wthteh, hbm tlf Besaftts hbm Leglohbs' Wlfnn

Lfhp db Bfves.

: ]lf twd Gdrrf Gdrrf setfs db Wthteh wenn af fxghvhtfm eb Jhnn

8550. ]lf prdgfmurfs heo ht h tdthn rfgdvfry dj ht nfhst phrt dj tlf

setfs.

0 ne sldunm af bdtfm tlht twd Wthteh setfs wetl hb fxtrfofny sohnn

Whnhmdem gdopdbfbt (@dmft hbm Wodcf Hnnfy) hrf setuhtfm db tlf

cvu.on gdhsn. Eb adtl setfs tlf Whnhmdem gdopdbfbt es sd sohnn

tlht en es mduatfm wlftlfr tles ghb af tlf rfjnfgtedb dj h (sohnn)

vennh`f. ]lf hrfh dj adtl setfs es tlf odst httrhgtevf ghbdf nhbmeb`

hrfh dj tlf esnhbm. Wthteh's setf 8 8 hnsd es vfry sohnn.

W ]les shopnf wenn af stumefm eb tlf bfhr juturf ay Lhoaur` hbm

Ldjohb.

5 ]lf Ohrebf Qfsfrvder Fjjfgt jdr tles shopnf es - 87; yfhrs

(p.g. @.I. vhb Cnebcfb). Ghnearhtedb gj. Zhb mfr [neglt hbm Oddc

(85<<) rfsunts eb HM h`fs aftwffb 8;81 - 8;=1/8;5= - 888=/88== -

8861 (8 h3 prdahaenety :<.7%). ]wd h (prdahaenety 56.=%) rfsunts

eb HM h`fs aftwffb 55: - 8;6</8;01 - 881:/887=-88:;)

8; Ghnearhtedb gj. 8 h (prdahaenety :<.7%) rfsunts eb hb HM h`f

aftwffb 161 - 7;;/78< - 7=:/7:= - 70=. Ghnearhtedb gj. 1 g rfsunts

eb hb h`f dj 1== - 75; HM. (Zhb mfr [neglt/Oddc 85<<)

88 ]lfsf shopnfs hrf afnefvfm td dreèbhtf jrdo h jerst aurbeb`

mdwb dj tlf vf`fthtedb eb tlf @dnmfb Qdgc hrfh, predr td tlf

auenmeb` dj tlf ldusfs (Zfrstff`/Wglebcfn 8551, 1;1). ]lfsf dnmfst

Whnhmdem mhteb`s (dj @Q hbm tlf dnmfst dbf jrdo Wodcf Hnnfy)ohy rfjnfgt tlf teof dj hrrevhn hbm jerst fxpndethtedb dj Wt. Fusthteus

ay Whnhmdem `rdups.

81 Hntldu`l Mf Idssfneb mf Idb` (8517, :7) spdcf dj rfohrchanf

wletf hbm rfm pdttfry eb tles prf-Qdusf pfredm.

87 Hnsd Wurebhof odubms hbm dtlfr gdhsthn setfs sugl hs Cwhtth

]ebèldnd, hbm [fruveh su``fst dgguphtedbhn pfredms dj sfvfrhn

gfbturefs (Zfrstff` 85<63 Zfrstff`/Auaafrohb 8551).



8:; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

rfjfrfbgfs

Hnnhbv. 8 . 850= Hb hrglhfdndèvhn Qfgdbbheshbgf dj Wt. Cetts, Nffwhrm Esnhbms, [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf

6tl Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfssjdr tlf Wtumy dj tlf prf-Gdnuoaehb Gunturfs dj tlf Nfssfr

Hbtenefs, 86<-8:8.

Hrostrdb`, M.Z. 85<; Wlfnnjesl @htlfrfrs dj Wt. Cett s9 h Ghsf Wtumy dj Hrglheg Wuases tfbgf hbm Wfttnfofbt

[httfrbs, [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf Ltl Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfssjdr tlf Wtumy dj tlf prf-

Gdnuoaehb Gunturfs dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtenefs, 861-:<.

Arhbgl, G.P.

Jfwcfs, I.P.

85;0 Hadreèbhn Hbtequetefs dj Wt. Cetts hbm Bfves, Hofreghb Hbtlrdpdndèst 5, 786-777.

8511 H prflestdref esnhbm gunturf hrfh dj Hofregh. ]lf Aurfhu dj Hofreghb Ftlbdnd`y,

7=tl Hbbuhn Qfpdrt, Phsleb`tdb M.G.

Jeùfrfmd, H.F. 8506 Whnhmdem Wfttnfofbt [httfrbs eb Wt. Fusthteus. Bftlfrnhbms Hbtennfs. Vbpuaneslfm

ohbusgrept.

@ddmwenn, Q.Gl. 8505 ]lf [rflestdref Gunturhn Fgdnd`y djWt. Cetts. Pfst Ebmefs9 H Ghsf Wtumy eb Esnhbm

Hrglhfdnd`y. ]lfses Hrezdbh Wthtf Vbevfrsety. ]fopf.

85<; Mfod`rhpleg Glhb`fs hbm tlf Grha-Wlfnn Megldtdoy, [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf <tl Ebtfrbhtedbh

Gdb`rfssjdr tlf Wtumy dj tlf prf-Gdnuoaehb Gunturfs dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs, =6-:<.

Lhoaur`, ].

Lhvesfr, I.A.

8551 Lft hhrmfwfrc vhb Wodcf Hnnfy, Wt. Fusthteus. Ebtfrbhn Qfpdrt Nfemfb Vbevfrsety. Nfemfb

85<6 Hb Ebvfbtdry dj [rflestdref Qfsdurgfs db Wt. Fusthteus, Bftlfrnhbms Hbtennfs. [rdgffmeb`

dj tlf nDtl Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfss jdr tlf Wtumy dj tlf prf-Gdnuoaehb Gunturfs dj tlf

Nfssfr Hbtennfs, :8-<8.

Idssfneb mf Idb`, I.[.A, mf 8517 Mhàdfc aftrfjjfbmf mf Fxpfmetef bhhr mf Hbtennfb. 85 Bdvfoafr 8511 - 1= Huùstus

8517. Ohbusgrept Qdyhn Ebstetutf dj Nebùestegs hbm Hbtlrdpdnd`y, Nfemfb.

85=0 Hrglhfdndèghn Ohtfrehn jrdo Whah hbm Wt. Fusthteus, Nfssfr Hbten nfs. Ofmfmfneb`fb vhb

lft Qeicsousfuo vddr Zdncfbcubmf. Nfemfb 8, 8-66.

Dnevfr, I. 8551 Qfsunts dj tlf Hrglhfdndèghn ]fsteb` hbm Mhth Qfgdvfry Ebvfste`htedbs ht tlf Ndwfr

Ghop Wetf. Gunfarh Esnhbm Bhtedbhn Penmnejf Qfju`f. [ufrtd Qegd. Qfpdrt @hrrdw & Hss

Htnhbth.

[neglt. I. vhb mfr

P.@. Oddc

85<< Ghnearhtedb dj rhmedghradb h`fs ay gdoputfr. [hpfr 87tl Ebtfrbhtedbhn Qhmedghradb

Gdbjfrfbgf. Muardvbec.

Qddsfvfnt, H.G. 85<; [hrohbh [rflestdref Ohezf hbm Ohbedg Wuasestfbgf hndb` tlf Hohzdb hbm Drebdgd.

Wtumefs eb Hrglhfdnd`y. Hghmfoef [rfss, Bfw Udrc.

85<5 Odubmauenmfrs dj tlf Hohzdb. @fdplyseghn Hrglhfdnd`y db Ohrhid Esnhbm. Arhzen.Hghmfoef [rfss, Ebf, Bfw Udrc.

Zfrsthppfb. L.]l.

H. Chbbfèftfr

GL. [. Md Qf`d

Zfrstff`, H.L.

8501 Wtumef dvfr lft dbtweccfneb`spdtfbteffn vhb mf Advfbwebmsf fenhbmfb Whah. Webt Fusthteu

fb Webt Ohhrtfb (B.H.) 8. Vbpuaneslfm rfpdrt E]G. Fbsglfmf.

85<6 ]lf [rflestdry dj tlf Udub` Gdhsthn [nheb dj Pfst Wurebhof. ]lfses Nfemfb Vbevfrsety.

Afregltfb vhb mf Qeicsmefbst Dumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfrzdfc 76, :67-06;.



8:8 H. ZFQW]FF@ F] HN. - NHQ@F-WGHNF F\GHZH]EDBW ZFQWVW WVQZFUW

Zfrstff`. Hn E

[email protected]. Ihbsfb

N vhb enfr Zhnc

O.N.[. Ldd`nhbm

85<= ]lf Hrglhfdnd`y dj Wt. Fusthteus hbm Whah9 ebtrh-ebsunhr hbm ebtfr-ebsunhr Mfvfndpofbts

eb tlf Ghreaafhb Qfèdb. Ebtfreo Qfpdrt Nfemfb Vbevfrsety, Nfemfb.

Zfrstff`, H.L.

L.O. vhb mfr Cnejt

@.I.Q. Ohht

L.I.O. Ofujjfns

Q.Q. vhb Ywfmfb

P. Qdfnfvfcn

85<6 Hrglhfdndèghn Ebvfste`htedbs db Wt. Fusthteus (Bftl. Hbtenefs). Ebtfreo Qfpdrt Nfemfb

Vbevfrsety, Nfemfb.

Zfrstff`. Hnn.

N. vhb mfr Zhnc

EE.I. [utcfr

85<: Hrglhfdndèghn ebvfste`htedbs db Wt. Fusthteus (Bftlfrnhbms Hbtenefs). Ebtfreo rfpdrt

Nfemfb Vbevfrsety, Nfemfb.

Zfrstff`. H.O.

J.G. Auaafrohb

8551 Wurebhof afjdrf Gdnuoaus , Ofmfmfneb`fb Wteglteb` Wurebhhos Ousfuo =5H, 8-::.

Zfrstff`. H.L.

C. Wglebcfn (fms)

8551 ]lf Hrglhfdnd`y dj Wt. Fusthteus9 tlf @dnmfb Qdgc Wetf, [uaneghtedb dj tlf Wt. Lusthteus

Lestdreghn Jdubmhtedb 1/[uaneghtedb dj tlf Jdubmhtedb jdr Wgefbtejeg Qfsfhrgl eb tlf

Ghreaafhb Qfèdb 878, Wt. Fusthteus/Hostfrmho. 1<= pp.

Pensdb. W.O. 85<5 ]lf [rflestdref Wfttnfofeet [httfrb dj Bfves , Pfst Ebmefs, Idurbhn dj Jefnm Hrglhfdnd`y

8:,=,=10-=6;.

Hhm L. Zfrstff`


[.D.Adx5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb

Cffs Wglebcfn

p.h. Ebstetuut vddr [rflestdref[.D.Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb

Whoufn O. Pensdb

Mfpt. dj Hbtlrdpdnd`y

Vbevfrsety dj ]fxhs ht Husteb

Husteb, ]\ 0<081, V.W.H.





Ofbbd Ldd`nhbm Cfnafy's Qem`f 1, H 8=tl Gfbtury ]hebd sfttnfofbtgdrebbf Ldjohb ;b Whah, Bftlfrnhbms Hbtenefs

Hrglhfdndèghn rfsfhrgl lhs rfvfhnfm nDDDyfhrs dj

Hofrebmehb lhaethtedb db tlf esnho! dj Whah db tlf bdrtlfrb

Nfssfr Honnngs jrdbt =6; HE) td 8=6; HM.' ]lf nhtfst plhsf

es rfprfsfbtfm ay tlf prf-gdndbehn sfttnfofbt setf dj Cfnafy's

Qem`f 1. Gunturhnny hjpnehtfm wetl tlf sd-ghnnfm ]hebd

gunturf, tlf setf es. prfsuohany, td lf gdbsemfrfm h

pfreplfrhn sfttnfofbt djdbf dj tlf glefjmdos db tlf @rfhtfr

Hbtenefs. Eb tles phpfr tlf prfsfbtf dj h ]hebd setf db tlf

bdrtlfrb Nfssfr Hbtennfs wenn lf jurtlfr fxpndrfm hbm sfvfrhn

lypdtlfsfs urf prfsfbtfm hs td tlf pdsselnf ofglhbesoslflebm tles fxphbsedb mweb` nhtf prf-Gdnuoaehb teofs.

8. Ebtrdmugtedb

Whah es tlf sohnnfst esnhbm dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtenefs wetl h

surjhgf hrfh dj 87 co-. Et es setuhtfm hpprdxeohtfny 86; co

Ardo tlf V.W. Zerèb Esnhbm dj Wt. Grdex, wlegl es gdbsemfrfm

td af tlf fhstfo dutpdst dj tlf 'Gnhsseg ]hebd ebtfrhgtedb

splfrf' mureb` nhtf prflestdref teofs (Hnnherf 85<03 Lhtt

851=3 Odrsf Jhafr 85583 Qdusf 8551) (je`s 8, 1). Mureb`

tles pfredm, aftwffb 81;; hbm 86;; HM, hb ebgrfhsfm nfvfn

dj sdgehn mejjfrfbtehtedb hbm pdnetegh_ gdopnfxety es fvemfbgfm

db tlf Gärfhtfr Hbtennfs wetl tlf resf dj tlf ]hebd glefjmdos

(Qdusf 85513 Pensdb 855;). ]lf mfvfndpofbts db tlf

bdrtlfrb Nfssfr Hbtennfs hrf sd jhr ubcbdwb tar tles pfredm9

bd fvemfbgf lhs yft affb jdubm dj h gfrhoeg gdopnfx tlht

wdunm pdst-mhtf 81;; HM. Ldwfvfr, rfgfbt hrglhfdndèghn

rfsfhrgl nehs prdvfm tne.u tlf gfrhoeg mfvfndpofbts db tlf

bdrtlfrb Zerèb Esnhbms (Nubmafr` ft hn. 8551) hbm hnsd db

Whah (Ldjohb 8557) phrhnnfn tldsf dj tlf Gleghb Dstedbdem

suasfrefs db tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs. ]lf pdttfry, hntldu`l

seopnfr hbm nfss sdplesteghtfm, ghb af hsse`bfm td af hb

djjslddt dj tlf mfvfndpofbts eb tlf ]hebd gfbtrf ofhbeb`

tlht tlf fhstfrb adrmfr dj tlf Gleghb-Dstedbdem suasfrefs

sldunm af slejtfm mdwb td Whah. ]lf ndghtedb dj h ]hebd

sfttnfofbt dutsemf tlf gfbtrf dj tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs su``fstshb fxtfbsedb dj tlf ]hebd dgguphtedb td tlf sdutl-fhst.

Fgdbdoef dr sdged-pdneteghn ebgfbtevfs hrf prdpdsfm lfrf hs

pdsseanf ofglhbesos aflebm tles fxphbsedb.

1. Wetf ndghtedb

]lf setf dj Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 es setuhtfm eb tlf bdrtl-

fhstfrb phrt dj tlf esnhbm db hb fnfvhtedb dj 8=; o osn

(? ofhb sfh nfvfn) (je`. 7). Cfnafy's Qem`f es h gdbf-slhpfm

vdnghbeg mdof (Pfstfrohbb/Cefn 85:8, 7<). ]dwhrms tlf

fhst, tlf mdof es fxtfbmfm ay h rem`f wlegl rfprfsfbts tlf

bdrtlfrb adrmfr dj tlf Wpreb` Ahy ahseb. ]lf setf es ndghtfm

db h trehbùnhr, sne`ltny sndpeb` tfrrfeb dj hpprdxeohtfny

dbf lfgthrf aftwffb tlf rem`f hbm tlf nhvh jndw dj Jnht

[debt eb tlf bdrtl. ]lf suastrhtf gdbsests prfmdoebhbtny dj

h``ndofrhtfs hbm tujjs, gdvfrfm ay mfares jrdo tlf rem`f

hbm tlf nhvh jndw.

]lf setf ndghtedb wenn lhvf prdvemfm prf-Gdnuoaehbpfdpnf wetl fhsy hggfss td h wemf rhb`f dj fgdndèghn zdbfs

hbm rfsdurgfs. Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 es ndghtfm 7;; o jrdo

ohrebf rfsdurgfs db tlf gdhst. Eb hmmetedb, tlf dgguphbts dj

tlf setf wdunm lhvf lhm hggfss td tlf rhebjdrfst db tlf

le`lfr sndpfs, h rfsdurgf dj wenm jruets, aerms hbm sohnn

ohoohns.

Muf td ets fnfvhtfm pdsetedb Cfnafy's Qem`f prdvemfs h

`ddm vefw dj tlf bfe`ladureb` esnhbms hbm pfrohbfbt gdbtrdn

ghb af fxfrgesfm dvfr tlf sfh.

7. Hrglhfdndègh n jefnmwdrc

H survfy db Cfnafy's Qem`f whs fxfgutfm eb 85<< hbm

rfvfhnfm twd hrtfjhgt gnustfrs, nhafnnfm hs Cfnafy's Qem`f E

hbm 1 (je`. =), hbm hrtfjhgts hbm rfohebs tfstejyeb` dj h

gdndbehn dgguphtedb. ]lf gdndbehn gdopdbfbt ebgnumfs ndw

stdbf whnns. h gdnnhpsfm gestfrb hbm h stdbf strugturf.

Cfnafy's Qem`f 8 hppfhrfm td af hb dvhn mestreautedb dj

pdttfry hbm slfnn jrhòfbts wetl h surjhgf hrfh dj 86; o1.

Fxghvhtedbs rfvfhnfm tlht tlf setf gdbsests dj h mesghrm hrfh

dj sfttnfofbt rfjusf hbm h mestebgt, sohnn grha oemmfb. H

shopnf dj fxdscfnftdbs dj nhbmgrha whs suaoettfm jdr rhmed-

ghradb mhteb` hbm ebmeghtfm hb h`f eb tlf sfvfbtl gfbtury

(@rB-8:;77 81<; ¸ :; A[). ]lf pdttfry afndb`s td h nhtf

plhsf dj tlf Gfmrdshb Whnhmdem suasfrefs (Ldjohb 8557).

Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 gdbsests dj h ndb`, gurvfm sghttfr hndb`tlf rem`f wetl h surjhgf dj 1;;; o

9 dj wlegl 7<1 o

1 wfrf

fxghvhtfm aftwffb 85<< hbm 8558. ]les es hadut 85 % dj

tlf tdthn surjhgf hrfh dj tlf setf.

]lf sfgtedbs dj tlf fxghvhtedb ubets sldwfm h seopnf

strhte`rhply9 db tdp dj tlf stfrenf suasden tlfrf es h vfry tleb

(6-8; go) nfvfn wetl mespfrsfm hrtfjhgts, wlegl gdbthebs

dbny prf-Gdnuoaehb ohtfrehn9 pdtslfrms hbm ndw quhbtetefs



8:= HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

G D N D O A E

Je urf 8. Ohp dj tlf Ghreaafhb Qfèdb.

dj suasestfbgf mfares. ]les nhyfr sffos td rfprfsfbt tlf

rfohebmfr dj h neveb` surjhgf. Db tdp dj tles nhyfr tlfrf es h

pndu`lzdbf 7;-=; go tlegc gdbthebeb` odst dj tlf prf-

Gdnuoaehb hrtfthgts, bfhrny fxgnusevf pdtslfrms, hbm

gdndbehn hrtfthgts. [hrt dj tlf hgtuhn neveb` surjhgf whs thcfb

up eb tlf pndu`lzdbf muf td gdndbehn hbm rfgfbt h`regunturhn

hgtevetefs.

]lf pdttfry eb tlf neveb` surjhgf hbm tlf pndu`lzdbf es

ubfvfbny mestreautfm dvfr tlf fxghvhtfm hrfh dj tlf setf.[dttfry dggurs eb nhr`f quhbtetefs eb twd gdbgfbtrhtedbs (sff

je`. 6). ]lf quhbtetefs dj pdttfry meoebesl tdwhrms tlf rem`f

hbm tlf gfbtrhn hrfh dj tlf tfrrheb. ]lf fxghvhtedbs rfvfhnfm

ohby jfhturfs9 lfhrtls, aurehns hbm h nhr`f buoafr dj quetf

slhnndw pdstldnfs. ]lf phttfrb eb tlf pdttfry mfbsetefs hbm

tlf hrrhb`fofbt dj tlf jfhturfs prdvemf ebse`lt ebtd tlf

sfttnfofbt strugturf hbm sphtehn dr`hbeshtedb dj tlf setf.

=. Qhmedghradb hbm hggfnfrhtdr ohss

spfgtrdoftry (HOW) mhtfs

Wfvfb glhrgdhn hbm dbf slfnn shopnf dathebfm jrdo tlrff

pdstldnfs hbm tlrff dj tlf lfhrtls (J6;7, J61= hbm J61:)

lhvf affb suaoettfm jdr rhmedghradb mhteb` (jdr tlf ndghted

dj tlf jfhturfs sff je`. :). Dbf dj tlf lfhrtls (J61:)

hppfhrfm td afndb` td tlf gdndbehn dgguphtedb dj tlf setf.

]lf mftfroebhtedbs dj tlf dtlfr shopnfs pdebt td h

ghnearhtfm h`f eb tlf 8=tl gfbtury (sff tha. 8). Afsemfsgdbvfbtedbhn rhmedghradb mhteb` tlfrf hrf mftfroebhtedbs a

tlf hggfnfrhtdr ohss spfgtrdoftry (HOW) tfglbequf. Jdr

tles tfglbequf gdnnh`fb shopnfs lhvf affb fxtrhgtfm jrdo

tlf odnhrs dj sex ebmevemuhns. Wex aurehns wfrf mhtfm ay tle

oftldm. [reohreny tlf HOW hbhnyses es fxfgutfm jdr tlf

mefthry rfgdbstrugtedb, spfgejeghnny tlf gdbtreautedb dj

ohrebf rfsdurgfs eb tlf meft, aut et hnsd prdvemfs



E(ú O. LDD@NHBM HBM G. LDJOHB - CFNAFUW QEM@F 1

Odbh E.

R 2 Hbf`hmh

i R H b ` u e n n h

Wt. Grdex

Wt. Ohrteb «þn ©W t. Ah rt lå nf oy

Whah ‒ , ,- ,R R , R Wt.Fusthteus

r - y ^ å‒ W t . Cetts ú Ahraumh

WHAH AHBCBfves

Odbtsfrrht ú

@uhmfndupf

Hbteùh

Ohref @hnhbtf

Mdoebegh

Ohrtebequf

Wt. Nugeh

Wt. Zebgfbt

@rfbhmh

•o gd

d

Ahrahmds

Z F B F Y V F N H

1;; co

I

]dah`d

mhm

W4?*R

Jeùrf 1. Ohp dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs hbm [ufrtd Qegd.



8:: HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQ8GH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Eco

Je urf 7. Ohp dj Whah sldweb` tlf ndghtedb dj tlf prflestdref setf dj Cfnafy's Qem`f.

rhmedghradb mhtfs. ]lf rfsunts, ldwfvfr, nhgc tlf

gdbsestfbgy dj tlf gdbvfbtedbhn mhtfs. ]lf ebtfrprfthtedb dj

tlf HOW mhtfs es gdopneghtfm afghusf tlf mftfroebhtedb

lhs td af gdrrfgtfm jdr esdtdpf jrhgtedbhtedb (<E7

G) hbm tlf

pdpunhtedb rfsfrvder fjjfgt. ]lf nhttfr stfrbs jrdo tlf

ohrebf jddm gdopdbfbt dj tlf meft, fspfgehnny rffj jeslfs

(Zhb Cnebcfb 8558, 8;;-8;1). ]lf prdanfo es fvfb odrf

gdopnfx afghusf dj tlf pdsseaenety tlht tlf meft hnsd

gdbsestfm dj G-= pnhbts hs ohezf, wlegl rfsunts eb hbesdtdpf se`bhturf wlegl es seoenhr td rffj jddm. ]lf

gdbtreautedb dj G-= pnhbts td tlf esdtdpf jrhgtedbhtedb,

ldwfvfr, mdfs bdt rfquerf h gdrrfgtedb jdr tlf ohrebf

rfsfrvder fjjfgt. Hs ndb` hs tlf rhted rffj jddm hbm G-=

pnhbts eb tlf meft hbm tlf vhrefty wetleb tlf pdpunhtedb hrf

ubcbdwb, tlf mhtfs dj tlf gdnnh`fb shopnfs hrf mejjegunt td

ebtfrprft.

6. ]lf jfhturfs

Wdof 6:1 jfhturfs wfrf mdguofbtfm dj wlegl 17;

hppfhrfm td af bhturhn jfhturfs sugl hs slhnndw luoeg

mfprfssedbs, hbeohn aurrdws hbm trff rddts. ]lf rfohebmf

hrf gunturhn jfhturfs gdbsesteb` dj pdstldnfs (8<;), slhnndw

pets (88=), aurehns (0), lfhrtls (=) hbm vhredus (10).

6.8 [DW]LDNFW

]lf pdstldnfs ghb af `rdupfm td mfptl, slhpf, ftg. ebsfvfrhn gnhssfs. Plfb tlfsf hrf pndttfm sfvfrhn gdbjeùrh-

tedbs ghb af mesgfrbfm. ]lfsf ghb af ebtfrprftfm hs tlf

trhgfs dj jevf odrf dr nfss gergunhr lut strugturfs (sff

Ldd`nhbm eb prfp.). ]lfsf strugturfs hrf bdt gdbtfopdrhbf

dus afghusf tlf jnddr pnhbs dvfrnhp. Ht tles sth`f et ghb

dbny af sthtfm tlht tlf strugturfs hrf gdbstrugtfm wetl pdst

tlht wfrf slhnndwny subc ebtd tlf `rdubm. Eb tles sfbsf tlf



8:0 O. LDD@NHBM HBM G. LDJOHB - CFNAFU'W QEM@F 1

strufturfs lhvf eb bd why tlf sdnemety hs whs mdguofbtfm pdstodunms hbm aurehns hrrhb`fm hrdubm h lfhrtl pet. ]lf

tar tlf @dnmfb Qdgc ldusfs db tlf esnhbm dj Wt. Fusthteus gdbjeùrhtedb es ebtfrprftfm hs h 8: o mehoftfr lhaethtedb

(Wglebcfn 8551). Eb tlf netfrhturf tlfrf hrf dbny h jfw ubet wetl tlrff gdbgfbtreg hgtevety sphgfs. Et whs bdt tlf

rfgdbstrugtfm ldusfs cbdwb trdo tlf ]hebd pfredm (Gurft mfjebetf nhydut dj tlf pdsts, aut tlf mestreautedb dj tlf

8551h) hbm bdbf dj tlf jnddr pnhbs es ubfquevdghn. Jdr rfnhtfm strugturhn jfhturfs tlht lhvf nfm td tles ebtfrprftht edb.

fxhopnf. ht tlf nhtf prflestdref setf dj [nhyh Anhbgh 6, Qdmb'ùfz hbm Qevfrh (8558, 6=6) hssuof tlht tlf nhydut

[ufrtd Qegd, fxghvhtedbs lhvf rfvfhnfm h gdbjeùrhtedb dj dj h strugturf gdunm af dasgurfm ay rfpher dr fbnhr`fofbt.



8:< HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

]hanf 8. Qhmedghradb hbm HOW mhtfs jdr Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 (@rB?@rdbeb`fb, DxH?Dxjdrm). ]lf mhtfs hrf ghnearhtfm ay ofhbs dj tlf

@rdbeb`fb Qhmedghradb Ghnearhtedb [rd`rho Ghn86, vfrsedb hpren 8557, Gfbtfr jdr Esdtdpfs Qfsfhrgl, @rdbeb`fb Vbevfrsety (Zhb mfr [neglt

8557). ]lf glhrgdhn mhtfs hrf ghnearhtfm useb` tlf ghnearhtedb mhthsft ay Wtuevfr hbm [fhrsdb 8557 hbm jdr tlf slfnn mhtf tlf ghnearhtedb mhth

dj Wtuevfr hbm Arhzeubhs 8557 es usfm.

]lf shopnfs CQ1 7<-H-7, 7<-H-=-h hbm 7<-H-=-a wfrf gdnnfgtfm jrdo J6;=.

Whopnf CQ1 ==-M-= whs gdnnfgtfm jrdo J68:.

Nha. buoafr Whopnf bhof Ohtfrehn=G mftfroebhtedb Ghnearhtfm h`f (n h) Ghnearhtfm h`f (1h)

@rB-E:;71 CQ1 11-H-6 glhrgdhn 656 ¸ 7; A[

@rB-8:006 CQ1 7<-H-7 glhrgdhn :8; ¸ 7; A[

@rB-8:00: CQ1 7<-H-=-h slfnn 8;<= ¸ 76 A[

@rB-8:000 CQ1 7<-H-=-a glhrgdhn :7; ¸ 7; A[

@rB-8<07: CQ1 ==-M-= glhrgdhn 801 ¸ 80 A[

@rB-8<070 CQ1 6;-J;;< glhrgdhn 650 ¸ 8< A[

@rB-8<07< CQ1 61-J;80 glhrgdhn :16 ¸ 16 A[

@rB-8<075 CQ1 6:-J;65 glhrgdhn :=: ¸ 87 A[

DxH-1568 CQ1 60-J;:< mfbtebf 6;; ¸ :6 A[

DxH- 7:80 CQ1 6:-J8=< mfbtebf 5;; ¸ :; A[

DxH- 7:8< CQ1 :;-J8:: mfbtebf odmfrb

DxH- 7:85 CQ1 :6-J787 mfbtebf :5; ¸ :6 A[

DxH- 7<=7 CQ1 :8-J871 mfbtebf 056 ¸ :; A[

DxH- 7<== CQ1 :0-J770 mfbtebf =6; ¸ :; A[

ghn HM 8781-876;, 875;-8=;1ghn HM 87;<-876=, 87<:-875<,

ghn HM 81<:-877=

ghn HM 87;1-878<, 87=;-87:<. 870=-875=

ghn HM 878:-87=7, 8757-8755,

ghn HM 87;=-8711, 877:-87:1, 870<-875=

ghn HM 87;1-87;0, 876:-8708, 8707-87<6

ghn HM 87;1-87::, 870:-8=ghn HM 87;1-870;, 8701-8=

ghn HM 81:<-87<=

ghn HM 815<-875<

ghn HM 87;5-8761, 87<0-8=

ghn HM 87;1-875<

ghn HM 8155-8781. 87=5-87

]lf mduanå hbm trepnf pdsts ht Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 httfst td

prdahany seoenhr prdgfssfs.

6.1 LFHQ]LW

Jdur prflestdref lfhrtls wfrf ubgdvfrfm eb tlf sdutl-

fhstfrb phrt dj tlf setf dj wlegl tlrff wfrf gdopnftfny

fxfhvhtfm. ]lf lfhrtls gdbsest dj h 6-1; go tlegc hsl nhyfr

wetl hb hvfrh`f sezf dj 1 x 7 o. ]lf gdndur rhb`fs jrdo

vfry mhrc `rfy bfhr tlf jreb`f td ne`lt `rfy eb tlf gfbtrf.

]lf hsl nhyfr lhs hb fxtrfofny jebf tfxturf hbm hnn fxgfpt

jfhturf 6;7 lhvf h nddsf strugturf. Eb twd dj tlf lfhrtls

(J6;7 hbm J1<=) stdbfs wfrf ubgdvfrfm wlegl oe`lt lhvf

sfrvfm hs gddceb` stdbfs hs tlfy sldw jerf grhgcs. Hs tlf

hsl nhyfr hbm tlf hrfh hrdubm tlf lfhrtl gdbthebfm h nhr`f

buoafr dj phrtny-aurbt jhubhn rfohebs dj tfrrfstrehn hbeohns,

jesl hbm slfnns, et ghb shjfny af hssuofm tlht tlf lfhrtl whs

usfm jdr jddm prfphrhtedb.

]lfrf hrf ebmeghtedbs tlht tlf lfhrtl ndghtedbs wfrf bdt

usfm gdbtfopdrhbfdusny. ]lf hsl dj dbf dj tlf lfhrtls

(J6;7) es foafmmfm eb h ohtrex dj gnhy hbm `hvf tlf

eoprfssedb dj afndbèb` td hb fhrnefr dgguphtedb fpesdmf

tlhb jfhturf 61=. ]lf hsl nhyfrs dj jfhturfs 1<7 hbm 1<=adtl lhm h vfry nddsf hbm ubtduglfm hppfhrhbgf hbm tles

pher dj lfhrtls gdunm afndb` td tlf jebhn dgguphtedb dj tlf

setf.

]wd lfhrtls (J1<7 hbm J1<=) wfrf setuhtfm db h suasden

ubmfr h `rhmeãbt dj jdur td bebf mf`rffs. Hpphrfbtny, h

sndpeb` hrfh whs bdt hb daifgtevf eb tlf gldegf dj tlf

ndghtedb dj tlfsf lfhrtls.

8

1

8 1 1 1

1 7 1 1

7 = 7

7 = 1F

1 1

8 8

Je urf 6. Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 setf pnhb sldweb` tlf pdttfry mfbsetefs

tlf fxfhvhtfm hrfhs.



8:5 O. LDD@NHBM HBM G. LDJOHB - CFNAFU'W QEM@F 1 . ..

Jeùrf :. Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 setf pnhb sldweb` tlf pdstldnfs, aurehns (J;:<, J871, J8=<,

J8=5, J787 hbm J770) hbm lfhrtls (J1<7, J1<=, J=8=, J6;7, J61= hbm J61:). Bdtf tlht

J61: afndb`s td tlf gdndbehn dgguphtedb dj tlf setf.



80; HBHNFG]H [QHFL8W]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jfhturf =8= gdbsestfm dj h nhr`f hgguounhtedb dj hsl

sprfhm dvfr hb fxtfbt dj 7 x 7 o, eb wlegl tlrff 8.;; td

8.1; o mffp ldnfs wfrf mu`. ]lf jenneb` dj tlfsf jfhturfs

gdbthebfm h ldodnd`dus ohss dj hsl hbm vfry jebf glhrgdhn

phrtegnfs. Hs sugl tles jfhturf es bdt ebtfrprftfm hs h lfhrtl

hbm ets jubgtedb es stenn ubgnfhr.

6.7 @Q HZFWWfvfb `rhvfs wfrf ubgdvfrfm dj wlegl dbf (J 8::)

rfvfhnfm h mhtf eb tlf gdndbehn pfredm. ]lf pdsetedb dj tlf

scfnftdb, ldwfvfr, es eb ohby rfspfgts seoenhr td tlf dtlfr

`rhvfs9 jnfxfm pdsetedb, dbf hro strftglfm hndb` tlf admy

hbm tlf dtlfr afbm ubmfr tlf nf`s, hbm tlf drefbthtedb eb tlf

`rhvf. Jdr tlfsf rfhsdbs `rhvf J8:: es rf`hrmfm afndbèb`

td tlf prf-Gdnuoaehb pfredm mfspetf tlf dutgdof dj tlf

rhmedghradb mhteb`.

]lf aurehns dggur eb twd sohnn gnustfrs3 jevf hssdgehtfm

wetl dbf dr ewd dj tlf strugturfs hbm twd bfhr tlf lfhrtl

ndghtedbs.

]lf mfgfhsfm wfrf hnn aurefm eb h strdb`ny jnfxfm sfhtfm

pdsetedb, tlf cbffs afbt tdwhrms tlf glfst. ]lf `rhvf pets

wfrf hmhptfm td tles pdsetedb3 tlf `rhvf pets dj tlf hmunts

wfrf dvhn, ofhsureb` dbny <6 ay :; go (J;:<), dr rdubm

wetl h mehoftfr dj 0; go (J8=<). ]lf `rhvf pets dj dbf dj

tlf glenmrfb es rdubm wetl h mehoftfr dj 76 go (J770), hbm

tlf sezfs dj jfhturfs 8=5 hbm 787 gdunm bdt af rfgdbstrugtfm

hs tlfsf `rhvfs wfrf mesturafm. ]lf drefbthtedb dj tlf

mfgfhsfm eb tlf `rhvf whs fetlfr wetl tlf lfhm td tlf bdrtl-

fhst (J 871, J787 hbm J770) dr tlf sdutl-wfst (J;:< hbm

J8=<). ]lf aurehns vhry eb gdopnfxety hbm adtl ebluohtedb

hbm grfohtedb dggur. ]lrff typfs dj aurehns hrf

mestebùeslfm9 seb`nf, gdopdsetf hbm sfgdbmhry aurehns.

6.= WEB@NF AVQEHNW

]lf jdur seb`nf aurehns gdbgfrb tlf ebtfrofbt dj dbf hmunt

jfohnf (J8=<), dbf glenm dj hpprdxeohtfny twd yfhrs dnm

(J770) hbm twd glenmrfb dj 81 yfhrs dnm (J787 hbm 8::).

]lf tlrff scfnftdbs dj tlf glenmrfb hrf ebgdopnftf3 tlf

scfnftdb dj jfhturf 770 nhgcfm tlf re`lt luofrus. Webgf tlf

scfnftdb es wfnn prfsfrvfm tlf luofrus whs gfrthebny

rfodvfm db purpdsf. H soddtl dvhn pfaanf whs mfpdsetfm

ubmfr tlf lfhm hs h aurehn èjt. ]lf scunn dj `rhvf jfhturf

8:: whs oesseb` hbm et es hssuofm tlht et whs rfodvfm.

]lf scfnftdb dj `rhvf dj jfhturf 787 hppfhrfm td af

mesndghtfm td sdof fxtfbt. Et gdbgfrbs tlf uppfr lhnj dj tlf

admy hbm odrfdvfr, tlf scunn whs thcfb jrdo tlf `rhvf.

H soddtl pefgf dj gdrhn whs hssdgehtfm wetl tles `rhvf.

6.6 GDO[DWE]F AVQEHNW

]wd gdopdsetf aurehns wfrf ubgdvfrfm. Eb adtl ghsfs et

gdbgfrbs hb hmunt wetl h glenm. Jfhturf 871 es tlf `rhvf dj h

6;-yfhr dnm jfohnf hbm hb ebjhbt h`fm dbny h gdupnf dj

wffcs (je`. 0). ]lf jfohnf whs jhgeb` td tlf sdutl-wfst hb

tlf admy whs turbfm db tlf nfjt semf. ]lf meshrtegunhtedb d

tlf jfft ghb af fxpnhebfm ay tlf mesturahbgf ghusfm ay tlf

aurehn dj tlf ebjhbt. Ht tlf teof tlf ebjhbt whs ebtfrrfm tlf

`rhvf dj tlf hmunt whs jennfm up, phrtny dr fbterfny. ]lf

me`èb` dj tlf `rhvf dj tlf ebjhbt lhntfm ht tlf nfvfn wlfrf

tlf adbfs dj tlf jfft hbm adtl cbffs wfrf fbgdubtfrfm.

]lf ebjhbt nhy db tlf ahgc wetl tlf hros strftglfm hndb` tadmy hbm tlf nf`s wfrf afbt.

]lf sfgtedb dvfr tlf `rhvf sldwfm tlht tlf `rhvf pet lh

affb jennfm up eb sfvfrhn sth`fs. H slhnndw hbm jhmfm hsl

mfpdset eopnefs tlht suasfqufbt td tlf aurehn dj tlf ebjhbt

jerf whs aurbt db dr gndsf td tlf `rhvf. Et es lypdtlfzfm tl

tlf jubgtedb dj tlf jerfs aurbt ht tlf `rhvf gdunm af td

eoprdvf tlf gdbsfrvhtedb dj tlf gdrpsf. H sfgdbm hsl

mfpdset whs ubgdvfrfm odrf supfrjegehnny ht tlf uppfr nfvf

hbm prdahany ebmeghtfs dbf dj tlf jebhn sth`fs dj tlf aurehn

prhgtegf.

]lf luohb rfohebs dj tlf sfgdbm gdopdsetf aurehn

(J;:<) afndb` td h ohnf hmunt dj hadut 6; yfhrs dnm hbm h

jevf-yfhr dnm glenm (je`. <). ]lf aurehn retuhn gdopresfm ht

nfhst twd sth`fs. Eb tlf jerst sth`f tlf ohnf whs ebtfrrfm eb

te`ltny jnfxfm pdsetedb, sne`ltny turbfm db les re`lt semf wet

tlf nf`s db tlf glfst. Hjtfr tlf ebtfrofbt dj tlf mfgfhsfm h

jerf whs aurbt db dr eb tlf gndsf vegebety dj tlf `rhvf hs

fvemfbgfm ay hsl hbm glhrgdhn spdts db tlf adttdo dj tlf

`rhvf pet. Hjtfrwhrms tlf aurehn pet whs phrtny jennfm up, db

purpdsf1 dr ay bhturhn prdgfssfs. ]lf bfxt sth`f ebgnumfm

tlf rfodvhn dj tlf nfjt jfour, teaeh hbm jeaunh hbm tlf re`l

lhbm. Et whs mdbf wetldut mesturahbgf dj tlf idebeb` adbf

sd tlf ne`hofbts oust lhvf affb mfghyfm ht tlht odofbt.

Hb ebtfrvhn dj ht nfhst sfvfrhn wffcs hjtfr tlf ebtfrofbtsffos pnhuseanf. Wuasfqufbtny, eb tlf nfjt lhnj dj tlf glfst

dj tlf ohnf, sphgf whs grfhtfm ay tlf rfodvhn dj tlf tlerm

td tlf sfvfbtl rea. ]lf mesturahbgf dj tlf dtlfr adbfs sugl

hs tlf gdnnhr adbf, uppfr reas hbm nfjt jddt whs neoetfm,

wlegl eopnefs tlht tlf pdsetedb dj tlf scfnftdb eb tlf `rhvf

whs stenn pfrgfevhanf. Eb tlf glfst ghvety tlf grfohtfm adbf

dj hb hpprdxeohtfny jevf yfhr dnm glenm wfrf ebtfrrfm.

]lf grfohtedb whs gdbstregtfm td hb dvhn gnustfr, wlegl

su``fsts tlht et whs mfpdsetfm eb h pefgf dj gndtl. ]lf

adbfs dj tlf re`lt lhbm wfrf sprfhm dvfr tlf grfohtedb

hbm tlrff dj tlf rfodvfm reas wfrf put bfxt td tlf

grfohtfm rfohebs. Jebhnny, tlf adbfs dj tlf ndwfr nf`,

teaeh, jeaunh hbm phtfnnh, wfrf hrrhb`fm odrf dr nfss eb tlre`lt pdsetedb, aut tlf nfjt jfour whs bdt rfpnhgfm. ]les

adbf whs cfpt dut dj tlf `rhvf hbm prdahany sfrvfm jdr

tlf rfnhtevfs hs hb drhgnf.8 Hs tlf gdbjeùrhtedb dj tlf

grfohtedb hbm tlf scfnftdb `hvf bd jurtlfr fvemfbgf dj

mespnhgfofbt dr meshrtegunhtedb, et es afnefvfm tlht tlf

`rhvf pet whs jennfm up ht tles sth`f.



808 O. LDD@NHBM HBM G. LDJOHB - CFNAFUW QEM@F 1

Jeùrf 0. Aurehn J871, gdopdsetf

aurehn wetl jfohnf hmunt hbm ydubàdrb glenm.

6.: WFGDBMHQU AVQEHN

]lf tlerm typf dr sfgdbmhry aurehn gdbsests dj tlf

sfgdbmhry mfpdsetedb dj adbfs dj h glenm dj hadut jevf yfhrs

dnm. Jfhturf 8=5 hppfhrfm td af h vfry slhnndw `rhvf

gdbthebeb` meshrtegunhtfm luohb rfohebs. ]lf adbfs hrf eb

hb fxgfnnfbt sthtf dj prfsfrvhtedb hbm plyseghn hbtlrdpdndè-

ghn trhets pdebe 8; hb h`f dj hpprdxeohtfn) jevf yfhrs. ]lf

scfnfthn rfohebs hrf vfry ebgdopnftf hbm gdopresf h

rftbhrchanf sft dj adbfs hs dbny phrts dj tlf hxehn scfnftdb

(vfrtfarhf, reas hbm pfnves), sohnn adbfs sugl hs plhnhb`fs

hbm nddsf fpeplysfs hrf prfsfbt. Wdof mestebgt ghtf`drefs dj

adbfs hrf gdopnftfny oesseb`3 tlfsf hrf tlf scunn, tlf

ohbmeanf hbm hnn tlf ndb` adbfs.

]lf errfùnhrety dj tlf dutnebfs hbm tlf meshrtegunhtedb dj

tlf rfohebs prdvemf fvemfbgf tlht tlf glenm lhm affb

fxluofm. Mureb` tles prdgfss tlf dreèbhn dutnebfs dj tlf

aurehn pet wfrf hntfrfm, wlegl wfrf stenn prfsfbt ht h 8; go

ndwfr nfvfn. ]lf pdsetedb dj hb hrtegunhtfm shgruo hbm tlf

re`lt lhnj dj tlf pfnves su``fst tlht tlf glenm whs dreèbhnny

mfpdsetfm hs h preohry aurehn jhgeb` tdwhrms tlf wfst.

]lf gdophresdb dj tlf ebvfbtdry dj tles aurehn hbm tlf

grfohtedb dj jfhturf ;:< yefnmfm ebtfrfsteb` rfsunts. ]lf

twd ebvfbtdrefs hrf gdopnfofbthry sd jhr hs tlf jrhòfbts

dj tlf grfohtedb gdunm af emfbtejefm. Odst dj tlf jrhòfbts

afndb` td tlf scunn hbm tlf ndb` adbfs, wlegl gfrthebny md

bdt dggur eb jfhturf 8=5. Hs tlf rfsunts dj tlf mftfroebhtedb

dj tlf h`f dj tlf grfohtfm rfohebs hbm luohb rfohebs dj

jfhturf 8=5 hrf tlf shof, tlf gdbgnusedb tlht tlf rfohebs

trdo adtl aurehns afndb` td dbf ebmevemuhn, h jevf-yfhr dnm

glenm, sffos td af wfnn-jdubmfm. Hbdtlfr mfthen dj tlf

grfohtedb suppdrts tles gdbgnusedb3 bhofny tlf hasfbgf dj



E]9 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf <. Aurehn J;:<, gdopdsetfaurehn wetl h ohnf hmunt hbm tlfsfgdbmhry mfpdsetedb dj tlfgrfohtfm adbfs dj h jevf yfhr dnm

glenm.

trhbsvfrsf jrhgturf nebfs db tlf ndb` adbfs, wlegl hrf

glhrhgtfresteg jdr tlf grfohtedb dj adbfs gdvfrfm wetl jnfsl.

]lf hasfbgf ofhbs tlht tlf adbfs wfrf hnrfhmy eb h mry

sthtf afjdrf grfohtedb.

Hnn tlfsf mhth pdebt td tlf jhgt tlht tlf glenm whs ht jerst

ebluofm eb `rhvf jfhturf 8=5 hbm hjtfr sdof teof fxluofm.

]lf scunn, tlf gdopnftf sft dj ndb` adbfs hbm dbny h phrt dj

tlf hxehn scfnftdb hbm sohnnfr adbfs wfrf gdnnfgtfm hbm

grfohtfm. Hs h sfgdbmhry aurehn tlf grfohtfm adbfs wfrf

ebtfrrfm eb tlf `rhvf dj tlf 6;-yfhr dnm ohnf (J;:<) hbm

mureb` tles prdgfss tlf re`lt jfour dj tlf ohnf lhm affb

rfodvfm. ]lf prfgesf sfqufbgf dj tlf sth`fs dj tles retuhn

hrf mejjegunt td rfgdbstrugt, aut tlfsf prhgtegfs hrf fvemfbgf

dj h gdopnfx, ounte-sth`f aurehn retuhn.

:. Wuasestfbgf

]lf jhubhn shopnfs rfgdvfrfm jrdo tlf lfhrtls gdbsest d

tlf rfohebs dj vfrtfarhtf spfgefs hbm ohrebf slfnns. ]lf

tfrrfstrehn hbeohns ebgnumf nezhrms, aerms hbm h rfnhtevfny

le`l pfrgfbth`f (1=%) dj regf rhts (Dryzdoyebf). ]lf

fxpndethtedb dj ohrebf rfsdurgfs ebgnumfs tlf ebsldrf whtfr

(sfh turtnfs), rffjs hbm prdahany djjsldrf ahbcs. ]lf odst

gdoodb jesl dj tlf rffjs hrf sur`fdbjesl (Hghbtluremhf),

tre``frjesl (Ahnestemhf) hbm `rdupfrs (Wfrrhbemhf), tlf nhttfr

twd ohy lhvf affb ghu`lt db tlf Whah Ahbc tldu`l tlfy



807 O. LDD@NHBM HBM G. LDJOHB - CFNAFUW Q8M@F 1

hnsd dggur eb slhnndwfr whtfrs gndsf td sldrf (Peb` b.m.).

Wlfnns hrf rfprfsfbtfm ay rhtlfr sohnn slfnns necf gletdbs,

Jessurfnnh hbm Bfreth wlegl dggur eb nhr`f buoafrs hs wfn_

hs ay tlf odrf suasehbtehn spfgefs necf Gethreuo pegh hbm

[urpurh phtueh. ]lf sohnnfr spfgefs gdunm fhseny af

gdnnfgtfm db tlf rdgcy sldrfs, aut gdbtreautfm td tlf mheny

jddm rhtedb td A oebdr fxtfbt.

]lf vhnufs dj tlf sthanf esdtdpfs pdebt td tlf jhgt tlht tlfardhm spfgtruo fxpndethtedb dj tfrrfstrehn hbm ohrebf rfsdurgfs

prdvemfm sujjegeãbt quhbtetefs dj prdtfebs. Et es `fbfrhnny

hggfptfm tlht tlf meft dj tlf ]hebds whs suppnfofbtfm wetl

ohbedg hbm td h nfssfr fxtfbt wetl ohezf. ]lf `remmnfs eb tlf

hrglhfdndèghn mfpdsets gdbnero elg mfpfbmfbgy db ohbedg

ndr h sujjegeãbt ebthcf dj ghradlymrhtfs.

]lf dutgdof dj tlf esdtdpeg hbhnyses dj tlf Cfnafy's

Qem`f 1 pdpunhtedb su``fsts tlht tlfrf es hb ebgrfhsfm

rfnehbgf db ohrebf rfsdurgfs gdophrfm wetl tlf Whnhmdem

pdpunhtedb dj tlf esnhbm dj Wt. Fusthteus hbm tlf pdst-

Whnhmdem pdpunhtedb dj Whah (Zhb Cnebcfb 8558, 55). Ej et

es hssuofm tlht ohezf ohmf bd gdbtreautedb td tlf meft tlf

hvfrh`f pfrgfbth`f dj ohrebf rffj jddm etfos es =8%.

Ldwfvfr, et es odrf prdahanf tlht tlf WG8-8 vhnuf es

ebgrfhsfm ai h gdbtreautedb dj G = pnhbts sugl hs ohezf.

0. [dttfry

]lf pdttfry hssfoanh`f dj Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 afndb`s td

tlf Gleghb Dstedbdem suasfrefs (Ldjohb 8557). Hntldu`l

Whah sffos td lhvf jdnedwfm tlf ndghn mfvfndpofbts dj tlf

dtlfr bdrtlfrb Nfssfr Hbtennfs cbdwb hs Ohodrhb

]rduohsdem eb tlf prfgfmeb` gfbturefs. tlf esnhbm sffos td af

gunturhnny ebgdrpdrhtfm eb tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfhb ebjnufbgf

splfrf mureb` tlf E=tl gfbtury. Hntldu`l bd dtlfr pdttfry

gdopnfxfs lhvf affb mhtfm hjtfr 81;; HM. Gleghb mfgdrhtfmpdttfry es dgghsedbhnny rfpdrtfm jrdo dtlfr Nffwhrm esnhbms

(Lhoaur` 85513 [ftfrsfb pfrs. gdoo.) wlfrf tlfy hppfhr eb

Ohodrhb ]rduohssdem hssfoanh`fs. ]lfsf ohy prdahany af

ebtfrprftfm hs ebtrusevf fnfofbts hs h rfsunt dj fxglhb`f

(Ldjohb 8557, 86:). Eb h seoenhr why Gleghb pdttfry hnsd

sprfhm tdwhrms tlf wfst hs jhr hs fhstfrb Guah hbm td tlf

bdrtl-fhst ebtd tlf Ahlhohs wlfrf et es hnsd gdbsemfrfm td af

fxglhb`f etfos hodb` tlf Ofennhghb hbm [hnofttd gfrhoeg

stynfs (Hnf`rjh 850:3 Zfndz Oh`èdnd 8501).

Glhrhgtfresteg mfgdrhtedb db tlf pdttfry sldws strdb`

hjjenehtedb wetl tlf ]hebd gunturf, hbm odrf spfgejeghnnywetl tlf Fspfrhbzh, Ghpf hbm Adgh Glegh stynfs jrdo

[ufrtd Qegd hbm Lesphbednh.

Dbny ;.0% dj tlf pdttfry es mfgdrhtfm hbm mfgdrhtedb

gdbsests prfmdoebhbtny dj ebgesedb hbm odmfnnfm hppnequås

hbm td h nfssfr fxtfbt dj pubgthtedb. [hebtfm mfgdrhtedb es

nhgceb`, wlegl es eb gdbtrhst td tlf fhrnefr Gfmrdshb Whnhmdem

pdttfry db wlegl wletf-db-rfm hbm pdnyglrdof phebteb` hrf

tlf mdoebhbt mfgdrhtedb odmfs hbm td tlf suasfqufbt

Ohodrhb ]rduohssdem pdttfry db wlegl phebteb` es stenn

prfsfbt hntldu`l eb ndw quhbtetefs (Ldjohb 8557).

Ebgesedb gdbsests dj mffp bhrrdw nebfs djtfb fbmeb` eb

pubgthtedb dr hrglfs seoenhr td tldsf db Fspfrhbzh hbm

Ghpf pdttfry. ]lf ebgesedbs wfrf hppnefm wetl h slhrp-

pdebtfm tdde wlfb tlf gnhy whs stenn vfry sdjt wlegl rfsuntfmeb mffp hbm slhrp nebfs wetl h sfrrhtfm fm`f (je`. 5m).

Ebgesfm odtejs hrf nebfhr nebfs, Z-slhpfm odtejs dr sgrdnns

hbm hrf dbny vfry rhrfny hppnefm db h rfm sneppfm surjhgf.

[hers dj phrhnnfn nebfs fetlfr sfoe-gergunhr dr strhe`lt hrf

meh`bdsteg hbm h jebf ldrezdbthn nebf es jdubm hadvf tlfsf

odtejs, adrmfreb` tlf reo. ]lf ebgesfm mfgdrhtedb es odst

djtfb hppnefm db tlf uppfr phrt dj tlf admy merfgtny ubmfr

tlf reo (je`s 5h. g).

Odmfnnfm hppnequås wetl `fdoftref, hbtlrdpdodrpleg hbm

zddodrpleg mfse`bs hrf glhrhgtfresteg jdr tles hssfoanh`f.

@fdoftref hppnequås gdbsest dj bdtglfm jennfts. hppnefm td

tlf vfssfn hs vfrteghn dr ldrezdbthn streps wetl ebgesedbs

(je`. 5a). Hbtlrdpdodrpleg lfhm nu`s rfprfsfbteb` ]hebd

mfetefs hbm zddodrpleg lfhm nu`s wetl tlf rfprfsfbthtedb dj

eùhbhs, jrd`s, aht hbm odbcfy lfhms afndb` td mfgdrhtfm

gfrfodbehn vfssfns hbm hrf typeghn fnfofbts eb tlf ]hebd

oytldnd`y (je`s nDh-g). ]lf aht, jdr fxhopnf, whs tldu`lt

td rfprfsfbt tlf speret dj tlf mfhm (@hrgjh Hråvhnd 85<<).

Ldwfvfr, ohby dj tlf mfse`bs hppfhr td lhvf affb rfvevfm

jrdo tlf fhrnefr Gfmrdshb Whnhmdem pdttfry (Qdusf 85<:).

[ubgthtfm neps hrf gdoodb hbm tlf pubgthtedb es hppnefm

db afvfnnfm dr mduanå tlegcfbfm neps. ]lfsf vfssfns hrf

djtfb gdvfrfm wetl h rfm snep.

H jfw jrhòfbts wetl h wletf-pdneslfm gnhy snep sffo td

af dj bdb-ndghn ohbujhgturf. Qfsfoanhbgfs wetl Adgh

Glegh pdttfry su``fst tlht tlfsf wfrf prdahany eopdrtfm

jrdo tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs.

Zfssfns tfbm td af odrf errfùnhrny slhpgm tlhb eb fhrnefr

pfredms. Odst gdoodb hrf adwns wetl ebwhrm-gurveb` dr

seopnf strhe`lt whnns wetl rdubmfm, jnhttfbfm dr afvfnnfm

neps hbm jnht dr gdbghvf ahsfs. Ghrebhtfm vfssfns cbdwb

jrdo fhrnefr pfredms hrf ubgdoodb hbm bfgcfm `ndaunhr

vfssfns dggur eb sohnn quhbtetefs. Adht-slhpfm vfssfns dggur

dgghsedbhnny wetl hppnequfm lfhm nu`s. Gddceb`-pdts sffotd lhvf jherny ardhm ahsfs hbm ndw admefs (je`. 8 nh).

Eb `fbfrhn, vfssfns whnns tfbm td af rhtlfr tleb, aftwffb 6

hbm < oo hbm vfssfn mehoftfrs rhb`f jrdo 16 td 76 go.

Bdt ohby vfssfns fxgffm =; go eb mehoftfr. ]lf surjhgf dj

tlfsf vfssfns es jebeslfm ay seopnf soddtleb` dr aurbesleb`,

wetl tlf fxgfptedb dj h jfw wlegl hrf pdneslfm dr gdvfrfm

wetl hb drhb`f-rfm gnhy snep.





806 O. LDD@NHBM HBM G. LDJOHB - CFNAFU'W QEM@F 1

Jeùrf 8;. Mfgdrhtfm pdttfry dj Cfnafy's Qem`f 1.h. Hbtlrdpdodrpleg lfhm nu` rfprfsfbteb` h ]hebd mfety.

a-g. Yddodrpleg lfhm nu s rfprfsfbteb` aht lfhms.

]lf sbujj-eblhnfr es ohmf dj ohbhtff adbf, et es slhpfm

necf h jesl wetl hb dpfb odutl (je`. 81h). ]lf fyfs gdbtheb

rfsts dt'rfseb prdahany usfm td hjjex sbehnn ebnhys. ]lf

dpfbeb` eb tlf odutl es gdbbfgtfm wetl twd pfrjdrhtedbs eb

tlf ènns. ]les U-slhpfm pfrjdrhtedb su``fsts tlht tlf daifgt

whs ofhbt hs h eblhnfr jdr lhnnugebd`fbeg sbujj.= Et es odst

prdahanf tlht tlf sbujj whs eblhnfm tlrdu`l twd ldnndw aerm

adbfs put ebtd ldnfs dj tlf ènns. H seoenhr spfgeofb es

cbdwb jrdo Hbùennh, hnsd wetl tlf rfprfsfbthtedb dj h jesl,prdahany h slhrc dr hb dtlfr nhr`f jesl. ]lf ènns hbm odutl

dj tlf jesl hrf gnffpny fb`rhvfm. ]rhgfs dj rfseb rfoheb eb

tlf fyf hbm bdstren. ]lfrf es h "U" slhpfm pfrjdrhtedb

nfhmeb` td twd bdstren phges db tlf uppfr admy dj tlf jesl.

]lf daifgt nehs affb jdubgn ht tlf Whbmy Lenn setf hbm ghb

prdahany af mhtfm aftwffb 5;; hbm 8=;; HM (Mdu`nhs

8558,605).

Db [ufrtd Qegd. eb tlf Fjrheb Erezhrry mf Nhihs gdnnfgtedb,

h rfgepeãbt-eblhnfr ohmf dut dj ohbhtff adbf wetl tlf

rfprfsfbthtedb dj h jesl lhs fyfs ebnhyfm wetl twd sohn_

`rffb stdbf afhms (Hnf`rjh 85<8, 7<). Hbtlrdpdodrpleg

hbm zddodrpleg sgunpturfs ohmf dj ohbhtff adbf dr wddm

wetl ebnhys hrf h vfry gdoodb gunturhn ohbejfsthtedb dj tlf

]hebds dj tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs (Lesphbednh hbm [ufrtd Qegd)

hbm hnsd dggur db tlf Zerèb Esnhbms (Hnf`rjh 85<8, 8:).

]lf rfprfsfbthtedb dj h jesl eb gdbbfgtedb wetl tlfeblhnhtedb dj lhnnugebd`fbeg sbujjs, es ubgdoodb. Odrf

jrfqufbt hrf tlf rfprfsfbthtedbs dj rfptenfs hbm tdhms.

]lf sohnn tlrff-pdebtfm daifgts dr zfoes wlegl hrf

afnefvfm td sfrvf hs ofmehtdrs aftwffb tlf pfdpnf hbm

'Udghlu', tlf speret dj tlf ohbedg, hrf gdoodb etfos eb tlf

hrtfjhgtuhn ebvfbtdrefs dj ohby hrglhfdndèghn setfs eb tlf




Je urf 88. [dttfry dj Cfnafy's Qem`f 1.

h. Gddceb`-pdt wetl ardhm jnht ahsf (rfstdrfm ay Ihb Wndds, QOD

Ghreaafhb. [hrtegunhrny, tlf ]hebd gunturf lhs ohby nhr`f

tlrff-pdebtfm daifgts hbm sgunpturfs dj stdbf, wddm dr

GDttdb wlefl tlfy afnefvfm wdunm èvf tlfo whtfr, webmhbm sub. hbm hnsd glenmrfb hbm dtlfr bfgfssetefs tlfy bffmfm

(Ahrtfndoå mf Nhs Ghshs 8510, [hrt E, =8:). ]lf zfoes dj

Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 hrf ohmf jrdo gdrhn, dbf afhreb` h

wfhtlfrfm mfgdrhtedb dj prdahany h zddodrpl rfprfsfbth-

tedb db dbf dj tlf fbms hbm tlf dtlfr daifgt es h ghrvfm

pefgf dj gdrhn rfprfsfbteb` tlf lfhm dj h mfety (je`s 81a, g).

5. Wybtlfses

5.8 WE]F NFZFN

Ahsfm db tlf hbhnyses dj tlf ohtfrehn hbm tlf jfhturfs tlf

jdnndweb` pegturf fofr`fs hs td tlf strugturf dj tlf

Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 setf hbm ets gunturhn emfbtejeghtedb.]lf sphtehn phttfrbeb` dj pdttfry sldws tlht tlf le`l

mfbsety hrfhs gdebgemf wetl tlf ndghtedbs dj tlf lfhrtls.

]lf dggurrfbgf dj suasestfbgf mfares hbm tlf le`l mfbsety

dj pdttfry su``fst tlht tlfsf ndghtedbs ghb af ebtfrprftfm hs

spfgehn hgtevety hrfhs, e.f. hs jddm prfphrhtedb hbm gddceb`

hrfhs. Hntldu`l tlf dasfrvhtedbs hrf neoetfm tlfrf hnsd

sffos td af h zdbf wetl h ndwfr pdttfry mfbsety eb aftwffb

tlf lfhrtls dj jfhturfs 7<7 hbm 1<= db tlf dbf lhbm, hbm

tlf lfhrtls dj jfhturfs 6;7 hbm 61= db tlf dtlfr. ]lfsf

gnustfrs gdunm rfprfsfbt tlf mdofsteg hrfhs dj tlf mesgrftf

ldusfldnm ubets.

Ahsfm db tlfsf dasfrvhtedbs tldu`l rfstregtfm td h phrt dj

tlf setf, dbf gdunm eopny tlht tlf sfttnfofbt gdbsests dj hbuoafr dj rfpftetevf ldusfldnm ubets. H ubet gdunm lhvf

gdbsestfm dj dbf dr odrf neveb` quhrtfrs, prdahany h rddjfm

gddceb` hrfh hbm hb hrfh mfse`bhtfm jdr aurehns. Et sffos

pnhuseanf tlht tlf mfgfhsfm wfrf aurefm wetleb tlf luts.

Fsteohtfs dj tlf Nejf sphb dj tlf strugturfs ghb af mfrevfm

jrdo ftlbd`rhpleg sdurgfs dj tlf ohebnhbm dj Wdutl-

Hogregh, fspfgehnny tlf @uyhbhs, wlegl eb sdof why

. a. Jnht dr 'phbghcf-typf' `remmef.

rfsfoanfs tlf gneohteg gdbmetedbs db Whah. H Nejf sphb dj

hadut 86 yfhrs jdr h seopnf lut strugturf es tfbthtevfny

hssuofm (Lu`l-Idbfs 85<6).Ahsfm db survfy hbm fxghvhtedb mhth tlf buoafr dj

ldusfldnm ubets tlht gdunm lhvf affb setuhtfm wetleb tlf se

neoets oe`lt lhvf affb jdur dr jevf. ]lf rhmedghradb mhtfs

pdebt td hb dgguphtedb dj tlf setf dj 8;; yfhrs ht tlf odst.

Et es, ldwfvfr, prdahanf tlht tlf dgguphtedb nhstfm h ougl

sldrtfr teof thceb` ebtd gdbsemfrhtedb tlf buoafr dj

strugturfs, tlfer nejf sphb hbm tlf buoafr dj aurehns.

]lf aurehn prhgtegfs fbgdophss odrf sth`fs hbm httfst td

h gdopnfx jubfrhn retuhn. ]lf mejjfrfbgfs eb trfhtofbt dj tl

mfgfhsfm su``fst tlht tlf glenmrfb fspfgehnny wfrf èvfb

prfjfrfbtehn httfbtedb. Et es tlf `rhvfs dj tlf glenmrfb tlht

gdbtheb `rhvf `ddms, hntldu`l seopnf daifgts, hbm tlf

gdopdsetf glenm-hmunt aurehns httfst td h spfgehn rfnhtedb-

slep aftwffb tlf jerst hbm tlf tlerm `fbfrhtedb. Et ghb af

hssuofm tlht tles rfnhtedb rfjnfgt sdof cebm dj cebslep

rfnhtedbslep hbm ohyaf sdof cebm dj lfrfmethry prebgepnf.

]lf aurehn prhgtegfs mdguofbtfm jdr tlf ]hebds ay

hrglhfdndèghn ebvfste`htedbs hrf vfry seoenhr td tlf

mfsgreptedbs eb tlf wrettfb sdurgfs jrdo tlf fhrny gdndbehn

pfredm. Hrglhfdndèghn fxghvhtedbs yefnm h nhr`f buoafr dj

aurehns odstny eb oemmfbs. Merfgt aurehn eb hb fxghvhtfm

`rhvf, wetl tlf admy eb h gdbtrhgtfm setteb` dr nyeb` pdseted

es odst gdoodb, aut sfgdbmhry aurehns hrf hnsd rfgdrmfm. H

gdopdsetf aurehn dggurs eb tlf [nhyh Anhbgh 6 setf(Qdmrjùfz/Qevfrh 8558, 666, je`. 0)

]lf fhrny gdndbehn sdurgfs rfpdrt odstny db tlf, td

Furdpfhb fyfs, pfgunehr aurehn prhgtegfs sugl hs tlf aurehn

dj ghgequfs, aurehns eb ghvfs hbm sfgdbmhry lfhm aurehns.

Grfohtedbs hrf bdt ofbtedbfm hbm oust bdt af gdbjusfm wet

tlf mfsegghtedb dj tlf admy dj h ghgequf dvfr h jerf (Ndvfb

8576). Et es h gdoodb gustdo dj tlf ]hebds td cffp tlf lfhm




Z*

Jeùrf 81. [hrhplfrbhneh Cfnafy's Qem`f 1.h. Wbujj-eblhnfr jrdo ohbhtff adbf. a-g. ]lrff-pdebtfrs dr zfoes trdo gdrhn.

dr h adbf dj h mfgfhsfm rfnhtevf eb h ahscft eb tlf ldusf

(Bhvhrrftf 8<16-8<70. vdn 8, 117, 7:7). ]lf adbf whs cfpt

hs hb drhgnf hbm sfrvfm hs h ofmeuo jdr tlf rfnhtevfs td

gdooubeghtf wetl tlf mfhm. ]lf rfodvhn dj adbfs hbm h scunn

dj tlf Cfnafy's Qem`f aurehn gdunm af rfnhtfm td tles prhgtegf.

Qf`hrmeb` tlf aurehn prhgtegfs tlfrf es gnfhrny h gdbbfg-

tedb wetl tlf ]hebd gunturf dj tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs. ]les

gdbgnusedb es hjjerofm ay tlf ohtfrehn gunturf, e.g. pdttfry

hbm gfrfodbehn phrhplfrbhneh.

Gleghb pdttfry sffos td af odstny ndghnny ohmf,

hntldu`l tlfrf es fvemfbgf dj fxglhb`f rfjnfgtfm eb tlf

prfsfbgf dj fxdteg gnhys. ]lf rhtlfr pddr quhnety dj tlf

pdttfrs hbm tlf ndw pfrgfbth`f dj mfgdrhtfm pdttfry ohy

pdebt td tlf prdmugtedb dj tlf pdttfry ht ldusfldnm nfvfn.

]lf pdttfr's pfrsdbhn quhnejeghtedbs hbm prfjfrfbgfs eb

gdoaebhtedb wetl spfgejeg jubgtedbhn rfquerfofbts (e.f. tlf

usf ndr spfgejeg ldusfldnm hgtevetefs) prdahany mftfroebfm

tlf gldegf dj tlf jharegs, tlf rhb`f dj tlf vfssfns hbm tlf

stynesteg quhnety.]lf ndw pfrgfbth`f dj mfgdrhtfm pdttfry ghb hnsd af

rf`hrmfm hs tlf rfjnfgtedb dj h ndw syoadneg vhnuf dj tlf

pdttfry wetleb tlf gdooubety etsfnj. Et es gdbgfevhanf tlht

pdttfry eb tlfsf ldusfldnms mem bdt mrhw ougl httfbtedb hs

ofmeuo jdr mfgdrhtevf mespnhys. ]lf retuhn hgtevetefs gdunm

ndr fxhopnf lhvf affb rfstregtfm td gfrfodbefs ebvdnveb`

tlf ldusfldnm nfvfn.

]lf nhgc dj fvemfbgf dj h gfrfodbehn pnhzh/ahnngdurt ht

Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 hbm ets hssdgehtfm stdbf afets, hs wfnn hs

fnhadrhtf retuhn daifgts meh`bdsteg jdr tlf ]hebd gunturf,

gdbtebu tlf pfreplfrhn glhrhgtfr dj tlf sfttnfofbt hbm ets

prdahanf gfrfodbehn mfpfbmfbgy db dbf dj tlf @rfhtfr

Hbtennfhb glefjmdos jdr retuhns ht tlf gdooubety nfvfn.

5.1 QF@EDBHN NFZFN

]lf dggurrfbgf dj ]hebd pdttfry db Whah gdunm eopny

tlht jdr dbf rfhsdb dr hbdtlfr h ndghn `rdup lhm affb

gdpyeb` Gleghb pdttfry jrdo tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfhb ]hebd

glefjmdos. Ldwfvfr, eb tlht ghsf dbf wdunm fxpfgt hb

eoethtedb rhtlfr tlhb dbf td dbf gdpyeb`. Eb hmmetedb,

mestebgtevf jfhturfs dj tlf rfgfeveb` gunturf wdunm pfrsest

afydbm tles eoethtedb. Hnnherf lhs ennustrhtfm tlht eb sugl h

ghsf dj ubahnhbgfm ebtfrhgtedb, et es odst necfny tlht

gfrfodbehn hrtfjhgts hssdgehtfm wetl tlf fnetf hrf td af

hsseoenhtfm ebtd h ndghn gunturf (Hnnherf 855;). ]lf prfsfbgf

dj hb hnodst gdopnftf sft dj ]hebhb fnfofbts su``fsts hb

fxtfbsedb dj tlf ]hebd dgguphtedb tdwhrms tlf sdutl-fhst.]les fxphbsedb gdunm lhvf ebvdnvfm tlf oe`rhtedb dj h

sohnn `rdup dj ]hebd gdndbests td Whah. Db h rfèdbhn nfvfn

sfvfrhn pdsseanf fxpnhbhtedbs ghb af httfstfm jdr tles jhgt9

8. Dbf pdsseaenety, wlegl whs prdpdsfm fhrnefr hbm wlegl

sldunm af rf`hrmfm hs h prdahanf lypdtlfses, es tlht dj h

rfju`ff `rdup, dreèbhteb` jrdo tlf Zerèb Esnhbms dr tlf

@rfhtfr Hbtennfs jnffeb` sdgehn hbm/dr pdneteghn ebsthaenety



E0W HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

eb tlht hrfh, wlegl sfttnfm db Whah (Ldjohb/Ldd`nhbm

8558). Qfgfbtny, oe`rhtedb dj Gleghb `rdups td, hodb`st

dtlfrs, tlf esnhbms dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs lhs affb

su``fstfm td fxpnheb tlf mfgrfhsf eb pdpunhtedb fsteohtfs

db [ufrtd Qegd jdr tlf Gleghb pfredm (Gurft 8551a, 1<5).

Webgf Gurft gdbgnusevfny fxgnumfs pdpunhtedb prfssurf

hs tlf ofglhbeso aflebm tlf oe`rhtedb, tlfrf oust lhvf

affb dtlfr ebgfbtevfs.1. Ebgdrpdrhtedb ebtd tlf ebjnufbgf splfrf dj tlf ]hebds jdr

fgdbdoef dr sdged-pdneteghn purpdsfs djjfr twd dtlfr

dptedbs, wlegl eb tlf hutldrs' dpebedb sffo td af tlf

odst pnhuseanf9

h. hb ebgdrpdrhtedb jdr fgdbdoef purpdsfs gdunm fvdnvf

jrdo h bffm jdr spfgejeg rfsdurgfs, dbf gdunm tlebc dj

tlf fxpndethtedb dj jesleb` `rdubms ht tlf Whah Ahbc.

H seoenhr su``fstedb whs rfgfbtny ohmf ay Nubmafr`

ft hn. (8551) jdr tlf ]hebd fxphbsedb db tlf bdrtlfrb

Zerèb Esnhbms. ]lfy su``fstfm tlht sfttnfofbts pdsseany

jubgtedbfm hs rfsdurgf-fxtrhgtedb setfs td fxpndet tlf

rfsdurgf pdtfbtehn dj tlf sohnn esnhbms hbm tlfer slhnndw

whtfrs. ]lf prfsfbgf dj tlf anhgc mur`db (Ofnegltlys

be`fr) eb tlf jhubhn rfohebs hbm ets lhaetht prfjfrfbgf

ohy pdebt td jesleb` db tlf Whah Ahbc (Peb` b.m.).

a. eb tlf ghsf dj hb ebgdrpdrhtedb jdr sdged-pdneteghn

rfhsdbs Whah gdunm af gdbsemfrfm td lhvf lhm tlf rdnf

dj h suppdrtevf ahsf td gdbtrdn tlf rdutf dj trhmf hbm

gdooubefhtedb tlrdu`l wlegl fxglhb`f dj prfste`f

`ddms tddc pnhgf. ]les rdutf rhb hndb` tlf Nfssfr

Hbtennfhb esnhbms tdwhrms tlf Wdutl Hofreghb

ohebnhbm.

]lf prdmugtedb ffbtrfs dj prfste`f `ddms jdr tlf fnetf

wfrf setuhtfm db tlf Wdutl Hofreghb ohebnhbm. [fbmhbts eb

tlf slhpf dj h sfoegergunhr oddb ohmf jrdo h `dnm, senvfrhbm gdppfr hnndy, ghnnfm ùhbeb, wfrf ohmf ay `rdups eb

Gdnuoaeh hbm dbf dj tlf prdmugtedb gfbtrfs dj hounfts

jrdo `rffb stdbf whs setuhtfm db tlf Ndwfr Hohzdbf.

]lrdu`l fxglhb`f wetl ebtfrofmehtf `rdups tlfsf `ddms

wfrf trhbspdrtfm hndb` tlf revfrs td tlf gdhst. ]lfsf

fxglhb`fs tddc pnhgf tlrdu`l Hrhwhchb hbm Ghrea `rdups.

Db tlf gdhst tlf prfste`f `ddms wfrf prdahany fxglhb`fm

wetl tlf ]hebds tlrdu`l tlf ebtfrofmehry dj `rdups neveb`

db tlf sdutlfrb Nfssfr Hbtennfs. ]lf fxglhb`f dj prfste`f

`ddms whs davedusny hb hgtevety dj tlf pdneteghn fnetf dj tlf

vhredus `rdups hbm whs ofhbt td rfebjdrgf adtl tlf pdsetedb

dj tlf fnetf wetleb tlfer sdged-pdneteghn ubet (glefjmdo) hbm

hnsd ets prfste`f wetleb tlf rfèdbhn bftwdrc dj pffr pdnetefs

(sff Qfbjrfw/Glfrry 85<:). Ebtfrhgtedb whs pdsseany bdt

dbny fxprfssfm ay rfgeprdghn rfnhtedbs, aut hnsd rfjnfgtfm ay

tlf gdopftetedb aftwffb tlf vhredus `rdups wetleb tlf

bftwdrc. Gdopftetevf `rdups gdunm try td strfb`tlfb tlfer

pdsetedb tlrdu`l hnnehbffs hbm tlrdu`l fxfguteb` rhems

h`hebst tlfer revhns.

]les pdebt dj vefw foplhsesfs tlf emfh dj ebtfrhgtedb

aftwffb `rdups db tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs hbm tlf ohebnhbm.

hbm es ahsfm db tlf fvemfbgf mrhwb ay rfgfbt hrglhfdndègh

rfsfhrgl hbm ay h greteghn rf-fxhoebhtedb dj tlf ftlbd-

lestdreg netfrhturf ay vhredus hutldrs (Hnnherf 855;9

Addofrt 85<03 Pletflfhm 855;).

8;. Gdbgnumeb` rfohrcs]lf dgguphtedb dj tlf bdrtlfrb Nfssfr Hbtennfs eb tlf pr

gdndbehn pfredm whs ubten bdw dbny cbdwb jrdo Wt. Grdex.

Jrdo tles esnhbm h rfnhtedbslep wetl tlf Gleghb-Dstedbdem

suasfrefs es hpphrfbt. Jurtlfr td tlf sdutl-fhst tlf setf dj

Cfnafy's Qem`f 1 db Whah es mhtfm eb tles pfredm hbm

foarhgfs hb fxtfbsevf sft dj gunturhn fnfofbts wlegl

gdbjeros ets tef wetl tlf ]hebd gunturf. Hs lhs affb

su``fstfm eb tles phpfr, tles fxphbsedb sfrvfm odst

prdahany fetlfr fgdbdoef dr sdged-pdneteghn daifgtevfs.

Db dtlfr esnhbms dj tlf bdrtlfrb Nfssfr Hbtennfs tlf ]heb

eophgt lhs affb sghrgfny mdguofbtfm ay sdof oebdr

Gleghb ebjnufbgfs db tlf pdttfry. ]lf hasfbgf dj

hrglhfdndèghn fvemfbgf jdr nhtf-prflestdref dgguphtedb ghb

phrtny af fxpnhebfm ay tlf sghrgety dj systfohteg survfy

prdifgts db tlfsf esnhbms. Eb tlf Gleghb pfredm tlf

sfttnfofbt phttfrb glhb`fs td odrf ebnhbm ndghtedbs. hbm

lfrf tlf quetf slhnndw setfs hrf odrf susgfpteanf td

mfstrugtedb ay h`regunturhn prhgtegfs hbm odmfrb

mfvfndpofbt.

bdtfs

8 ]lf rfsfhrgl lhs affb jubmfm ay tlf Bftlfrnhbms Jdubmhtedb j

tlf Hmvhbgfofbt dj ]rdpeghn Qfsfhrgl, PD]QD (P1<-105) hbmtlf Gdbsunthtedb Dr`hb jdr Gunturhn Gddpfrhtedb eb tlf BftlfrnhbmHbtennfs, DCWBH.

1 Jrdo tlf thpldbdoy dj tlf scfnftdb et hppfhrs tlht tlf aurehn pwhs nfjt dpfb jdr quetf h wlenf. [hrts dj tlf scfnftdb, sugl hs lhbmhbm jddtadbfs wfrf jdubm ht h mffpfr nfvfn dr ht tlf adttdo dj tlfpet. ]les vfrteghn mespdsetedb gdunm dbny lhvf thcfb pnhgf hjtfr tlfne`hofbts wfrf sujjegefbtny mfgdopdsfm hbm tlf adbfs gdunm jhnnhphrt jrdo tlfer idebts.

7 Weoenhr prhgtegfs hrf mfsgreafm ay 8:tl gfbtury Wphbesl sdurgfsdb tlf ]hebds jrdo tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs hbm 80tl gfbtury Jrfbglsdurgfs db tlf sd-ghnnfm Esnhbm Ghreas (Arftdb 8::6, 8:::3Bhvhrrftf 8<16-8<70).

= Et es cbdwb jrdo tlf sextffbtl gfbtury Wphbesl wrettfb sdurgftlht tlf Bhtevf Ebmehbs usfm h lhnnugebd`fbeg sbujt' cbdwb hsgdldah, prfphrfm jrdo tlf sffms dj tlf trff Hbhmfbhbtlfrh

pfrf`rebh (Phssfb 8505, 1=1). ]d strfb`tlfb tlf lhnnugebd`fbegfjjfgt dj tlf Hbhmfbhbtlfrh et whs bfgfsshry td oex et wetlgruslfm gdbgl slfnn. ]lf eblhneb` dj tdahggd sodcf whs h retuhnprfsfrvfm jdr tlf ghgequf hbm tlf rfneèdus spfgehnest, tlfaflequf.




rfjfrfbgfs

Vf`rjh, Q.F. 850: "Nhs tfnhgedbfs fbtrf nds ]hjbds mf [ufrtd Qegd y nds mf Fsphe äednh". Adnfteb mfn Ebstetutd

OdbtfgrestfLd mf Hrqufdnd`th bd. 1.

85<8 Fn usd mf nh ebgrusthge÷b fa Vt fsgunturh mf nds ebmeds Hbtennhbds. Gfbtrd mf Fstumeds Hvhbzhmds mf [ufrtd Qegd y fn Ghreaf. [ufrtd Qegd.

Hnnherf, N. 85<0 Wdof Gdoofbts db tlf Ftlbeg Emfbtety dj tlf ]hebd-Ghrea Jrdbtefr. Eb9 Q. Hu`fr ft hn.

(fms.), Ftlbegety hbm Gunturf. Hrglhfdndèghn Hssdgehtedb, Vbevfrsety dj Ghn`hry, Ghn`hry.

810-877.

855; [rflestdref ]hebd Ebtfrhgnedb wetl tlf Nfssfr Hbtenefs9 ]lf yefw jrdo Ohrnebequf. J.P.E.

[hpfr 66tl Hbbuhn Offteb` Wdgefty jdr Hofreghb Hrglhfdnd`y. Nhs Zf`hs, Bfvhmh, Hpren

8<-11, 855(8.

Addofrt. H. 85<0 ]lf Ghyd gdopnfx dj Wt. Zebgfbt. Ftlbdlestdreghn hbm Hrglhfdndèghn hspfgts dj tlf

Ssnhbm-Ghrea [rdanfo. Hbtrdpdndègh ::, 7-:<.

Arftdb. [ìrf Q.

Ahrtdndoå mf nhs Ghshs, Jrhy

Gurft, Hbtdbed Nues

Mdbhluf. I.

MQ. Phttfrs

W. Oennsphu`l

8::6 Megtedbbherf Ghrhäaf-Jrhbgdes, Huxfrrf9 @ennfs Aduquft (jhgseoenf fmetedb ]fuabgr.

Nfepze` 8<51).

8::: Megtedbbherf Jrhb`des-Ghrhäaf, Huxfrrf9 @ennfs Aduquft (jhgseoenf fmetedb ]fuabfr,

Nfepze` 85;;).

8510 Lestdrege mf Vt Ebmehs. 7 vdns. Ahrgfndbh.

8551h Ldusf strugturf hbm gunturhn glhb`f eb tlf Ghreaafhb9 tlrff ghsf stumefs jrdo [ufrtd

Qegd. Nhteb Hofreghb Hbtequety, Zdn. 7(1), 8:;-80=.

8551a ]lf mfvfndpofbt djglefjmdos eb tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs9 h rfèdbhn stumy dj tlf Zhnnfy dj

Ohubhad, [ufrtd Qegd. Hrezdbh Wthtf Vbevfrsety [l. M. ]lfses.

855; ]leb Wfgtedb [ftrd`rhply dj Bdrtlfrb Nfssfr Hbtennfs Gfrhoegs, @fdhrglhfdnd`y9 hb

Ebtfrbhtedbhn Idurbhn. Zdn. 6(7), 115-16=.

Mdu`nhs. B.

@hrgjh Hråvhnd, O.

E nhoaur`, ].

Lhnn. @.

8558 Qfgfbt Hofrebmehb jebms db Hbùeennh. [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf ]lertlffbtl Ebtfrbhtedbhn

Gdb`rfss jdr Ghreaafhb Hrglhfdnd`y. Gurhghd. 60:-6<<.

85<< Fn ourgeånh`d y nh nffluzh fb nh funturh ]hebh. Jubmhge÷b @hrgjh Hråvhnd Ebg., Whbtd

Mdoeb`d.

8551 [dttfry jrdo Webdcf Hnnfy. Wt. Fusthteus. ]ypfsgrept, Vbevfrsety dj Nfemfb, Nfemfb.

851= Hrglhfdnd`y dj tlf Zerèb Esnhbms, [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf \\E Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfss dj

Hofreghbests, [hrt E, 15-=1.

Ldjohb, GN. 8557 Eb Wfhrgl dj tlf Bhtevf [dpeenhtedb dj prf-Gdnuolehb Whah ([hrt Dbf). [dttfry Wtynfs hbm

elfer Ebtfrprfthnedbs. Nfemfb [l. M. ]lfses.

E ndjohb, G.N.

O.N.[. Ldd`nhbm

8558 ]lf Nhtfr [rfneestdry dj Whah, Bftlfrnhbms Hbten nfs. ]lf sfttnfofbt setf dj Cfeafy' s Qem`f

(87;;-8=6; HM). [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf tlertffbtl Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfss jdr Ghrreaafhb

Hrglhfdnd`y. F.B. Hyuae/I.A. Lhvesfr (fms), Gurhghd Bftlfrnhbms Hbtennfs, 6=8-66<.



8<; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQ8GH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Ldd`nhbm. O.N.[.

Lu`l-Idbfs, W.

Cnebcfb, @.I. vhb

Ndvfb, W.

Nubmafr`, F.Q.

F.G. Qegltfr

O.M. Gfhshr

Odrsf, A. Jhafr

Bhvhrrftf. O.J. (fm.)

[ftfrsfb, I.M.

M. Phttfrs

[neglt. I. vhb mfr

Qfbjrfw, G.

I.J. Glfrry (fms)

Qdmrequfs, O.

Z. Qevfrh

Qdusf, E.

eb prfss Eb Wfhrgl dj tlf Bhtevf [dpunhtedb dj prf-Gdnuoaehb Whah ([hrt ]wd).

85<6 ]lf ohndgh9 h wdrnm eb h ldusf. Eb9 F. Ghroeglhfn ft hn. (fms), ]lf lemmfb pfdpnfs dj tl

Hohedb. Aretesl Ousfuo [uaneghtedbs. Ndbmdb, 00-57.

8558 Mhteb` hbm mefthry rfgdbstrugtedb ay esdtdpeg hbhnyses djhoebd hgems ebjdssen adbf

gdnnh`fb - wetl spfgehn rfjfrfbgf td tlf Ghreaafhb, [uaneghtedbs Jdubmhtedb jdr Wgefbtej

Qfsfhrgl eb tlf Ghreaafhb Qfèdb, 871. Lenvfrsuo.

8576 Dreèbs dj tlf ]hebhb gunturf, Pfst Ebmefs. Fnhbmfrs Adcjrygcfre Hctefadnh`. @útfadr`.

8551 ]lf Nhtf Gfrhbþg H`f eb tlf Bdrtlfrb Zer eb Esnhbms, [hpfr 60tl Hbbuhn Offteb` dj

Wdgefty jdr Hofreghb Hrglhfdnd`y, [ettsaur`l. Hpren <-81, 8551.

8558 ]lf Gnhseg ]hebhb Ahnn hbm Mhbgf Gdurt ht Whnt Qevfr, Wt. Grdex, [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf

]lertffbtl Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfss jdr Ghreaafhb Hrglhfdnd`y, [hrt 1, 665-606.

8<16-8<70 Gdnfgge÷b mf nds veh`fs y mfsgruareoefbtds quf legefrdb pdr ohr nds Fsphbdnfs mfsmf

jebfs se`nd \Z. Jevf vdns. Ohmrem.

8558 Hofrebmehb gfrhoeg rfohebs jrdo Jdubtheb Ghvfrb, Hbùennh. Pfst Ebmefs, Hbbhns dj tl

Ghrbfèf Ousfuo :; (=), 718-760.

8557 ]lf @rdbeb`fb Qhmedghnearhtedb [rd`rho, Qhmedghradb, Zdn. 76, Bd.8, 178-17<.

85<: [ffr pdnety ebtfrhgtedb hbm sdged-pdneteghn glhb`f, Ghoarem`f.

8558 ]lf [nhyh Anhbgh 6 setf9 H nhtf [rflestdref gfrhoeg setf eb Fhstfrb [ufrtd Qegd.

[rdgffmeb`s dj tlf tlertffbtl Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfss jdr Ghrreaafhb Hrglhfdnd`y.

F.B. Hyuae/I.A. Lhvesfr (fms), Gurhghd Bftlfrnhbms Hbtennfs, 6=8-66<.

85<: Oe`rhtedbs eb [rfle stdry. Ebjfrreb` [dpunhtedb Odvfofbt jrdbt Gunturhn Qfohebs. Uhnf

Vbevfrsety [rfss, Bfw Lhvfb.

8551 ]lf ]hebds. Qesf hbm Mfgnebf dj tlf [fdpnf wld @rfftfm Gdnuolus. Uhnf Vbevfrsety

[rfss, Bfw Lhvfb.

Wglebcfn. C.

Wtuevfr. O.

@.P. [fhrsdb

Wtuevfr, O.

].J. Arhzeubhs

Zfndz Oh`èdnd, O.E.

Phssfb, W.L.

Pfstfrohbb I.L.

EE. Cefn

8551 ]lf @dnmfb Qdgc Jfhturfs. Eb9 H.L.Zfrstff`/C. Wglebcfn (fms). ]lf Hrglhfdnd`y dj

Wt. Fusthteus9 ]lf @dnmfb Qdgc Wetf. [ualghtedb dj tlf Wt. Fusthteus Lestdreghn Jdubmhted

1/ [ualghtedb dj tlf Jdubmhtedb jdr Wgefbtejeg Qfsfhrgl eb tlf Ghreaafhb Qfèdb, bd. 87

Hostfrmho.

8557 Le`l-prfgesedb aemfghmhn ghnearhtedb dj tlf rhmedghradb teof sghnf, HM 856;-6;; AG hbm

16;;-:;;; AG, Qhmedghradb. Zdn.76, Bd. 8, 8-17.

8557 Odmfnneb` Htodsplfreg n=

G ebjnufbgfs hbm 8=

G h`fs dj ohrebf shopnfs td 8;,;;; AG,

Qhmedghradb, Zdn. 76, Bd. 8, 870-8<5.

8501 Hrqufdndèh [rflest÷regh mf Whbtd Mdoeb`d. Og@rhw-Lenn Jhr Fhstfrb [ua.. Web`hpdrf .

8505 Hbtlrdpdndèghn Wurvfy dj tlf usf dj Wdutl-Hofreghb Wbujjs. Eb9 M.L. Fjrdb ft hn. (fms)

Ftlbdplhrohgdndèg Wfhrgl jdr [sygldhgtevf Mru`s. Qhvfb [rfss, Bfw Udrc, 177-1<:.

85:8 ]lf @fdnd`y dj Whah hbm Wt. Fusthteus. wetl bdtfs db tlf `fdnd`y djWt. Cetts. Bfves hbm

Odbtsfrrht (Nfssfr Hbtenefs). Vet`hvfb Bhtuurwftfbsglhppfneicf Wtumefcreb` vddr

Wurebhof fb mf Bfmfrnhbmsf Hbtennfb 1=, Vtrfglt.



8<8 O. LDD@NHBM HBM G. LDJOHB - CFNAFU'W QEM@F 1

Pletflfhm, B.N. 855; ]lf Ohzhrube [fgtdrhn . H `dnmfb hrtfjhgt mesgdvfrfm eb @uyhbh hbm tlf lestdreghn sdurgfs

gdbgfrbeb` bhtevf ofthnnur`y eb tlf Ghreaafhb, Drebdgd hbm bdrtlfrb Hohzdbeh, Idurbhn

dj Hrglhfdnd`y hbm Hbtlrdpdnd`y, Phntfr Qdtl Ousfuo dj Hbtlrdpdnd`y 0, 85-7<.

Pensdb. W.O. 855; Lesphbednh. Ghreaafhb Glefimdos eb tlf H`f dj Gdnubeaus. ]lf Vbevfrsety dj Hnhahoh

[rfss, ]usghnddsh hbm Ndbmdb.

Peb`, Fneshaftl W. b.m. Zfrtfarhtf rfohebs fxghvhtfm jrdo tlf setfs dj Wpreb` Ahy hbm Cfnafy's Qem`f, Whah,

Bftlfrnhbms Pfst Ebmefs. 8; pp.

Ofbbd Ldd`nhbm


[.D.Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb

Gdrebbf Ldjohb


[.D.Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb





HN vhb @eib Jnebt fxpndethtedb db Ndb` Esnhbm, Hbteùh,Pfst-nbmefs

Ndb` Esnho!, hb esnft djj Hbteùh (Pfst-nbmefs), jhros tlf

ohidr sdurgf jdr jnebt eb tlf n.fssfr Hbtennfs. H survfy dj tlf

esnft lhs ebmeghtfm tlf prfsfbgf djvhredus rhw ohtfrehn

sdurgfs. ]fst-fxghvhtedbs ht tlf ohidr jnebtcbhppeb` setf dj

Jnebty Ahy sldw h vfry sthbmhrmezgm rfmugtedb sfqufbgf.

Hpphrfbtny, tlf heo whs td datheb le`l quhnety gdrfs wlegl

gdunm fhseny af trhbspdrtfm.

8. Ebne 'dmugtedb

Jdr quetf sdof teof hrglhfdndèsts lhvf affb hwhrf tlht

`ddm quhnety jnebt gdunm af dathebfm db Ndb` Esnhbm, hb esnft

hadut u oenf bdrtlfhst dj Hbteùh (je`. E) (Mhves 850=3

Begldnsdb 850:a3 Dnsdb 8507). Ldwfvfr, rfgfbtny vfry

nettnf systfohteg rfsfhrgl lhs thcfb pnhgf lfrf. Eb tlf fhrny

fe`ltefs h sohnn ldtfn whs auent eb tlf sdutlwfstfrb phrt dj

tlf esnhbm3 dvfr tlf yfhrs tlf prfoesfs dj tlf ldtfn wfrf

fxphbmfm hbm ay 85<< hadut lhnj tlf esnhbm lhm affb

hnäfgtfm (je`. 1). ]lf hrglhfdndèghn setfs wlegl wfrf

mfstrdyfm ay tlf auenmeb` hgtevetefs hbm tlf nhy-dut dj tlf

`hrmfbs lhvf affb shopnfm hbm mfsgreafm ay M.Z. Begldnsdb

(Begldnsdb 850:h, 850:a, pfrs.gdoo.). Eb 85<< tlf Iuoay

Ahy Qfsdrt, dwbfr dj Ndb` Esnhbm, af`hb sfnneb` pndts hndb`

tlf gdhst jdr tlf gdbstrugtedb dj prevhtf vennhs. ]lfsf bfwauenmeb` pnhbs tlrfhtfbfm tlf nhr`fst cbdwb prflestdref setf

db tlf esnft, e.f. tlf dbf hndb` Jnebty Ahy db tlf bdrtl gdhst

(je , 1. sghttfrs 8-7).

Jrdo Ohrgl 0 td 1:, 85<5, h survfy whs ubmfrthcfb ay

tlf Ebstetutf dj [rflestdry dj tlf Vbevfrsety dj Nfemfb

ebtfbmfm td mdguofbt tlf Jnebty Ahy setf, td ndghtf hbm

glhrhgtfrezf tlf jnebt sdurgfs prfsfbt, hbm td ebvfste`htf tlf

fxtfbn hbm glhrhgtfr dj tlf jnebt fxtrhgtedb setfs db Ndb`

Esnhbm.

1. Ebtfr-e bsunhr gdbthgt bftwdrcs]rhmetedbhnny, Ghreaafhb hrglhfdndèsts lhvf affb

gdbgfrbfm wetl seoenhretefs hbm mejjfrfbgfs aftvvffb

hrglhfdndèghn hssfoanh`fs jrdo mejjfrfbt esnhbms, hs tlfsf

gdunm slfm ne`lt db pdpunhtedb odvfofbts (Qdusf 85:=).

Peel h `rdweb` ebtfrfst eb hrglhfdnd`y jdr tlf sdged-

fgdbdoeg hspfgts dj prflestdref pfdpnfs, tles gdbgfrb lhs

affb fxtfbmfm tdwhrms httfopteb` td rfgdbstrugt ebtfr-esnhbm

gdbthgt-bftwdrcs. Wugl rfnhtedbsleps lhm td af ohebthebfm,

ej dbny td datheb ohrreh`f phrtbfrs.

]lfrf hrf vhredus whys td fsthanesl tlf fxtfbt hbm

jrfqufbgy dj gdbthgt aftwffb esnhbms, sugl hs odrpldndèghn

seoenhretefs eb hrtfjhgts (sff hnsd Ldjohb (8557) jdr

gfrhoegs hbm Cdzndwsce (850=) jdr tlf prfgfrhoeg jnebt dj

tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs), sfttnfofbt phttfrbs (h.d. Lhvesfr

855;3 Phttfrs/Qdusf 85<5), hbm tlf mestreautedb dj prfste`f

etfos (>Ƒ. Nubmafr` 85<53 Wglebcfn 8551). H jdurtl, hs yft

lhrmny fxpndrfm hpprdhgl ebvdnvfs tlf hbhnyses dj tlf

hgquesetedb hbm mestreautedb dj rhrf aut eopdrthbt rhw

ohtfrehns. Muf td tlf mejjfrfbt `fdndèghn glhrhgtfr dj tlf

vhredus esnhbms, grugehn rhw ohtfrehns wfrf bdt hvhenhanf

fvfrywlfrf hbm lhm td af dathebfm jrdo dtlfr esnhbms,

fetlfr ay dr`hbezeb` hb fxpfmetedb, dr ay fxglhb`f dr trhmf.

Dbf sugl ohtfrehn es jnebt. Adtl hrglhfdndèghnny hbm

ftlbd`rhpleghnny. setuhtedbs lhvf affb mdguofbtfm eb

wlegl sfhrgl phrtefs wfrf gdvfreb` nhr`f mesthbgfs td

prdgurf fssfbtehn stdbfs (@dunm 85<;3 @dunm/Wh``frs 85<63

Dnsfb/Hnshcfr 85<=). dr vfry ndb` fxglhb`f nebfs fxestfm

(OgArymf 85<:, 8558h, 8558a). H afttfr ubmfrsthbmeb` dj

tlf jnebt fxpndethtedb db Ndb` Esnhbm, afeb` h ohidr jnebtsdurgf eb tlf hrfh, wdunm af pevdthn jdr ebjfrfbgfs

gdbgfrbeb` tlf glhrhgtfr dj ebtfrebsunhr rfnhtedbsleps.

7. Jnebt sdurgfs eb tlf rfèdb dj tlf Nfssfr

Hbtennfs

Db tlf @rfhtfr Hbtennfs, jdr fxhopnf db [ufrtd Qegd

([ecf/[hbtfn 850=) hbm Lesphbednh (Oddrf 85583 Zfndz

Oh`èdnd 8558), jnebt es gdoodbny hvhe nhanf. Ldwfvfr, db

tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs et es h rhrf gdoodmety. Bd jnebt sdurgfs

hrf cbdwb jrdo @uhmfndupf, Ohrtebequg hbm Mdoebegh

([ebgldb 8561), wlfrfhs Phttfrs (85<;) lhs bdt fbgdubtfrfm

hby jnebt afms db Ahraumh hbm Odbtsfrrht, mfspetf dj hbebtfbsevf survfy. Db Wt. Cetts sohnn jnebt pfaanfs ghb af

gdnnfgtfm db tlf afhgl (Phncfr 8505). H mfpdset dj bhturhn

jnebt, bdt ubnecf tlf ohtfrehn fopndyfm ay prflestdref

gdooubetefs db Whah, es jdubm eb tlf [debt Anhbglf

Jdrohtedb db Wt. Ohhrtfb. H oebdr pfaanf dggurrfbgf dj

ihspes hbm jnebt db Wt. Fustht eus hppfhrs bdt td lhvf affb

usgm ay tlf Ebmehb gdooubetefs tlfrf (Zhb mfr Zhnc 8551).



8<= HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Odbh E.

R 2 Hbf`hmh

Wt. Grdex

Wt. Ohrt ebR

Whah

(RpHbùennh

©W t. Ah rt lå nf oy

Wt.Fusthteus T

R2~Wt. Cetts L Ahraumh

WHAH AHBCBfves

Odbtsfrrht ú

@uhmfndupf

Hbteùh

Ohref @hnhbtf

Mdoebegh

Ohrtebequf

Wt. Nugeh

Wt. Zebgfbt

@rfbhmh l4 d

* 2 GDAhrahmds

Jeùrf 8. Ohp dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs hbm [ufrtd Qegd.



8<6 H.N. ZHB @EIB - NDB@ EWNHBM

Jnebty Ahy

[dbm Ahy

Gestfrb [debt

j

bdt survfyfm afghusf dj fxtfbsevfauenmeb` hbm `hrmfbeb`

mesturafm

rdhms

afhgl

typfs dj jnebj

surjhgf sghttfr

sfgtedbs fxhoebfm

mfbsf auslfs

bdt ebvfste`htfm

=;; o

Jeùrf 1. Ndb` Esnhbm wetl tlf ndghtedb dj tlf jnebt sdurgfs, jebm sghttfrs hbm tfst trfbglfs.

]lf ohidr sdurgfs dj jnebt db tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs, prfsfbtnycbdwb td us, hrf ndghtfm eb tlf bdrtlfhstfrb phrt dj Hbteùh

hbm db hmihgfbt Ndb` Esnhbm.

=. (efdnd`y hbm prflestdry dj Hbteùh hbm Ndb`

Esnhbm

@fdndèghnny, Hbteùh ghb af mevemfm eb tlrff vfry

mejjfrfbt zdbfs (je`. 7). ]lf sdutlwfstfrb phrt gdbsests dj

vdnghbeg mfpdsets, rfobhbts dj tlf jnhbcs dj h nhr`f vdnghbddreèbhnny ndghtfm jurtlfr wfst aut gdopnftfny frdmfm ay tlf

sfh. ]lf gfbtrhn zdbf es auent up dj h sfqufbgf dj vdnghbeg,

ohrebf, hbm jnuvehtenf sfmeofbts3 tles ohy ebmeghtf tlht tlf

ndwfr jnhbcs dj tlf vdnghbd pfredmeghnny wfrf afndw

sfhnfvfn (Ouetfr tn hn. 85<:). ]lf bdrtlfhst, hs wfnn hs

bfhray Ndb` Esnhbm, es glhrhgtfrezfm ay neofstdbf strhth dj

tlf sd-ghnnfm Hbteùh Jdrohtedb. Adtl nhtfrhnny hbm



8<: HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

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\TR Ndb` tsnhbm 0 y R /* ³

r sv. R ^ N”RRR”•4 / [ Grha

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þ³ G9 RT\ Zy,, Anhgcohb's [debt '.^$(ij"R-n4n^






ijnO9 RT\ Zy,, Anhgcohb's [debt '.^$(ij"R-n4n^









ueh / Z I

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jt ”•2 ^

; 8 1 7 cendoftfrsH

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H

Je urf 7. Ohp dj Hbte uh hbm hmihgfbt Ndb Esnhbm, wetl tlf `fdnd eghn zdbfs mejjfrfbtehtfm ay Ouetfr fr hn. (85<:, 1-1).

vfrteghnny tlfsf strhth vhry eb gdopdsetedb, afghusf tlfy

mep up td 86 mf`rffs tdwhrms tlf bdrtlfhst (je`. =) (Ouetfr

ft hn. 85<:). Wdof dj tlfsf fhseny wfhtlfreb` neofstdbf

strhth gdbtheb tnebt bdmunfs. Bdrtlfhstfrb Hbteùh hbm Ndb`

Esnhbm hrf tlf dbny pnhgfs db tlf Nfssfr Hbtenefs wlfrf

tlfsf dnm sfh-adttdos, mfpdsetfm aftwffb 1: hbm = oennedb

yfhrs h`d, gdof td tlf surjhgf hbm, hs h gdbsfqufbgf.

jnebt es haubmhbt. ]lf vhrehtedb eb neofstdbf strhth hbmtlf rfsunteb` mejjfrfbtehn wfhtlfreb` ohy hnsd fxpnheb tlf

gdhstnebf dj bdrtlfhst Hbteùh hbm Ndb` Esnhbm9 h ountetumf

dj ahys. esnhbms hbm pfbebsunh's, wetl ebtfr-spfrsfm rffjs.

]les nhbmsghpf whs le`lny httrhgtevf jdr prflestdref ohb.

Nhr`fny muf td tlf terfnfss fjjdrts dj Qdusf, tlf prflestdry

dj Hbteùh es rfnhtevfny wfnn-cbdwb. ]wfbty-jdur setfs ghb

af httreautfm td tlf prfgfrhoeg pfredm (hnsd rfjfrrfm td hs

tlf Hrglheg (Qdusf 8551), tlf Ofsd-Ebmehb sth`f, hbm tlf

Geadbfy-gunturf (Cdzndwsce 850=)) (Qdusf 8551). Dbf dj

tlf fhrnefst es Idnny Afhgl, wetl h G8= mhtf dj 7016 ¸ 5; A

(Mhves 85573 Qdusf 8551). Zertuhnny hnn tlfsf setfs hrf

slfnn-oemmfbs hbm odst dj tlfo hrf ndghtfm eb tlf bdrtlfhs

Lfrf tlf nhbmsghpf es odst suetfm jdr tlf ohbbfr eb wlegl

tlfsf prflestdref pfdpnfs wfrf prfsuohany neveb`9 hslubtfr/jeslfr/`htlfrfrs (Nubmafr` 85<5). Ebmehb Grffc es

tlf afst-cbdwb setf dj tlf gfrhoeg pfredm.

Hs shem hadvf, Ndb` Esnhbm es `fdndèghnny seoenhr td

bdrtlfhst Hbteùh hbm ohy wfnn lhvf affb phrt dj et mureb`

teofs wlfb sfhnfvfns wfrf ndwfr. ]lf bdrtlfrb sldrf dj

Ndb` Esnhbm es adrmfrfm ay hb fxtfbsevf rffj-hrfh. Et lhs h



E <0 H.N. ZHB @EIB - NDB@ EWNHBM

Jeùrf =. ]lf sfqufbgf dj neofstdbf nhyfrs, meppeb` eb bdrtlfhstfrny merfgtedb, es gnfhrny veseanf ht Gestfrb [debt db tlf sdutl gdhst dj Ndb`

Esnhbm.

rhtlfr ru``fm slhpf, hbm et es fxpdsfm td tlf prfvheneb`

bdrtlfrny webms3 hphrt jrdo tlf wdrcsldp ht Jnebty Ahy

(sff je`. 1), hrglhfdndèghn setfs lhvf bdt affb jdubm eb tles

hrfh. ]lf sdutlfrb hbm wfstfrb sldrfs hrf odrf suethanf jdr

sfttnfofbt3 lfrf odst dj tlf prflestdref setfs hrf ndghtfm,

e.f. tlf prfgfrhoeg setfs dj Gestfrb [debt (Mhves 850=) hbm

Lhradur (Begldnsdb pfrs.gdoo.). tlf nhr`f gfrhoeg setf dj

Iuoay Ahy, hbm tlf setfs Le`l [debt Wdutl, Le`l [debt

Bdrtl, Augcnfy Ahy, hbm Bdrtlwfst, hnn jdur wetl h

prdahanf mhtf eb tlf gfrhoeg pfredm (Begldnsdb pfrs.

gdoo.).8

Bdwhmhys, tlf wfstfrb lhnj dj Ndb` Esnhbm lhs affb

trhbsjdrofm ebtd h phrc-nhbmsghpf. ]lf gfbtrf dj tlf

esnft lhs affb mfstrdyfm ay h nhr`f stdbf quhrry. Odst

dj tlf ebtfredr es gdvfrfm wetl mfbsf auslfs wlegl ht

pnhgfs hrf vfry mejjegunt td trhvfrsf. ]lf gdhst etsfnj es

vhrehanf eb glhrhgtfr9 eb tlf sdutl hbm wfst shbmy afhglfs

hrf ebtfrspfrsfm wetl ohb`rdvf hrfhs, wlfrfhs db tlf

fxpdsfm bdrtlfrb hbm fhstfrb sldrfs rdgcy zdbfs

prfmdoebhtf.

6. Wurvfy oftldms hbm tfst fxghvht edbs

Jerst dj hnn, Ndb` Esnhbm whs ebtfbsevfny sgrutebezfm jdr

tlf prfsfbgf dj jnebt gdaanfs fxpdsfm eb tlf neofstdbf strhth.

]les fbtfrpresf whs jhgenethtfm ay tlf prfsfbgf dj metglfs jdr

tlf wereb` dj tlf juturf vennh's. Afghusf h sdurgf jdr tlf

typf dj jnebt wdrcfm ht Jnebty Ahy gdunm bdt af fsthaneslfm,

h 1 o mffp trfbgl whs mu` lfrf td mftfroebf wlftlfrseoenhr bdmunfs hs jdubm ht tlf surjhgf wfrf prfsfbt eb h

neofstdbf nhyfr afndw.

Wfgdbmny, tlf phrt dj tlf esnhbm bdt yft hjjfgtfm ay tlf

auenmeb` hgtevetefs dj tlf Iuoay Ahy Ldtfn whs survfyfm.

Afghusf dj tlf prfsfbgf dj eopfbftrhanf slruas eb tlf

ebtfredr, et whs eopdsseanf td survfy systfohteghnny. Ebstfhm,



EWW HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 6. Jnebt bdmunf eb tlf lhrm nfm fs dj tlf bdrtlfhstfrb gdhstnebf.

wf trefm td "gdvfr hs ougl `rdubm" hs pdsseanf3 tlf neoetfm

meofbsedbs dj tlf hrfh td af survfyfm (lhnj dj h 8 x 8.6 co

esnhbm) ohmf tles jfhseanf.

Plfb pnhbbeb` tlf survfy, et whs ebtfbmfm td mfsgreaf

fvfry jnebt sghttfr fbgdubtfrfm, gdbgfrbeb` glhrhgtfrestegs hs

mestreautedb, mfbsety, sezf gnhssfs, hbm ahseg tfglbdndèghnghtf`drefs.

1 Ldwfvfr, nhr`f phrts dj tlf ubguntevhtfm ebtfredr

dj Ndb` Esnhbm hppfhrfm td af gdvfrfm wetl jnebt mfares

sd tlht dbf gdunm lhrmny mejjfrfbtehtf ebmevemuhn sghttfrs.-8

Et whs tlfrfjdrf mfgemfm td gdbgfbtrhtf db tlf gdhst, wlfrf

mestebgt gdbgfbtrhtedbs dj jebms gdunm af mestebùeslfm, hbm

shopnf hbm mfsgreaf dbny h jfw (hraetrhreny mfjebfm) sghttfrs

eb tlf ebtfredr3 odst dj dur shopnfs hrf tlfrfjdrf ndghtfm

hndb` tlf gdhst dr sdofwlht ebnhbm (je`. 1). Jnebty Ahy,

afeb` h nhr`f setf (86; x : o), whs hraetrhreny mevemfm eb

tlertffb hrfhs wlegl wfrf ebmevemuhnny mfsgreafm hbm

shopnfm. Hntd`ftlfr, 67 surjhgf sghttfrs wfrf stumefm hbm

shopnfs wfrf thcfb jrdo tlfo (je`. 1).

]lermny, eb drmfr td lhvf h afttfr ubmfrsthbmeb` dj tlfJnebty Ahy setf hbm ldpeb` td datheb sdof mhteb` fvemfbgf,

h sdubmeb` dj 7 x 8 o whs ohmf lfrf . ]les sohnn

fxghvhtedb hnsd fbhanfm tlf gdnnfgtedb dj h "gnfhb" shopnf

dj tlf cbhppeb` mfares, bdt ebjnufbgfm ay hby prfvedus

lhplhzhrm surjhgf gdnnfgtedb. Gdophresdb dj tlf fxhgt

gdubts dj tlf fxghvhtfm shopnfs hbm tlf fsteohtfs dj tlf

vhredus jnebt gdbgfbtrhtedbs ohmf eb tlf jefnm, rfvfhnfm tlht



E\8) H.N. ZHB @EIB - NDB@ EWNHBM

Jeùrf :. [ldtd dj dbf dj tlf oebdreb setu dggurrfbgfs dj jnebt hndb` tlfsdutlfrb gdhst dj Ndb` Esnhbm.

tlf buoafr dj gdrfs, jnhcfs hbm anhmfs whs dvfrfsteohtfm,

wlfrfhs andgcs hbm spnebtfrs lhm affb ubmfrfsteohtfm.

Weoenhrny, tlf nhr`fr sezf gnhssfs wfrf dvfrrfprfsfbtfm hs

gdophrfm td tlf sohnnfr jrhgtedb.

:. ]lf hvhenhaen etv dj jnebt sdurgfs db Ndb`

Esnhbm

Hs sthtfm hadvf. hb ebtfbsevf sfhrgl whs ubmfrthcgb tar

eb seo jnebt sdurgfs. Dbny ht tlrff pnhgfs gdunm jnebt af

jdubm eb ets neofstdbf ohtrex, aut et gdbgfrbfm oebdr

fxpdsurfs hbm tlf jnebt eb qufstedb sfnmdo turbfm up eb tlf

hrglhfdndèghn jnebt sghttfrs. ]lf ohidr eb setu sdurgf

(lfrfhjtfr rfjfrrfm td hs QO1) whs ndghtfm hndb` tlf fhstfrb

phrt dj Jnebty Ahy eb tlf lhrm nfm`fs wlegl lhm affb

fxpdsfm ay tlf frdmeb` jdrgfs dj tlf sfh (je`. 6). ]lf jnebt

dggurs eb gnustfrs hbm, djtfb, et es hnodst "sterrfm" eb tlf

neofstdbf. nts gdndur es ardwb, tlf gdrtfx es ubwfhtlfrfmhbm ne`lt `rfy. ]lf bdmunfs mespnhy hb errfùnhr slhpf hbm

lhvf vfry sohnn meofbsedbs. ]lfsf jfhturfs, hs wfnn hs tlf

jhgt tlht tlf jnebt lhs buofrdus ebgnusedbs, jnhws, hbm

gergunhr arfhceb` pnhbfs, ohcf tles rhw ohtfrehn nfss

suethanf jdr jnhceb` purpdsfs. ]les typf dj rhw ohtfrehn

ohebny dggurs eb tlf gfrhoeg hssfoanh`fs. ]lf dtlfr twd eb

setu sdurgfs (QO=) lhvf affb ndghtfm hndb` tlf gnejjs db tlf




Jeùrf 0. Wghttfr "71" aflebm

Gestfrb [debt.

sdutl gdhst, aftwffb Gestfrb [debt hbm Jnebt Ldusf (je`. :)

hbm hndb` [dbm Ahy. Et gdbgfrbs vfry sohnn gergunhr bdmunfs

dj `rfyesl gdndur, ofhsureb` 6-0 go eb mehoftfr. Hs tlfsf

bdmunfs hrf rfnhtevfny sohnn hbm bdt hvhenhanf eb nhr`f

quhbte tefs. tlfy mem bdt hppfhr eb tlf hrglhfdndèghn jnebt

sghttfrs hbm prdahany wfrf bdt fxpndetfm ay prflestdref

ohb.

]lf ohidr cebm dj rhw ohtfrehn (rfjfrrfm td hs QO8),

lhveb` tlf wemfst mestreautedb, gdunm bdt af jdubm eb setu.

Odst prdahany. tlf neofstdbf nhyfrs wlegl gdbthebfm tles

cebm dj jnebt lhvf affb frdmfm ndb` h`d, nfhveb` tlf bdmunfs

sghttfrfm dvfr ougl dj tlf bdrtlfrb lhnj dj tlf esnhbm. ]lf

le`lfst mfbsety dj tles typf dj jnebt es jdubm hndb` Jnebty

Ahy wlfrf hb fbdrodus quhbtety dj jnhceb` mfares dj tles

rhw ohtfrehn es prfsfbt (je`. 1). ]lf jnebt vhrefs eb gdndur

jrdo rfmmesl-ardwb veh drhb`f td ne`lt-yfnndw. ]lf gdrtfx

lhs h rusty gdndur. ]lf bdmunfs ohebny lhvf h gynebmreghn

slhpf, aut odrf gergunhr vhreftefs dggur hs wfnn3 tlfer nfb`tl

rhb`fs jrdo h jfw go td h ohxeouo dj 7; go, gnustfreb`

hrdubm 1; go. ]lf jnebt mespnhys h jebf `rhebsezf hbm et es

vfry ldod`fbfdus wetl jfw ebtrusedbs, ohceb` et le`lny

httrhgtevf jdr jnhceb`.

H nhst typf dj rhw ohtfrehn (rfjfrrfm td hs QO7) whs

jdubm hndb` tlf fhstfrb phrt dj Jnebty Ahy (je`. 1).

Et gdbgfrbs pfaanfs nyeb` db tlf afhgl, wetl h rdnnfm gdrtfx

dj ne`lt-`rfy gdndur3 tlf gdndur dj tlf jnebt etsfnj ghb af

mfsgreafm hs vhredus slhmfs dj `rfy. Et whs hpphrfbtny bdt

jnhcfm3 hnn emfbtejefm lhoofrstdbfs, ldwfvfr, hrf ohmf dj

tles typf dj rhw ohtfrehn (Zfrpddrtf 8557).

0. Wurvfy rfsunts9 vhrehaenety eb tlf rfmugtedb

sfqufbgfs

]lf ohidrety dj tlf jnebt sghttfrs whs ndghtfm db tlf

slfntfrfm, sdutlfrb semf dj tlf esnhbm. Hs shem, tlf ebtfredr

lhs prdahany affb sd mesturafm ay tlf su`hrghbf guntevhtedb

eb prfvedus gfbturefs, tlht jnebt es jdubm fvfrywlfrf,

wetldut hpphrfbt gdbgfbtrhtedbs. Odst dj tlf jnebt sghttfrs

wlegl wfrf mfsgreafm hbm shopnfm eb tlf jefnm prdvfm td af

ubmeh`bdsteg wlfb httfopteb` td rfgdbstrugt tlf rfmugtedb

sfqufbgf. ]lfy gdbsestfm dj h nhr`f hodubt dj whstf, jdr

tlf odst phrt mespnhyeb` bhturhn jrhgturfs muf td fxpdsurf t

fxtrfof tfopfrhturf mejjfrfbgfs. ]wd fxgfptedbs wfrf

hpphrfbt, e.f. tlf nhr`f jnebt gdbgfbtrhtedb hndb` Jnebty Ahy

(sghttfrs 8, 1 hbm 7) hbm sghttfr "71" aflebm Gestfrb [debt=

(je`. 1)3 adtl ghb af gdbsemfrfm rfhn hrglhfdndèghn setfs.

0.8 WE]F "7 1"

Ht setf "71", twd gdbgl slfnn lhbm gfnts wfrf jdubm

hndb` wetl sdof pdttfry3 tles ebmeghtfs tlht et prdahanygdbgfrbs h oexfm setf, wetl adtl prfgfrhoeg hbm gfrhoeg

ohtfrehn. ]lf setf es ndghtfm eb h rdgcy ohtrex hbm nhgcs h

strhte`rhpleg sfqufbgf (je . 0) 3 et ofhsurfs :; x 81 o. Et es

setuhtfm eb h vfry slfntfrfm hrfh dj tlf esnhbm, dvfrnddceb`

tlf ohb`rdvfs hndb` tlf sdutlfrb sldrf. Afghusf tlf setf

whs eoofmehtfny tlrfhtfbfm ay auenmeb` hgtevetefs hbm hs et

whs dbf dj tlf rfohebeb` twd rfhn hrglhfdndèghn setfs wf



858 H.N. ZHB @EIB - NDB@ EWNHBM

Je urf <. Fxghvhtedb ht Jnebty Ahy.

cbdw db tlf esnhbm, et whs mfgemfm td gdnnfgt hnn tlf surjhgf

ohtfrehn ebstfhm dj mfsgreaeb` hbm shopneb` dbny h sohnn

pdrtedb. Wgrhpeb` dj tlf surjhgf prdmugfm hntd`ftlfr 1,<6;

Lebt hrtfjhgts, bfxt td h sohnn buoafr dj slfrms hbm adbfs,

hbm hb fbdrodus hodubt dj slfnn-mfares. ]lf gdbtfopd-

rhbfety dj tlf vhredus jebms es ubgfrtheb, afghusf dj tlf

slhnndw mfptl dj tlf hrglhfdndèghn mfpdset hbm tlf rdgcy

ohtrex. ]lf slfrms pdstmhtf :;; HM (mft. G. Ldjohb).

]lf gdopdsetedb dj tlf jnebt hssfoanh`f es quetf mejjfrfbt

nädo tlf dbf dj Jnebty Ahy. Gdrfghps hbm preohry hbm

sfgdbmhry anhmfs hrf nhr`fny nhgceb`, wlfrfhs tlf buoafr

dj tfrtehry anhmfs, hbm fspfgehnny jnhcfs, es gdbsemfrhanf.

]les wdunm ebmeghtf tlht tlf preohry sth`fs dj prdmugtedb

tddc pnhgf fnsfwlfrf, pfrlhps ht Jnebty Ahy. ]wd mejjfrfbt

tfglbdndèfs gdunm af mejjfrfbtehtfm9 dbf merfgtfm ht tlf

prdmugtedb dj sohnn jnhcfs hbm spnebtfrs, ohceb` usf dj

ebjfredr rhw ohtfrehn (QO1), tlf dtlfr gdophrhanf td sdof

fxtfbt td Jnebty Ahy eb tlf sfbsf tlht usf whs ohmf dj tlf

shof le`l quhnety ohtfrehn QO8 heofm ht tlf prdmugtedb dj

ndb` anhmfs. ]lf jhgt tlht sdof rftduglfm eopnfofbts wfrfn'deom. hs wfnn hs vhredus dtlfr jebm ghtf`drefs, bdthany

slfnn-mfares ebmeghtevf dj slfnnjesl-gdbsuoptedb, wdunm

su``fst tlht wf hrf mfhneb` lfrf wetl h rfùnhr sfttnfofbt

hrfh. Plftlfr tlf ndghtedb sfrvfm hs sfttnfofbt mureb` adtl

tlf prfgfrhoeg hbm gfrhoeg pfredms es eopdsseanf td

mftfroebf ht tlf odofbt, afghusf wf ghbbdt yft hggurhtfny

mejjfrfbtehtf tlf jebms jrdo adtl pfredms.

0.1 ]LF JNEB] PDQCWLD[ HNDB@ JNEB]U AHU

Eb gdbtrhst, tlf hssfoanh`f jrdo Jnebty Ahy sffofm td af

quetf ldod`fbfdus3 afghusf dj tlf nhr`f quhbtetefs dj

meh`bdsteg mfaeth`f prfsfbt, et whs mfgemfm td ohcf h 7 x 8 o

sdubmeb` ht tles setf (je`. <). Hrtfjhgts wfrf prfsfbt eb tlf

uppfrodst 1;-7; go dj tlf sden wlegl lhm jdrofm db tlf

ohrny neofstdbf. ]lf trfbgl yefnmfm 87,:=7 hrtfjhgts, <,0::

dj wlegl wfrf nhr`fr tlhb 1 go (Zfrpddrtf 8557, 71).

Wdnf usf whs ohmf dj tlf le`l quhnety QO8. Gnfhrny, tlf

rfmugtedb sfqufbgf whs fxtrfofny sthbmhrmezfm, merfgtfm ht

tlf prdmugtedb dj anhmf-gdrfs. ]lf pfrgfbth`f dj hrtfjhgts

wetl gdrtfx whs vfry le`l. Nhr`f buoafrs dj gdrfghps wfrf

fbgdubtfrfm (je`. 5), hs wfnn hs preohry hbm sfgdbmhry

mfgdrteghtedb anhmfs hbm jnhcfs (je`. 8;). Fxlhustfm gdrfs

hbm tfrtehry anhmfs wfrf nhr`fny hasfbt, wlfrfhs rftduglfm

eopnfofbts wfrf nhgceb` hntd`ftlfr. Zertuhnny hnn tlf gdrfs

rftrefvfm, odstny prfgdrfs, sldwfm jnhws dj sdof cebm,

fetlfr ebgnusedbs eb tlf jnebt dr jnhceb` frrdrs. Odst dj tlf

gdrfs mespnhyfm dppdsfm pnhtjdros. Gdrf-prfphrhtedb whs

mdbf vfry ghrfjunny hbm whs prdahany pfrjdrofm ay lhrm-

lhoofr pfrgussedb. Jerst, h gdrfghp whs rfodvfm hbm tlfpnhtjdro whs prfphrfm3 odst pnhtjdros hrf jhgfttfm,

mespnhyeb` twd dr odrf bf`htevfs. Bfxt, tlf fm`f dj tlf

pnhtjdro whs rftduglfm, fetlfr db tlf pnhtjdro dr db tlf

mdrshn jhgf. ]lf grfhtedb dj h rea db tlf gdrf-jhgf, td ùemf

tlf "pffneb`-djj" dj tlf gdrf, whs mdbf ay ofhbs dj h grfstfm

anhmf. Meofbsedbs dj tlf rfodvfm anhmfs wfrf g. 5.6 x 7.;

go, tlf hvfrh`f nfb`tl dj tlf gdrfs rftrefvfm whs g. 81 go




Jeùrf 5. Gdrf ghp , h glhrhgtfresteg whstf prdmugt dj tlf rfmugtedb sfqufbgf9 h) mdrshe hspfgt,

a) vfbtrhn hspfgt (sghnf 8 98).




Jeùrf 8;. Wfgdbmhry anhmf, glhrhgtfresteg jdr tlf prfgfrhoeg pfredm (mdrshe, prdjenf hbm vfbtrhn vefw,sghnf 898).

(Zfrpddrtf 8557). Ebgemfbthnny gdrfs wfrf rfiuvfbhtfm, jdr

fxhopnf ay rfodveb` tlf pnhtjdro3 tlf rfsunteb` jnhcfs hrf

djtfb ghnnfm thanfts hbm wfrf sdofteofs jdubm.

Et sfgos tlht tlf cbhppeb` hrfh6 hndb` Jnebty Ahy sldunm

af ebtfrprftfm hs h jnebt gdnnfgtedb hbm preohry prdmugtedb

setf. ]lf rfmugtedb sfqufbgf whs heofm ht tlf prdmugtedb djle`l quhnety gdrfs, wetl preohry hbm sfgdbmhry mfgdrtegh-

tedb jnhcfs hbm anhmfs hs glhrhgtfresteg whstf prdmugts. Et es

bdt surf wlfrf tlf jnebt sdurgf whs ndghtfm. Et es ubnecfny

tlht tlf jnebtcbhppfrs wdunm lhvf trhbspdrtfm tlf tdbs dj

bdmunfs td tles pnhgf, td jnhcf tlfo lfrf. Jnebty Ahy es

fxpdsfm td tlf prfvheneb` webms3 muf td tlf rffjs hbm rdgcs

et wdunm lhvf affb mejjegunt td gdof td sldrf ht tles spdt.

Odst prdahany, tlfrfjdrf, tlf gdaanfs lhm wfhtlfrfm dut dj

h spfgejeg Lofstdbf strhtuo wlegl dbny ghof td tlf surjhgf

ht tles phrt dj tlf esnhbm. Et whs cbhppfm db tlf spdt.

Plftlfr tlf jnebtcbhppfrs wfrf hgtuhnny neveb` db Ndb`

Esnhbm es bdt fbterfny gnfhr. Ht setf "71" h jfw tfrtehry

anhmfs dj tlf Jnebty Ahy typf dj rhw ohtfrehn wfrf jdubm.Mhves jdubm seoenhr eopnfofbts ht tlf prfgfrhoeg setf dj

Gestfrb [debt:, wlegl lf gdbsemfrs td af h sfttnfofbt

afghusf dj tlf prfsfbgf dj jddm mfares (Mhves 850=).

Hmmetedbhnny, Jnebty Ahy jnebt es rfpdrtfm jrdo Hbteùh

etsfnj, jrdo adtl tlf prfgfrhoeg setf dj Idnny Afhgl (Qdusf

8551) hbm tlf gfrhoeg setf dj Ebmehb Grffc (Begldnsdb

850:a). Et whs fvfb dasfrvfm ht hb fhrny Whnhmdem setf db




Odbtsfrrht (Begldnsdb 850:a). ]lf jhgts tlht tlf rfmugtedb

strhtf`y whs heofm ht rfodveb` hnn supfrjnudus whstf

ohtfrehn hbm tlht dbny pfrjfgt gdrfs wfrf thcfb jrdo tlf setf

su``fsts tlht tlf cbhppfrs ebtfbmfm td gut mdwb db tlf

wfe`lt td af trhbspdrtfm. ]les ebmeghtfs tlht tlf ohidrety

dj' tlf cbhppfrs mem bdt nevf db Ndb` Esnhbm, aut db

"ohebnhbm" Hbteùh dr dtlfr bfhray esnhbms. Jurtlfr

rfmugtedb oust lhvf thcfb pnhgf ht tlf sfttnfofbt setfstlfrf, afghusf fvemfbgf jdr sugl hgtevetefs es nhgceb` db

Ndb` Esnhbm. Davedusny, tles mdfs bdt fxgnumf tlf

pdsseaenety tlht sdof dj tlf jnebtcbhppfrs mem nevf db tlf

esnft9 tlf prfsfbgf dj twd prfgfrhoeg setfs wetl jddm mfares

ghb af gdbsemfrfm prddj dj tles. ]lf prfmdoebhtedb dj

tfrtehry anhmfs db setf "71" prdvemfs hmmetedbhn fvemfbgf jdr

tlf fxestfbgf dj h (tfopdrhry) sfttnfofbt setf.

H sfredus mrhwahgc es tlht et lhs prdvfb eopdsseanf

td mhtf tlf Jnebty Ahy setf. [dttfry whs bdt prfsfbt, bdr

ghradbezfm wddm dr adbf. Odst rfsfhrglfrs hssuof tlht

tlf setf mhtfs jrdo tlf prfgfrhoeg (Mhves 850=3 Begldnsdb

850:a3 Qdusf 8551). Dbf hrùofbt eb jhvdurdj h

prfgfrhoeg mhtf es tlf sdplesteghtfm jnebt tfglbdnd`y

mespnhyfm lfrf, sdoftleb` wlegl es `fbfrhnny bdt hssdgehtfm

wetl tlf gfrhoeg pfredm (Begldnsdb 850:h, 165). Plht nettnf

wf cbdw dj tlf jnebt tfglbdnd`y mureb` tlf gfrhoeg pfredm

pdebts td h sdofwlht lhplhzhrm rfmugtedb strhtf`y, td tlf

ohbujhgturf dj tddns ahsfm db sohnn jnhcfs. Bfvfrtlfnfss,

wf sldunm sfredusny gdbsemfr tlf pdsseaenety tlht tlf setf

rfjnfgts gfrhoeg fxpndethtedb. @fdndèsts pdstunhtf h sfhnfvfn

resf hrdubm 1;; AG, eb wlegl ghsf h prfgfrhoeg jnebt

fxpndethtedb setf ht Jnebty Ahy wdunm lhvf affb whslfm ebtd

sfh. Uft hbdtlfr pdsseaenety ohy af tlht wf hrf mfhneb` wetl

rfobhbts dj ùbjnebt prdmugtedb. ]lf slffr sezf dj tlfjnhceb` hrfh hbm tlf systfohteg rfmugtedb sfqufbgf wdunm

hrùf eb jhvdur dj sugl hb lypdtlfses (gj. @dunm 85<8).

Ldwfvfr, ùbjnebt prdmugtedb hnwhys tddc pnhgf wetl h stffn

lhoofr (h.d. @dunm 85<83 Cbdwnfs/Ahrbfs 8570) hbm tlf

pnhtjdros db tlf gdrfs hbm jnhcfs dj Jnebty Ahy md bdt

mespnhy fvemfbgf jdr tlf slhttfreb` wlegl es glhrhgtfresteg dj

stffn lhoofr pfrgussedb. E wdunm su``fst tlht tles nhttfr

hrùofbt prfvhens hbm tlht, ubten prdvfb dtlfrwesf, tlf

Jnebty Ahy hrfh af gdbsemfrfm h prflestdref cbhppeb` setf.

Hb httreautedb td fetlfr prfgfrhoeg dr gfrhoeg wenn lhvf td

whet ubten rfnehanf shopnfs dj jnebt eopnfofbts jrdo mhthanf

sfttnfofbt setfs afgdof hvhenhanf.

<. Gdbgnumeb` rfohrcs

]lf hrglhfdndèghn survfy dj Ndb` Esnhbm lhs slfm odrf

ne`lt db tlf odst eopdrthbt jnebt fxtrhgtedb setf cbdwb db

tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs. Zhredus typfs dj rhw ohtfrehn gdunm af

emfbtejefm. ]lf ohidr prdmugtedb setf es ndghtfm hndb` Jnebty

Ahy, wlfrf fbdrodus quhbtetefs dj mfaeth`f wfrf jdubm9

gdrfghps, preohry hbm sfgdbmhry anhmfs hbm jnhcfs hbm

mesghrmfm gdrfs mespnhyeb` jnhws dj vhredus sdrts. Fxlhustf

gdrfs, tfrtehry jnhcfs hbm anhmfs, hbm rftduglfm eopnfofbts

wfrf fbterfny nhgceb`. Gnfhrny, tlf heo dj tlf prdmugtedb

whs td ohbujhgturf le`l quhnety gdrfs, wlegl wfrf trhbs

pdrtfm jrdo tlf setf td af "pffnfm" fnsfwlfrf, odst necfny

td Hbteùh dr dtlfr bfhray esnhbms. Hntldu`l tlf ahseg

rfmugtedb sfqufbgf whs ubejdro, mejjfrfbgfs eb pnhtjdroprfphrhtedb wfrf bdtfm9 sdof gdrfs mespnhyfm rftdugleb` d

tlf pnhtjdro etsfnj, sdof db tlf mdrshn jhgf. Wugl vhrehtedb

ohy ebmeghtf tlht vhredus `rdups dj pfdpnf wfrf veseteb` tl

setf td datheb tlf bfgfsshry rhw ohtfrehn. Odrf fxtfbsevf

fxghvhtedbs gdunm ennugemhtf tles jurtlfr.

Juturf rfsfhrgl sldunm af merfgtfm ht h mfthenfm hbhnyses

dj rhw ohtfrehn usfm hbm tfglbdndèghn jfhturfs mespnhyfm

ay tlf jnebt eopnfofbts mfreveb` jrdo dtlfr esnhbms, odst

eopdrthbtny "ohebnhbm" Hbteùh. ]lf spfgejeg esnhbm

gdbtfxt dj tlf rfèdb hnndws h vfry jruetjun hppneghtedb dj h

rfèdbhn hpprdhgl tdwhrms jnebt tfglbdnd`y. ]fglbdndèghn

jfhturfs db tlf jnebt hrtfjhgts jdubm db mejjfrfbt esnhbms hbm

tlf bhturf dj tlf mesghrm prdmugts prfsfbt ohy ebmeghtf tlf

sth`f dj prdmugtedb mureb` wlegl tlf jnebt whs trhbspdrtfm

tlfrf. Wugl ebjdrohtedb ghb ennugemhtf wlftlfr tlf Ndb`

Esnhbm jnebt whs fxpndetfm ay dbf `rdup dj pfdpnf hbm tlfb

trhbspdrtfm jurtlfr (gj. OgArymf 85<:, 8558h, 8558a3

]drrfbgf 85<:), dr tlf fxtrhgtedb ndghtedb whs merfgtny

hggfsseanf td mejjfrfbt esnhbm gdooubetefs (gj. @dunm 85<;)

Hgcbdwnfm`fofbts

Jdrfodst E wdunm necf td tlhbc tlf Iuoay Ahy Qfsdrt, eb

phrtegunhr Mdb hbm Chrfb ]htf, jdr tlfer suppdrt hbm

ebtfrfst. Bdt dbny mem tlfy fbgdurh`f tlf rfsfhrgl, tlfy hnsprdvemfm us wetl rddo hbm adhrm. Mfsodbm Begldnsdb,

merfgtdr dj tlf Ousfuo dj Hbteùh hbm Ahraumh, whs h

gdbsthbt sdurgf dj ebsperhtedb. Lf hnndwfm us hggfss td hnn

tlf ohtfrehn lf lhm gdnnfgtfm db Ndb` Esnhbm dvfr tlf yfhrs

hbm lf sldwfm us jnebt sdurgfs hbm hrglhfdndèghn setfs

db "ohebnhbm" Hbteùh. E ho vfry `rhtfjun td tlf sthjj

wld mem h jdroemhanf hodubt dj wdrc eb tlf sldrt pfredm

tlf ghophe`b gdunm nhst3 ofoafrs ebgnumfm Idlb Lh`fb,

Gdrebbf Ldjohb, Ofbbd Ldd`nhbm, Ihb [huptet hbm

Hnfxhbmfr Zfrpddrtf. ]les rfsfhrgl whs phrtehnny jubmfm ay

PD]QD (P1<-1=< (<:)). E tlhbc Gdrebbf Ldjohb hbm

[ftfr Hccfrohbs jdr gdoofbteb` db hb fhrnefr mrhjt dj tles

phpfr.

bdtfs

8 Begldnsdb, merfgtdr dj tlf Ousfuo dj Hbteùh hbm Ahraumh ebWt. Idlb's, Hbteùh, lhs mdguofbtfm hnn tlf Ndb` Esnhbm setfs hbmlhs gdnnfgtfm buofrdus hrtfjhgts.




1 ]lf survfy mfsgreptedb jdro ebgnumfm tlf jdnndweb` vhrehanfs9

8. mhtf, bhof dj tlf survfydr, surjhgf dj tlf sghttfr eb oftfrs.

1. mfbsety (db tlf jdro ebmeghtfm ay mrhweb`s dj pdsseanf

mestreautedbs).

7. tfglbdnd`y (% dj bdmunfs, jnhcf- hbm anhmf-gdrfs, preohry,

sfgdbmhry hbm tfrtehry jnhcfs, anhmfs, grfstfm anhmfs, andgcs,

spnebtfrs, lhoofrstdbfs).

=. mfsgreptedb dj tlf rftduglfm tddns.

6. prfsfbgf dj gdrtfx (eb ''>), aurbeb` (eb %). hbm phtebhtedb (eb %)hbm gdndur dj tlf jnebt.

:. sezf gnhssfs (>8 go, 8-6 go, :-8; go, 28; go) eb %.

0. prfsfbgf dj dtlfr jebm ohtfrehn (pdttfry, adbf, slfnn, gdrhn,

stdbf, hbm ghradb) hbm hb ebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf glhrhgtfr dj tlf

setf (sfttnfofbt dr wdrcsldp),

<. ebtfrprfthtedb hbm fsteohtf dj tlf ldod`fbfety.

5. db tlf jdro h `rem whs prfsfbt td ohcf h pnhb dj tlf sghttfr, hbm

bdtfs gdunm af ohmf hs td tlf gdbtfbts dj tlf shopnfs thcfb.

esnhbm whs usfm jdr tlf guntevhtedb dj su`hrghbf3 nhtfr, jrffm snhvfs

`rfw vhredus grdps db tlf esnhbm. ]lf jefnms wfrf gnfhrfm dj tlf

nhr`fr stdbfs wlegl wfrf gdnnfgtfm db penfs. ]lrdu`l teof tlfsf

penfs snuopfm mdwb td gergunhr gdbgfbtrhtedbs. ]lrff 8 x 8 o

squhrfs wfrf mu` ebtd twd dj sugl gergunhr gdbgfbtrhtedbs (sghttfr

brs 1< hbm 78, sff je`. 1). Gdubts dj tlf vhredus sezf gnhssfs

gdbjerofm tlht tlfsf "jnhceb` jnddrs" dbny gdbthebfm tlf nhr`fr

jrhgtedb hbm nhgcfm tlf glhrhgtfresteg sohnn jnhceb` mfares.

= ]les es prdahany tlf shof setf hs Lhradur, rfpdrtfm ay

Begldnsdb hs afeb` h prfgfrhoeg sfttnfofbt.

6 Ht Jnebty Ahy Dnsdb (8507) bdtfm tlf prfsfbgf dj sfvfrhn jnebt

cbhppeb` jnddrs, gergunhr eb slhpf wetl nhr`f stdbfs wlegl lf

ebtfrprftfm hs sfhts jdr tlf cbhppfrs. Pf jdubm bd trhgfs dj sugl

stdbfs, bdr dj mesgrftf, gergunhr jnhceb` jnddrs. ]lf setf gdbsests dj 3e

ndb` strftgl dj hnodst sdnem jnhceb` mfares.

7 Wfvfrhn hutldrs lhm bdtfm tlf prfsfbgf dj gergunhr sghttfrs dj

jnebt, wlegl sdof ebtfrprftfm hs cbhppeb` jnddrs. Lestdreghn

ebjdrohtedb, ldwfvfr. rfvfhns tlht trdo 806; ubten g. 8<6; tlf

: Pf httfoptfm td ndghtf tles setf aut wetldut suggfss. ]lf hrfh

mespnhys ndts dj aunnmdzfr trhgcs hbm odst necfny tles setf whs

mfstrdyfm.




rfjfrfbgfs

Mhves, M.M.

@dunm, Q.H.

@dunm, Q.H.

W. Wh``frs

Lhvesfr. I.A.

Ldjohb, GN.

Cbdwnfs, J.L.W.

H.W. Ahrbfs

850= Wdof bdtfs gdbgfoeb` tlf Hrglheg dgguphtedb dj Hbteùh, [rdg. dj tlf jejtl Ebtfrbhtedbh

Gdb`rfss jdr tlf stumy dj prf-Gdnuoaehb gunturfs dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs, :6-08.

8557 Hrglheg anhmf prdmugtedb db Hbteùh, Pfst-nbmefs. Hofreghb Hbtequety 6<, :<<-:50.

85<; Neveb` hrglhfdnd`y. Ghoarem`f.

85<8 Arhbmdb rfvesetfm9 h bfw nddc ht hb dnm tfglbdnd`y. Eb9 Q.H. @dunm/O.A . Wglejjfr (fms)

Odmfrb ohtfrehn gunturf. ]lf hrglhfdnd`y dj us. Bfw Udrc, 1:5-1<1.

85<6 Netleg prdgurfofbt eb Gfbtrhn Hustrhneh9 h gndsfr nddc ht Aebjdrm 's emfh dj foafmmfmbfss

eb hrglhfdnd`y, Hofreghb Hbtequety 6;, 880-87:.

855; @fd`rhpleg, fgdbdoef hbm mfod`rhpleg hspfgts dj Hofrebmehb ebtfrhgtedb aftwffb

Hbùennh hbm Wt. Ohrteb-Wt. Ohhrtfb, [hpfr prfsfbtfm ht tlf 66tl Hboehn Offteb` dj tlf

Wdgefty jdr Hofreghb Hrglhfdnd`y, Nhs Zf`hs, Bfvhmh, Hpren 855;.

8557 //3 sfhrgl dj tlf bhtevf pdpunhtedb dj [rf-Gdnuoaehb Whlh (=;; - 8=6; HM). [hrt dbf.

[dttfry stynfs hbm tlfer ebtfrprfthtedbs. ]lfses, Nfemfb.

8570 Ohbujhgturf dj ùbjnebts, Hbtequety 8 8 (=1), 1;8-1;0.

Cdzndwsce, I.C.

Nubmafr`, F.Q.

OgArymf, E.

850= [rfgfrhoeg gunturfs eb tlf Ghrelafhb (? [rhgf Hrglfdndègzbf Y 1;). Phrshw.

85<5 Cruo Ahy, Zerèb Esnhbm. ]lfses Vbevfrsety dj Ennebdes, Vrahbh.

85<: Hrtejhgts, nhbùh`f hbm sdgehn ebtfrhgtedb9 h ghsf stumy jrdo sdutlfrb Hustrhneh. Eb9

@.B. Ahenfy/[. Ghnndw (fms), Wtdbf H`f prflestdry. Ghoarem`f, 00-5=.

8558h Wtdbf quhrrefs, prdmugtedb hbm fxglhb`f eb Hadreèbhn Hustrhneh9 sdof ghsf stumefs.[hpfr prfsfbtfm ht tlf ZE Ebtfrbhtedbhn [nebt Wyopdseuo, Ohmrem.

Oddrf, G.

Ouetfr, L.@.

O.[. Pfess

M.Z. Begldnsdb

8558a Jnebt db tlf reo dj h gdbtebfbt 3 fxpndethtedb dj jnebt sdurgfs db tlf Bunnhradr [nheb.

Hustrhneh, [hpfr prfsfbtfm ht tlf ZE Ebtfrbhtedbhn Jnebt Wyopdseuo, Ohmrem.

8558 Ghahrft, netleg wdrcsldp setfs eb Lhete. Eb9 F.B. Hyuae/I. Lhvesfr (fms) [rdgffmeb`s dj tl

tlertffbtl ebtfrbhtedbhn gdb`rfss jdr Ghreaafhb hrglhfdnd`y. Gurhghd, 51-8;7.

85<: Hbteùh3 rffjs, rdgcs & le`lrdhms dj' lestdry. Wt. Idlbs.

Begldnsdb, M.Z.

Dnsfb, H.A.

W. Hnshcfr

850:h Hb Hbteùh slfnn oemmfb wetl gfrhoeg hbm hrglheg gdopdbfbts, [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf sextl

Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfss jdr tlf stumy dj prf-Gdnuoaehb gunturfs dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs,

16<-1:7.

850:a Hrtejhgt typfs dj prfgfrhoeg Hbteùh, [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf sextl Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfss jdr

tlf stumy dj prf-Gdnuoaehb gunturfs dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs, 1:=-1:<.

85<= @rffbstdbf hbm mehahsf utenezhtedb dj tlf stdbf h`f dj Pfstfrb Bdrwhy9 tfglbdndèghn hb

sdgedgunturhn mestreautedb, Bdrwfèhb Hrglhfdndèghn Qfvefw 80, 08-8;7.




Dnsdb, J.

[ebgldb, Q.

8507 Mem tlf Geadbfy prfgfmf tlf Hrhwhcs eb Hbteùh4, [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf jdurtl Ebtfr

bhtedbhn Gdb`rfssjdr tlf stumy dj prf-Gdnuolehb gunturfs dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs, 5=-8;1.

8561 Ebtrdmugtedb h 8'hrglådndèf ohrtebequhesf, Idurbhn mf nh Wdgeåtå mfs Hofreghbestfs =8(1),

7;6-61.

[ecf, M.P.

H.@. [hbtfn

Qdusf, 8.

Wglebcfn, C.

]drrfbgf, Q.

Zfndz Oh`èdnd, O.

Zhnc. vhb mf N.

Zfrpddrtf, H.

850= Jerst jnebt wdrcsetf jdubm eb [ufrtd Qegd, [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf jejtl Ebtfrbhtedbhn Gdb`rfss

jdr tlf stumy dj prf-Gdnuolehb gunturfs dj tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs, 8=;-8=1.

85:= [rflestdry dj tlf Pfst Ebmefs, Wgefbgf 8==, =55-687.

8551 ]lf ]hebds. Qesf & mfgnebf dj tlf pfdpnf wld `rfftfm Gdnuolus. Bfw Lhvfb.

8551 ]lf @dnmfb Qdgc jfhturfs. Eb9 H.L. Zfrstff`/C. Wglebcfn (fms), ]lf hrglhfdnd`y dj

Wt. Fusthteus9 ]lf @dnmfb Qdgc Wetf. Wt. Fusthteus, 8=7-181.

85<: [rdmugtedb hbm fxglhb`f djstdbf tddns. Ghoarem`f.

8558 [hbdrhoh lestdregd mfn Ghrelf [rfgdndoaebd. Mdoebeghb Qfpuaneg.

8551 ]lf plyseghn fbverdbofbt dj @dnmfb Qdgc. Eb9 H.L. Zfrstff`/C. Wglebcfn (fms), ]lf

hrglhfdnd`y dj Wt. Fusthteus9 ]lf @dnmfb Qdgc Wetf. Wt. Fusthteus, 8=-7;.

8557 Zfnmvfrcfbbeb` vhb mf vuurstffb vddrcdofbs fb wfrcpnhhtsfb vhb Ndb` Esnhbm, Hbteùh,

Pfst-Ebmefs. OH tlfses Nfemfb.

Phncfr. .8. 8505 Hbhnyses hbm rfpneghtedb dj netleg hrtejhgts jrdo tlf Wu`hr Jhgtdry [efr Wetf, Wt. Cetts,

[rdgffmeb`s dj tlf fe`ln Ebtfrbhtedbhn gdb`rfss jdr tlf stumy dj prf-Gdnuolehb gunturfs dj

tlf Nfssfr Hbtennfs, :5-05.

Phttfrs, M.Q.

Phttfrs. M.Q.

E. Qdusg

85<; ]rhbsfgt survfyeb` hbm prflestdref setf ndghtedbs db Ahraumh hbm Odbtsfrrht. Nffwhrm

/sthbms, Pfst-Ebmefs. ]lfses, [ettsaur`l.

85<5 Fbverdbofbthn mevfrsety hbm ohreteof hmhpthtedb eb tlf Ghreaafhb hrfh. Eb9 [.F. Wef`fn

(fm.) Fhrny gfrhoeg pdpunhtedb nejfwhys hbm hmhptevf strhtfèfs eb tlf Ghreaafhb AHQ

Ebt. W.6;:, 815-8==.

H.N.vhb @eib


[.D. Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb





G.I. Befuwfblues Vsf-wfhr hbhnyses db prfgfrhoeg Gdndoaehb hrtfjhgtsdj tlf Harefbsf tddngnhss

]lf hppneghtedb djoegrd-wfhr hbhnyses td tlf hrtfjhgts dj

(e sfrefs dj prf-gfrhoeg setfs eb Gdndoaeh es fxpfgtfm td

hopnejy tlf ebtfrprfthtevf pdsselenetefs dj (lfrt eopnfofbts

dj h typd-odrpldndèghnny ubmeh`bdsteg glhrhgtfr. Hs h

pendtstumy jdr tles rfsfhrgl prdifgt, d sfnfgned/e dj hrtfjhgts

jrdo tlf setf @hnebmd whs hbhnyzfm. ]lf rfsunts dj tlf

hbhnyses ebmeghtf tlht tlf trhmetedbhn typdnd`y tesfm td

gnhssejy tlfsf tddns es bdn hnwhys rfnfvhbt jdr h jubgtedbhn

ebtfrprfthtedb.

8. Ebtr dmug t edb

]lf odst glhrhftfresteg hrtfjhgts prdmugfm ay prfgfrhoeg

`rdups dj lubtfrs hbm `htlfrfrs eb Gdndoaeh, hrf jnhcfs hbm

gdrf tddns ohmf dj glubcs dj thaunhr glfrt dr whtfr-wdrb

glfrt bdmunfs. ]lf tfglbdnd`y ay wlegl tlf oheb phrt dj

tlfsf tddns whs ohbujhgturfm es sdofteofs rfjfrrfm td hs

tlf "fm`f-treoofm tdde trhmetedb" (h.d. Lurt 8500). Et es

glhrhgtfrezfm ay tlf usf dj merfgt pfrgussedb3 eb odst ghsfs

tlf wdrceb` fm`fs lhvf bd rftdugl ht hnn, dgghsedbhnny tlfrf

hrf hrtfjhgts wetl ubejhgehn rftdugl. Bd aejhgehns hrf jdubm

hodb` tlfsf tddns. ]les fxpfmeãbt tfglbdnd`y es bdt neoetfm

td Gdndoaeh aut es typeghn jdr tlf wldnf Bdrtlwfst dj Wdutl

Hofregh (h.d. Ghrmegl 85583 Lurt 85003 Wtdtlfrt 85<6).Jrdo tlf fhrny prf-gfrhoeg up td tlf gdndbehn pfredm tlfsf

hrtfjhgts wfrf ohbujhgturfm wetldut se`bejeghbt

odrpldndèghn dr tfglbdndèghn glhb`fs. Eb Gdndoaeh, tles

tdde gnhss es usuhnny ghn nfm "Har efbsf", hjtfr tlf typf-setf

Fn Harh.

Eb tlf phst twd mfghmfs Gdndoaehb hrglhfdndèsts lhvf

mfvfndpfm hb fxtfbsevf gnhssejeghtedb systfo td ghthndùf

tlfsf tddns db tlf ahses dj odrpldndèghn hbm, td h nfssfr

fxtfbt, tfglbdndèghn gretfreh. ]lf nhr`fst buoafr dj

hrtfjhgts tldu`l, es ebfvethany gnhssejefm hs "htypeghn jnhcfs"

(Gdrrfhn Vrrf`d 8500, 8505, 855;3 Gdrrfhn Vrrf`d/[ebtd

Bdnnh 85\73 N÷pfz 8558 h.d.) dr "hodrpldus ountejubg-tedbhn tddns" (Hrmenh 85<=). Ldwfvfr usfjun tles

gnhssejeghtedb systfo ohy af jdr typdndèghn purpdsfs, wlfb

et gdofs td h jubgtedbhn httreautedb tlfrf es dbny dbf

gfrthebty9 ebtfrprfthtedb hs (usfm) tddns es hnwhys mduat j ue.

Hs oegrdsgdpeghn hbhnyses dj usf-wfhr trhgfs db j"8 ebt

eopnfofbts nehs affb mfvfndpfm ebtd h ohturf hbhnyteghn

tdde hbm lhs prdvfb td af fssfbtehn jdr tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj

tdde jubgtedbs, h rfsfhrgl prdifgt whs sthrtfm td hppny tles

oftldm td tlf Gdndoaehb hrtfjhgts eb drmfr td fxtfbm tlf

ebtfrprfthtevf pdsseaenetefs dj tles ubmeh`bdsteg tddngnhss.

Jerst, fxpfreofbts wfrf gdbmugtfm td mftfroebf wlftlfr

tlf usf-wfhr trhgås db tddns dj tlf mejjfrfbt glfrt typfs dj

wlegl tlf Harefbsf hrtfjhgts hrf usuhnny ohmf. hrf

gdophrhanf td tldsf cbdwb td mfvfndp db jnebt tddns.

Wfvfrhn gdbthgt-ohtfrehns (wddm, lemf, adbf, ofht. jesl,

senegfdus pnhbts) wfrf wdrcfm db, useb` tddns ohmf dj

thaunhr andgcs dj gdhrsf glfrt jrdo tlf Whahbh mf Ad`dthhbm jebfny `rhebfm glfrt pfaanfs jrdo tlf Oh`mhnfbh vhnnfy

(je`. 8). Et whs gdbterofm tlht wfhr-trhgf tdrohtedb db tlfsf

glfrts es gdophrhanf td tlf jdrohtedb db jnebt, aut trhgfs hrf

usuhnny nfss mfvfndpfm db tlf gdhrsfr typfs.

Hntldu`l et lhs affb fsthaneslfm tlht oegrd-rftdugl

mespnhys gdophrhanf glhrhgtfrestegs db mejjfrfbt netleg

ohtfrehns (h.d. Wlfh 85<<), tles hbhnyses gdbgfbtrhtfm db tlf

prfsfbgf dj usf-pdnesl, fm`f-rdubmeb` hbm strehtedbs, hbm

bdt db usf-rftdugl. ]lf hbhnyses dj tlf jdrohtedb dj fm`f-

rfodvhns hbm dj tlf ebmeghtevf vhnuf dj tlfsf rfodvhns db

tles spfgejeg tddn-gnhss hbm ohtfrehn es phrt dj tlf rfsfhrgl

prdifgt, aut lhs bdt affb ebvfste`htfm tldrdu`lny fbdu`l yft.

1. ]lf shopnf

H sfnfgtedb dj g. 1;; eopnfofbts jrdo @hnebmd, h

prfgfrhoeg dpfb-jefnm setf, whs gldsfb jdr h pendt stumy.

]lf setf es ndghtfm db h gdnnuvehn tfrrhgf db tlf Whahbh mf

Ad`dth, hb ebtfrodbthbf pnheb ht h lfe`lt dj 1,:;; o hadvf

sfh nfvfn eb tlf fhstfrb Hbmfs-glheb eb gfbtrhn Gdndoaeh

(je`. 8). ]lf tfrrhgf es phrt dj h 16 o le`l lenn, mfpdsetfm

mureb` tlf nhtf grfthgfdus (@uhmhnupf Wupfredr). Dbf dj tlf

glhrhftfresteg sfmeofbts dj tles jdrohtedb gdbsests dj thaunhr

glfrt andgcs, jdubm db tlf tdp dj tlf lenn hbm db tlf sndpfs.

]ldushbms dj stdbf jrhòfbts wfrf fxghvhtfm db tlftfrrhgf, hs wfnn hs h rfohrchany ndw hodubt dj hbeohn

adbfs, sdof jerfpnhgfs hbm dbf ohnf aurehn. ]lf ohtfrehn

whs jdubm eb jdur dgguphtedbhn nfvfns, tlf dnmfst tlrff

mhteb` jrdo tlf 5tl oennfbbeuo A[ hbm tlf ydub`fst nfvfn

mhteb` jrdo tlf gfrhoeg pfredm. ]lf setf whs fxghvhtfm eb

85<: hbm 85<0 hbm tlf hrtfjhgts sffofm wfnn prfsfrvfm jdr

h oegrdsgdpeghn hbhnyses.



1;; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 8. Qfsfhrgl hrfh. Ndghtedb dj tlf setf @hnebmd db tlf Whahbh mf Ad`dth.

]lf shopnf whs sfnfgtfm ay tlf fxghvhtdr' jrdo hnn jdur

dgguphtedbhn nfvfns hbm gdbthebs tddns dj odst dj tlf

Harefbsf ghtf`drefs tlht hrf usuhnny mestebùeslfm. @uemfm

ay tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm odrpldndèghn hbm tfglbdndèghn

gretfreh, slf ohmf h sfnfgtedb dj hrtfjhgts tlht eb lfr dpebedb

wfrf odst necfny td lhvf affb usfm hs tddns. Hntldu`l tlf

pfrgfbth`fs dj sfnfgtfm hrtfjhgts (nestfm eb tha. 8) hrf tdd

sohn_ td af sthtesteghnny se`bejeghbt hbm hrf bdt systfohte-

ghnny sprfhm dvfr tlf vhredus tddntypfs, tlf shopnf whs

usfjun jdr tles pendt stumy, ofhbt td fblhbgf cbdwnfm`f dj

tlf glhrhgtfrestegs dj usf-wfhr trhgfs db tlf Harefbsf gnhss

glfrt tddns. Jdnndweb` tlf rfsunts dj tles stumy, h nhr`fr hbm

odrf rfprfsfbthtevf shopnf dj tlf hrtfjhgts jrdo tles setf

hbm dtlfr prfgfrhoeg setfs wenn af hbhnyzfm.

[rhgteghnny hnn tlf hrtfjhgts hrf ohmf jrdo ndghn glfrt,

jdubm db tlf lenn etsfnj. H buoafr dj tddns hrf ohmf dj

jebfny `rhebfm glfrt wlegl whs fxtrhgtfm jrdo tlf

Oh`mhnfbh vhnnfy, ht nfhst :; co td tlf wfst dj tlf setf

([ebtdBdnnh 8558).

7. ]lf hbhnyses

Db h tdthn dj 188 hrtfjhgts, 7;; pdsseanf wdrceb` fm`fs

wfrf mestebùeslfm hbm hbhnyzfm wetl h le`l pdwfr

oegrdsgdpf, useb` oh`bejeghtedbs aftwffb nDDx hbm 7;;x.

Hnn hrtfjhgts wfrf gnfhbfm wetl h 8;% LGN sdnutedb eb hb

untrhsdbeg thbc jdr jevf oebutfs, tlfb eoofrsfm eb h 8;%

CDL sdnutedb jdr hbdtlfr jevf oebutfs hbm tldrdu`lny

rebsfm wetl whtfr3 tlf eopnfofbts wfrf gnfhbfm wetl

hngdldn mureb` oegrdsgdpeghn fxhoebhtedb. ]lf usf-wfhr

trhgfs wfrf gnhssejefm hbm gdmfm wetl hb hmhptfm hbm

seopnejefm vfrsedb dj tlf systfo mfvfndpfm ay Zhb @eib

(855;).

]lf 7;; pdsseanf wdrceb` fm`fs wfrf sfnfgtfm db tlf

ahses dj fm`f odrpldnd`y hbm dtlfr plfbdofbh wlegl

gdunm af dasfrvfm wetldut oegrdsgdpf9 (ebtfbtedbhn)

rftdugl, h strhe`lt grdss sfgtedb dj tlf fm`f, pdnesl dr

prdtrumeb` pdebts.

Dj tlfsf 7;; fm`fs, 06 hppfhrfm td af hgtuhnny usfm. Dj

tlf rfohebeb` fm`fs, 7< wfrf gdmfm hs "prdahany usfm", 6





1;1 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

]hanf 8. Buoafr hbm pfrgfbth`f dj hbhnysfm hrtfjhgts dj @hnebmdrfgt.? rfgthbùnhr, bdt ebtfrprfthanf (aurbfm, phtebh)

gdbthgt ohtfrehn

typf tdthn hbhnyzfm (%) ebtfrprftfm (%) prdahany usfm ubsurf bd trhgfs bdt ebtfrprfthanf lhjteb` trhg

trehbùnhr jnhcf 1:< 7; (88) 80 (60) = 1 7 7 7

pbsohteg jnhcf 167 16 (8;) = (8:) 7 1 EE 6 8

gdbgdemhn jnhcf 866 18 (8=) 88 (61) = 7 1 8 ;

rfgt.nhtfrhn jnhcf 06 81 (8:) 0 (6<) = d ; ; 8

trdbgdbeghn jnhcf 8') 6 (1:) ; 8 1 1 ; ;

rfgt.fbm jnhcf 0: 7 (=) ; (8 1 8 ; EE

htypeghn jnhcf :0: 86 (1) = (10) 1 7 : ; 8

sgrhpfrs 0= 8= (85) 1 (8=) ; 1 d = ;

nhtfrhn sgrhpfr 1=7 < (7) 1 (16) 8 1 1 8 ;

fbm-sgrhpfr 176 : (7) 1 (77) 8 -R d ; ;

mesgdemhn sgrhpfr 81 6 (77) 8 (1;) ; 1 1 ; ;

ountepnf sgrhpfr =: 0 (86) ; 1 8 8 7 ;

pfrjdrhtdrs :6 :; (51) 8= (17) < 81 17 8 1

tdthn 1850 188 (8;) := (7;) 7; 75 65 8< <

]hanf 1. Gdbthgt ohtfrehns.dasfrvfm plfbdofbh9 ;? bd dasfrvfm plfbdofbh3 8? rftdugl nhr`fr tlhb dr fquhn td 8 oo3 1? rftdugsohnnfr tlhb 8 oo3 7? pdnesl3 =? strhe`lt fm`f3 6? `rdubm surjhgf3 :? prdtrumeb` pdebttddntypfs9 7? pfrjdrhtdrs3 88? trehbùnhr jnhcf3 81? presohteg jnhcf3 87? gdbgdemhn jnhcf3 8=? rfgthbùnh

nhtfrhn jnhcf3 86? trdbgdbeghn jnhcf3 8:? rfgthbùnhr fbm jnhcf3 80? htypeghn jnhcf3 18? nhtfrhn sgrhpf11? fbm sgrhpfr, 17? mesgdemhn sgrhpfr3 1=? ountepnf sgrhpfr

gdbthgt ohtfrehn tdthn tddntypfs dasfrvfm plfbdofb

adbf 1 88

sdjt pnhbt 7 87

wddm 5 7 88 S7 8= 1; 18

senegfdus pnhbt 7 88 80 11

lemf 81 7 81 87 8= 80 11

lhrm ohtfrehn 7 7 8 817

sdjt ohtfrehn 7 88 8= 80

sdjt hbeohn ohtfrehn 7 87

lhrm hbeohn ohtfrehn 8 8 8

adbf/wddm 7 88 18

ubcbdwb 6 81 87

`rfhsy nustrf 7 6 81 8=

wddm/adbf/hbtnfr 88) 6 8 8 8= 80

ofht/adbf : 88 1;

hs "ubsurf", 8;8 mespnhyfm bd trhgfs ht hnn, hbm 7; gdunm

bdt af ebtfrprftfm afghusf tlfy wfrf fetlfr aurbfm dr lhm

gdndur phtebh db tlf surjhgf. Eb odst ghsfs dbny dbf dj tlf

rfèstfrfm fm`fs whs hgtuhnny usfm3 wlfb mejjfrfbt pdsseanf

wdrceb` fm`fs db dbf seb`nf tdde wfrf ebtfrprftfm hs usfm,

tles whs odstny db tlf shof gdbthgt ohtfrehn.

]lf mejjfrfbt tddntypfs hbm dasfrvfm (hbm bdt dasfrvfm)

trhgås hrf prfsfbtfm eb thanf 8, wlfrf tlf buoafr dj tddns es

gdubtfm, bdt tlf buoafr dj pdsseanf wdrceb` fm`fs. Lhjteb`

trhgfs hrf jdubm dbgf eb gdoaebhtedb wetl gdbthgt ohtfrehn

(autglfreb`) hbm sfvfb teofs db tddns rfèstfrfm hs

"prdahany usfm".

]lf gdbthgt-ohtfrehns tlf := tddns hrf tldu`lt td af usfm

db, hrf nestfm eb thanf 1. Odst jrfqufbt hrf tlf tddns usfm

jdr lemf-hbm wddmwdrceb` (rfsp. 81 hbm n

) eopnfofbts3

je`s 1h, a, 7h, a), hbm jdr h oexfm ghtf`dry wddm/adbf/

hbtnfr. Dtlfr pdneslfs wfrf ebtfrprftfm hs afeb` tlf rfsunt



1;7 G.I. BEFVPFBLVEW - [QFGFQHOEG GDNDOAEHB HQ]FJHG]W

Jeùrf 7h. ]ddn br. 5;5, ebtfrprftfm hs lemfpdnesl (8;;x).

Jeùrf 7a. ]ddn br. <66, ebtfrprftfm hs wddm-pdnesl (1;;x).

Jeùrf 7g. [dnesl rfsunteb` trdo gutteb` Hrubmd mdbhx. (=;;x)

Jeùrf 7m. ]ddn br. 001, ebtfrprftfm hs pnhbt-pdnesl (1;;x).

Jeùrf 7f. ]ddn br. 0:1-16, ebtfrprftfm hs pnhbt-pdnesl (1;;x).

Jeùrf 7j. ]ddn br. 0:1-1:, ebtfrprftfm hs pnhbt-pdnesl (8;;x).

Jeùrf 7`. ]ddn br. 0:<-1:, ebtfrprftfm hs pnhbt-pdnesl (1;;x)



1;= HBHNFG]H [QHFL8W]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

]hanf 7. Pdrceb` fm`fs hbm tlf prfsfbgf dr hasfbgf dj wfhr trhgfs.

* sldunm bdt lhvf affb rf estfrfm hs pdsseanf tdde

** hnn pfrjdrhtdrs hbm dbf htypeghn jnhcf

gdbthgt ohtfrehn

dasfrvfm plfbdofbh tdthn ebtfrprftfm (%) pdsseany usfm ubusfm bd trhgfs bdt ebtfrprfthanf lhjteb` trhg

bd plfbdofbh dasfrvfm* 8 ; ; ; 8 ; ;

rftdugl 2 noo 66 8= (16) 88 EE 5 8; ne

rftdugl > 8 oo 14 0 (1<) (. : : ; 0

pdnesl 1 1 (8;;) ; (e u ; en

strhe`lt fm`f 8== 10 (8<) 86 11 :8 8< 0

`rdubm surjhgf 8 ; ; 8 ; ; ;

prdtrumeb` pdebt** :0 8= (18) < 8: 1< 1 ;

jrdo gdbthgt wetl adbf, mejjfrfbt pnhbts hbm sdjt hbm lhrm

(hbetbhn) ohtfrehn (sdofteofs, wlfb jdubm db dbf tdde,

ebtfrprftfm hs "autglfreb`"). Db sex tddns trhgfs dj

ubcbdwb gdbthgt ohtfrehns wfrf rfèstfrfm, dbf dj wlegl es

mfsgreafm hs h "`rfhsy nustrf". Eb 71 ghsfs h prdahanf

odtedb gdunm af fsthaneslfm, odstny eb gdoaebhtedb wetl h

spfgejeg gdbthgt ohtfrehn. Hntldu`l jnhcfs wfrf bdrohnny

usfm eb h ndbètumebhn odtedb, jdur jnhcfs (twd wetl h

strhe`lt fm`f hbm twd wetl rftdugl) wfrf fopndyfm hs

sgrhpfrs db lemf hbm db wddm/adbf/hbtnfr.

Wex tddns wfrf usfm jdr pnhbt prdgfsseb`, jdur dj wlegl

hrf ohmf dj h bdb-ndghn, jebfny `rhebfm glfrt (je`s 1g, m,

7f, j, `). Dbf dj tlfsf tddns mfrevfs jrdo tlf gfrhoeg

nfvfn, tlf dtlfrs wfrf jdubm eb tlf prf-gfrhoeg nfvfns.

]lf pnhbt-pdnesl db dbf dj tlfsf prf-gfrhoeg tddns es vfry

seoendr td tlf pdnesl tlht rfsuntfm jrdo fxpfreofbts

gdbmugtfm db "ghbharhvh mf Ghstennh" (Hrubmd mdbhx N.3

je`s 7g, m).1

Dbf trehbùnhr hbm dbf htypeghn jnhcf wfrf ebtfrprftfm hs

pdsseanf hrrdwlfhms. Hodb` tlf Harefbsf hrtfjhgts bd

prdifgtenf-pdebts hrf mestebùeslfm, muf td tlf hasfbgf dj

gfrtheb tfglbdndèghn glhrhgtfrestegs necf aejhgehn rftdugl.

Jrdo h odrpldndèghn pdebt dj vefw, ldwfvfr, et sldunm bdt

af fxgnumfm tlht trehbùnhr jnhcfs wetl slhrp fm`fs gdunm

lhvf affb usfm jdr tles purpdsf (gdop. Dmfnn 85<<). ]lf

twd pdsseanf hrrdwlfhms wfrf ebtfrprftfm hs sugl afghusf

tlfy sldwfm oegrd-nebfhr eophgt trhgfs3 dbf dj tlfo sffos

td lhvf lhjteb` trhgfs ht tlf prdxeohn fbm wlfrfhs tlf dtlfr

dbf lhs h ardcfb tep hbm trhgfs dj gdbthgt wetl lhrm

ohtfrehn (adbf/wddm).8

=. Gdbgnusedbs

Hs whs fxpfgtfm, bdt hnn hrtfjhgts gnhssejefm hs tddns

mespnhy ebtfrprfthanf wfhr-trhgfs9 fvfb eb h shopnf dj

"odst prdahanf tddns", dbny dbf jdurtl dj tlf hrtfjhgts

whs ebtfrprftfm hs usfm eopnfofbt. ]les ghb af ghusfm ay

(h gdoaebhtedb) dj tlf jdnndweb` jhgtdrs9

8. Dbny jfw hrtfjhgts wfrf hgtuhnny usfm3 ohby dj tlf

hrtfjhgts gnhssejefm hs tddns ohy af mfares.

1. Odst dj tlf tddns hrf ohmf dj gdhrsf `rhebfm glfrt, db

wlegl tlf jdrohtedb dj wfhr-trhgfs es sndwfr tlhb db

jebf `rhebfm jnebts. Muf td tles jhgt hbm tlf fxpfmeãbtglhrhgtfr dj tles tddn-gnhss, et es jherny shjf td sthtf tlht

odst dj tlf eopnfofbts wfrf prdahany usfm jdr h teof

tdd neoetfm td prdmugf rfgd`bezhanf wfhr-trhgfs.

7. Pfhr-trhgfs dj sdjt gdbthgt ohtfrehns lhvf meshppfhrfm

muf td pdst-mfpdsetedbhn prdgfssfs hbm trfhtofbt mureb`

hbm hjtfr fxghvhtedb.

=. ]lf hutldr mem bdt rfgd`bezf trhgfs db tlf dtlfr

hrtfjhgts.

Et es bdt yft gnfhr wlegl dj tlfsf jhgtdrs es tlf oheb ghus

dj tlf ndw buoafr dj tddns hodb` tlf sfnfgtfm hrtfjhgts.

Hbhnyses dj h nhr`fr buoafr dj eopnfofbts jrdo tles setf

hbm dtlfr gdbtfopdrhry setfs db tlf Ad`dth pnheb hbm eb tlOh`mhnfbh vhnnfy es fxpfgtfm td slfm odrf ne`lt db tles

ohttfr.

Hs jhr hs tlf sezf hbm tlf gldegf dj tles shopnf hnndws

hby ebtfrprfthtedbs gdbgfrbeb` h gdrrfnhtedb aftwffb

typdnd`y hbm jubgtedb dj tlf tddns, et ghb af sthtfm tlht

tlfrf sffos td af bd gdrrfnhtedb ht hnn. Hnn tddntypfs wfrf

usfm db mejjfrfbt gdbthgt ohtfrehns, hbm hnn tlfsf ohtfrehns

wfrf wdrcfm db wetl mejjfrfbt tddntypfs (tha. 1). Hbhnyzeb

tles spfgejeg tddngnhss, tlfrf hppfhrs td af odrf gdrrfnhtedb

aftwffb tlf odrpldndèghn hspfgts dj tlf fm`fs hbm dtlfr

"dasfrvfm plfbdofbh", hbm tlf prfsfbgf dr hasfbgf dj

wfhr-trhgfs (tha. 7). Qftdugl sffos td af h rfnhtevfny `ddm

ebmeghtedb jdr usf. Dj tlf hrtfjhgts mespnhyeb` rftdugl

sohnnfr tlhb 8 oo, 1<% whs ebtfrprftfm hs afeb` usfm3

wlfb rftdugl whs fquhn td dr nhr`fr tlhb 8 oo, 16.6% dj

tlf hbhnyzfm hrtfjhgts wfrf rfèstfrfm hs usfm. H strhe`lt

grdss sfgtedb gdunm af hssdgehtfm wetl usf eb 8<.8%, wlegl

wdunm ofhb tlht tles plfbdofbdb es sne`ltny nfss ebmeghtev

Eb tles shopnf, pdnesl veseanf wetldut oegrdsgdpf hnwhys



1;6 G.I. BEFVPFBLVEW - [QFGFQHOEG GDNDOAEHB HQ]FJHG]W

ebmeghtfs usf (twd hrtfjhgts, je`s 1g, m.) Dbf dj tlfsf tddns

hnsd lhs rftdugl db tlf usfm fm`f. H sfphrhtf gnustfr hrf tlf

hrtfjhgts wetl prdtrumeb` pdebts, hs dasfrvfm db hnn tlf

pfe'narhtdrs, hbm db h jfw dtlfr tddntypfs. Db 8= dj tlfsf

tddns, gdbthgt ohtfrehn gdunm af fsthaneslfm (1;.5%), hbm

db 1< (=8.<%) bd trhgfs wfrf rfèstfrfm. Bdbf dj tlfsf

pfrgfbth`fs es le`l (dr ndw) fbdu`l td nfhm td mfthenfm

gdbgnusedbs, aut et es fxpfgtfm tlht tles wenn af pdsseanf ht hodrf hmvhbgfm sth`f dj tles prdifgt.

]lf jhgt tlht tlfrf hrf hrtfjhgts mespnhyeb` ebtfrprfthanf

wfhr-trhgfs steounhtfs jurtlfr rfsfhrgl. ]lf rfsunts prdvf

tlht usf-wfhr hbhnyses suppdrts tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj gfrtheb

hrtfjhgts hs tddns, wlegl wfrf trhmetedbhnny dbny gnhssejefm hs

sugl db tvpd-odrpldndèghn `rdubms. Ldwfvfr, wetldut

mfvhnuhteb` tlf trhmetedbhn typdnd`y, eb vefw dj tlf hasdnutf

hasfbgf dj tfglbdndèghn prfmftfroebhtedb et sffos td af

afttfr td jdgus db fm`f-odrpldnd`y tlhb db tlf typdndèghn

ghtf`drefs jdr h jubgtedbhn hbhnyses dj tles tddn-gnhss.

bdtfs

8 Ors. Ohreh [ebtd, Vbevfrsemhm Bhgedbhn mf Gdndoaeh, Ad`dth.Hb fxtfbsevf rfpdrt dj tles hbhnyses wenn af puaneslfm hs hbhppfbmex td lfr mdgtdrhtf tlfses.

1 ]les spfgejeg rffm mem bdt fxest eb prfgdndbehn teofs, authggdrmeb` td mejjfrfbt sdurgfs (h.d. Weodb 8:10. ] EEE, 8<6), eb

gdndbehn teofs gdophrhanf spfgefs wfrf wemfny usfm, db tlfAd`dth pnheb j.,4, jdr gdbstrugtedb. Hb hrglhfdndèghn rfjfrfbgf jdrtlf usf dj rffm-necf pnhbts jdr gdbstrugtedbs ghb af jdubm ht tlfHùhzuquf setf db tlf shof Ad`dth pnheb, mhtfm aftwffb 6;16 hbm1016 A[. Hnn dgguphtedbhn nfvfns dj tles setf rfvfhnfm gergunhrsfrefs dn' pdstldnfs, dbf dj wlegl gdbthebs rfohebs dj h Ahoausfh.Afsemfs, hnn nfvfns gdbtheb `rhoebfh-pdnnfb (Gdrrfhn Vrrf`d 855;).Pfhr-trhgfs db tlf stdbf hrtfjhgts jrdo tles setf wenn hnsd afhbhnyzfm eb tlf bfhr juturf.

7 Hbhnyzeb` tlf ohtfrehn jrdo tlf prfgfrhoeg setf ]fqufbmhoh,hnsd ndghtfm db tlf Whahbh mf Ad`dth, tlf hutldr jdubm trehbùnhrjnhcfs wetl tlf shof glhrhgtfrestegs9 strdb`ny mfvfndpfm oegrd-nebfhr eophgt trhgfs, ardcfb teps hbm lhjteb` trhgfs.



9>2d HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

rfjfrfbgfs

Hrmenh, @.E.

Ghrmegl, H.

Gdrrfhn Vrrf`d, @.

Gdrrfhn Vrrf`d, @.O. [ebtd Bdnnh

85<= Gleh, ub seted prfgfrhoegd fb nh Whahbh mf Ad`dth, Ad`dth.

8558 Mfsguareoefbtds mf ub seted prfgfrhoegd fb Ghihohrgh, [fru. Bdths mfn Ousfd mf nh

[nhnh, ]dod \\E, Hbtrdpdndèh <7, 75-6;, Vbevfrsemhm mf nh [nhth.

8500 "Fxpndrhgedbfs hrqufdn÷èghs fb nh Gdsth Htnhbtegh y Zhnnf mfn Oh`mhn fbh", Qfvesth

GHNMHWEH, Adnfteb mfn Ebstetutd mf Gefbgehs Bhturhnfs, Ousfd mf Lestdreh Bhturh/

Zdn. \E (Ad`dth, Fbfrd 1;), 77-81<.

8505 Ebvfste`hgedbfs hrqufdn÷èghs fb hare`ds rdgdsds mf Bfodg÷b y Wufvh, Ad`dth.

85<; "Fsth md Hgtuhn mf nhs ebvfste`hgedbfs sdarf nh fthph ne'tegh fb Gdndoaeh" , Qfvesth mf nh

Wdgefmhm Hbtrdpdn÷ègh mf Gdndoaeh 1, 88-7;.

855; Hùhzuquf, fvemfbgehs mf ghzhmdrfs, rfgdnfgtdrfs y pnhbthmdrfs fb nh hntepnhbegef mf nh

Gdrmennfrh Drefbthn, Ad`dth.

85<7 Ebvfste`hge÷b hrqufdn÷ègh fb fn Oubegeped mf Yephg÷b, Gubmebhohrgh, Ad`dth.

@eib, H.N. vhb

Lurt, P.Q.

Ndpfz, GF.

Dmfnn, @.L.

[ebtd Bdnnh, O.

Wlfh, I.I.

Weodb, Jrhy [.

Wtdtlfrt. C.F.

855; ]lf wfhr hbm tfhr djjnebt. [rebgepnfs dj jubgtedbhn hbhnyses hppnefm td Mutgl bfdnetleg

hssfoanh`fs, Nfemfb.

8500 "]lf fm`f-treoofm tdde trhmetedb dj Bdrtlwfst Wdutl-Hofregh". Eb9 GF . Gnfnhbm (fm.),

Hbtlrdpdndèghn [hpfrs, Ousfuo dj Hbtlrdpdnd`y, Vbev. dj Oegle`hb, 1:<-15=.

8558 [rdspfggedb y rfsghtf. [rdyfgtd Hrqufdn÷ègd Dnfdmugtd Zhsgdbeh-Gdvfbhs. ]rhod sur9

Zhsgdbeh-Qed Bfgle, (ubpuaneslfm os.) Ad`dth.

85<< "Hmrfsseb` prflestdref lubteb` prhgtegfs tlrdu`l stdbf tdde hbhnyses ", Hofreghb Hbtlrd-

pdndèst 1-5;, 776-76:.

8558 @hnebmd E, ub seted prfgfrhoegd h ghopd haefrtd fb nh Whahbh mf Ad`dth (ubpuaneslfm

os.), Ad`dth.

85<< "Oftldmdndèghn gdbsemfrhtedbs hjjfgteb` tlf gldegf dj hbhnyteghn tfglbequfs eb netleg usf

wfhr hbhnyses9 tfsts, rfsunts hbm hppneghtedb. Eb9 W. Afyrefs (fm.), Ebmustrefs netlequfs,

trhgådndèf ft tfglbdndèf, AHQ Ebtfrbhtedbhn Wfrefs =88 , Dxjdrm, :6-<8.

8:10 Bdtegehs Lestdrehnfs mf nhs Gdbquesths mf ]efrrh Jerof fb nhs Ebmehs Dggemfbthnfs,

Gufbgh 8:10. I. Jrefmf (fm.), Aeanedtfgh Ahbgd [dpunhr, Ad`dth, ] EEE.

85<6 "]lf [rfgfrhoeg Nhs Zf`hs Gunturf dj Gdhsthn Fguhmdr", Hofreghb Hbtequety 6;, :87-

:70.

G.I. Befuwfblues


[.D. Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb



Hbbfttf O Wgloemt Nf "[rdift ]dùìrì" mhbs nf Mfnth ebtårefurmu Be`fr, Ohne

Mf 85<5 h 8558 ub `rdupf mf glfrglfws ohnefbs ft

bãfrnhbmhes h mrfsså n'ebvfbtherf m'ubf eopdrthbtf

ghtf`dref mf setfs hrgledndèqufs mhbs nh phrtef Wum mu

Mfnth ebtårefur, mu Be`fr hu Ohne. Gfttf rfglfrglf, ebtetunåf

'[rdift ]dùerì' h åtå fjjfgtuåf mhbs nf ghmrf m'ubf

gdupå rhmdb sur nf pnhb sdged-gunturfn fbtrf nfs [hys-Ahs

ft nf Ohne. Nfs glfrglfws fspìrfbt quf gfttf åtumf

hpprdjdbmerh nfur gdbbhesshbgf mf n 'lestderf mu pfupnfofbt

mu Mfnth ebtfrefur mu Be`fr. ]rdes ghoph`bfs mf

prdspfgtedb dbt pfroes mf vesetfr ft mf mågrerf fbtrf <;; h

8;;; setfs. Hebse sf tfroebf nh prfoeìrf plhsf mf nh

rfglfrglf mu '[rdift ]dùìrì'.

8. Qåèdb mfs rfglfrglfs

Nh phrtef Wum mu Mfnth ebtårefur mu Be`fr gduvrf ubfsurjhgf m'fbverdb 16.;;; co1 ft s'åtfbm mf Cå-Ohgebh ftec- Whb iusqu'h ]doadugtdu. WEEINOEGW h mfs ebdbmhnedbshbbufnnfs, mf vhstfs zdbfs mf gfttf råèdb sdbt trfs jfrtenfsft prdpegfs h 8'h`regunturf ft h 8'ånfvh`f. Nfs fhux sdbtpdessdbbfusfs. Adrmå phr nh råèdb sìglf mu Whlfn, nf Mfnthebtårefur fst ub dhses ågdbdoequf ft ågdndèquf mdbt nhpdpunhtedb hgtufnnf jdrof ubf odshäquf mf pnusefurs

`rdupfs ftlbequfs, glhgub pdssåmhbt sh prdprf nhbùf, sdbemfbtetå ft sdb råèof hneofbtherf. Nfs quhtrf `rdupfsprebgephux sdbt9 nfs Ahohbh ft nfs Ohrch, h`reguntfurs queguntevfbt nf oen ft nf rez3 nfs Adzd, péglfurs spågehnesås ftohgdbs, ft nfs Junhbe, ånfvfurs. Nefs nfs ubs hux hutrfs phrn'åglhb`f mf nfurs prdmuets, gfs `rdupfs ftlbequfsfxpndetfbt tdus ubf 'beglf ågdndèquf' spågejequf. Mhbs nfspnus `rhbmfs vennfs, gdoof h Mifbbå, ens gdlhaetfbt sduvfbtfbsfoanf, glhquf `rdupf mhbs sdb prdprf quhrtefr (@hnnhes85:0, 85<8).

Nf `rhbm bdoarf mf setfs hrglådndèqufs mhbs nf Mfnth

ebtårefur pfroft mf gdbgnurf quf gfttf råèdb mu Ohne htduidurs åtå ub nefu prevenfèf, huidurm'lue gdoof phr nfphsså. Nfs setfs hrglådndèqufs nfs pnus rfohrquhanfs sdbtnfs tdùå (pnurefn mf tdùìrì)9 auttfs hbtlrdpequfs mdbt nfghrhgtìrf ft nh jdbgtedb sdbt gdophrhanfs hux 'tfrpfb'båfrnhbmhes. Nf prdtdtypf m'ub tdùìrì gdbsestf fb ubfånåvhtedb gergunherf hpnhtef hu sdooft, mdbt nfs jnhbgs sdbthssg/ rhemfs. [nusefurs tdùå sdbt fbtdurås m'ubf måprfssedb

gergunherf (Mfoaånå ft hn. 8557, 11=). N'fbsfoanf mfs tdùåjdrof ub systìof m'åthanessfofbts jdssenfs.

H gútå mf gfs vfste`fs hrglådndèqufs db trduvf husse mfssdurgfs nettårherfs hrhaequfs ft mfs ohbusgrets ndghux, nfs'threcls', que tåode`bfbt mf nh `rhbmf eopdrthbgf mu Mfnthebtårefur mu Be`fr hprìs nh bhesshbgf ft nf måvfndppfofbtmfs `rhbms åthts mf 8'Dufst hjregheb, nf @lhbh, nf Ohne ft nfWdb`leh (Ognbtdsl/ Ognbtdsgl 85<8, 8/1). Nfs vdefsgdoofrgehnfs mu Wum odbth`bfux ft mu Ohl`rfa mhbs nfBdrm sf rfide`bhefbt mhbs nf Mfnth ebtårefur, nfs vennfs mfMifbbå ft mf ]doadugtdu iduhbt ub r÷nf eopdrthbt gdoofgfbtrf gdoofrgehn mfs aefbs hppdrtås.

1. Nf [rdift ]dùìrì

Vb mfs auts mu '[rdift ]dùìrì' fst m'fxhoebfr mhbsqufnnf ofsurf en fxestf ubf gdbtebuetå fbtrf nh pdpunhtedbhgtufnnf mf gfttf råèdb ft nfs dgguphbts hbtårefurs. H phrterm'ubf prdspfgtedb syståohtequf mf `rhbmf hopnfur db tfbtfm'ebvfbtdrefr ub bdoarf fxlhustej mf tdùå mhbs nf Mfnthebtårefur mhbs nh pfrspfgtevf m'hpprdjdbmer nh gdbbhesshbgfmfs pdpunhtedbs que dbt dggupå nfs tdùå.

Nf '[rdift ]dùìrì' fst pnhgf sdus nh rfspdbshaenetå mf8'Ebstetut ohnefbs mfs Wgefbgfs Luohebfs (EWL) h Ahohcd. Nfprdift fst ofbå fb gdnnhadrhtedb hvfg mfs glfrglfurs båfrnhbmhes (Vbevfrsetfs mf @rdbebùf, m'Vtrfglt ft mf Nfymf) ft fstjebhbgå phr nf Oebestìrf mfs Hjjherfs Åtrhb`ìrfs båfrnhbmhes.N'åquepf mf rfglfrglf sf gdopdsf m'åtumehbts fb hrglådndèf,`åd`rhplef plysequf ft sdgedndèf, sdus nh merfgtedb muMr. O. Mfoaånå, hssdgeå h 8'Ebstetut mfs Wgefbgfs Luohebfs, ftmu [rdj. Mr. I.M. vhb mfr Phhns, gd-jdbmhtfur mu prdift (Zhbmfr Phhns 85<5, 8). Nf '[rdift ]dùìrì' b'fst phs nh prfoeìrftfbthtevf mf rfglfrglf sur nfs tdùå mhbs nh phrtef Wum muMfnth ebtårefur mu Be`fr. Nfs trhvhux mf Q.O.H. Afmhux ft

hn., ubf åquepf oextf mfs ubevfrsetå m'Vtrfglt ft mf@rdbebùf ft 8'EWL, sur tdùå Mdupwen ft @hneh (Afmhux ft

hn. 850<), ft mfs Ognbtdsl sur tdùìrì Ifbbå-Ifbd 8'dbtprågåmåf (Ognbtdsl/Ognbtdsgl 85<;). ]dutfjdes, 8'åglfnnfmf nh zdbf m'åtumf mu '[rdift ]dùìrì' fst bduvfnnf.

[råhnhanfofbt hux trdes ghoph`bfs mf prdspfgtedb sur nftfrrheb, 86; pldtd`rhplefs hårefbbfs (åglfnnf 8/6;.;;;f,



9ds HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

" " • • • - . .

O H N R

,...-

" ^

Jeùrf 8. Ghrtf mf Ohne.

såref mf 8'E@B 8508-8505) mu Mfnth ebtårefur mu Be`frhvhefbt åtå åtumeåfs hu stårådsgdpf. Fbsuetf nfs auttfssusgfpteanfs mf gdbtfber mfs vfste`fs hrglfdndèqufs hvhefbtåtå rfpdrtåfs sur nfs pldtd`rhplefs hårefbbfs. ]dus gfstdùå dbt åtå rfpårås sur Ef tfrrheb h 8'hemf mf nh pldtd-ebtfrpråthtedb. Ens sf ndghnesfbt surtdut mhbs nfs guvfttfs ftsur nfs nå`ìrfs åoebfbgfs adrmhbt nfs ohre`dts. Nfs tdùåsetuås mhbs nfs mubfs sdbt pnus mejjegenfs h rfpårfr sur nfspldtd`rhplefs hårefbbfs, Ef pdurgfbth`f mf nfvåfs mf tfrrfbhturfnnfs åthbt afhugdup pnus ånfvå ege. Wur nfs pldtd

`rhplefs hårefbbfs sf pråsfbthefbt phrjdes mfs auttfssfoanhanfs hux tdùå, ohes que, sur Ef tfrrheb, sf trduvhefbtétrf mfs gdnnebfs bhturfnnfs. Gfpfbmhbt en b'fst phs hrrevåquf 8'db mågduvrf sur Ef tfrrheb mfs tdùå que b'hvhefbt phsåtå dasfrvås sur nfs gneglås. Xufnqufs tdùå dbt prdahanf-ofbt mesphru suetf h 8'årdsedb jnuvehtenf du phrgf qu'ens sdbtgduvfrts mf shanf. Båhbodebs, tdut pdrtf h grderf quf Efbdoarf mf tdùå hebse mesphru fst jheanf. N'hbhnysf mfs

pldtd`rhplefs hårefbbfs pfroft mdbg mf mågduvrer prfsquftdus nfs tdùå rfpårhanfs.

Nf '[rdift ]dùìrì' fst suameveså fb mfux plhsfs.Nh prfoeìrf plhsf eopnequhet ub ebvfbtherf mf `rhbmffbvfrùrf mfs tdùå mhbs nh phrtef Wum mu Mfnth ebtårefur mBe`fr. N'herf mf rfglfrglf fst neoetåf phr nf pnhtfhu mfAhbmeh`hrh mhbs nf Wum ft nf Be`fr mhbs nf Bdrm, fbtrf nfsvennfs Mifbbå, Odpte ft Cduhcdurdu. Nf gldex mf gfttf herfubf surjhgf mf 1;;; co1, h åtå måtfroebå phr nh mågduvfrtf

m'ubf `rhbmf gdbgfbtrhtedb mfs tdùå. Nh rfglfrglf mftfrrheb gdbsesthet fb trdes ghoph`bfs mf prdspfgtedb m'ubfmuråf mf mfux odes, fjjfgtuffs mf 85<5 h 85<8 fbtrf ihbvefft ohrs. Nh ahsf gfbtrhnf åthet ebsthnnåf mhbs nh vennf mfMifbbå ft mfs ahsfs sfgdbmherfs åthefbt jexås h Why,Cduhcdurdu, Wdyf, Wdjhrh, Wdujrdunhyf, Odpte ftMehjhrhaå. Nf aut mf gfttf plhsf mf nh rfglfrglf åthetm'hpprdjdbmer nh gdbbhesshbgf sur nh ndghneshtedb mfs auttfs



1;5 H.O. WGLOEM] - NF "[QDIF] ]D@VFQF"

hbtlrdpequfs, E'fbsfoanf mfs ohtårehux trduvås h nh surjhgfft n'åtht mf gdbsfrvhtedb mfs luttfs. Gfttf plhsf h åtåhglfvåf fb 8558. Mhbs nh mfuxeìof plhsf mf nh rfglfrglf,mfs jduennfs dbt åtå fjjfgtuåfs sur qufnqufs-ubs mfs tdùånfs pnus ånfvås, råphrtes sur nh zdbf m'åtumf. Nfs jduennfsveshefbt h huòfbtfr ft h gdopnftfr nfs rfglfrglfs mfgfrhoequf gdbmuetfs huphrhvhbt. Mfs ebjdrohtedbs

spågejequfs gdbgfrbhbt gfrthebfs råèdbs ft gfrthebfspåredmfs pdurrhefbt pfrjfgtedbbfr nh typdglrdbdndèf pdur nhgfrhoequf mf nh phrtef Wum mu Mfnth ebtårefur mu Be`fr.N'hbhnysf mf nh gfrhoequf fst m'ubf `rhbmf eopdrthbgfpdur nh mhthtedb mfs setfs. Nh prfoeìrf jduennf mf gfttf sårefh feå råhnesåf h nh jeb mf 8558 h Medldu, ub tdùìrì mu gútåsum mu Be`fr fb jhgf mf Mehjhrhaå. Vbf mfuxeìof jduennfhurh nefu sur ub tdùìrì h Cdubh fb 855=.

7. Wetuhtedb mfs setfs

Nh `ådodrpldndèf mf nh phrtef Wum mu Mfnth ebtårefur sfghrhgtåresf phr ub `rhbm systìof mf rhoejeghtedbs mf gdursm'fhu ft mf nhgs pfrohbfbts fn ebtfroettfbts. EE 2 h mfsauttfs bhturfnnfs fb adrmurf mfs reveìrfs, mfs guvfttfs ft mfsmubfs. Nh pnuphrt mfs setfs sf trduvfbt sur nfs nhbùfs mftfrrf h gútå mfs reveìrfs (Wgloemt 8551, 66). Gfge bfsurprfbm phs. puesquf gfs auttfs djjrfbt pnusefurs hvhbth`fsprhtequfs. ]dut m'hadrm, fnnfs mdoebfbt Ef physh`f, gf queneoetf Ef resquf m'ebdbmhtedbs. Mfuxeìofofbt, en y h mf8'fhu fb pfrohbfbgf h prdxeoetå eooåmehtf mu vennh`f, fttrdeseìofofbt, fnnfs gdbstetufbt nfs phrtefs nfs pnus jfrtenfsmu Mfnth. Gfttf ndghneshtedb fst dpteohnf pdur nfsh`reguntfurs, nfs péglfurs ft nfs ånfvfurs. En fst mejjegenf mfmåtfroebfr qufns dbt åtå nfs jhgtfurs pråpdbmårhbts pdur nfslhaethbts mfs vennh`fs. Dutrf nfs hvhbth`fs ebmequås ge-

mfssus, mfs jhgtfurs måod`rhplequfs ft pdnetequfs pfuvfbt,du^ husse, hvder iduå ub rúnf. Gfux-ge bf pfuvfbt ùìrf étrfmåmuets mu gldex mf nh ndghneshtedb du mfs vfste`fshrglådndèqufs.

=. Nh mhthtedb

En fst prdahanf quf nfs tdùå mhtfbt mu tfops dþ mfs`rdupfs mf `N-bs. dreèbherfs mu Whlhrh que sf måsfrtejehefbtmf pnus fb pnus, sdbt hrrevås mhbs Ef Mfnth ebtårefur(Ognbtdsl/Ognbtdsgl 85<;, ==;). Wur nfs tdùå du mfsrfglfrglfs dbt åtå fjjfgtuåfs db b'h ihohes trduvå mfvfste`fs bådnetlequfs. Mhbs nfs gduglfs gunturfnnfs nfs pnushbgefbbfs mf Ifbbå-Ifbd, ub tdùìrì, mf `rhbmf eopdrthbgfpht sfs meofbsedbs spfgthgunherfs (77 lfgthrfs), ft sh ndbùfmuråf m'dgguphtedb (en httfebt ubf lhutfur mf < oìtrfs), db htrduvå mfs sgdrefs. Wur nh ahsf mf gfs mdbbåfs db pfbsf qufnfs tdùå sdbt ub plåbdoìbf mf 8'h`f mf jfr (Ognbtdsl/Ognbtdsgl 85<;, =7=) . Nfs råsunthts mfs jduennfs fjjfgtuåfssur nfs tdùå mf Ifbbå-Ifbd, Mdupwen ft @hnneh pdurrhefbtjdrofr ubf ebmeghtedb sur nh muråf mu pfupnfofbt tdùå mf

nh phrtef Wum mu Mfnth ebtårefur mu Be`fr, mf nh påredmf mf16; hbs H. M. (Ognbtdsl/ Ognbtdsgl 85<;, 06) iusqu 'hu8:f ft 80f seìgnf (Afmhux ft hn. 850<, 8<5).

H 8'hemf mf rfglfrglfs `åd`rhplequfs fbtrfpresfs pdur Ef«[rdift ]dùìrì³ db h tfbtå mf mhtfr nfs tdùå esdnås fbprdpdshbt ubf rfgdbstrugtedb phnåd`åd`rhplequf mf nhmybhoequf lymrd`rhplequf. N'h`f m'ub gdurs m'fhu

neoetrdplf pdurrhet sfrver mf mhthtedb rfnhtevf pdur ubtdùìrì. Gfpfbmhbt, nfs rfglfrglfs plysegd-`åd`rhplequfss'hggdrmfbt pdur gdbgnurf quf Ef systìof mf mrhebh`f hgtufnfst rfpråsfbthtej mf tdutf nh påredmf que eopdrtf mu pdebt mfvuf hrglådndèquf, mf 6;; hv. I.-G. iusqu'h ohebtfbhbt.H ghusf mf nh trhbsetedb m'ub gneoht luoemf vfrs ub gneohthremf que s'fst prdmuetf pfbmhbt gfttf påredmf, ft mf nhmeoebutedb mf 8'årdsedb jnuvehtenf, en fst pfu prdahanf quf Efsystìof lymrd`rhplequf het glhb`å prdjdbmåofbt gfs 16;;mfrbeìrfs hbbåfs (]frnefb/Ohchscf 855;, =0).

Nh sfunf pdsseaenetå mf mhtfr nfs setfs fst djjfrtf phrn'hbhnysf mf nh gfrhoequf, mfs jushädnfs ft mfs pepfs. G'fstpdurqude ubf glrdbdtypdndèf måthennåf mf Eh gfrhoequf fstmf `rhbmf eopdrthbgf.

6. Xufnqufs råsunthts

[fbmhbt nh prdspfgtedb mfs <;; h 8;;; tdùå jurfbtfbrfèstrås h 8'hemf m'ubf jeglf mf setf sur nhqufnnf sdbtofbtedbbåfs nfs meofbsedbs mfs auttfs hbtlrdpequfs, tfnnfsquf nh ndbùfur, nh nhr`fur ft nh lhutfur. mf oéof quf nhpråsfbgf du 8'hasfbgf mf trhgfs jubårherfs, mf trhgfsm'hgtevetås oåthnnurèqufs ft m'hutrfs ohtårehux. Mfsåglhbtenndbs mf gfrhoequf dbt åtå gdnnfgtfs pdur rfhnesfr ubfåtumf gdopnåofbtherf, phr fxfopnf pdur måtfroebfr nhplhsf jebhnf mf 8'dgguphtedb.

Fb `åbårhn nfs tdùå sdbt mf jdrof gergunherf. Nhndbùfur vhref mf 16 o h 06< o, nh nhr`fur mf 88 h =67 oft nh lhutfur mf ;.= o h < o (Wgloemt 8551, 7=). Xufnqufstdùå dbt httfebt gfttf lhutfur phr 8'fbthssfofbt suggfssejmfs måares m'dgguphtedb. En fst pdsseanf quf, mhbs nfs råèdbsdþ Ef mhb`fr mf gruf åthet `rhbm, nfs nefux hefbt åtåhrtejegefnnfofbt surånfvås, hu pråhnhanf, pdur pråvfber nfsebdbmhtedbs. Mhbs gfs råèdbs gf b'fst prdahanfofbt phs8'fbthssfofbt mfs måares sfun que fst rfspdbshanf mf nhlhutfur mfs tdùå.

N'fbsfoanf mfs ohtårehux trduvås h nh surjhgf mfs tdùåpråsfbtf mfs gdbsthbtfs. Nfs dgguphbts mu tdùå fbtfrrhefbt

nfurs odrts mhbs mfs ihrrfs jubårherfs. Wur nfs auttfshbtlrdpequfs db h rfbgdbtrf quhtrf typfs m'lhaethtedbs9 mfsahteofbts rdbms fb arequfs gynebmrequfs (mifbfy jfrfy), mfsahteofbts rdbms fb arequfs rfgthbùnherfs, mfs ahteofbtsrfgthbùnherfs fb arequfs gynebmrequfs (mifbfy jfrfy) ft mfsahteofbts rfgthbùnherfs fb arequfs rfgthbùnherfs. Wurafhugdup mf tdùå dbt åtå trduvåfs mfs sgdrefs ft husse mfsvfste`fs m'hgtevetås oåthnnurèqufs, tfns quf mf lhuts




jduofhux, mfs grfusfts ft mfs tuyìrfs. En y h mfs ohtårehuxse`bejeghtejs mf prhtequfs h`regdnfs, tfns quf mfs ofunfs,hebse quf mfs hrtfjhgts que sf rhppdrtfbt h nh péglf9 mfspdems mf jenfts.

Nh pråsfbgf mf ohteìrfs preoherfs que bf sdbt phsdreèbherfs mu Mfnth ebtårefur, tfnnfs quf Ef jfr, 8'dr, Efardbzf, Ef guevrf, Ef `rfs, Ef vfrrf ft nfs ghures, råvìnf

8'fxestfbgf mfs gdbthgts gdoofrgehux.

Vb mfs råsunthts nfs pnus hnhrohbts mf nh prdspfgtedb fst8'hopnfur mu plåbdoìbf mfs tdùå tduglfs phr Ef pennh`f.Gfs mfrbeìrfs hbbåfs ub bdoarf grdesshbt mf sgunpturfs mftfrrf guetf mf `rhbmf vhnfur hrtestequf h surè mhbs Efgdoofrgf mf 8'hrt mf 8'Dggemfbt. [dur nfs ousåfs ft nfsgdnnfgtedbbfurs gfs sgunpturfs sdbt mfs daifts rfglfrglfs,pdur nfsqufns db måadursf mfs sdoofs hstrdbdoequfs.]dutfj'des, en b'fst prfsquf phs pdsseanf m'fb måtfroebfr8'dreèbf ft Ef gdbtfxtf hrglådndèqufs, åthbt mdbbå qu'fnnfsprdvefbbfbt mf jduennfs ennå`hnfs fbtrf hutrfs mu Mfnth

ebtårefur mu Be`fr. H gútå mfs physhbs que ebmevemufnnfofbt,pfbmhbt nh shesdb sìglf, fsshyfbt mf sf gdbstetufr qufnqufs

rfvfbus suppnåofbtherfs fb måtfrrhbt mfs daifts sur nfstdùå, db trduvf tduidurs pnus mf `rdupfs dr`hbesås quejduennfbt nfs auttfs syståohtequfofbt iusqu'h ubfprdjdbmfur mf 8 h 8,6 oìtrfs, måtrueshbt sur nfur phssh`ftdut gf qu'ens bf pfuvfbt phs utenesfr (Mfoaånå/Zhb mfrPhhns 8558, 5;6). Xuhbm Ef tdùìrì fst fbjeb hahbmdbbå.nfs gduglfs supårefurfs b'dbt pnus hugubf vhnfur pdur nfs

rfglfrglfs hrglådndèqufs. Hebse 85% mfs tdùå fst måihmåtruet. We db y hidutf nfs hgtedbs mfs physhbs. en s'hvìrfqu'fb 8558 fbverdb =6 % mfs <7= tdùå dbt åtå tduglfs phrEf pennh`f (Wgloemt 8551, <5). H suppdså quf Ef pennh`fennå`hn gdbtebuf mf gfttf jhRdb, nfs hrglevfs mu sdn sfrdbttfnnfofbt pfrturaåfs quf, mhbs mex hbs, mfs rfglfrglfshrglådndèqufs bf sfrdbt pnus ùìrf pdsseanfs. Hebse ubfghtf`dref eopdrthbtf mfs sdurgfs mf 8'lestderf ohnefbbf sfpfrmrh pdur tduidurs.

QfgdbbhesshbgfI'heofrhes rfofrgefr Ef Mr. O. Mfoaånå ft Ef [rdjfssfur

mr. I.M. vhb mfr Phhns m'hvder aefb vdunu prétrf nfursmdbbåfs h oh mespdsetedb.



188 H.O. WGLOEM] - NF "[QDIF] ]D@VFQF"

rfjfrfbgfs

Afmoex, Q.O.H.].W. ('dbseheemsf PfstfrohbbN Lhgqfadrm

H.@. Nhb`fI.M. vhb mfr P.8.8C

850< Qfglfrglfs hrglådndèqufs mhbs nf mfnth ebtårefur mu Be`fr (Ohne), [hnhfdlestdreh 1;,58-11;.

Mfoaånå, O.I.M. vhb mfr Phhns

8558 Nddteb` tlf Hbtequet efs dj Ohne, Hbtequety :6, 5;=-5;6.

Mfoaånå. O.H.O. WgloemnI.M. vhb mfr Phhns

8557 [rdspfgtedb mfs setfs hrglådndèqufs mhbs nf Mfnth ebtårefur mu Be`fr. Mhbs9 \'hnnff mu

Be`fr. [hres9 Fmetedbs mf nh Qåubedb mfs Ousåfs Bhtedbhux9 18<-171.

@hnnhes, I. 85:0 Nf mfnth ebtårefur mu Be`fr, Ftumf mf `åd`rhplef råèdbhnf. Oåoderfs mf n'njhb 05, Mhchr.

85<8 N'ldoof mu Whlfn3 Fsphgfs. ]fops ft [duvders. Nf mfnth ebtårefur mu Be`fr 85:;?85<;.

Jnhoohredb.

Ognbtdsl, W.C.Q.I. Ognbtdsl

85<; [rflestdref Ebvfste`htedbs ht Ifbbf, Ohne, A.H.Q. Ebtfrbhtedbhn Wfrefs <5, Ghoarem`f

Odbd`rhpls eb Hjreghb Hrglhfdnd`y 1, S-EE. Dxjdrm.

85<8 ]lf ebnhbm Be`fr afjdrf tlf foperf dj Ohne3 fvemfbgf jrdo Ifbbf-Ifbd, Idurbhn dj

Hjreghb Lestdry 11, 8-11

Wgloemt, H.O. 8551 Queotfneicf fb cwhbtethtefvf hbhnysf vhb mf «[rdifgt ]dùå³ survfy. OH ]lfses,Qeicsubevfrsetfet Nfemfb.

]frnefb, O.].I.H. Ohchscg

855; Mf `fdodjdlèsglf dbtweccfneb` vhb mf zuemfneicf Aebbfbmfnnh vhb mf Be`fr. OH ]lfses,Vbevfrsetfet Vtrfglt.

Phhns. I.M. vhb mfr 85<5 Lft hrglfdndèsglf prdifgt eb mf Aebbfbmfnth vhb mf Be`fr fb lft but vhb dbtweccfneb`s

shofbwfrceb` dp sdgehhn-gunturffn `faefm. Aunnfteb :.

Hbbfttf O. Wgloemt


[.D.Adx 5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb





Ghrdnebf Zfroffrfb [dnnfb jrdo gdprdnetfs hbm rfgfbt mrdppeb`s9 usfjunweo Cueipfr jdr rfgdbstrugteb` vf`fthtedbs hbm mftfroebeb` tlf

sfhsdb dj gdbsuoptedb4

Hb httfopt lhs affb ohmf td ebjfr tlf sfhsdb dj

gdbsuoptedb hbm td rfgdbstrugt tlf jdrofr vf`fthtedb jrdo

tlf rfsunts dj tlf hbhnyses dj tlf pdnnfb gdbthebfm eb

gdprdnetfs. H gdophrhtevf hbhnyses dj rfgfbt mrdppeb`s dj

jdxfs sldwfm tlht et es bdn pdsseanf td ebjfr tlf sfhsdb dj

gdbsuoptedb jrdo sugne rfsunts, fxgfpt pdsselny eb sdof

spfgehn ghsfs. ]lf shof hbhnysfs sldwfm tlht et es pdsseanf

td rfgdbstrugt tlf vf`fthtedb td h gfrtheb fxtfbt9 hnn tlf

spfgefs fbgdubtfrfm eb tlf mrdppeb`s wfrf prfsfbt eb tlf

ndghn vf`fthtedb. tlf spfgefs tlht wfrf jdubm td af mdoebhbteb odst shopnfs wfrf hnsd mdoebhbt eb tlf vf`fthtedb hbm

hnn dj tlf spfgefs wet/e le`l jrfqufbgefs eb tlf mrdppeb`s

wfrf jrfqufbtny dggurreb` spfgefs eb tlf vf`fthtedb.

Odst dj tlf gdprdnetfs wfrf jdubm td gdbtheb pdnnfb dj

guntevhtfm spfgefs3 hntldu`l tles mdfs bdt bfgfsshreny ofhb

tlht tldsf spfgefs wfrf `rdwb db tlf setf etsfnj et mdfs

eopny tlfer prfsfbgf tlfrf.

8. Ebtrdmugtedb

Gdbmetedbs tar tlf prfsfrvhtedb dj pdnnfb hbm

(ubfhradbesfm) sffms hrf djtfb jhr jrdo pfrjfgt ht

hrglhfdndèghn setfs. [hrtegunhrny db mry, shbmy sdens pdnnfb

es djtfb hasfbt. ]lf gdbsfqufbgf dj tles es tlht et es djtfb

vfry mejjegunt td rfgdbstrugt tlf jdrofr vf`fthtedb dj sugl

setfs. Dbf dj tlf hntfrbhtevf sdurgfs dj ebjdrohtedb tlht

lhvf affb gdbsemfrfm eb tles gdbtfxt es gdprdnetfs.

Gdprdnetfs hrf fxgrfofbts wlegl lhvf affb pftrejefm muf td

phrtegunhr ndghn gdbmetedbs (h mry ohtrex, tlf prfsfbgf dj

nhr`f hodubts dj pldsplhtf hbm glhnc, tlf prfsfbgf dj h

gdvfr nhyfr dj mrejt shbm). ]lfy hrf jdubm eb fxghvhtedbs

rfnhtevfny jrfqufbtny. Gdprdnetfs djtfb gdbtheb sfvfrhn

zddndèghI hbm adthbegh_ ohgrd-rfohebs. ]lfy hnsd gdbtheb

nhr`f hodubts dj pdnnfb. ]d datheb pdnnfb gdprdnetfs hrf

sgrhpfm wfnn td hvdem tlf resc dj gdbthoebhtedb wetl pdnnfb

jrdo mu- dutfr surjhgf. E'lf2 hrf tlfb messdnvfm ebpldspldreg hgem (<6% jdr 7 td = ldurs), hjtfr wlegl tlf

rfsunthbt sdnutedb es sfphrhtfm wetl tlf hem dj ardodjdro/

hngdldn (s.`. 1). Jebhnny hb hgftdnyses es ghrrefm dut

(Frmtohb 85:5).

Eb dur ghsf et whs ldpfm tlht tlf pdnnfb jrdo gdprdnetfs

wdunm prdvemf hbswfrs td twd qufstedbs. ]lf jerst dj tlfsf

gdbgfofm tlf fbverdbofbt. Hs hnrfhmy ofbtedbfm hadvf, et

whs ldpfm tlht tlf ebjdrohtedb dathebfm jrdo tlf gdprdnetfs

wdunm lfnp us td rfgdbstrugt tlf jdrofr vf`fthtedb. ]lf

sfgdbm qufstedb whs wlftlfr sdof Bfdnetleg setfs eb tlf

wfstfrb phrt dj tlf Bftlfrnhbms lhm affb dggupefm db h

sfhsdbhn ahses. Et lhs djtfb affb hssuofm tlht pdnnfb

gdbthebfm eb gdprdnetfs ghb af usfm td mftfroebf tlf sfhsdb

eb wlegl et whs gdbsuofm (sff [hhp 850:).

[dnnfb ghb ohcf ets why ebtd tlf ebtfstebhn systfo eb twdwhys9 veh eblhnhtedb (Pensdb ft hn. 8507) hbm veh jddm hbm

mrebc (Cdwhnsce ft hn. 850:). ]lf aflhvedur dj tlf mdbdr es

hb eopdrthbt jhgtdr eb tles rfspfgt. Eb dur setfs tlf mdbdrs

dj tlf gdprdnetfs wfrf prdahany md`s.' Eb drmfr td mftfroebf

wlht ebjdrohtedb tlf pdnnfb jrdo tlf gdprdnetfs gdunm

prdvemf hadut tlf vf`fthtedb dr tlf sfhsdb, gdophrhtevf

rfsfhrgl whs ghrrefm dut useb` tlf mrdppeb`s dj jdxfs jrdo

tlf mubfs wfst dj Zd`fnfbzhb` (Hostfrmhosf Phtfrnfemeb`

muebfb, je`. 8). Jdxfs wfrf gldsfb afghusf prflestdref md`s

hrf prdahany odrf gdophrhanf wetl prfsfbt-mhy jdxfs tlhb

wetl prfsfbt-mhy md`s. Odrfdvfr, tlf vf`fthtedb dj tlf

tfrretdrefs dj tlf jdxfs whs wfnn cbdwb. H prhgteghn rfhsdb

whs tlht wf wfrf hanf td gdnnfgt tlf mrdppeb`s tlfrf. Jrfsl

mrdppeb`s wfrf gdnnfgtfm eb phrt dj tlf hrfh dbgf dr twegf h

odbtl jdr twd gdbsfgutevf yfhrs. ]lfy wfrf hbhnyzfm jdr

pdnnfb hbm ohgrdrfohebs useb` tlf usuhn nhadrhtdry

prdgfmurfs, wetl tlf mejjfrfbgf tlht h thanft gdbthebeb`

Nygdpdmeuo spdrfs whs hmmfm.

1. ]lf hbhnyses dj tlf jdx mrdp peb` s

]lf gdnnfgtfm mrdppeb`s wfrf mfsgreafm hbm prfphrfm jdr

pdnnfb hbhnyses. Hb fxhopnf es sldwb eb jeùrf 1. ]lf

fxgrfofbts yefnmfm ohgrd-rfohebs afsemfs pdnnfb1. Hjtfr

tlf mrdppeb`s lhm affb prfphrfm tlf pdnnfb whs gdubtfm.

]lf thxh prfsfbt, tlfer buoafrs hbm tlf prfsfrvhtedb dj tlfpdnnfb vhrefm gdbsemfrhany. Eb sdof fxgfptedbhn ghsfs tlf

jdxfs eb qufstedb lhm fhtfb auttfrjnefs. ]lf sghnfs dj tlf

web`s wfrf jdubm hbm fbdrodus hodubts dj pdnnfb jrdo

pnhbts tlht hrf vesetfm ay auttfrjnefs, sugl hs Hbglush,

Fgleuo vun`hrf hbm Wdnhbuo munghohrh (je`. 7).

]lf prfsfbgf dj nhr`f buoafrs dj sohnn anhgc phrtegnfs

(prdahany ahgtfreh) djtfb ohmf et mejjegunt td gdubt tlf



18= HBHNFG]H [QHFL8W]DQEGH NF8MFBWEH 1:

Jeùrf 8. [dsetedb dj tlf ebvfste`htfmhrfh eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms.

YHBMZDDQ]

BDDQMYFF

'// vennh`f

stumefm hrfh

pdnnfb. Eb sdof ghsfs tlfy gdvfrfm tlf pdnnfb gdopnftfny.

H sefveb` fxpfreofbt whs ghrrefm dut useb` h sefvf wetl

ofslfs dj 5 |xo td sff wlftlfr tlf phrtegnfs gdunm af

rfodvfm7. ]lf sefveb` dj tlf shopnfs dj jdx mrdppeb`s mem

bdt nfhm td h spfgthgunhr rfmugtedb eb tlf buoafr dj

ahgtfreh. Et whs tlfrfjdrf mfgemfm td stdp sefveb` hbm td

ohcf tlf odst dj tlf anhgc snemfs. ]lf rfsunt es sldwb eb

jeùrf =.

7. Zf`fthtedb rfgdbstrugtedb db tlf ahses dj tlfjdx mrdppeb`s

]lf gdopdsetedb dj tlf ndghn vf`fthtedb (je`. 6) whs

mftfroebfm veh dasfrvhtedbs eb tlf hrfh hbm jrdo ohps ay

Mdeb` (85<<). ]lf vf`fthtedb rfsunteb` jrdo tlf mhth

dathebfm jdr tlf jdx fxgrfofbts whs gdophrfm wetl tlf

hgtuhn vf`fthtedb. H vf`fthtedb ghb af rfgdbstrugtfm eb twd

whys9 quhnethtevfny hbm quhbtethtevfny. ]lf quhnethtevf

rfgdbstrugtedb whs jdubm td af quetf rfnehanf eb tlf sfbsf

tlht hnn dj tlf spfgefs fbgdubtfrfm eb tlf jdx fxgrfofbts

ebmffm dggurrfm eb tlf mubf hrfh. Ldwfvfr, et whs bdt

pdsseanf td rfgdbstrugt tlf fbterf vf`fthtedb jrdo tlf mhth

dathebfm afghusf tlf mdbdr lhm bdt eb`fstfm pdnnfb jrdo

hnn tlf spfgefs prfsfbt (jdr ebsthbgf afghusf sdof spfgefs

prdmugf dbny nettnf pdnnfb).

]lf quhbtethtevf rfgdbstrugtedb whs rfnehanf td h gfrthebfxtfbt dbny. H mestebgtedb whs ohmf aftwffb mdoebhbt hbm

jrfqufbtny dggurreb` spfgefs. ]lfrf wfrf twd mdoebhbt thx

eb tlf vf`fthtedb9 Leppdplhf rlhobdemfs hbm @rhoebfhf.

Eb tlf fxgrfofbts tlf jerst spfgefs whs rfùnhrny jdubm td

mdoebhtf, jdnedwfm ay @rhoebfhf. Eb tlf ghsf dj sdof

shopnfs, ldwfvfr, dtlfr spfgefs mdoebhtfm, jdr fxhopnf

[rubus sfrdtebh, Hnbus, Aftueh, [ebus, Grhthfùs,



186 G. ZFQOFFQFB HBM P. CVEI[FQ - [DNNFB JQDO GD[QDNE]FW

Jeùrf 1. Fxhopnf dj h jdx mrdppeb`. 898. HostfrmhosfPhtfrnfemeb`muebfb.

Gdopdsethf hbm tlf spfgefs vesetfm ay auttfrjnefs. ]lfsf

spfgefs wfrf prfsfbt eb tlf vf`fthtedb, aut bdt hs mdoebhbt

gnfofbts.

]lf spfgefs jrfqufbtny fbgdubtfrfm eb tlf mrdppeb`s wfrf

hnn jrfqufbtny dggurreb` spfgefs eb tlf vf`fthtedb. ]lf

dppdsetf, ldwfvfr, mem bdt hppny9 tlfrf wfrf gfrtheb spfgefs

eb tlf vf`fthtedb wlegl, jdr vhredus rfhsdbs, wfrf lhrmny, ej

fvfr, fbgdubtfrfm eb tlf mrdppeb`s.

]lf dvfrhnn gdbgnusedb es tlht et prdvfm pdsseanf tdrfgdbstrugt tlf vf`fthtedb td h gfrtheb fxtfbt9 hnn tlf spfgefs

tlht wfrf fbgdubtfrfm eb tlf jdx fxgrfofbts hgtuhnny `rfw

eb tlf mubf hrfh, tlf spfgefs tlht wfrf jdubm td af mdoebhbt

eb ohby shopnfs wfrf hnsd mdoebhbt fnfofbts eb tlf

vf`fthtedb hbm hnn tlf jrfqufbt spfgefs eb tlf fxgrfofbts

wfrf jrfqufbtny dggurreb` spfgefs eb tlf surrdubmeb`s.

=. Wfhsdb dj gdbsuoptedb hs rfjnfgtfm eb tlfrfgfbt jdx mrdppeb`s

]lf hasdnutf buoafrs wfrf pndttfm db h nd`hretloeg sghnf

(sff je`. 6) td fbhanf gdophresdb dj tlf rfsunts wetl

Wpefcsoh's pdnnfb ghnfbmhr (Mrefssfb ft hn. 85<<, 8;6).=

Hn nerse se`lt tlfrf sffofm td af bd gdbbfgtedb aftwffb tlf

twd. Et hppfhrfm td af eopdsseanf td ebjfr tlf sfhsdb dj

gdbsuoptedb jrdo tlf mhth dathebfm jdr tlf fxgrfofbts.

Ldwfvfr. Eles glhb`fm wlfb tlf spfgefs wfrf mevemfm ebtd

twd `rdups, dbf dj spfgefs dj wlegl pdnnfb wfrf td af

jdubm eb tlf hrfh jdr phrt dj tlf yfhr dbny hbm dbf dj tlf

spfgefs dj wlegl pdnnfb wfrf prfsfbt db tlf pnhbts

tlrdu`ldut tlf yfhr. Eb tlf ghsf dj tlf nhst `rdup sdof

gdrrfspdbmfbgf wetl tlf ghnfbmhr whs dasfrvfm jdr tlf

jndwfreb` pfredm (eb phrtegunhr eb tlf ghsf dj tlf shopnfs dj

tlf 'auttfrjny jdxfs' dj Huùst 85<0 hbm Huùst 85<<) hbm

eb sdof ghsfs jdr tlf jrueteb` sfhsdb (spfgefs tlht wfrf

fhtfb hs jruet, sugl hs [rubus sfrdtebh, eb Dgtdafr 85<0,

hbm Quaus jrutegdsus, eb Huùst 85<<).6

Petl tlf pdsseanf fxgnusedb dj tlf fxgfptedbhn shopnfs,

sugl hs tldsf dj tlf 'auttfrjny jdxfs' hbm tldsf gdbthebeb`

tlf rfohebs dj Qdshgfhf jruet, wlegl prdvemfm ebmeghtedbs

dj tlf jndwfreb` hbm jrueteb` sfhsdb, rfspfgtevfny, tlf

shopnfs mem bdt prdvemf hby ebjdrohtedb db tlf sfhsdb dj

gdbsuoptedb.:

K « R

Jeùrf 7. [dnnfb hbm web` sghnf dj h auttfrjny. HostfrmhosfPhtfrnfemeb`muebfb. 891;;.

6. Qfsunts dj tlf hbhnyses dj tlf gdprdnetfsDvfr tlf phst jfw yfhrs sfvfrhn gdprdnetfs lhvf affb

hbhnyzfm (je`. :). ]lf ohgrdrfohebs usuhnny fbgdubtfrfm

hrf adbfs, ebgnumeb` tldsf dj jesl, shbm, sohnn pefgfs dj

glhrgdhn, tlf dmm sffm (Iubgus, [dh hbm [lrhòetfs) hbm

pdnnfb, usuhnny wfnn prfsfrvfm (tha. 8).

]lf mdoebhbt spfgefs eb twd Bfdnetleg gdprdnetfs jrdo

Lfcfneb`fb (wfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms) whs Hnbus. Wpfgefs wetl

le`l jrfqufbgefs wfrf Lfmfrh lfnex hbm Gdrynus hvfnnhbh.

]d`ftlfr wetl tlf dtlfr spfgefs fbgdubtfrfm tlfy wfrf

ebmeghtevf dj h mry pnhgf adrmfrfm ay hb hnmfr ghrr, wlegl

whs eb fxgfnnfbt h`rffofbt wetl tlf dtlfr adthbeghn

fvemfbgf jrdo tles setf.0 ]lf qufstedb gdbgfoeb` sfhsdbhn

dgguphtedb rhesfm eb tlf ebtrdmugtedb, gdunm bdt afhbswfrfm, hs wenn lhvf afgdof gnfhr jrdo tlf rfsunts dj tlf

jdx-mrdppeb` rfsfhrgl.

]lf mdoebhbt spfgefs eb tlf twfnvf gdprdnetfs mhteb`

jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm tlht wfrf jdubm eb ]lf Lhùf

(wfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms) wfrf Oyregh `hnf (8 x) hbm

@rhoebfhf (8 nx ). Db tlf ahses dj tlf rfsunts dathebfm eb dur

jdx rfsfhrgl tlfy wdunm ebmeghtf h vf`fthtedb mdoebhtfm ay

`rhssfs. ]les es eb hggdrmhbgf wetl dtlfr fvemfbgf dathebfm

jdr tles rfèdb.< ]lf nhr`f hodubt ht Oyregh `hnf pdnnfb

ghb af ubmfrstddm ay hssuoeb` tlht tlf md` mrhbc whtfr

jrdo h mubf nhcf ht tlf teof wlfb tlf slruas surrdubmebèt wfrf eb jndwfr. Fbdrodus hodubts dj pdnnfb wdunm tlfb

lhvf jndhtfm db tlf surjhgf dj tlf whtfr.

Wpfgefs wetl le`l jrfqufbgefs eb tlf shopnfs jrdo ]lf

Lhùf wfrf Gdrynus hvfnnhbh, [nhbth`d nhbgfdnhth, Oyregh

`hnf, Jenepfbmunh, Hnbus, Quofx, Gypfrhgfhf, Freghgfhf,

Grugejfrhf, Gdopdsethf neùnejndrhf, Odbdnfthf hbm

Gfrfhneh. ]lfsf hbm tlf nfss jrfqufbt spfgefs `rdw eb sohnn



]hanf 8. [dnnfb jrdo gdprdnetfs.

setfshopnf buoafr

pfredm

Lfcfneb`fb

81G-158 81M-1<<

Bfdnetleg

Zennfbfuvf Wt. @froheb

J=.G.85A 8=1 1=5

nhtf Erdb H`f

Vet`ffst

1;-7-67

Qdohb

]lf Lhùf

7;8 717 7=6 76: 611 :<< :5< 88;; 88;7 116< =7:0 =7<1

Qdohb

]lf Lhùf

5< 1<7 7;7 =80

Oemmnf H`fs

Gfrfhneh = 8

Iu`nhbs rfèh - -[esuo shrevuo - -trffs hbm slruas9

Hnbus spfg. :01 58

Aftueh spfg. : -Gdrynus hvfnnhbh 0: 11

Lfmfrh lfnex CEW =

Leppdplhf rlhobdemfs - - Iubepfrus gdooubes - - Oyregh `hnf 6 -[ebus spfg. 1 7

Xufrgus spfg. 1= 6

Whnex spfg. \ -Vnous spfg. 7= =

dtlfr thxh 8: <

lfras9

Hrtfoeseh spfg. - -Ghrydplynnhgfhf - -Gfbthurfh ihg./prht. typf - -Glfbdpdmehgfhf = 1

Gdopdsethf ne`. typf 8 -Gdopdsethf tua. typf 1 8

Grugejfrhf - -Gypfrhgfhf 6 :

Freghnfs 7 -Jenepfbmunh spfg. 7 :

@rhoebfhf =1 8 Ndtus uneèbdsus - - Ofbtlh typf - -Odbdnfthf psenhthf 7: 8<

[hpenedbhgfhf - -[nhbth`d nhbgfdnhth - 1

[nhbth`d ohidr/ofmeh - -[dny`dbuo hvegunhrf - -[dnypdmeuo 1 -

Qhbubgunus spfg. - -Quaehgfhf 8 -

Quofx hgftdsh typf - -Whbùesdrah oebdr - -Wplh`buo spfg. 8 -]renfthf psenhthf 8 1

Voafnnejfrhf - 8

Vrtegh spfg 1 8

dtlfr thxh 6 60

88=

87E8

67

11

1

88

8 8=

^ä

1

8

1

8

8

1 8

7 8 1 <

5 88 6 1

8= : 8; 0

- 6 - E E

8 1 - 1:

8 8 . 7

<; 18 868 8:;8

5

8

1 87

8

8

7

-=

1 - 0 0

8 T T =

= 1 7 -81 8; 8; 0

1 - 1 8

1< : 1: 01

6;;

7 86 8; 7 87

8

6

=

:

8;

=

8

1 0

8

85

-<= 61 08 80 8;

8 : 86 s :

6

=

:

8; 80 1 : 1 5 0 7< 88 5 s

- 1 7 1 8 1 0 1 - 8 8 8 7 7 1 8

1; 8; :=8

EW 6 87 8; 6 0 1 7 - 778

: \

0

=

18

8

6 T 8 8 7 8 T ,

8

T8

T

\

0 T

1

8

<

8

8=

8

8

7

8

1=

8

8

7

7

1

0

8

8

8

80

8

7

8

-8

1 - 7

1

1 8

8

8 1 : - 1 8 = 8 7 1 1 8 = 8 = 1

7

1

8

8

0

7

1

8

85

8;

:

1

8

1

6

8

8

=

1

1 :

8

8

:

8

8

=

:

8

8

10

EW

1

:

=

=

8

1

1 - 8= : = = =

1

7

:

=

1

1 6

1

7 = 8 - -

1 = 1= 6 - < 7 8 0 = 1 1 : = : 8

8; 81 =1 11 66 11 7; 86 10 87 6 s 6< EW 81 =

: 8 18 81 0 87 0 7 7 6 1 = =0 1= : 8

8 - - = 8 81 8 1 - - -1 - 1\ 6 1 -= 87 71 18 7= 86 : 80 86 : 7 7 71 1 - \

W 86 =6 5 5 87 5 6 8; = 1 1 1: - 8; 88

1 8 :; : : 7 1 1 8 - 7 - 8 7 7 ; -

588=6

68: 176 1== 708 8;6 8W6 871 01 0= 1E\ 8W0 W: 1;W 76

8 8

88

7 - - 78

8 8 - 8 - - - -e

81

81

8EW = 8 8;:

n0 6 7 6 5 5 17 88 1;

e81

8 8 : 7 8: 0 8= 7 = - = 7 - - - -87 : W0 1; 17 1; 11 85 87 88 88 0 8; < : -7 - 8 8 - 8 8 - - - - - - 8 8 :

88

88

88 1

6

- - - - - - - 7 1 - -87

n1

8

7;

1

6 5 87 = : 7 1 = : \ 8 87 1

= 8; 88 - 6 = : 7 6 8 7 : = 7 : -8 8 6 1; 8: 5 71 : = = 6 8; 1 5 8 81 -7 - 8 - = - - 1 1 - 7 8 - - - -7 7

8

0 8

=

88

88

1

e

6 7 8 1 8 - 8: 1 8 7

787 88

8

=

8880

e

1 = 7 1 8 T 1 :81 T T

: 8 = - 8 1 - - - - - : 8 8 - -88 0 8;5 0 18 81 < 8 7 6 0 88 8: 5 8 8 80



G. ZFQOFFQFB HBM P. CVEI[FQ - [DNNFB JQDO GD[QDNE]FW

85<0 85<< 85<5

| I | H | W | ; _ B | M | I | J | O | H | O | I | I | H | W D | B | M | I | J | O | H | O | I |

Leppdplhf TGN ÞNX

@rhoebfhf

[ebus

Quofxhgftdsh typf

Hnbus

Aftueh

Xufrgus

Whnex

Neùstruo

Whoaugus

Gdopdsethf

dtlfr trffshbm slruas

TT"- 9? TIN99OT ? T

IôbHP

"C -r -r -] Nr bn r]Z]N ]

• ] l r j n r-e

r-b ]c rC r-, I N-]]- "8

r=8 ℡ J n”n 8”8 8”8”8 ~n

b E V bb r r-b r - b r- n V

bb bbb r-, b - e

b o 8 I n b”

Ine8 ℡ ‒ " ro ru ‒

Tg . . "V-, rRR- neäRLL

dtlfr lfras rÞ

71;8-:=;; / ^ 8:;8 -71;;

Z / R < ; 8 -8:;;-=;8 -<;;

-;-=;;

Jeùrf =. Hasdnutf buoafrs dj pdnnfb jrdo jdx fxgrfofbts (nd`. sghnf).




Jeùrf 6. Zf`fthtedb dj tlf stumefm hrfh. Hostfrmhosf Phtfrnfemeb`muebfb.

# £*%#

Jeùrf :. Gdprdnetfs jrdo9 h - Lfcfneb`fb (Bfdnetleg), a - ZennfbfuvfWhebt @froheb (Nhtf Erdb H`f), g - Vet`ffst (Qdohb [fredm). 898.

wddms hbm aruslwddm, `rhssnhbms dj vhryeb` odesturf

gdbtfbts hbm eb hquhteg hbm rumfrhn fbverdbofbts. ]lf

gfrfhns hrf h spfgehn ghsf. Hntldu`l tlfy wfrf jrfqufbtny

fbgdubtfrfm eb tlf fxgrfofbts tlfy wfrf bdt bfgfsshreny

gdoodb spfgefs eb tlf jdrofr vf`fthtedb. ]lfy ohy lhvf

affb nfjtdvfrs tlht wfrf jfm td tlf md`s. ]lf gfrfhn pdnnfb

ebgnumfm pdnnfb dj dht (Hvfbh), ahrnfy (Ldrmfuo) hbm

wlfht (]lneguo). Dtlfr pdnnfb dj guntevhtfm spfgefs

fbgdubtfrfm afsemfs tlht dj gfrfhns whs pdnnfb dj whnbut

(Iu`nhbs rfèm) hbm pfh ([esuo shtevuo). Wugl pdnnfb dj

guntevhtfm spfgefs prdvemfs ebjdrohtedb db tlf jddm

gdbsuofm ay tlf dgguphbts dj tlf setf. Et ghbbdt prdvf tlht

tlf spfgefs eb qufstedb wfrf `rdwb db tlf setf etsfnj, aut et

mdfs eopny tlht tldsf spfgefs wfrf prfsfbt tlfrf, jdr

ebsthbgf hs suppnefs.''

Gdprdnetfs jrdo (hrdubm) tlf shof pfredm jrdo Vet`ffst

(wfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms, 8 x) hbm jrdo tlf Nhtf Erdb H`f setf

Zennfbfuvf Whebt @froheb (bdrtlfrb Jrhbgf, 7x) yefnmfm

rdu`lny tlf shof rfsunts. @rhoebfhf rfùnhrny mdoebhtfm

hbm tlf dtlfr spfgefs rfprfsfbtfm hb dpfb nhbmsghpf gndsfny



185 G. ZFQOFFQFB HBM P. CVEI[FQ - [DNNFB JQDO GD[QDNE]FW

rfsfoaneb` tlht ebjfrrfm trdo tlf rfsunts dj tlf hbhnyses dj

tlf gdprdnetfs trdo ]lf Lhùf. Gfrfhns wfrf nägqufbtny

jdubm.

@rhoebfhf hnsd mdoebhtfm eb sdof ofmefvhn gdprdnetfs

(6x) trdo ]lf Lhùf.'" Qyf (Wfghnf gfrhnå) whs h jrfqufbt

spfgefs eb tlfsf gdprdnetfs.

Hgcbdwnfm`fofbtsPf wdunm necf td tlhbc J. Wpefcsoh jdr fxpnhebeb` tlf

vhredus whys eb wlegl pdnnfb ghb fbtfr tlf ebtfstebhn

systfo, I. Ounmfr jdr sfbmeb` us ebjdrohtedb hadut jdxfs

hbm elfer aflhvedur. @. Ahfyfbs hbm lfr gdnnfhùfs jdr

`rhb teb ` us hggfs s td (neg HZZ8) hrgh. I. @dum zw hhr m hbm

G. Ahcfns jdr gdnnfgteb` tlf mrdppeb`s, D. Arebccfopfr jdr

les greteghn rfohrcs hbm. jebhnny. tlf jdxfs jdr prdvemeb` us

wetl fbdu`l ahseg ohtfrehn jdr tlf gdophrhtevf stumy.

bdtfs

8 Pf mem bdt emfbtejy tlf mdbdr db tlf ahses dj tlf gdndur, dmdur

3uun mestreautedb dj tlf gdprdnetfs db tlf setf hs lhs affb mdbf eb

sdof dtlfr stumefs. Pf afnefvf tlht tlf slhpf (dvhn/gynebmreghn

wetl ndb` tleb fbms. hs wetl hnn ghrbevdrfs) hbm tlf meofbsedbs hrf

eopdrthbt gretfreh. Eb DV] ghsf tles nfnt us wetl twd pdsseaenetefs9

neeeeeehb Eveb`s dr md`s. ]les lhm td af sdnvfm ay ebspfgteb` tlf

gdbtfbts. ]lf prfsfbgf dj shbm. glhrgdhn hbm adbfs pdebtfm td md`s.

1 rfùnhrny fbgdubtfrfm9

shbm, jrhòfbts dj nfhvfs, odss, sffms (Vbegh medegh, [rubus

sfrdtebh, [dny`dbuo, Whoaugus be`rh, Aftueh, Quaus jrutegdsus,

Queos ghfseus, Quofx hgftdsfnnh, Leppdplhf rlhobdemfs, Wfbfged,

Zednh, Ghrfx, Odflrebèh trebfrveh, Nygdpus furdphfus, ]yplh,

Whèbh, Zfrdbegh, [dh, Grhthfùs odbd`ybh, @rhoebfhf), stfnnhtf

lhers dj Leppdplhf rlhobdemfs. lhers dj rhaaets. jrhòfbts dj

adbfs, rfohebs dj ebsfgts, mejjfrfbt spfgefs dj nhrvhf hbmghtfrpennhrs.

dgghsedbhnni fbgdubtfrfm9

jrhòfbts dj jndwfrs, jrhòfbts dj twe`s, spdrfs dj jubè. spemfrs,

puphreh dj jnefs. jrhòfbts dj jfhtlfrs hbm bhens dj aerms, f``s dj

whtfr jnfhs, jnfhs, jrhòfbts dj slfnns, negf, tegcs, sghnfs dj auttfrjny

v, eb`s. f``s dj Aryd/.dh. jrhòfbts dj aerms ' f``s.

7 ]lf sefveb` fxpfreofbt gdopresfm twd shopnfs dj tlf jdx

mrdppeb`s hbm twd shopnfs jrdo h pfht nhyfr bdt gdbbfgtfm wetl

tlf stumy prfsfbtfm lfrf. ]lf rfsunts dathebfm jdr tlf shopnfs jrdo

tlf pfhn hppfhrfm pedbeeseb` hn n'erst9 tlf sohn_ bbbfrhn phres ahm

lffb rfodvfm .enebdsn fdopnftfny. Ldu fvfr. gndsfr ebspfgtedb

sldwfm tlht tlf pdnnfb gdbtfbt lhm glhb`fm. ]lf meshppfhrhbgf dj

pdnnfb dj sohnn spfgefs necf Vbegh hbm Wdnhbuo sffofm hggfpthanf

eb vefw dj tlf eoprdvfm hbm odrf rfnehanf gdubthaenety dj tlf

snemfs. Ldwfvfr, nhr`f hodubts dj pdnnfb jrdo nhr`fr spfgefs necf

Hnbus, Whne.x, Gdrynus. @rhoebfhf. Quaehgfhf, Glfbdpdmehffhf.

Voafnnejfrhf hbm Odbdnfthf lhm hnsd meshppfhrfm. wlegl whs

odrf sfredus.

= Hasdnutf buoafrs wfrf dathebfm ay tlf hmmetedb dj Nygdpdmeuo

thanfts. ]lf pdnnfb ghnfbmhr prdvemfs tlf pdnnfb gdbtfbt dj tlf her

eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms.

6 [dnnfb es cbdwb td hmlfrf td jruets. Odrfdvfr , Ounmfr (85<<)

mesgdvfrfm tlht sfvfrhn dj tlf jdxfs lf stumefm aurefm jddm hbm nfjt

et eb tlf `rdubm jdr h sldrt teof. wlegl ohcfs et stenn odrf mejjegunt

td hsgreaf tlf pdnnfb td h spfgejeg sfhsdb.

: Et es pdsseanf tlht odrf pdsetevf rfsunts wdunm af dathebfm ej

odrf mhth wfrf td af gdnnfgtfm (odrf mrdppeb`s pfr odbtl dvfr h

pfredm dj sfvfrhn yfhrs) hbm gdophrfm wetl tlf rfsunts dj h seoenhr

stumy eb hbdtlfr hrfh (wetl h mejjfrfbt vf`fthtedb). H stumy dj tlf

mrdppeb`s dj lfraevdrfs wdunm ebvdnvf dtlfr prdanfos, sugl hs tlf

pdsseaenety dj ghttnf lhveb` affb jfm suoofr lhy eb tlf webtfr teof.

0 [dnnfb hbm sffms wfrf stumefm (Ahcfns 85<<).

< Fvemfbgf dathebfm eb hrglhfdadthbeghn rfsfhrgl dj rfohebs jrdo

tlf Wglfvfbeb`sf wf` (Zfroffrfb. ubpuaneslfm) hbm pdnnfb

rfsfhrgl (Ifn`frsoh fn hn. 850;3 Mf Idb`/Yh`weib 85<7).

5 Et es hnwhys vfry mejjegunt td hsgfrtheb wlftlfr dr bdt h guntevhtfm

spfgefs whs `rdwb db tlf setf etsfnj. Et lhs ndb` affb afnefvfm tlht

tlf prfsfbgf dj pdnnfb dj h spfgefs gdbstenunfs fvemfbgf tlht tlht

spfgefs whs `rdwb db tlf setf aut wf md bdt h`rff. Petl tlf

fxgfptedb dj tlf pdnnfb dj ryf, vertuhnny hnn gfrfhn pdnnfb es rfnfhsfm

jrdo tlf glhjj eb tlrfsleb`. ]lf hssuoptedb tlht gfrfhns wfrf

trhmfm hbm stdrfm eb tlf glhjj es `rhmuhnny webbeb` `rdubm3 tlht

wdunm ofhb tlht sohnn hodubts dj gfrfhn pdnnfb mesgdvfrfm ht h

setf wdunm bdt gdbstetutf fvemfbgf jdr tlf guntevhtedb dj tlf spfgefs

db tlf spdt, aut wdunm seopny ebmeghtf ets prfsfbgf tlfrf. Pfebetehnny tldu`lt tlht wf wdunm af hanf td prdvf wlftlfr dr bdt

pfhs lhm affb guntevhtfm ht h setf. [fhs wfrf stdrfm hjtfr tlfy lhm

affb rfodvfm jrdo tlfer pdms. Pf hssuofm tlht hby pdnnfb tlht

ohy lhvf affb prfsfbt db tlf dutsemf dj tlf pdms wdunm lhvf

meshppfhrfm ay tlf teof tlfy wfrf stdrfm. Ej tlht wfrf truf. tlf

mesgdvfry dj pfh pdnnfb ht h setf wdunm ofhb tlht pfhs wfrf `rdwb

db tlf setf etsfnj. Vbjdrtubhtfny, ldwfvfr, rfgfbt pfhs tlht wfrf

slfnnfm hbm prfphrfm jdr pdnnfb hbhnyses wfrf jdubm td gdbtheb

pdnnfb.

8; Jdur dj tlfsf lhvf hnrfhmy affb puaneslfm eb Oh`fbmhbs hbm

Phhsmdrp 85<5.



11; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NF8MFBWEH 1:

rfjfrfbgfs

Ahcfns, G.

Mdeb`, L.

Mrefssfb, O.B.A.O. 85<<

I.P.O. Mfrcsfb

J.].O. Wpefcsoh

F. Qdftohb

Frmtohb, @. 85:5

Ifn`frsoh, W. 850;

I. mf Idb`

P.L. Yh`weib


Idb`, I. mf 85<7

P.L. Yh`weib

Cdwhnsce, C. 850:

]. Ohnebdwsce

C. Phsynecdwh

Oh`fbmhbs, I.Q. 85<5

I.H. Phhsmdrp

Ounmfr, I.N. 85<<

85<< Lfcfneb`fb, h Bfdnetleg setf eb tlf swhops dj tlf Ohhs fstuhry. Mfr prflestdresglf

Ofbsgl ubm sfebf Vowfnt, Jdrsglub`fb ubm Afregltf zur Zdr- ubm Jrþl`fsglegltf eb

Ahmfb-Pþrttfoafr 78, 866-8:8.

85<< Nhbmsglhpsdfgdndèf vhb mf Bfmfrnhbmsf cust. Wteglteb` Muebafldum Nfemfb.

[dnnfbhtnhs vhb mf Bfmfrnhbmsf htodsjffr. Dbcfbldut, Lenvfrsuo.

Lhbmaddc dj phnybdnd`y. Oubcs`hhrm, Gdpfblh`fb.

]lf gdhsthn mubfs dj tlf wfstfrb Bftlfrnhbms3 `fdnd`y, vf`fthtedbhn lestdry hbm

hrglhfdnd`y. Ofmfmfneb`fb Qeics @fdndèsglf Mefbst B.W. 18. 57-8:0.

85<7 Mf vf`fthtef`fsglefmfbes vhb 's-@rhvfblh`f fb do`fveb`. Ofmfmfneb`fb Qeics

@fdndèsglf Mefbst 70, ==-:7.

850: Gdprdnetfs jrdo h ghstruo dj Nushtehb gunturf eb Cdodrdwd, [dzbhb Mestregt, Jdneh

Xuhtfrbhreh, =<, 8-87.

Jrhbcfb hhb mf Jrhbcfbsnh`. Ffb vrdf`-oemmfnffuwsf bfmfrzftteb` eb 's-@rhvfblh`f.

ZDO-rffcs 1.

Mf vds eb lft Bddrmldnnhbms muebrfsfrvhht. Mffn 19 lft vdfmsfn vhb mf vds, QEB rhppdrt

<</=1.

[hhp. B.H.

Pensdb, H.J.

L.W. Bdvfy

Q.H. Afrcf

F.N. Wurprfbhbt

850: [rfneoebhry rfsunts dj tlf ebvfst e`htedbs dj prflestdref jhfgfs jrdo Pfstjrefsnhbm([rdvebgf dj Bdrtl Ldnnhbm, tlf Bftlfrnhbms), Afregltfb QDA 1:, 810-871.

8507 Mfpdsetedb dj eblhnfm pdnnfb hbm pdnnfb fxtrhgt eb Luohb herwhys , Bfw Fb`nhbm Idurbhn

dj Ofmegebf 1<<. 8;6:-8;6<.

GF. Zfroffrfb


[.D.Adx5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb

P.I. Cueipfr


[.D.Adx5686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb



].J.O. Dumfohbs ]rhgfs dj Hbgefbt Zfssfn Vsf9 Ebvfste`hteb`

I-I- Addb [rflestdref Vsh`f dj jdur [dt ]ypfs ay Dr`hbeg

Qfsemuf Hbhnyses useb` [yrdnyses Ohss Wpfgtrdoftry

/// tles stumy, Guref-pdebt [yrdnyses Ohss Wpfgtrdoftry(Gu[yOW) whs usfmjdr tlf glhrhgtfreshtedb djsdnemdr`hbeg rfsemufs setuhtfm db vfssfns dj mejjfrfbt slhpfs hbmsezfs. jdubm eb hb ebme`fbdus sfttnfofbt jrdo tlf Qdohb

pfredmhn Vet`ffst-@rddt Mdrrf`ffst, ]lf hbhnyses djvfrystbhnn shopnfs prdmugfm 'jeb`frprebts' wlegl rfjnfgt tlfglfoeghn gdopdsetedb dj tlf rfsemufs. Wden shopnfs dj tlfsurrdubmeb` sfmeofbt wfrf hbhnyzfmtd glfgc jdrgdbthoebhtedb, dut bd ebmeghtedbs gdunm afjdubmjdr sfvfrf

pdst mfpdsetedbhn mf`rhmhtedb dr gdbthoebhtedb dj rfsemufswetl sden gdopdbfbts. ]lf glfoeghn gdopdsetedb dj tlfrfsemufs whs fdrrfnhnfm td tlf sezf hbm jhro dj tlf vfssfnsuseb` Mesgreoebhbt Hbhnyses eb gdoaebhtedb wetl Gdopnftf

Nebc Gnustfr Hbhnyses. ]les fdrrfnhtedb rfjnffts h mestebgtedbeb dreèbhn usf aftwffb vfssfns dj mejjfrfbt jdros hbm sezfs.]lf prfsfbgf dj 'ohrcfr' gdopdubmsjdrjhtty hgems,

prdtfebs, sodcf gdbmfbshtfs hbm glhrrfm pdnyshgglhremfsmftfgtfm eb tlf rfsemufs. èvfs ebjdrohtedb hadut tlf

pdsseanf dreèbhn usf dj tlf vhredus typfs dj vfssfns.

8. Ebtrdmugtedb8.8 JVBG]EDBHN GNHWWEJEGH]EDB DJ [D]]FQU, ]LF

VWF-HN]FQH]EDB [FQW[FG]EZF

[dttfry es h jebm-ghtf`dry jrfqufbtny stumefm ayhrglhfdndèsts eb sfhrgl dj ebjdrohtedb hadut mejjfrfbthspfgts dj phst sdgeftefs, sugl hs, sdgehn dr`hbeshtedb, tlfdr`hbeshtedb dj trhmf hbm fxglhb`f, mfod`rhply hbmsuasestfbgf. Eb spetf dj tlf ndb`-sthbmeb` trhmetedb djgfrhoeg stumefs eb hrglhfdnd`y, et lhs hnwhys rfohebfmmejjegunn td hsse`b jubgtedbs td hbgefbt vfssfns. ]lfubmfrsthbmeb` dj ldw pdttfry whs usfm es ldwfvfr fssfbtehntd hnn stumefs tlht mfmugf ebjdrohtedb jrdo pdttfryhssfoanh`fs. ]lf hrglhfdndèghn ebjdrohtedb stdrfm eb hbyhssfoanh`f dj hrtfjhgts ghb dbny af ebtfrprftfm junny ej tlf

hgtuhn usf dj tlf daifgts es cbdwb (Wcead 8551, =).Hrglhfdndèghn oftldms td emfbtejy vfssfn jubgtedb hrffetlfr merfgtfm td tlf jubgtedb ebtfbmfm ay tlf pdttfr, dr tdtlf hgtuhn usf dj h vfssfn. ]lf stumy dj ebtfbmfm vfssfnjubgtedbs es ahsfm db tlf hssuoptedb tlht tlf jdro, sezf hbmgdopdsetedb dj pdttfry hbm, td h gfrtheb fxtfbt, etsmfgdrhtedb, hrf gdbstrhebfm ay tlf ebtfbmfm gdbtfxt hbmgdbmetedbs dj usf (Arhub 8507). ]lf oheb mejjegunty dj tles

hpprdhgl es tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj dasfrvfm odrpldndèghnhbm tfglbdndèghn vhrehtedb eb tfros dj jubgtedb (Qegf 85<0.1;0-171). ]lf rfnhtedbsleps aftwffb jdro, jubgtedb hbmprdmugtedb tfglbdnd`y hrf gdopnfx hbm vhrehanf. ]lf stumyd^ ebtfbmfm vfssfn jubgtedbs es tlfrfjdrf neoetfm eb mfthenhbm rfsdnveb` pdwfr hbm wenn usuhnny rfsunt eb h `fbfrhnjrhofwdrc dj pdsseanf jubgtedbs (Qegf 855;).

Wtumefs merfgtfm td tlf hgtuhn usf dj vfssfns, db tlf dtlfrlhbm, ghb èvf ebmfpfbmfbt ebjdrohtedb hadut tlf

utenethrehb rdnf dj h vfssfn. ]lf trhmetedbhn hrglhfdndèghnhpprdhgl, tlf stumy dj rfgdvfry gdbtfxt, es usuhnny neoetfmeb rfsdnutedb hbm dpfb td ountepnf ebtfrprfthtedbs. ]lfodst merfgt hbm mfthenfm why td hbhnyzf vfssfn usf estlrdu`l trhgfs jdubm eb hbm db tlf gfrhoegs. Lhnny (85<7)whs tlf jerst td usf tlf tfro 'usf-hntfrhtedbs' jdrodmejeghtedbs td tlf gfrhoeg ghusfm ay usf dj tlf vfssfn.Odrf rfgfbtny, dtlfr rfsfhrglfrs (Lfbregcsdb 855;9 Wcead8551, =1-=5) lhvf mfsgreafm vhredus typfs dj odmejeghtedbsebgnumeb`9 tlf fjjfgts dj jereb` sugl hs. sddt mfpdsetedbhbm mesgdndrhtedb muf td mejjfrfbgfs eb dxemhtevf sthtf(/.f. dxy`fb mesgdndrhtedb)3 httretedb dr 'usf-wfhr' djgfrhoeg vfssfns (f.#. sgrhtglfs, mfbts, gleppeb`)9 hbm

dr`hbeg rfsemufs prfsfbt eb tlf vfssfns. Hntldu`l fhgl djtlfsf typfs dj hntfrhtedbs ghb èvf ebjdrohtedb hadut vfssfnusf, et oust af cfpt eb oebm, tlht bdbf wenn èvf ebjdrohtedbhadut tlf gdopnftf rhb`f dj pdsseanf vfssfn usfs wetleb hsdgefty, aut rhtlfr, db vfssfns dj h sfnfgtevf rhb`f dj mhenyhppneghtedbs.

8.1 DQ@ HBEG QFWEMVF HBHNUWEW ]D W]VMU ZFWWFN

VWF

Wtumefs dj dr`hbeg rfsemufs jdubm eb hssdgehtedb wetlhbgefbt pdttfry lhvf ohebny affb merfgtfm td tlfemfbtejeghtedb dj fxtrhgthanf gdopdubms sugl hs nepems hbm

rfsebdus ohtfrehns (sff aeaned`rhplefs eb Fvfrslfm ft hn.85513 Lfrdb/Fvfrslfm 85573 Qdttnhbmfr/Wglnegltfrnf 85<;).Adtl veseanf surjhgf rfsemufs hbm gdopdubms hasdrafm ebtlf gfrhoeg dj tlf vfssfn whnn hrf pdtfbtehnny usfjun shopnfohtfrehn jdr systfohteg rfsfhrgl dj vfssfn usf wetlebgfrhoeg gdopnfxfs. Eb tlf netfrhturf sdof mesh`rffofbtfxests gdbgfrbeb` tlf suethaenety dj tlf mejjfrfbt ohtfrehns.Hasdrafm rfsemufs hrf prdahany odrf ubevfrshnny prfsfbt




(Fvfrslfm 8557) hbm hrf gnheofm td af odrf prdtfgtfmh`hebst mf`rhmhtedb hbm gdbthoebhtedb wetl sden gdopdubms(Qdttnhbmfr 855;). ]lfer hbhnyses es, ldwfvfr, neoetfm tdspfgejeg gnhssfs dj fxtrhgthanf gdopdubms, sugl hs nepems drrfsebdus ohtfrehns, hbm tlf rfsunts hrf lhrmfr td ebtfrprftafghusf tlf gdopdubms hrf prdahany hgguounhtfm eb tlfgfrhoeg dvfr h ndb`fr pfredm dj vfssfn usf. Wurjhgf

rfsemufs, db tlf dtlfr lhbm, hrf nfss gdoodb aut lhvfrfgfbtny affb sldwb (Dumfohbs ft hn. eb prfss) td gdbtheb hafttfr prfsfrvfm gdopnfx nepems prdjenf. Eb hmmetedb, surjhgfrfsemufs hrf prdahany tlf rfsunt dj tlf nhst, dr dbf dj tlfnhst, plhsfs dj vfssfn usf. Eb tlfdry, tles ebgrfhsfs tlfnecfnelddm dj Emfbtejeghtedb dj tlf dreèbhn vfssfn gdbtfbts.Jebhnny, sdnem surjhgf rfsemufs ghb af stumefm jdr ohbygnhssfs dj bdb-fxtrhgthanf gdopdubms sugl hs prdtfebs hbmpdnyshgglhbmfs. Webgf tlf glfoeghn gdopdsetedb dj tlf tdthnrfsemufs es ubcbdwb predr td hbhnyses, sdnvfbt fxtrhgts, hsdathebfm eb tlf stumy dj hasdrafm rfsemufs, ohy bdt afgdbsemfrfm rfprfsfbthtevf jdr tles gdopdsetedb wetldutjurtlfr stumy.

]lf cbdwnfm`f dj gdopnfx sdnem aedohtfrehns es,ldwfvfr, gdbsthbtny ebgrfhseb` muf td tlf hppneghtedb djbgw hbhnyteghn tfglbequfs. sugl hs hbhnyteghn pyrdnyses ohssspfgtrdoftry (Addb 8551). Guref-pdebt [yrdnyses OhssWpfgtrdoftry (Gu[yOW) lhs affb sldwb td af h suethanfhbhnyteghn tfglbequf jdr tlf stumy dj glhrrfm bhturhnprdmugts ([hstdrdvh fn hn. 8557h, 8557a) hbm jdr tlf stumydj hrglhfdndèghn surjhgf rfsemufs (Dumfohbs/Addb 8558).]lf hmvhbth`f dj tles tfglbequf es tlf ghphgety td hbhnyzf hgdopnfx oexturf dj gdopdubms eb dbf seb`nf hbhnyses.Oexturfs dj sdnuanf gdopdubms hbm sdnem ohtfrehns ghb aghbhnyzfm.

Eb tles phpfr, h sfrefs dj sdnem dr`hbeg rfsemufs jrdo hbebme`fbdus sfttnfofbt jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm ht Vet`ffst-@rddt Mdrrf`ffst whs hbhnyzfm wetl Gu[yOW tdglhrhgtfresf tlfer glfoeghn gdopdsetedb. ]lf ohss spfgtrhwfrf gdophrfm useb` ountevhrehtf hbhnyteghn tfglbequfs,rfsunteb` eb gnustfrs dj glfoeghnny seoenhr rfsemufs. ]lfgnustfrs wfrf suasfqufbtny gdrrfnhtfm td tlf sezf hbm jdrodj tlf vfssfn. ]lf lypdtlfses es tfstfm (Haaebc 85<6, ebprfp), tlht vhrehtedb eb jdro hbm sezf dj vfssfns rfprfsfbts hvhrehtedb eb ebtfbmfm usf dj tlf pdttfry.

1. Fxpfreofbthn1.8 WHO[NFW HBM WHO[NF ]QFH]OFB]

]lf pdttfry stumefm whs rfgdvfrfm jrdo hb ebme`fbdussfttnfofbt jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm (g. ;-7;; HM) htVet`ffst-@rddt Mdrrf`ffst eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms (Pdntfreb`85<1, 85<7). ]lf sfttnfofbt whs setuhtfm db tlf rfohebs djh gdhsthn ahrrefr hbm h shbmy Mubcerc E grffc mfpdset.Mureb` tlf Qdohb pfredm, tlf sfttnfofbt whs adrmfrfm dbWF hbm WP ay h ndw nyeb`, futrdpleg pfht mfpdset hbm gut

djj db BP hbm BF ay h jrfsl whtfr ùnny rubbeb` eb hb dngdursf dj tlf shnt whtfr grffc. Eb tlf sfttnfofbt h buoafr debgdopnftf tlrff-esnfm ldusfpnhbs hbm hadut twfbty jennfm-up whtfr wfnns, mhtfm td tlf Qdohb pfredm. gdunm afmftfgtfm (Haaebc 85<6).

]lf gldegf dj tlf shopnf ohtfrehn jdr Gu[yOW hbhnyseswhs ahsfm db tlrff gretfreh9 aurehn gdbtfxt, vfssfn

odrpldnd`y hbm prfsfbgf dj mejjfrfbt typfs dj surjhgfrfsemufs (Haaebc eb prfp). ]lf pdttfry whs jdubm eb tlrffmejjfrfbt typfs dj aurehn gdbtfxts9 eb shbmy grffc mfpdsets,eb le`lny dr`hbeg gnhy mfpdsets (e.f. jennfm-up prflestdrefwfnns dr metgl jenns) hbm eb pfht mfpdsets (tha. 8). Mejjfrfbtodrpldndèghn vfssfn typfs wfrf mestebùeslfm eb tlfstumefm gfrhoeg gdopnfx ahsfm db sfvfrhn sezf hbm jdroglhrhgtfrestegs (Haaebc eb prfp). Jdur typfs dj vfssfns wfrfsfnfgtfm jdr tles stumy (je`. 8) dj wlegl typf EE rfprfsfbtstlf nhr`fst buoafr eb tfros dj quhbtety dj rfgdvfrfm slfrmsZfssfn typfs E, EEE hbm EZ wfrf ougl nfss haubmhbt. ]lfshopnf sft usfm eb tles stumy, gdbthebfm vhredus mejjfrfbttypfs dj surjhgf rfsemufs. Odst dj tlf rfsemufs wfrf mhrcardwb, ghradbezfm tlegc (2 8 oo) grusts setuhtfm db tlfebtfredr dj vfssfns. Hntldu`l tlfsf glhrs dggurrfm eb hnn jdumejjfrfbt vfssfn typfs, tlfy wfrf vfry rhrf eb vfssfns jrdotypf EZ. H jfw grfho gdndurfm, jnhcy, grusts dj ofmeuotlegcbfss (g. 8 oo), dggurrfm db tlf ebsemf dj vfssfns.]lfsf rfsemufs wfrf odst jrfqufbtny jdubm db vfssfns djtypf EZ.

Zfry rhrfny, soddtl rfm ardwb, tleb (> 8 oo) rfsemufswfrf mesgdvfrfm hnn dvfr tlf ebtfredr dj vfssfns dr setuhtfmhs strfhcs dr mreppeb` trhgfs db tlf fxtfredr dj vfssfns. ]lfphttfrbs db tlf fxtfredr dj vfssfn <-8 wfrf prdahany tlf

rfsunt dj purpdsfjun mfgdrhtedb wetl h tlegc nequem. H jdurtlcebm dj rfsemufs, dj petgl anhgc gdndur hbm soddtl, tleb(> 8 oo) hppfhrhbgf gdunm af jdubm db tlf fxtfredr djsfvfrhn vfssfns. ]lfsf anhgc rfsemufs wfrf odst jrfqufbtnyjdubm db vfssfns dj typf E. ]lf sfnfgtfm shopnf sft gdbsestdj 80 slfrms jrdo gdopnftf vfssfns dj hnn jdur typfs, hbm8; slfrms wlegl wfrf tdd sohnn td hnndw emfbtejeghtedb djtlf dreèbhn vfssfn typf. ]lfsf slfrms wfrf ebgnumfm afghustlfy gdbthebfm wfnn prfsfrvfm rfsemufs.

Hnn slfrms lhm prfvedusny affb whslfm wetl thp whtfr.]lf rfsemuf shopnfs wfrf sgrhpfm jrdo tlf gfrhoeg surjhgwetl h sghnpfn (gnfhbfm wetl Meglndrdoftlhbf), hjtfrrfodvhn dj tlf dutfrodst ;.6 oo dj tlf rfsemuf. Eb hmmetedtd tlf rfsemuf shopnfs, twd shopnfs dj tlf odst dr`hbegsfmeofbts prfsfbt eb tlf setf ([, hbm [1) wfrf hbhnyzfm ebdrmfr td glfgc jdr fxglhb`f dj gdopdubms jrdo tlfsfmeofbt. Hadut 8;; u` dj fhgl shopnf whs `rdubm wetl hsohnn `nhss odrthr hbm pfstnf. Wuasfqufbtny h suspfbsedbwhs ohmf ay hmmetedb dj hadut 6; p.8 untrh purf whtfr(Oennepdrf X-`rhmf).



117 ].J.O. DVMFOHBW HBM I.I. ADDB - ]QHGFW DJ HBGEFB] ZFWWFN VWF

>o J]Q b~e^ o^M P Zr ^î

Jeùrf 8. Odrpldnd eghn vfssfn typfs jrdo Vet`ffst-@rddt Mdrrf`ffst (Haaebc, eb prfp). ]lf typdnd`y es ahsfm db jdro hbm sezf vhrehanfs suglhs @rfhtfst Mehoftfr (@M), Qeo Mehoftfr (QM), hbm Mesthbgf jrdo Qeo td @rfhtfst Mehoftfr (MQ@). ]ypf E9 sohnn, tlrff phrtetf, wemf odutlfmvfssfns (@M/QM > 8.6, @M > 80; oo hbm @M/MQ@ 2 1.=)3 ]ypf EE9 ofmeuo sezfm, tlrff phrtetf, wemf odutlfm vfssfns (@M/QM > 8.6, @M 28<; oo, @M > 7=; oo hbm @M/MQ@ 2 1.=)3 ]ypf EEE9 nhr`f, tlrff phrtetf, wemf odutlfm vfssfns (@M/QM > 8.6, @M 2 76; oo hbm @M/MQ@ 21.5)3 ]ypf EZ9 Ihr-necf. tlrff phrtetf, bhrrdw odutlfm vfssfns (@M/QM 2 8.6 aut @M/QM > 1.8 hbm @M/MQ@ > 1.=). Mrhweb`s ay I. Lunst, WthtfWfrvegf jdr Hrglhfdnd eghn Ebvfste`htedbs eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms (QDA).



11= HBHNFG]H [QHFE88W]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

]hanf 8. Qfsemuf shopnfs hbm sden shopnfsh Jebm buoafr9 tlf jerst buoafr ebmeghtfs tlf buoafr dj tlf fxghvhtedb pet, tlf nfttfrs ebmeghtf ountepnf

shopnfs jrdo dbf vfssfn.a Qfsemuf hppfhrhbgf9 Ardwb, mhrc ardwb, tlegc (2 8 oo), glhrrfm grust db ebtfredr dj tlf vfssfn9

Anhgc, soddtl, tleb (> 8 oo) anhgc rfsemuf db fxtfredr dj tlf vfssfn9 Qfm ardwb, soddtl, tleb

(> 8 oo), rfm ardwb rfsemuf setuhtfm db ebtfredr (soddtl nhyfr) dr fxtfredr (djtfb eb strfhcs dr

mreppeb` trhgfs) dj vfssfn3 Grfho gdndurfm9 wletf yfnndw, arettnf grust dj ofmeuo tlegcbfss (gh. 8 o

db ebtfredr dj vfssfn.g [dsetedb dj tlf rfsemuf db tlf vfssfn9 Eb, Ebtfredr3 Fx, Fxtfredr dj tlf vfssfn.m Zfssfn ]ypf9 tlf odrpldndèghn vfssfn typf (Haaebc eb prfp).f Wfmeofbt9 tlf sden typf eb wlegl tlf vfssfn whs jdubm.8 [,hbm [1hrf pfht shopnfs jrdo tlf fxghvhtedb jdubm eb rfspfgtevfny pet 8: hbm pet 7=.

buoafr jebm buoafr ' rfsemufa pdsetedb' vfssfn typf'8 sfmeofbt''

E 0-0 ardwb Eb EE dr`hbeg gnh

9 W 8 rfm ardwb Fx EEE dr`hbeg gnh

7 \ 1 ardwb Eb EEE dr`hbeg gnh

= <-6 grfho gdndurfm Eb 8 dr`hbeg gnh

6 8=-:-=.1 ardwb Eb - shbmy

: 8=-:-=.7h ardwb Eb 8 shbmy

0 8=-:-=.7a anhgc Fx 8 shbmy

W 8=-:-=.= ardwb Eb - shbmy

'n 8=-:-=.6 ardwb Eb - shbmy8; 8<-7-7.1h ardwb Eb 8 dr`hbeg gnh

EE 8<-7-7.1a anhgc Fx 8 dr`hbeg gnh

81 8<.0 ardwb Eb EE dr`hbeg gnh

87 85.0-5;.1h ardwb Eb EE dr`hbeg gnh

en 85.0-5;.1a ardwb Eb EE dr`hbeg gnh

86 1;-= ardwb Eb EE shbmy

8: 1;-=-860 ardwb Eb - shbmy

80 1;-=-81-7 ardwb Eb EE dr`hbeg gnh

S< 78-=h ardwb Eb 8 dr`hbeg gnh

8') 78-=a anhgc Fx 8 dr`hbeg gnh

1; 71-:-8< ardwb Eb - pfht

18 77-6-1h ardwb Eb - pfht

11 77-6-1a ardwb Eb - pfht

1 6 77-<-1h ardwb Eb - pfht1= 77-<-1a ardwb Eb - pfht

16 7=-;-81 ardwb Eb - dr`hbeg gnh

1: 7=-;-7;(?7=-n1) ardwb Eb EE dr`hbeg gnh

10 7=-0-:1 rfm ardwb Eb EE dr`hbeg gnh

1\ 7=-0-56.a anhgc E-H 8 dr`hbeg gnh

1') 7=-88-7 ardwb Eb EE dr`hbeg gnh

$; 76-6-81; ardwb Eb EE shbmy

78 76-0-1< grfho gdndurfm Eb - shbmy

71 76-1; grfho gdndurfm Eb EZ shbmy

77 76-18 ardwb Eb EE shbmy

W= pfht,8 pfht pet 8:

76 pfht,8 pfht pet 7=

1.1 EBW]QVOFB]HN

]lf hbhnysfs wfrf pfrjdrofm eb trepneghtf db h junny

hutdohtfm Guref-pdebt pyrdnyses ohss spfgtrdoftfr, tlf

JDO-hutd[UOW, auent ht HODNJ eb tlf oem sfvfbtefs hbm

mfsgreafm eb ets nhtfst vfrsedb ay Addb fn hn. (85<=).

[yrdnyses es h tlfrohn jrhòfbthtedb dj nhr`f, bdb-vdnhtenf

odnfgunfs eb hb ebfrt htodsplfrf. ]lf sohnnfr, odrf

vdnhtenf jrhòfbts jdrofm mureb` tles rhpem lfhteb` prdgfss

hrf rfprfsfbthtevf dj tlf dreèbhn (ohgrd) odnfgunfs. Guref-

pdebt pyrdnyses es hggdopneslfm ay ebmugtevf lfhteb` dj h

jfrrdoh`bfteg werf gdhtfm wetl tlf shopnf ohtfrehn. ]lf

tlfrohn fbfr`y tlus trhbsjfrrfm td tlf shopnf es usfm jdr



116 ].J.O. DVMFOHBW HBM I.I. ADDB - ]QHGÅW DJ HBGEFB] ZFWWFN VWF

mfsdrptedb dr pyrdnyses dj tlf odnfgunfs. ]lf mfsdrafmodnfgunfs hbm pyrdnyses jrhòfbts hrf suasfqufbtny edbesfmhbm trhbspdrtfm td taf ohss spfgtrdoftfr wlfrf tlfy hrfsfphrhtfm hggdrmeb` td ohss. ]lf ebstruofbthn gdbmetedbswfrf9 lfhteb` jdr ;.8 s ht h rhtf dj 6;;;»G/s up td h Guref-pdebt tfopfrhturf dj :8; G. tlf tdthn lfhteb` teof whs 8.; s.]lf pyrdnyses glhoafr whs sft ht 8<;»G, tlf edbeshtedb

gurrfbt whs 8: fZ hbm tlf tdthn ohss rhb`f ofhsurfm whsonz 1;-1=; ht h sghb spffm dj 8; sghbs/s wetl h tdthnbubelfr dj hvfrh`fm spfgtrh dj 1;;. ]lf rfsunts hrfvesuhnesfm eb h Ohss Wpfgtruo eb wlegl tlf ebtfbsety djfhgl ohss es pndttfm db h sghnf dj 8 td 8;;% rfnhtevf td tlfodsn haubmhbt ohss. Ohss Wpfgtrh (je`. 1) ghb tlfrfjdrf afsffb hs h glfoeghn 'jeb`frprebts' dj tlf tdthn dr`hbegglfoeghn gdopdsetedb dj tlf shopnf.

1. 7 OnV.]EZHQEH]F HBHNUWEW

Eb drmfr td jhgenethtf tlf gdophresdb dj ohss spfgtrh, hmhth rfmugtedb tfglbequf ghnnfm Mesgreoebhbt Hbhnyses (MH)whs hppnefm. ]lf sthtesteghn phgch`f usfm whs h odmejefm

vfrsedb dj tlf HQ]LNEQ ountevhrehtf hbhnyses phgch`f(Ldd`fraru``f gn hn. 85<7). H buoafr dj MesgreoebhbtJubgtedbs (MJs) wfrf ghngunhtfm, wlegl fxprfss tlf ohebseoenhretefs hbm messeoenhretefs aftwffb `rdups dj shopnfs.]lf MJs hrf nebfhr rfgdoaebhtedbs dj le`lny gdrrfnhtfmohssfs. ]lf buoafr dj MJs bffmfm td fxpnheb tlf tdthn ^ hrehbgf eb h sft dj shopnfs mfpfbms db tlf mevfrsety djtlf shopnfs hbm tlf gdopnfxety dj tlf ohtfrehn stumefm.]lf tdthn vhrehbgf eb h sft dj shopnfs ghb af sffb hs hsuoohtedb dj vhrehbgf ebtrdmugfm ay systfohteg glhb`fseb shopneb` dr hbhnyteghn prdgfmurf (Ew? wetleb `rdupvhrehbgf), hbm vhrehbgf aftwffb tlf `rdups dj rfpneghtf

hbhnysfs dj shopnfs (EA ? aftwffb `rdup vhrehbgf).]lf Jeslfr rhted (J) dj h èvfb MJ, mfjebfm hs J ? EA /8P,

fxprfssfs tlf hodubt dj vhrehbgf rfnfvhbt td `rdup sfphrhtedbfxpnhebfm ay tlht MJ. ]lf glhrhgtfresteg vhrehbgf dj hshopnf sfe es lfrf mfjebfm hs tlf suo dj tlf Jeslfr rhteds djhnn tlf MJs. Vseb` tlfsf Jeslfr rhted's, h sfnfgtedb dj MJsghb af ohmf tlht hrf odst rfnfvhbt td `rdup sfphrhtedb.]wd-meofbsedbhn rfprfsfbthtedbs dj tlf mesgreoebhbt sphgf(mesgreoebhbt ohps dj twd rfnfvhbt MJs) ghb af ohmf (je`s7, =). sldweb` tlf shopnfs pndttfm hrdubm hb dreèb, wleglrfprfsfbts tlf ghngunhtfm 'hvfrh`f spfgtruo'. ]lf rfnhtevfmejjfrfbgf eb glfoeghn gdopdsetedb aftwffb twd shopnfs esfxprfssfm ay tlf Fugnemfhb mesthbgf aftwffb twd shopnf

pdebts eb tlf ohp (f.`. shopnfs gndsf td`ftlfr hrf odrfseoenhr td dbf hbdtlfr tlfb shopnfs jurtlfr hphrt).

Eb drmfr td dutnebf `rdups dj glfoeghnny seoenhr shopnfs,Gdopnftf Nebc Gnustfr Hbhnyses (GNGH) whs fopndyfm.Webgf bdt hnn MJs lhvf tlf shof fxpnhbhtdry pdwfr, fhglmeofbsedb es wfe`ltfm predr td gnustfr hbhnyses. ]lfwfe`lteb` jhgtdr c, es mfjebfm hs tlf pfrgfbth`f dj tlf

glhrhgtfresteg vhrehbgf fxpnhebfm ay tlf èvfb MJ,. ]lfwfe`ltfm Fugnemfhb mesthbgf M aftwffb shopnf pdebts x,hbm x1 es mfjebfm hs9

//Dnv,.v9, ? E O-Z‒-Z9,)9 (8)

eb wlegl e syoadnesfs tlf meofbsedb dr MJ hbm c, es hwfe`lteb` jhgtdr jdr meofbsedb e hbm x,3 hbm x1e hrf tlfvhnufs jdr x, hbm x1 eb tlf meofbsedb e. GNGH whs hppnefmtd tlf wfe`ltfm Fugnemfhb mesthbgf aftwffb tlf shopnfs ebtlf mesgreoebhbt meofbsedbs gdbsemfrfm rfnfvhbt td `rdupsfphrhtedb. ]lf seoenhrety vhnuf W aftwffb daifgt x, hbmdaifgt x1 es mfjebfm hs9

•I(.(,,i31) - E

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eb wlegl ohx M s( ,(xo,xb) )rfprfsfbts tlf ohxeohnwfe`ltfm Fugnemfhb mesthbgf aftwffb twd pdebts wetlebtlf sft dj shopnf pdebts. Gnustfrs dj shopnfs wetl le`lseoenhrety vhnufs ghb tlus af jdrounhtfm.

Eb drmfr td fxpnheb tlf glfoeghn mejjfrfbgfs aftwffb tlfgnustfrs eb tfros dj odnfgunhr gdopdsetedb, tlf sfts dn'gdrrfnhtfm ohssfs wlegl mfjebf tlf meofbsedbs dj tlfmesgreoebhbt sphgf hrf suasfqufbtny glfoeghnny ebtfrprftfmeb tfros dj gnhssfs dj aed-dr`hbeg gdopdubms (je`s 7. =).

7. Qfsunts hbm Mesgussedb7. 8 WDE N WHO[NFW ZFQWVW HQGLHFDND@EGHN QFWEMVFW

Eb drmfr td gdophrf tlf hrglhfdndèghn rfsemufs td tlfsurrdubmeb` sden eb wlegl tlfy wfrf aurefm jdr ohby

gfbturefs, tlf Gu[yOW ohss spfgtrh dj rfsemufs hbm sdenshopnfs wfrf ebgnumfm eb h MH dj tlf tdthn shopnf sft.H mesgreoebhbt ohp dj tlf mesgreoebhbt jubgtedbs MJ, hbmMJ1, rfspfgtevfny fxprfsseb` =8.5% hbm 1<.:% dj tlfglhrhgtfresteg vhrehbgf (je`. 7), vesuhnesfs h gnfhr mestebgtedbaftwffb tlfsf twd `rdups dj shopnfs. ]lf sden shopnfs hrfpreohreny glhrhgtfresfm ay ohss pfhcs eb tlf MJ, spfgtruo.wlfrfhs odst dj tlf dr`hbeg rfsemufs db tlf vfssfns hrfglhrhgtfresfm ay tlf MJ/. ]lf rfsemuf shopnfs hrf jurtlfrglhrhgtfresfm hbm mevemfm ay ohssfs eb tlf MJ1 meofbsedb(bdt sldwb eb je`. 7).

]lf spfgtruo rfprfsfbteb` tlf MJj sphgf gdbthebsohrcfrs jdr tlf aed-dr`hbeg gdopdubm gnhssfs ne`bebs,pdnyshgglhremfs hbm jhtty hgems (sff tha. 19 Wden). ]lfsfglfoeghn glhrhgtfrestegs hrf quetf typeghn jdr pyrdnyshtfsdj pfht shopnfs hbm hrf gdbsestfbt wetl mhth prfsfbtfm aydtlfrs (Addb ft hn. 85<:3 Arhgfwfnn ft hn. 85<;). ]lfhasfbgf dj ne`beb hbm ebthgt pdnyshgglhremf ohrcfrs ebpyrdnyshtfs dj hrglhfdndèghn rfsemufs db pdttfry lhshnrfhmy affb sldwb afjdrf eb [yrdnyses @G/OW stumefs




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Jeùrf 1. Ohss Wpfgtrh dj jevf hrglhfdndèghn rfsemufs hbm h pfht shopnf. ]lf ebtfbsety dj fhgl ohss es pndttfm rfnhtevf td tlf odst haubmhbt

ohss. Nfttfrs H tlrdu`l F ebmeghtf gnustfrs dj glfoeghnny seoenhr rfsemufs (sff Qfsunts hbm Mesgussedb). H9 shopnf 81 (8<-0;), h typeghn mhrc

ardwb glhr jrdo vfssfn typf EE3 A9 shopnf 88 (8<-7-1.a), h anhgc sddt jrdo tlf fxtfredr dj h vfssfn dj typf E3 G9 shopnf 78 (76-0-1<), h grfho

gdndurfm rfsemuf3 M9 shopnf 8< (78-=.h), h typeghn glhr jrdo vfssfn typf E3 F9 shopnf 1< (7=-0-56.a), h anhgc sddt gdbthoebhtfm wetl

Fnfofbthry Wunplur3 hbm J9 shopnf 7= ([,), h pfht shopnf jrdo pet 8:.




(Dumfohbs/ Addb 8558). Hntldu`l pdnyshgglhremfs lhvfprdahany affb hb eopdrthbt gdopdbfbt dj prflestdref jddms,ebthgt pdnyshgglhremfs lhvf davedusny bdt survevfm tlffxtrfof gdbmetedbs mureb` gddceb` dr aurehn eb tlf `rdubm.Ne`bebs dreèbhtf jrdo tlf 'wddmy' phrts dj pnhbts, hbm hrfbdt necfny td af h se`bejeghbt gdbstetufbt dj jddms. Jhttyhgems hrf h mejjfrfbt ohttfr hntd`ftlfr, afghusf tlfy hrf ht

hnn teofs hb eopdrthbt gdopdbfbt dj luohb jddms. ]lfquhbtety dj jhtty hgems eb tlf pfhts oust, ldwfvfr, af ouglnhr`fr sd tlfy hppghr eb tlf MJ," semf dj tlf spfgtruo. ]lfhrglhfdndègh) rfsemufs hrf mestebgtny mejjfrfbt eb glfoeghngdopdsetedb (je`s 1, 7) hbm hrf preohreny typejefm aynähòfbts ebmeghtevf dj prdtfebs, glhrrfm pdnyshgglhremfshbm fnfogbnhry sunplur (sff hnsd tha. 1).

Fxglhb`f dj hby se`bejeghbt quhbtety dj gdopdubmsaftwffb hrglhfdndèghn rfsemufs hbm dr`hbeg sdens, sugl hs[, hbm [ 9, lhs davedusny bdt thcfb pnhgf, wlegl es ebh`rffofbt wetl h stumy db tlf fxglhb`f dj sden nepems ayLfrdb ft hn. (8558). Et es tlfrfjdrf bdt necfny tlht rfohebs djsden, stugc td tlf surjhgf dj gfrhoegs, wenn fvfr af oesthcfb

tar rfsemufs dj tlf dreèbhn vfssfn gdbtfbts. Eb hmmetedb,bd gdrrfnhtedb gdunm af jdubm aftwffb tlf glfoeghngdopdsetedb dj rfsemufs hbm tlf typf dj sfmeofbt eb wlegltlfy wfrf prfsfrvfm. Eb Jeùrf 7 shopnfs rfgdvfrfm jrdomejjfrfbt sfmeofbt typfs wfrf setuhtfm eb vhredus quhmrhbtsdj tlf ohp. Eb gdbgnusedb, et ghb af sthtfm tlht tlf glfoeghngnhssejeghtedb dj tlf rfsemufs ahsfm db Gu[yOW mhth es,tlfrfjdrf. h rfjnfgtedb dj tlf dreèbhn vfssfn gdbtfbts hbm bdthb hrtfjhgt dj pdst-mfpdsetedbhn glhb`fs eb glfoeghngdopdsetedb dj rfsemufs mureb` aurehn.

7.1 GLFOEGHN GDO[DWE]EDB DJ HQGLHFDND@EGHN

QFWEMVFWHjtfr rfodvhn dj tlf sden shopnfs jrdo tlf mhth sft, h

sfgdbm mesgreoebhbt hbhnyses whs pfrjdrofm td 'zddo eb' dbtlf glfoeghn glhrhgtfrestegs dj tlf vhredus rfsemuf shopnfs(je`. =). Hntldu`l bebftffb MJs wfrf mfjebfm td fxpnheb tlftdthn vhrehbgf eb tlf mhth sft, dbny tlf jerst tlrff (fxpnhebeb`rfspfgtevfny ==.;%, 8:.<% hbm 87.7% dj tlf glhrhgtfrestegvhrehbgf) wfrf gdbsemfrfm rfprfsfbthtevf dj tlf glfoeghngdopdsetedb dj tlf rfsemuf ohtfrehn. ]lf hmmetedbhn MJsrfprfsfbtfm oebdr vhrehtedbs eb glfoeghn gdopdsetedb muftd jnugtuhtedbs eb hbhnyteghn gerguosthbgfs dr prfsfbgf djebdr`hbeg gdopdbfbts. ]lf sfgdbm MJwhs bdt gdbsemfrfmsuethanf jdr ohppeb`. afghusf et rfprfsfbts ofrfny tlfprfsfbgf dr hasfbgf dj gdbnhoebhneb` plnlhnhng fstfrs(ebmeghtfm ay jrhòfbts onz 8=5 hbm 8:0), tlht gdunm afemfbtejefm hs dreèbhteb` jrdo pnhstegesfrs. ]lfsfgdbthoebhtedbs prdahany thcf pnhgf eb gdbthgt wetl pnhstegah`s eb wlegl gfrhoegs hrf djtfb stdrfm hjtfr fxghvhtedb.]lf MJ 9 es tlfrfjdrf bdt rfnfvhbt td tlf glfoeghngdopdsetedb dj tlf dreèbhn rfsemuf.

Je urf 7. Mesgreoebhbt ohp gdophreb` Qfsemufs hbm Wden shopnfs.

Qfsemufs (anhgc squhrfs) hbm sden shopnfs (anhgc trehb`nfs) hrf

pndttfm hggdrmeb td tlfer seoenhretefs hbm messeoenhretefs eb glfoeghn

gdopdsetedb. ]repneghtfs hrf pndttfm hs dbf hvfrh`f pdebt. Ohrcfrs

jdr ne`beb's (P), pdnyshgglhremfs (W), jhtty hgems (N), [rdtfebs ([),

Glhrrfm [dnyshgglhremfs (G) hbm Fnfofbthry Wunplur (FW) hrf

ebmeghtfm eb tlf Wpfgtrh jdr tlf MJ,* hbm MJ, merfgtedbs.

]lf wfe`ltfm GNGH dj tlf mesthbgfs eb tlf jerst tlrffmeofbsedbs, ebmeghtfm tlf fxestfbgf dj 6 gnustfrs H tlrdu`lF (je`. =). Gnustfrs A hbm M hrf setuhtfm eb tlf shofmerfgtedb db tlf ohp (je`. =), hbm hrf glhrhgtfresfm ay tlfshof ohssfs eb tlf èvfb meofbsedbs MJ, hbm MJ,. ]lf






]hanf 1. Gnustfrs dj rfsemufs hbm tlfer typeghn gdopdsetfs.h gnustfr9 tlf gnustfr H tlrdu`l F. Wden shopnfs hrf hnsd ebmeghtfm hs h sfphrhtf ubet.a Whopnf buoafrs9 buoafr hs ebmeghtfm eb ]hanf 8.

g Ohrcfrs9 typeghn pyrdnyses ohrcfrs jdr gfrtheb gdopdubm gnhssfs fxprfssfm eb o/z.m Qfnhtevf Weoenhrety Zhnufs9 seoenhrety eb glfoeghn gdopdsetedbs dj tlf shopnfs wetleb h gnustfr rfnhtevf

td tlf ohxeohn vhrehtedb aftwffb tlf twd odst mejjfrfbt shopnfs (sff jdrounh 1).f Gdopdubm Gnhssfs9 glfoeghn gdopdubm gnhssfs rfprfsfbtfm ay tlf typeghn ohrcfrs. Qfjfrfbgfs9

89 [hstdrdvh ft hn. (8557 h)3 19 Phnnfr (8501)3 79 Ofuzfnhhr ft hn. (85<1), 8;53 Oubsdb/Jfttfrdnj

(85<0)3 =9 Ofmhneh ft hn. (85<7)3 69 Ofuzfnhhr ft hn. (85<1), :-8<, 886-8=53 :9 Addb ft hn. (85<:)3

Zhb mfr Lfemfb ft hn. (855;).

Whopnfl Ohrcfrs8 W« Gdopdubm gnhssfs8'

8,7,6,<, 5, 81, 87,8=. 86, 8:. 80,1;.18.11,17,1=.16.1:, 15, 7;, 77

8=:, 8=0, 8:;, 8:8. 80=. 806. ;.:18<<, 8<5.:;. 07. 8;8. 886. 815.51,5=, 880. 878. 86=.71,7=,:;,:=,5:, 81<, 8:;.851, 11=, 11:, 16:, 16<

glhrrfm pdnyshgglhremfs (8)jhtty hgems (1)prdtfebs (7)fnfofbthry sunplur

A/M :,0, 8;, 88. 8<,71

0<.58.51 , 8;6.81<. 8=1, 86:, 80;, 80<, 851==

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fnfofbthry sunplur

Wden [,,[1 =7,66.:;.01.5:,5<. 88;. 88188=, 81:, 81<81=, 87<, 86;, 861. 8:=, 8:<,18;, 8<;, 8<=, 85=:;.07. 8;8. 886. 815

pdnyshgglhremfs (6)ne`beb's (:)jhtty hgems

rfsemufs hs sodcf gdbmfbshtfs dr 'sddt' jrdo gddceb` dvfrwddm nerfs (Dumfohbs/Addb 8558). Eb hmmetedb, wf jebmsfvfrhn glhrs hbm h wletf rfsemuf eb tlf gnustfrs A hbm M.]lfsf rfsemufs afndb` td tles gnustfr muf td tlf prfsfbgfdj ohrcfrs jdr hneplhteg gdopdubms (bdt muf td tlf prfsfbgfdj hby [HGs). ]lf hneplhteg gdopdubms hrf odst necfnypyrdnyses prdmugts dj sdof cebm dj hneplhteg pdnyofregstrugturf jdrofm jrdo nepems ubmfr le`l tfopfrhturfs. ]leses sldwb td af pdsseanf ay tlf prfsfbgf dj seoenhr hneplhtegohrcfrs eb pyrdnyshtfs dj fxpfreofbthnny dathebfm glhrs djrfgfbt nddm stujjs (Dumfohbs/Addb 8558). ]les hneplhteg

prdmugt ohy af jdrofm ay lfhteb` dj dens eb tlf vfssfn ebdrmfr td ohcf et odrf whtfr prddj. Ldwfvfr, tlf davedushasfbgf dj hby ebthgt jhtty hgems es, eb tles gdbtfxt, rhtlfrstrhb`f. Dbf wdunm fxpfgt td jebm rfohebmfrs dj jrff jhttyhgems eb tlf rfsemufs hs wfnn. Whopnf 71 es mejjfrfbt ebhppfhrhbgf hs wfnn hs eb glfoeghn gdopdsetedb9 et gdbthebssdof prdtfeb ohrcfrs eb hmmetedb td tlf hneplhteggdopdubms ofbtedbfm fhrnefr. ]lf dreèb dj tles rfsemuf

ohy af jdubm eb h gdoaebhtedb dj whtfr prddjeb` hbm tlfusf dj tlf vfssfn jdr stdrh`f dr prdgfsseb` dj prdtfebhgfdusohtfrehns.

Gnustfr G gdbthebs prdtfeb regl rfsemufs dj mejjfrfbthppfhrhbgf. Hntldu`l tlfsf mejjfrfbt shopnfs sffo mejjegunttd gdophrf, tlfer gnustfreb` ebmeghtfs seoenhrety eb glfoeghngdopdsetedb. ]lf ohss spfgtrh (je`. 1) sldw h gnfhr phttfrbdj prdtfeb jrhòfbts hbm fvfb ebgnumf sdof ohrcfrs jdrebthgt mepfptemfs sugl hs o/z 86= (Oubsdb/Jfttfrdnj 85<0).Et es bdt gnfhr, wlftlfr tlfsf tlrff rfsemufs hrf dj h seoenhrdreèb. ]lf hasfbgf dj jhtty hgems hbm glhrrfm pdnyshgglh

remfs jrdo tlf ohss spfgtrh, mdfs ldwfvfr su``fst h vfssfngdbtfbts dj preohreny prdtfebhgfdus ohtfrehn. ]lfsf rfsemufssldw h rfnhtevfny wfnn prfsfrvfm prdtfeb phttfrb, wleglsu``fsts h nhgc dj lfhteb`. ]lf grfho gdndurfm rfsemufs =hbm 78 hrf setuhtfm db tlf ebtfredr dj vfssfns ohy lhvfaffb jdrofm mureb` stdrh`f dr prdgfsseb` dj prdtfeb-reglohtfrehns. Mhery prdmugts sffo td af fxgnumfm afghusf bdse`bejeghbt quhbtetefs dj jhtty hgems hrf prfsfbt. ]lf rfm




]hanf 7. Wuoohry dj pdsseanf dre ebs dj rfsemufs pfr typf vfssfn.h Zfssfn ]ypf hs ebmeghtfm eb je urf 8.

a Qfsemuf hppfhrhbgf9 hs ebmeghtfm eb thanf 8.

g Buoafr9 ebmeghtfs tlf buoafr dj shopnfs.

" Gnustfrs hs ebmeghtfm eb thanf 1 hbm jeùrf =.

Zfssfj' QfsemuflG' Dreèb [dsseanf vfssfn usf

]ypf E Glhr, ebtfredr

Anhgc, fxtfredrAnhgc, fxtfredr

Grfho gdndurfm. ebtfredr

]ypf EE Glhr, ebtfredr

Qfm ardwb. ebtfredr

]ypf EEE Qfm ardwb, fxtfredr

]ypf EZ Grfho gdndurfm, ebtfredr

A/M

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sddngdbthoebhtedb

prdtfeb

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gddceb` db wddm nerfsgddceb` db wddm jerfs

prdtfebhgfdus ohtfreh

H sthrgl sthrgl-regl jddmC gdbthoebhtedb prdtfebhgfdus ohtfreh

G prdtfeb prdtfebhgfdus ohtfrehn

E) prdtfeb prdtfebhgfdus ohtfrehn

ardwb shopnf 1 es setuhtfm db tlf fxtfredr dj h vfssfn hbmohy af h prdtfeb oexfm wetl hb ebdr`hbeg peòfbt usfm jdrmfgdrhtevf purpdsfs. ]lf prfsfbgf dj h seoenhr rfmardwbrfsemuf (tldu`l gdbthoebhtfm wetl fnfofbthry sunplur)shopnf 10 db tlf ebsemf dj h vfssfn, su``fsts tlht tlesohtfrehn ohy af prfphrfm eb h gfrhoeg vfssfn, ghuseb` hsoddtl rfsemuf hnn dvfr tlf ebtfredr dj tlf vfssfn.

Gnustfr F es h gnustfr wetl sunplur gdbthebeb` rfsemufs. ]lfohrcfrs o/z 71, 7=. :=, 81<, 8:;, 851 hbm 16: ebmeghtf tlfprfsfbgf dj fnfofbthry sunplur (W<). Fnfofbthry sunplur esquetf rhrf eb bhturf hbm tlf dreèb dj tlf ohtfrehn es bdt gnfhr.Et es pdsseanf tlht tlf gnhy usfm jdr tlf prdmugtedb dj tlfsfspfgejeg vfssfns gdbthebfm W<. Webgf tlf twd shopnfs (10 hbm

1<) ebvdnvfm wfrf adtl vfry tleb, gnhy phrtegnfs gdunm lhvfaffb sgrhpfm jrdo tlf surjhgf dj tlf vfssfn hbm oexfm wetltlf shopnf. Fnfofbthry sunplur ohy hnsd af prdmugfm ayahgtfreh mureb` mf`rhmhtedb dj aedndèghn gdopdubms.

Hmmetedbhn rfsunts gdbgfrbeb` tlf fxhgt bhturf dj tlfsfsdnem rfsemufs hbm tlfer pdsseanf dreèb wenn af puaneslfm ebh ]fopfrhturf rfsdnvfm [yrdnyses Ohss Wpfgtrdoftreg stumydj tlfsf ohtfrehns (Dumfohbs/ Addb eb prfp).

7. 7 GDQQFNH]EDB PE]L [D] ]U[F

Plfb tlf odrpldndèghn pdt typfs hrf pndttfm eb tles ohp(je`. 6), et afgdofs davedus tlht tlfrf es h gdrrfnhtedb

aftwffb tlf glfoeghn gdopdsetedb dj tlf rfsemuf hbm tlfdreèbhn sezf hbm jdro dj tlf vfssfn db wlegl tlf rfsemufwhs jdubm (tha. 7). Zfssfns dj mejjfrfbt sezf hbm jdro wfrftlfrfjdrf davedusny usfm jdr mejjfrfbt mheny usfs.

Hntldu`l tlfrf es bd gdopnftf dvfrnhp aftwffb vfssfntypf hbm glfoeghn prdpdrtefs dj tlf rfsemufs, ghrfjunebtfrprfthtedbs ghb af ohmf hadut pdsseanf vfssfn ush`f djmejjfrfbt vfssfn typfs.

Zfssfn ]ypf EE9]lf ohidrety dj tlf rfsemufs db tlfsf vfssfns hrf jdubm e

gnustfr H. ]lf dreèb dj tlfsf rfsemufs ghb prdahany afjdubm eb tlf prfphrhtedb dj `rhebs dr pdrrem`f dr dtlfrsthrgl-regl stfws. Eb sdof ghsfs prdtfeb-regl ohtfrehn suglhs ofht, jesl dr punsfs ohy lhvf affb hmmfm, wlenf eb dtlfebsthbgfs jhts ohy lhvf fbreglfm tlf oexturf. Whopnfs 10afndb`s td gnustfr F afghusf et gdbthebs ohrcfrs jdrfnfofbthry sunplur. ]les shopnf es dj quetf h mejjfrfbtbhturf hbm ohy af tlf rfsunt dj tlf prfphrhtedb dr stdrh`f dh prdtfeb regl ohtfrehn (sff jdr fxpnhbhtedb hadvf).

Zfssfn ]ypf E9

]lf dreèb dj tlf glhrrfm rfsemufs eb tles typf dj vfssfnses bdt gdopnftfny gnfhr. ]lf Gu[yOW mhth ebmeghtf tlht tlfhrf fvemfbtny quetf mejjfrfbt eb gdopdsetedb jrdo tldsf ebvfssfns dj typf EE. ]lf hasfbgf dj glhrrfm pdnyshgglhremfs.prdtfeb ohrcfrs dr jhtty hgems hs typeghn jfhturfs, esse`bejeghbt. ]lfsf rfsemufs ohy lhvf affb jdrofm mureb`hgtevetefs dtlfr tlhb jddm prfphrhtedb. H pdsseanf dreèb ohaf jdubm eb h pdst-jereb` whtfr prddjeb` dj tlf vfssfns aylfhteb` dj den eb tlf vfssfns. ]lf le`l tfopfrhturfs ohyghusf grdss nebceb` dj tlf nepems. Ebtfrfsteb` eb tles ghsf eshnsd tlf jrfqufbt prfsfbgf dj sddt db tlf dutsemf dj tlfsfvfssfns. Dbf rfsemuf (shopnf =) es gnfhrny mejjfrfbt hbmafndb`s td gnustfr G, wlegl su``fsts dgghsedbhn vhrehtedb

eb usf.

Zfssfn ]ypf EEE hbm EZ9Muf td tlf hasfbgf dj ountepnf shopnfs dj tlfsf vfssfn

typfs, bd gdbgnusedbs ghb af mrhwb db tlf ush`f dj tlfsfvfssfn typfs hs h wldnf. ]lf OW mhth dj tlf twd shopnfstlht wfrf hbhnyzfm mem, ldwfvfr, prfsfbt ebtfrfsteb`fvemfbgf fxpnhebfm fhrnefr.




Glhrhgtfresteg gdopdubm gnhssfs b Hneplhteg gdopdubms

_ Jhtty hgems N7 [rdtfebs

[R i Gdopdubms prdmugeb` Ghradb medxemf • Glhrrfm [dnyshgglhremfs

_ Fnfofbthry Wunplur • [dnybugnfhr Hrdohteg Gdopdubms

MJ3

Jeùrf 6. Gdrrfnhtedb aftwffbvfssfn typfs hbm glfoeghngdopdsetedb dj tlf rfsemufs. ]lfvfssfn typfs hrf ebmeghtfm E tlrdu`lEZ. Wlfrms dj wlegl tlf vfssfn typfgdunm bdt af emfbtejefm hrf ebmeghtfmwetldut typf buoafr. Gnustfrs dj

rfsemufs (H tlrdu`l F) wfrfmfrevfm jrdo tlf glfoeghnglhrhgtfrestegs hs fxprfssfm eb tlfGu[yOW spfgtrh (sff je`. =).

MQ

MJ.

Odrf wdrc sldunm af mdbf db nhr`fr buoafrs djgdopnftf vfssfns, eb drmfr td gdbjäro tlf vfssfn usfs lfrfsu``fstfm hbm glfgc tlfer sthtesteghn se`bejeghbgf. Ldwfvfr,fvfb wlfb tlf dreèb dj shopnfs ghbbdt af ubmfrstddmgdopnftfny. et ghb stenn ag gdbgnumgm tlht vfssfns jrdo typf Ehbm EE wfrf usfm eb h mejjfrfbt why. ]les suppdrts tlf

dreèbhn lypdtlfses tlht tlf vhrehtedb eb pdt odrpldnd`y lhmhb utenethrehb ofhbeb` eb tlf ebme`fbdus sfttnfofbt ebVet`ffst-@rddt Mdrrf`ffst.

=. Gdbgnusedbs

]les phpfr prfsfbts tlf jerst systfohteg stumy td gdrrfnhtftlf glfoeghn gdopdsetedb dj sdnem dr`hbeg surjhgf rfsemufstd tlf jdro hbm sezf dj vfssfns eb wlegl tlfy wfrf

prfsfrvfm. Et lhs affb sldwb tlht Gu[yOW, eb gdoaebhtedbwetl ountevhrehtf hbhnyteghn tfglbequfs, es h usfjun oftldmtd systfohteghnny hbm rhpemny hbhnyzf hbm ghtf`dresf sdnemdr`hbeg rfsemufs jdubm db hbgefbt vfssfns. ]lf gldsfbhbhnyteghn strhtf`y prfsfbts bdt dbny h ofhsurf jdr seoenhretydr messeoenhrety eb glfoeghn gdopdsetedb dj tlf shopnfs.

jhgenethteb` hs sugl hb daifgtevf gnhssejeghtedb dj tlfrfsemufs, aut hnsd le`lne`lts tlf glfoeghn gdopdbfbtstypeghn jdr tlf vhredus gnustfrs. ]lf glfoeghn gnhssejeghtedbwhs sldwb td af h rfjnfgtedb dj tlf dreèbhn vfssfn usf, hbmbdt hb hrtfjhgt dj pdst-mfpdsetedbhn glhb`fs eb glfoeghngdopdsetedb dj tlf rfsemufs.

Qfsunts jdro tlf Gu[yOW stumefs èvf gnfhr fvemfbgf tdgdbgnumf tlht h gdrrfnhtedb mdfs ebmffm fxest aftwffb tlf




Glfoeghn gdopdsetedb dj tlf surjhgf rfsemufs stumefm hbmtlf odrpldndèghn vfssfn typf dj tlf vfssfn eb wlegl tlfywfrf jdubm. Zfssfns dj mejjfrfbt sezfs hbm jdros wfrf,tlfrfjdrf, usfm jdr h mejjfrfbt mheny usf wetleb tlfebme`fbdus sfttnfofbt jrdo tlf Qdohb pfredm ht Vet`ffst-@rddt Mdrrf`ffst. ]lfsf rfsunts suppdrt tlf usfjunbfss dj hodrpldndèghn vfssfn gnhssejeghtedb hs h ahses jdr jubgtedbhn

stumefs wetleb tles gfrhoeg gdopnfx.]lf se`bejeghbgf dj dr`hbeg rfsemuf hbhnyses wetleb

hrglhfdndèghn gfrhoeg stumefs es, ldwfvfr, bdt neoetfm tdtfsteb` fxesteb` tlfdrefs gdbgfrbeb` tlf rfnhtedb aftwffbjdro hbm jubgtedb dj pdttfry, aut hnsd nefs eb tlf mfthenfmEbjdrohtedb hadut mheny usf dj vfssfns tlht ghbbdt afdathebfm ay hby dtlfr oftldm.

Hgcbdwnfm`fofbts]les wdrc es phrt dj tlf rfsfhrgl prd`rho dj tlf Ebstetutf

dj [rflestdry Nfemfb (E[N) hbm tlf Jdubmhtedb jdrJubmhofbthn Qfsfhrgl db Ohttfr (JDO) hbm whs ohmfpdsseanf ay jebhbgehn suppdrt jrdo tlf BftlfrnhbmsDr`hbezhtedb jdr Wgefbtejeg Qfsfhrgl (BPD). Pf `rhtfjunnyhgcbdwnfm`f adtl E[N hbm JDO jdr tlf jebhbgehn suppdrt

dj dbf dj tlf hutldrs (].J.O. Dumfohbs). Eb hmmetedb, wfwdunm necf td tlhbc A. Arhbmt-mf Adfr, @.A. Fycfn hbmH.W. Bdùfrdnh jdr tlfer hssesthbgf wetl shopnf hbhnyses hbmsthtesteghn mhth lhbmneb` hbm G.G. Ahcfns hbm H.H. Haaebcjdr greteghn rfhmeb` dj tlf ohbusgrepts hbm suppnyeb` tlfshopnfs hbm hnn hmmetedbhn ebjdrohtedb db tlf gfrhoegsstumefm.

rfjfrfbgfs

Haaebc, H.H. 85<6 Dbmfrzdfc bhhr lhbm`fvdrom hhrmfwfrc uet mf Qdofebsf ]eim uet mf bfmfrzftteb` Vet`ffs(@rddt-Mdrrf`ffst)9 mf rfnhtefs tussfb vdro, jubgtef fb tfglbdndèf. Eb9 O.G.[. Nfvfbme`-Wbeimfrs/ I.J. vhb Qf`tfrfb Hntfbh/ P.I.L. Pennfos (fms). Ihhrvfrsnh` dvfr 85<7 vhb m Qeicsmefbst vddr Dumlfemcubme` Admfodbmfrzdfc, Hofrsjddrt. Qeisweic, 10-1<.

eb prfp. [dttfry prdmugtedb hbm usf9 h stumy dj tlf rfnhtedbsleps lftwffb tfglbdnd`y.jdro hbm jubgtedb dj ebme`fbdus pdttfry jrdo twd Qdohb pfredm sfttnfofbts eb Bddrm-Ldnnhbm

Messfrthtedb, Vbevfrsety dj Nfemfb. Nfemfb.

Addb. I.I. 8551 Hbhnyteghn pyrdnyses ohss spfgtrdoftry9 bfw vesths dpfbfm ay tfopfrhturf-rfsdnvfmeb-sdurgf [UOW. Ebtfrbhtedbhn Idurbhn dj Ohss Wpfgtrdoftry hbm Edb [rdgfssfs 88</8066-0<0.

Addb, I.I.H. ]doA. Arhbmt-mf [email protected]. Fycfn[.@. CestfohcfrJ.I.O. BdttfbJ.L.O. Oecx

85<= Ohss Wpfgtrdoftreg hbm Jhgtdr Mesgreoebhbt Hbhnyses dj Gdopnfx Dr`hbeg Ohttfr jrdotlf Ahgtfrehn Gunturf Fbverdbofbt dj Ahgtfrdemfs @ebèvhnes, Hbhnytegh Gleoegh Hgth 8:857-1;6.

Addb, I.I.N. MupdbtI.P. Mf Nffuw

85<: Glhrhgtfreshtedb dj h [fht Ad` [rdjenf ay Guref [debt [yrdnyses-Ohss Wpfgtrdoftrygdoaebfm wetl Ountevhrehbt Hbhnyses hbm ay [yrdnyses @hs Glrdohtd`rhply-Ohss

Wpfgtrdoftry. Eb9 G.L. Juglsohbb (fm.), [fht hbm Phtfr. Hostfrmho, 186-175.

Arhgfwfnn, [email protected]. QdafrtsdbA.N. Pennehos

85<; [yrdnyses-ohss spfgtrdoftry stumefs dj luoejeghtedb eb h pfht hbm h pfhty pdmzdn, Idurbhdj Hbhnyteghn hbm Hppnefm [yrdnyses 1, 67-:1.

Arhub. Mn'. 85<7 [dts hs ]ddns. Eb9 H.W. Cffbf/I. Oddrf (fms), Hrglhfdndèghn Ldoofrs hbm ]lfdrefs.Bfw Udrc, 8;0-87=.




Fvfrslfm, Q.[. 8557 ' Hrglhfdnd`y hbm Hbhnyses9 @G/OW stumefs dj pdttfry jrh ofbts slfms bfw ne`lt db tlf[hst, Wpfgtrdsgdpy Furdpf 6/=, 18-16.

Fvfrslfm, Q.[.(". E nfrdbN.I. @dhm

8558 Fpegutegunhr whx gdopdbfbts prfsfrvfm eb pdtslfrms hs glfoeghn ebmeghtdrs dj nfhjyvf`fthanfs eb hbgefbt mefts, Hbtequety :6, 6=;-6==.

Fvfrslfm, Q.[.

('. E nfrdbW. GlhrtfrsN.I. @dhm

8551 ]lf Wurvevhn dj Jddm Qfsemufs9 Bfw Oftldms dj Hbhnyses, Ebtfrprfthtedb hbm

Hppneghtedb. [rdgffmeb s dj tlf Aretesl Hghmfoy 00, 8<0-1;<.

Lhnny, MI. 85<7 Vsf hntfrhtedb dj [dttfry Zfssfn Wurjhgfs9 Hb eopdrthbt sdurgf dj fvemfbgf eb tlfemfbtejeghtedb dj Zfssfn Jubgtedb, Bdrtl Hofreghb Hrglhfdndèst =( 8). 7-1: .

Ofemfb, F. vhb mfrI.I. AddbO.H. Wglfeifb

855; [yrdnyses ohss spfgtrdoftry dj pfht-jdroeb` hbm pfhtejefm pnhbt tessufs. Eb9M.H.G. Ohbbeb` (fm.). Dr`hbeg @fdglgoestrx, Hmvhbgfs hbte hppneghtedbs eb tlf bhturh!fbverdbofbt. Ohbglfstfr. =:;-=:=.

Lfbregcsdb. F.J. 855; Ebvfste`hteb` Hbgefbt Gfrhoeg Jdro hbm Vsf9 [rd`rfss Qfpdrt hbm Ghsf Wtumy. Eb9P.M. Ceb`fry (fm.), ]lf Glhbèb` Qdnfs djGfrhoegs eb Wdgefty9 1:,;;; A.[. td tlf[rfsfbt, gfrhoegs hbm Geveneshtedb. ]lf Hofreghb Gfrhoeg Wdgefty, Pfstvennf, <7-880.

Lfrdb, G.Q.[. Fvfrslfm

8557 ]lf hbhnyses dj dr`hbeg rfsemufs hbm tlf stumy dj pdttfry usf. Eb9 O. Wglejjfr (fm.), Hrglhfdndèghn Oftldm hbm ]lfdry. ]ugsdb. 1=0-1<0.

Lfrdb. G,Q.[. FvfrslfmE ...E. (ed.ue

8558 Fjjfgts dj oe`rhtedb dj sden nepems db dr`hbeg rfsemufs hssdgehtfm wetl aurefm pdtslfrms, Idurbhn dj Hrglhfdndèghn Wgefbgf 8<. :=8-:65.

Ldd`fraru``f, Q.W.I. Penne`[.@. Cestfohcfr

85<7 Mesgreoebhbt Hbhnyses ay Mduanå Wth`f [rebgepnf Gdopdbfbt Hbhnyses . HbhnyteghnGlfoestry 66, 8088-8081.

Ofmhneh, H.n.

M. QevebM.W. Whbmfrs

85<7 H gdophresdb dj Ghradb anhgc wetl Wddt, ]lf Wgefbgf dj tlf ]dthn Fbverdbofbt 78, 8-11.

Ofu/fnhhr. EE.N.G'..8. LhvfrchopE E ) . Enengohb

85<1 [yrdnyses Ohss Wpfgtrdoftry dj rfgfbt hbm jdssen ledohtfrehns. Gdopfbmeuo hbm Hnehs.Hostfrmho.

Oubsdb, ].D.M.M. Jfttfrdnj

85<0 Fvemfbgf jdr tlf jdrohtedb dj 1,=-eoemhzdnemebfmedbfs hbm pyrrdnem ebd(n ,1h)- 7,:-pepfrhzebfmedbfs eb luohb lher pyrdnyshtf ay pyrdnyses-`hs glrdohtd`rhply-ohssspfgtrdoftry-ohss spfgtrdoftry, Idurbhn dj Hbhnyteghn hbm Hppnefm [yrdnyses 88, 86-1=.

Dumfohbs, ].J.O.I.I. Lddb

8558 Odnfgunhr Hrglhfdnd`y9 Hbhnyses dj Glhrrfm (jddm) Qfohebs jrdo [rflestdref [dttfry ay[yrdnyses-@hs Glrdohtd`rhply/Ohss Wpfgtrdoftry. Idurbhn dj Hbhnyteghn hbm Hppnefm[yrdnyses 1;. 850-110.

ue pefp. Qhpem Glfodtypeb` dj Wdnun Dr`hbeg Qfsemufs ai ]fopfrhturf rfsdnvfm [yrdnyses OhssWpfgtrdoftry.

Dumfohbs, ].J.O.I.I LddbQ.[. Fvfrslfm

eb prfss ]rhgeb` Zfssfn Vsf9 Xuhbtethtevf Gdophresdb aftwffb Hasdrafm Nepems hbm Nepems ebWurjhgf Qfsemufs db [rflestdref [dttfry. Eb9 I.F. Wzyohbsce (fm.), HrglhfdndèghnWgefbgfs 85589 [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf Irm Bhtedbhn Hrglhfdndèghn Wgefbgf Gdbjfrfbgf.Wfptfoafr 8558. Udrc, VC.




[hstdrdvh, E.].J.O. DumfohbsEI. Addb

8557h Fxpfreofbthn pdnyshgglhremf glhrs hbm tlfer 'jeb`frpreb ts' eb glhrrfm hrglhfdndèghn jddmrfsemufs, Idurbhn dj Hbhnyteghn hbm Hppnefm [yrdnyses 16, 67-06.

[hstdrdvh. E.[.P. Hresz.8.8. Lddb

Qegf, [.O.

Qdttnhbmfr. Q.G.H.

8557a [rfsfrvhtedb dj M-`nugdsf-dne`dshgglhr emfs eb gfnnundsf glhrs, Ghrldlymrhtf Qfsfhrgl1=<. 868-8:6.

85<0 [dntfry hbhnyses9 h sdurgflddc. Glegh`d.

855; Jubgtedbs hbm Vsfs dj Hrglhfdndèghn Gfrhoegs. Eb9 P.M. Ceb`fry (fm.), ]lf Glhbèb` Qdnfs dj Gfrhoegs eb Wdgefty9 1:,;;; A.[. td tlf [rfsfbt, gfrhoegs hbm Geveneshtedb. ]lfHofreghb Gfrhoeg Wdgefty, Pfstvennf, 8-8;.

855; Nepem Hbhnyses eb tlf Emfbtejeghtedb dj Zfssfn Gdbtfbts. Eb9 P.Q. Aefrs/[.F., Og@dvfrb(fms), Dr`hbeg Gdbtfbts dj Hbgefbt Zfssfns9 Ohtfrehns Hbhnyses oun Hrglhfdndèghn

Ebvfste`htedb. OHWGH Qfsfhrgl [hpfrs eb Wgefbgf hbm Hrglhfdnd`y Zdn. 0. [lenhmfnpleh70-=;.

Qdttnhbmfr, Q.G.H.L. Wglnegltlfrnf

Wcead, I.O.

Phnnfr. @.Q.

Pdntfreb`, [.I.

85<; Vbtfrsuglub`fb vdb @fjhAeblhntfb. Febf cdoofbtefr tf Aeaned`rhplef , Hrglhfd-[lysech

(Afelfjtf mfr Adbbfr Ihlraþglfr) 8, :8-0;.

8551 [dttfry Jubgtedb9 h usf-hntfrhtedb pfrspfgtevf. Bfw Udrc.

8501 Aedglfoeghn Hppneghtedbs dj'Ohss Wpfgtrdoftry. Bfw Udrc.

85<1 Vet`ffst-@rddt Mdrrf`ffst. Eb9 [.I. Pdntfreb` (fm.). Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbmdvfr 85<8, E. Bddrm-Ldnnhbm, 1;=-1;<.

85<7 Vet`ffst-@rddt Mdrrf`ffst. Eb9 [.I. Pdntfreb` (fm.), Hrglfdndèsglf Crdbefc vhb Ldnnhbmdvfr 85<1. 8. Bddrm-Ldnnhbm, 18=-11;.

].J.O. Dumfohbs

p.h. JDO Ebstetutf jdr Htdoeg hbm Odnfgunhr [lysegsCruesnhhb =;0

BN 8;5< WI Hostfrmho

I.I. Addb

JDO Ebstetutf jdr Htdoeg hbm Odnfgunhr [lysegs

Cruesnhhb =;0

BN 8;5< WI Hostfrmho



O vhb mfb Mrefs HrtejIgehnny ebtfnne`fbt hrglhfdndèsts9jubmhofbthns, jhgts hbm jegtedbs

Hrtejegehn gdoputeb` tfglbequfs ghb af vfry usfjun tddns

jdr hrglhfdndèghn rfsfhrgl hbm fmughtedb, lut tlfy hrf bdt

bwg/e afeb` hppnefm yft. Eb tles phpfr tlf haenetefs djtwd dj

nnef.sf tfglbequfs, e.f. fxpfrt Wystfos hbm bfurhn bftwdrcs,

hrf mfsgreafm hbm gdophrfm. Petl ldtl tfglbequfs hb

hppneghtedb bhs lffb auent jdr tlf hbhnyses dj usf-wfhr

trhgfs db jneo eopnfofbts.

8. Ebtrdmugtedb

Gdoputfrs sthrtfm td af usfm ay hrglhfdndèsts eb tlf

fhrny n%()s. Ht jerst tlfy wfrf dbny usfm hs jhgenetefs jdr

tlf stdrh`f hbm sthtesteghn hbhnyses dj nhr`f mhth sfts (f.`.

Cfbmhnn 85:7). Eb tlf 850;s tlf 'Bfw Hrglhfdnd`y ' gnfhrny

hjjfgtfm tlf ^^h ^ eb wlegl ohtlfohtegs hbm gdoputfrs wfrf

usfm. @rhmuhnny tlfer usf afghof odrf mejjfrfbtehtfm. ]lfy

fvdnvfm jrdo mhth-mfsgreaeb` hems td prdgfss-odmfnneb`,

lypdtlfses-`fbfrhtedb hbm mhth-fxpnhebeb` hems (Mdrhb/

Ldmsdb 8504). Petl tles slejt dj httfbtedb ghof h bffm jdr

odrf hmvhbgfm prdanfo-sdnveb` tfglbequfs tlht gdunm

utene/g spfgehnest cbdwnfm`f, e.f. hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf

tfglbequfs. Mdrhb fvfb fxpfgtfm cbdwnfm`f utenezhtedb td

afgdof jubmhofbthn eb hrglhfdndèghn mhth hbhnyses (Mdrhb

850=, 0;). Ldwfvfr, et whs bdt ubten tlf 85<;s tlht hrtejegehnebtfnne`fbgf tfglbdnd`y rfhglfm h sujjegefbtny le`l nfvfn td

fbhanf tlf jerst hrglhfdndèsts td auenm tlfer dwb fxpfrt

systfo hppneghtedbs. ]les mfvfndpofbt whs phrt dj h

prdgfss eb wlegl gdoputeb` tfglbequfs wfrf ebtf`rhtfm eb

hnn cebms dj hrglhfdndèghn rfsfhrgl ” h prdgfss wlegl whs

ohmf pdsseanf ay tlf ebtrdmugtedb dj tlf pfrsdbhn gdoputfr

hbm tlf suasfqufbt fxpndsevf `rdwtl dj tlf hodubt dj

sdjtwhrf hvhenhanf. ]lf hrglhfdndèghn wdrnm swejtny hmdptfm

ohby dj tlf bfw gdoputeb` tfglbequfs, jdr ebsthbgf

`fd`rhpleghn ebjdrohtedb systfos, aut tlf shof mdfs bdt

ldct ndr hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs. Mfspetf tlf jhgts

tlhn sfvfrhn suggfssjun fxpfrt systfos lhvf affb mfvfndpfm

(gj Aesldp/]ldohs 85<=3 Ardu`l/[hrjett 85<=3 Jrhbgjdrt85589 @rhgf 85<53 Nh`rhb`f/Zethne 85513 [htfn/Wtutt 85<5)

hbm tlht sfvfrhn rfsfhrglfrs lhvf pdebtfm dut tlfer pdtfbtehn

vhnuf jdr hrglhfdndèghn rfsfhrgl {gj. Ahcfr 85<03 Mdrhb

85<0, 85<<, 855;3 Zddrreps 855;3 Pengdgc 85<:), tlfy lhvf

affb bfetlfr rfhmeny hggfptfm bdr mfvfndpfm hbm hppnefm db

h nhr`f sghnf. ]lfer usfjunbfss es stenn afeb` mesgussfm.

]les nhgc dj pdpunhrety dj fxpfrt systfos eb hrglhfdnd`y

es h rhtlfr strhb`f plfbdofbdb. Fxpfrt systfos djjfr

ofhbs jdr odmfnneb` hbm jdrohneseb` suaifgtevf hbm

lfuresteg fxpfrt cbdwnfm`f hbm jdr ohceb` tlht cbdwnfm`f

hggfsseanf td hbm ushanf jdr bdb-fxpfrts. Hs odst dj dur

cbdwnfm`f es suaifgtevf, tlfrf hrf gfrthebny haubmhbt

pdtfbtehn hppneghtedbs eb hrglhfdnd`y. ]lf nhgc dj

pdpunhrety eb hrglhfdnd`y es hnsd strhb`f eb vefw dj tlf `rfht

hodubt dj httfbtedb tlht es afeb` phem td tles tfglbdnd`y eb

ohby dtlfr sgefbtejeg rfsfhrgl mesgepnebfs, hbm hnsd

gdoofrgehnny3 buofrdus hppneghtedbs hrf dpfrhtedbhn eb hnncebms dj jefnms.

Hggdrmeb` td @easdb tles nhgc dj pdpunhrety es 'muf

pfrlhps td tlf neoetfm pdtfbtehn dj fxpfrt systfos eb ldst

mesgepnebfs' (8551, 1:7). Aut, eb oy dpebedb, tlfer nhgc dj

pdpunhrety es muf ohebny td tlfer suppdsfm neoetfm pdtfbtehn

rhtlfr tlhb td tlfer hgtuhn neoetfm pdtfbtehn. Plfb

hrglhfdndèsts hrf hscfm hadut tlfer dpebedb db tlfsf

tfglbequfs, tlfy hrf vfry ebtfrfstfm. E`bdrhbgf hbm

tlrfsldnm jfhr, ldwfvfr, cffp tlfo jrdo fxpndreb` tlfer

haenetefs. ]lfy fetlfr md bdt tlebc dj tlfsf tfglbequfs hs

pdtfbtehn hems jdr tlfer rfsfhrgl afghusf tlfy seopny mdb't

cbdw tlf haenetefs dj tlfsf tfglbequfs, dr tlfy lfsethtf tdusf tlfo afghusf dj sdof jegtedbs tlfy lhvf lfhrm dr

afghusf dj prfiumegf. Eb dtlfr wdrms, hs ndb` hs tlfy hrf bdt

rfpfhtfmny gdbjrdbtfm wetl usfjun hppneghtedbs hbm `ddm

rfsunts tlfy wenn bdt sthrt useb` dr mfvfndpeb` tlfo.

]lf heo dj tles phpfr tlfrfjdrf es td sldw ldw tlfsf

tfglbequfs ghb af usfjun jdr, jdr ebsthbgf, fmughtedbhn hbm

rfsfhrgl purpdsfs. Dbny fxpfrt systfos hbm bfurhn bftwdrcs

wenn af mesgussfm afndw, afghusf tlfy hrf tlf twd hrtejegehn

ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs tlht seounhtf luohb rfhsdbeb` jdr

tlf purpdsf dj prdanfo sdnveb`. Jerst, sdof jubmhofbthns dj

adtl tfglbequfs wenn af èvfb td mfodbstrhtf tlfer spfgejeg

haenetefs. Wfgdbmny. tlf jubgtedbhnetefs dj tlfsf tfglbequfs

wenn af gdophrfm ay ofhbs dj twd hppneghtedbs tlht lhvf

affb mfvfndpfm jdr tlf hbhnyses dj usf-wfhr trhgfs db jnebt

hrtfjhgts. ]lf rfsunts dj h tfst-ghsf eb wlegl adtl

hppneghtedbs wfrf ebvdnvfm wenn af prfsfbtfm. Jebhnny, hb

httfopt wenn af ohmf td sfphrhtf sdof jhgts jrdo jegtedbs

rf`hrmeb` tlfsf tfglbequfs hbm hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf eb

`fbfrhn.

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1. Hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf hppneghtedbs

Fxpfrt systfos hbm bfurhn bftwdrcs wfrf mfvfndpfm ay

tlf rfsfhrgl mesgepnebf ghnnfm Hrtejegehn Ebtfnne`fbgf. ]les

mesgepnebf es gdbgfrbfm wetl tlf mfvfndpofbt dj gdoputfr

tfglbequfs tlht fbhanf tlf seounhtedb dj luohb ebtfnne`fbgf.

]lf hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf rfsfhrgl lhs yefnmfm sfvfrhn tfgl

bequfs, fhgl spfgehnesfm eb eoethteb` hspggts dj luohb

aflhvedur, spffgl dr rfhsdbeb`. Fxhopnfs dj tlfsf hrf rdadtegs,(vesuhn) phttfrb rfgd`betedb. bhturhn nhbùh`f prdgfsseb`,

spffgl rfgd`betedb, fxpfrt systfos hbm bfurhn bftwdrcs.

Adtl fxpfrt systfos hbm bfurhn bftwdrcs hrf gdoputfr

prd`rhos tlht seounhtf luohb rfhsdbeb` prdgfssfs. Ej tlfy hrf

prdvemfm wetl luohb cbdwnfm`f hbm prdanfo-sdnveb`

oftldms. tlfy ghb sdnvf le`lnv spfgehnesfm prdanfos dr

fxfgutf gdopnfx rfhsdbeb` thscs.8 ]lf heo dj tlfsf tfglbequfs

es td djjfr hb dppdrtubety td dr`hbesf luohb fxpfrt cbdwnfm`f

ebtd h jdro eb wlegl et ghb af usfm ay bdb-fxpfrts.

Hphrt jrdo tlfer ahgc`rdubm hbm heo, fxpfrt systfos hbm

bfurhn bftwdrcs lhvf bdtleb` eb gdoodb. ]lfy lhvf

mejjfrfbt hrgletfgturfs hbm usf spfgejeg cbdwnfm`f stdreb`

hbm prdgfsseb` oftldms. Jurtlfrodrf, tlfy wdrc wetl

mejjfrfbt mhth jdrohts. Fxpfrt systfos ghb prdgfss bdb-

buofreghn (syoadneg) cbdwnfm`f, wlfrfhs bfurhn bftwdrcs

hrf ahsfm db buofreghn mhth. ]lf odst eopdrthbt mejjfrfbgf,

ldwfvfr, gdbgfrbs tlf typf dj cbdwnfm`f tlfy ghb lhbmnf.

Plfrfhs fxpfrt systfos rfquerf fxpneget cbdwnfm`f

(f.`. mfgesedb runfs), bfurhn bftwdrcs ghb wdrc wetl

fxhopnfs wlegl gdbtheb cbdwnfm`f eopnegetny. ]ldsf

mejjfrfbgfs eopny tlht tlf twd tfglbequfs sldunm af usfm

ndr tneLfrfbt purpdsfs. Fxpfrt systfos hrf suggfssjun eb

seounhteb` lfuresteg oftldms hbm tfglbequfs. Bfurhn

bftwdrcs, db tlf dtlfr lhbm, hrf ghphanf dj mftfgteb`

(lefnmfb) rfnhtedbsleps aftwffb tlf prdpfrtefs tlht mfsgreaf

phttfrbs wetleb nhr`f hbm gdopnfx mhth sfts. ]lfy ghb

tlfrfjdrf af fopndyfm eb hbhnyzeb` prdanfos dj wlegl tlf

rfnhtedbs aftwffb tlf vhrehanfs hrf ubcbdwb.

1.8 F\[FQ] WUW]FO JVBMHOFB]HNW

Hb fxpfrt systfo gdbsests dj tlrff gdopdbfbts, e.f. h

cbdwnfm`f ahsf, hb ebjfrfbgf ofglhbeso hbm h usfr

ebtfrjhgf (je`. 8). Eb h why, h cbdwnfm`f ahsf ghb af

gdophrfm wetl h mhth ahsf eb tlht adtl hrf stdrh`f jhgenetefs.

H cbdwnfm`f ahsf, ldwfvfr, gdbsests dj cbdwnfm`f ebstfhm

dj rhw mhth. ]lf ebjfrfbgf ofglhbeso ghb af sffb hs tlf

gfbtrhn bfrvdus systfo. Et hppnefs tlf cbdwnfm`f hbmgdbtrdns tlf rfhsdbeb` prdgfss. ]lf nhttfr ofhbs tlht et

ohcfs surf tlht tlf hpprdprehtf cbdwnfm`f es hppnefm ht tlf

hpprdprehtf odofbt. ]lf gdooubeghtedb aftwffb tlf

systfo hbm ets usfrs es lhbmnfm ay tlf usfr ebtfrjhgf.

Et sfrvfs hs hb ebtfrofmehtf aftwffb tlf twd semfs ay

rfgfeveb` hbm trhbsnhteb` tlfer rfspfgtevf ofssh`fs.

Jdr hb fxpfrt systfo td af hanf td seounhtf fxpfrt

rfhsdbeb` et oust af prdvemfm wetl spfgejeg fxpfrt

cbdwnfm`f. Vsuhnny. tles es lfuresteg cbdwnfm`f. wlegl lhs

affb fxtrhgtfm jrdo tlf fxpfrt leosfnj. Wugl cbdwnfm`f es

ahsfm db jdrohn jhgts hbm tlfdrefs (`hebfm tlrdu`l

fmughtedb) hbm db suaifgtevf runfs-dj-tluoa hbm ebtuetedb

(`hebfm tlrdu`l fxpfrefbgf). Afjdrf tlf fxtrhgtfm

cbdwnfm`f ghb af stdrfm eb h gdoputfr, et oust afodmfnnfm, jdrohnesfm hbm trhbsnhtfm. ]lf fxtrhgtedb,

jdrohneseb` hbm odmfnneb` dj cbdwnfm`f es ghnnfm tlf

hgquesetedb plhsf. Et es tlf odst mfneghtf plhsf dj tlf fxpfrt

systfo mfvfndpofbt prdgfss. Muf td tlf suaifgtevf bhturf

dj tlf cbdwnfm`f ebvdnvfm, et es jdr ebsthbgf mejjegunt td

rftrefvf tlf fxpfrt's ubmfrnyeb` rfhsdbeb` prdgfssfs.

Odrfdvfr, et ohy af lhrm td lhvf tles cebm dj cbdwnfm`f

rfprfsfbtfm ay ofhbs dj fxpneget rfprfsfbthtedb oftldms

sugl hs (EJ-]LFB) mfgesedb runfs. 9 Fvfbtuhnny, tlf

hgquesetedb yefnms h jdrohn cbdwnfm`f odmfn tlht gdbsests

dj hnn tlf cbdwnfm`f hbm prdgfmurfs bfgfsshry jdr sdnveb` h

spfgejeg prdanfo. ]lf cbdwnfm`f odmfn ghb af trhbsnhtfm

ay ofhbs dj h gdoputfr nhbùh`f hbm suasfqufbtnyeopnfofbtfm ebtd h gdoputfr. Bdwhmhys, tlf hgtuhn

mfvfndpofbt dj tlf fxpfrt systfo ghb af jhgenethtfm ay

eeseb` hb fxpfrt systfo slfnn. H slfnn es h prd`rho wlegl

prdvemfs hnn tlf jhgenetefs dj hb dpfrhtedbhn fxpfrt systfo

aut nfhvfs tlf cbdwnfm`f ahsf fopty.

Hb fxpfrt systfo usfs ets cbdwnfm`f fetlfr td ebtfrprft

ebjdrohtedb dr td vhnemhtf lypdtlfsfs. Wugl systfos hrf

ghnnfm mhth-drefbtfm (jdrwhrm-rfhsdbeb`) hbm `dhn-drefbtfm

(ahgcwhrm-rfhsdbeb`), rfspfgtevfny. H mhth-drefbtfm

systfo 'rfhsdbs' eb h jdrwhrm merfgtedb, wlegl ofhbs tlht

et lhs bd prfmfjebfm `dhn. Ebstfhm, tlf rfhsdbeb` prdgfss

rfhgts td ebjdrohtedb tlht tlf systfo rfgfevfs jrdo tlffxtfrbhn wdrnm.8 ]lf systfo wenn try td ebtfrprft tles

ebjdrohtedb ay sfhrgleb` eb ets cbdwnfm`f ahsf jdr

gdbgnusedbs tlht ghb af mrhwb jrdo et. Jdr ebsthbgf, ej h

usfr ebmeghtfs tlht les mhth hrf 'rfm, rdubm, hbm sohnn', hbm

tlf systfo lhs h runf shyeb` 'EJ rfm hbm rdubm hbm sohnn

]LFB et es h glfrry', tlf systfo wenn gdbgnumf tlht tlf

mhth rfprfsfbt 'h glfrry'.

H `dhn-drefbtfm systfo mdfs tlf dppdsetf, et 'rfhsdbs' eb

h ahgcwhrm merfgtedb eb drmfr td gdbjero h prfmfjebfm `dhn.

]les ofhbs tlht sugl h systfo trefs td rftrefvf tlf

ebjdrohtedb tlht es rfquerfm td gdbjero tlht `dhn. Jdr

ebsthbgf, ej h usfr ebmeghtfs tlht les lypdtlfses es tlht 'et es h

glfrry', hbm tlf systfo lhs h runf shyeb` ]J et es h glfrry]LFB (et oust af) rfm hbm rdubm hbm sohnn', tlf systfo

wenn hsc wlftlfr tlf glhrhgtfrestegs 'rfm hbm rdubm hbm

sohnn' hrf ebmffm prfsfbt. Wugl h `dhn-drefbtfm systfo

ghbbdt dbny rftrefvf tlf rfquerfm ebjdrohtedb ay qufstedbeb`

ets usfr aut hnsd ay gdbsunteb` ets cbdwnfm`f ahsf dr

hbdtlfr fxtfrbhn mhth sdurgf, sugl hs h mhth ahsf.



170 O. ZHB MFB MQEFW - HQ]EJEGEHNNU EB]FNNE@FB] HQGLHFDND@EW]W

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bfurhn bftwdrc

Je urf 8. Hb fxpfrt systfo vfrsus h bfurhn bftwdrc rf`hrmeb` tlfer hrgletfgturf hbm tlf gdopdsetedb dj tlfer cbdwnfm`f.

Hs mhth-drefbtfm systfos ghb af usfm td ebtfrprft mhth dr

td rfhgt td (glhb`fs eb) ebgdoeb` ebjdrohtedb, tlfy hrf odst

suethanf jdr hppneghtedbs wetl hbhnyteghI hbm fmughtedbhn

purpdsfs, fspfgehnny jdr tldsf tlht rfquerf hb eoofmehtf

rfhgtedb dj h 'ohstfr'. H `dhn-drefbtfm systfo ghb af

hppnefm td setuhtedbs eb wlegl h usfr whbts les lypdtlfses

vfrejefm dr whbts td datheb h sfgdbm dpebedb muf tdubgfrthebtefs.

Vsfm eb fetlfr dj tlfsf twd whys, hb fxpfrt systfo ghb

dbny af hppnefm td thscs tlht ghb af gnfhrny mfjebfm hbm

tlhn hrf dj h rfstregtfm fxtfbt hbm gdopnfxety. Hs jhr hs tlf

gdopnfxety es gdbgfrbfm, h merfgtevf ohy af tlht h luohb

fxpfrt oust af hanf td sdnvf h phrtegunhr thsc dr prdanfo

wetleb h gdupnf dj ldurs. Dj fvfb `rfhtfr eopdrthbgf es

tlht tlf rfquerfm cbdwnfm`f ghb af rfprfsfbtfm ay ofhbs

dj fxpneget oftldms. Ldwfvfr, sdof fxpfrt cbdwnfm`f ghb

lhrmny af jdrohnesfm afghusf dj ets suaifgtevf glhrhgtfr3

fxpfrts ohy lhvf mejjeguntefs eb mfsgreaeb` tlfer

cbdwnfm`f fxpnegetny hbm eb fxpnhebeb` tlf ubmfrnyeb`

rfhsdbeb` prdgfssfs wlegl tlfy hppny (Cemm 85<0, 7).

Odrfdvfr, sdof prdanfos hrf sd gdopnfx tlht et es bdn

pdsseanf td mftfroebf tlf rfnhtedbs aftwffb tlfer vhrehanfs.

]les ofhbs tlht sugne nhscs ghbbdt af seounhtfm ay ofhbs

dj tlf fxpfrt systfo tfglbequf. Jdr tldsf ghsfs h bfurhn

bftwdrc hppneghtedb ohy af h suethanf hntfrbhtevf

hpprdhgl.

1.1 BFVQHN BF]PDQC JVBMHOFB]HNW

]lf hrgletfgturf dj h bfurhn bftwdrc es mfmugfm jrdo tlf

aedndèghn strugturf dj tlf luohb arheb. ]lf arheb es h vfry

gdopnfx dr`hb tlht es ohmf up dj tfb td dbf-lubmrfm aennedb

gfnns. ghnnfm bfurdbs. Bfurdbs hrf spfgehn gfnns tlht hrf

ghphanf dj rfgfeveb`. stdreb` hbm sfbmeb` ebjdrohtedb.

Fhgl bfurdb es gdbbfgtfm td hpprdxeohtfny tfb tldushbmdtlfr bfurdbs hbm td`ftlfr tlfy jdro h gdopnfx bftwdrc.

Zeh tlf gdbbfgtedbs (mfbmretfs) tlfy sfbm fnfgtreghn hbm

glfoeghn se`bhns tlrdu`l wlegl tlfy gdooubeghtf wetl

fhgl dtlfr. Webgf tlfsf se`bhns ghb af trhbsjfrrfm

seounthbfdusny, tldushbms dj eopunsfs ghb phss tlf bfurdbs

pfr sfgdbm (Ghrneb` 8551). ]lht why tlf bftwdrc strugturf

fbhanfs h ohssevf bfurdb hgtevety. ]les eopnefs tlht tlf

arheb ghb prdgfss fbdrodus hodubts dj ebjdrohtedb hbm,

tlus, hmfquhtfny rfspdbm td tlf setuhtedbs et es gdbjrdbtfm

wetl.

Hb hrtejegehn bfurhn bftwdrc es h gdoputfr prd`rho tlht

trefs td seounhtf tlf prebgepnf dj h aedndèghn bfurhn bftwdrcay ofhbs dj h ohtlfohteghn odmfn. Necf tlf luohb arheb,

hb hrtejegehn bftwdrc gdbsests dj bfurdbs, e.f. sohn_

prdgfsseb` fnfofbts tlht ghb rfgfevf, prdgfss hbm sfbm

se`bhns. ]lfsf bfurdbs hrf hrrhb`fm eb ht nfhst tlrff nhyfrs9

hb ebput nhyfr, dbf (dr sfvfrhn) lemmfb nhyfr(s), hbm hb

dutput nhyfr. ]lf bfurdbs dj tlf ebput nhyfr rfprfsfbt tlf

vhrehanfs mfsgreaeb` h prdanfo. ]lf dutput bfurdbs




rfprfsfbt tlf sdnutedb tlht es hssdgehtfm wetl et. ]lf bfurdbs

dj tlf lemmfb nhyfr hgt hs hb ebtfrofmehtf aftwffb tlf ebput

bfurdbs hbm tlf dutput bfurdbs. ]lfy hrf ebveseanf td adtl

tlf hppnefhtedb mfvfndpfr hbm tlf usfr jdr tlfy lhvf bd

merfgt gdbbfgtedb td tlf dutsemf wdrnm.

Hs wetl tlf luohb arheb, tlf bfurdbs dj h bfurhn

bftwdrc hrf gdbbfgtfm td dbf hbdtlfr, hntldu`l bdt

plyseghnny. ]lfy ghb phss Ebjdrohtedb td dbf hbdtlfrtlrdu`l prd`rhoofm ebstrugtedbs. Fhgl bfurdb eb dbf nhyfr

es gdbbfgtfm td tldsf dj hbdtlfr nhyfr (je`. 1). H bftwdrc's

cbdwnfm`f es mestreautfm hodb` tlfsf gdbbfgtedbs. Et es bdt

stdrfm wetleb tlf bfurdbs.

]lf prebgepnf dj h bfurhn bftwdrc es tlht et ghb af

ebstrugtfm wetl fxhopnfs dj h prdanfo td fbhanf et td sdnvf

seoenhr prdanfos. Et sfhrglfs jdr rfnhtedbsleps aftwffb tlf

vhrehanfs dj h rfjfrfbgf mhth sft eb drmfr td hppny tlfsf td

seoenhr mhth. ]lf bftwdrc trhbsnhtfs tlfsf rfnhtedbsleps hs

gdbbfgtedbs aftwffb tlf bfurdbs. Fhgl gdbbfgtedb lhs h

spfgejeg wfe`lt, h buofreg vhnuf. ]lf gdnnfgtedb dj wfe`lts

es stdrfm hs h mhth ohtrex.

]lf gdbjeùrhtedb dj tlf gdbbfgtedbs es ahsfm db tlf

rfsunts dj ghngunhtedbs hbm lhs affb fsthaneslfm tlrdu`l h

prdgfss dj rfpftetedb dj fxhopnfs. Grfhteb` tlf re`lt

wfe`lts es h gdopnfx hbm teof-gdbsuoeb` prdgfss, wlegl

ghb thcf h ndb` pfredm dj trhebeb`. ]rhebeb` ofhbs tlht h

bftwdrc es prdvemfm wetl h nhr`f sft dj fxhopnfs wlegl

gdbsest dj ebput hbm dutput phttfrbs, wlegl tlf bftwdrc trefs

td seounhtf eb drmfr td gdbstrugt tlf gdbbfgtedbs hbm tlfer

wfe`lts aftwffb tlf vhredus ebput hbm dutput bfurdbs. Jdr

ebsthbgf. tlf ebput jdr h bftwdrc tlht lhs td rfgd`besf jruet

wdunm af 'rfm, rdubm, sohnn' hbm tlf dutput 'glfrry' dr

'yfnndw, rdubm, nhr`f' hbm 'ofndb'. Adtl tlf gdbbfgtedbs

aftwffb tlf ebput hbm dutput hbm tlf wfe`lts hrf fbterfnyprd`rhoofm ay tlf bftwdrc sdjtwhrf. ]lfy hrf gdbstrugtfm

ay ofhbs dj prfmfjebfm ohtlfohteghn jubgtedbs hbm tlf

bftwdrc mfvfndpfr lhs lhrmny hby ebjnufbgf db tles prdgfss.

]lf bftwdrc sthrts ets trhebeb` ay èveb` hb hraetrhry dutput

td h spfgejeg ebput dj hb fxhopnf. Et gdophrfs tles dutput

wetl tlf fxpfgtfm dutput dj tlf fxhopnf. ]lf hraetrhry

dutputs hrf dj gdursf prfmdoebhbtny wrdb`. Ldwfvfr. tlf

bftwdrc fvhnuhtfs tlfsf oesthcfs hbm suasfqufbtny hmiusts

tlf gdbbfgtedbs dr tlf wfe`lts dj tlf gdbbfgtedbs ubten

tlf bftwdrc es hanf td `fbfrhtf hnn tlf dutputs gdrrfgtny.

Eb dtlfr wdrms, et 'nfhrbs' ay fxpfrefbgf.

Dbgf tles trhebeb` es jebeslfm, tlf hppnefhtedb auenmeb` es

jebeslfm. ]lf bftwdrc ghb tlfb af fopndyfm jdr tlf

ebtfrprfthtedb dj 'bfw' setuhtedbs dr prdanfos tlht rfsfoanf

tldsf et lhs nfhrbfm. Petl h bfurhn bftwdrc tles ofhbs tlht

h usfr dbny lhs td sfnfgt tlf ebput vhrehanfs tlht rfprfsfbt

tlf prdpfrtefs dj tlf prdanfo. Petl rfjfrfbgf td tlf predr

fxhopnf, tlf bfurdbs 'yfnndw', 'rdubm', hbm 'sohnn' gdunm

ndr ebsthbgf af sfnfgtfm. ]lfsf hgtevhtfm bfurdbs

suasfqufbtny sfbm h se`bhn td tlf lemmfb nhyfr. Hs fhgl

lemmfb bfurdb es gdbbfgtfm td fhgl ebput bfurdb, et wenn

hnwhys rfgfevf sfvfrhn se`bhns. ]lfsf ebgdoeb` se`bhns hrf

dj vhredus wfe`lts, afghusf tlfy gdof jrdo vhredus

gdbbfgtedbs. ]lf lemmfb bfurdb ghngunhtfs ets hgtevhtedb

strfb`tl ay suooeb` up tlf ebgdoeb` se`bhns. Dbny ej h

gfrtheb hgtevhtedb nfvfn es rfhglfm, mdfs h lemmfb bfurdb

phss h se`bhn db td tlf bfurdbs dj tlf dutput nhyfr. H`heb,tlf strfb`tl dj tlfsf se`bhns hbm tlf wfe`lt dj tlf

gdbbfgtedbs hrf rfspdbseanf jdr tlf mf`rff eb wlegl tlf

bfurdbs dj tlf dutput nhyfr hrf hgtevhtfm. Jebhnny, tlf

gdoaebhtedb dj tlf hgtevhtfm dutput bfurdbs rfprfsfbts tlf

bftwdrc's ebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf ebjdrohtedb tlht whs

prfsfbtfm ay tlf usfr (Nhwrfbgf 8558).

Jrdo h mfvfndpfr's pdebt dj vefw, tlf mfvfndpofbt dj h

bfurhn bftwdrc es jhr nfss teof-gdbsuoeb` tlhb tlht dj hb

fxpfrt systfo. Hntldu`l et prdahany sffos quetf

gdopneghtfm, auenmeb` h bfurhn bftwdrc es jherny seopnf. ]lf

gdbbfgtedbs hbm tlf wfe`lts ohtrex hrf prd`rhoofm ay tlf

bftwdrc sdjtwhrf db tlf ahses dj prfmfjebfm ohtlfohteghnjubgtedbs.= ]lf cbdwnfm`f hgquesetedb plhsf gdbsests dbny

dj sfnfgteb` tlf ebput hbm dutput vhrehanfs hbm gdnnfgteb`

sujjegeãbt fxhopnfs (je`. 8). Hs jdr tlf eopnfofbthtedb, tlf

mfvfndpfr's thsc es twdjdnm. Jerst, lf ohcfs tlf bftwdrc

strugturf, e.f. lf mfjebfs tlf ebput hbm dutput bfurdbs hbm

tlf buoafr dj lemmfb nhyfrs. ]lfb lf prdvemfs tles bftwdrc

wetl h nhr`f sft dj fxhopnfs. Wd, ubnecf wetl hb fxpfrt

systfo, tlf cbdwnfm`f mdfs bdt lhvf td af ohmf fxpneget

afjdrf et ghb af eopnfofbtfm ebtd h bftwdrc. ]lf mfvfndpfr

lhs td auenm mfgesedb runfs (EJ-]LFB) jdr hb fxpfrt systfo,

wlfrfhs tlf bfurhn bftwdrc mfmugfs tlf rfnhtedbs jrdo tlf

fxhopnfs hbm auenms tlf mfgesedb 'runfs' etsfnj. ]lf dbny

rfquerfofbt es tlht tlf fxhopnfs oust af rfprfsfbthtevfmfsgreptedbs dj tlf vhredus setuhtedbs (hbm tlf hssdgehtfm

sdnutedbs) tlht lhvf affb fxpfrefbgfm wetleb tlf prdanfo

mdoheb3 tlfy oust gdvfr tlf rhb`f dj vhrehaenety fxleaetfm

ay tlf rfhn wdrnm.

7. ]wd hppneghtedbs6

Eb 855;, h prdifgt whs nhubglfm ht tlf Ebstetutf jdr

[rflestdry dj Nfemfb Vbevfrsety td mfvfndp hb fxpfrt systfo

hppnefhtedb jdr tlf hbhnyses dj usf-wfhr trhgås db jnebt

hrtfjhgts. ]les hppnefhtedb whs ebtfbmfm td suppdrt adtl

stumfbts hbm fxpfrefbgfm usf-wfhr hbhnysts eb tlf hbhnyses

dj usf-wfhr trhgfs hbm eb tlf fvhnuhtedb dj ebtfrprfthtedbs,

rfspfgtevfny.

]lf rfhsdb jdr nhubgleb` tles prdifgt whs tlf mfserf td

stumy tlf pdsseaenety dj jdrohneseb` usf-wfhr hbhnyses jdr

tlf purpdsf dj gdoputfr-hssestfm ebstrugtedb. Webgf tlf usf-

wfhr fxpfrt ht Nfemfb Vbevfrsety: spfbms ougl teof db tlf

trhebeb` dj stumfbts, et whs mfgemfm td mfvfndp hb fxpfrt

systfo tlht wdunm af hanf td prdvemg suppdrt eb tles thsc3



175 O. ZHB MFB MQEFW - HQ]EJEGEHNNU EB]FNNE@FB] HQGLHFDND@EW]W

Jeùrf 1. Bfurdb hbm nhyfrstrugturf dj h bfurhn bftwdrc.Fhgl bfurdb (B) eb dbf nhyfr esgdbbfgtfm td fhgl bfurdb djhbdtlfr nhyfr.

ebput nhyfr

lemmfb nhyfr

dutput nhyfr

en phrts dj tlf fxpfrt's thsc wfrf td af thcfb dvfr ay hb

fmughtedbhn systfo. tlf fxpfrt wdunm af hanf td spfbm odrfteof db rfsfhrgl. Odrfdvfr, ubnecf h luohb fxpfrt sugl hb

hrtejegehn fxpfrt es hvhenhanf ht hby odofbt hbm es fhseny

mupneghtfm. ]lht ofhbs tlht adtl tlf rfsfhrgl hbm tlf

fmughtedbhn ghphgety dj tlf luohb fxpfrt ghb af ebgrfhsfm.

Vseb` hb fxpfrt systfo ghb af hmvhbth`fdus jdr stumfbts hs

wfnn. ]lfy ghb gdbtrdn tlf phgf hbm tlf merfgtedb dj tlfer

nfubeb` hbm tlfy lhvf tlf dppdrtubety td wdrc wetl

hmvhbgfm gdoputeb` tfglbdnd`y.

Hbdtlfr hmvhbth`f dj mfvfndpeb` hb fxpfrt systfo whs

tlht et wdunm djjfr hb dppdrtubety td jdrohnesf hbm

sthbmhrmesf tlf oftldm dj hbhnyses. Jdrohneseb` h oftldm

eoprdvfs ets sgefbtejeg hggfpthbgf wlenf sthbmhrmesfm

prdgfmurfs yefnm nfss suaifgtevf rfsunts. Odrfdvfr, dbgf tlf

cbdwnfm`f es eb h jdrohnesfm jdroht, et ghb af fvhnuhtfm eb

drmfr td trhgå mfjegefbgefs.

]lf prdifgt lhs rfsuntfm eb h systfo ghnnfm PHZFW.0 Ht

prfsfbt tles systfo es phrtny dpfrhtedbhn. ]lf wdrceb` phrts

lhvf affb tfstfm hbm dbf dj tlfsf tfsts wenn af mesgussfm eb

tlf bfxt sfgtedb. Plenf tles hppneghtedb whs afeb`

mfvfndpfm, tlf bfurhn bftwdrc tfglbdnd`y whs ebtrdmugfm

ebtd tlf hrglhfdndèghn wdrnm. Bfurhn bftwdrcs wfrfnhubglfm hs 'h supfredr hntfrbhtevf' (@easdb 8551, 1:7) td

fxpfrt systfos, wldsf ohidr jubgtedbhn meshaenetefs tlfy

dvfrghof. Eb drmfr td vfrejy tlfsf sthtfofbts hbm td ohcf h

gdophresdb wetl tlf hglefvfofbts dj tlf fxpfrt systfo, et

whs mfgemfm td mfvfndp sugl h systfo jdr usf-wfhr hbhnyses

hs wfnn. H bfurhn bftwdrc hppneghtedb8* gdunm af rfhnezfm

wetl rfnhtevfny nettnf fjjdrt ay useb` tlf cbdwnfm`f sdurgf

usfm jdr tlf fxpfrt systfo. Odrfdvfr, ej adtl systfos wfrf

td af ahsfm db tlf shof cbdwnfm`f sdurgf, et wdunm af

pdsseang td gdophrf tlfer hbhnyzeb` quhnetefs.

7.8 ]LF F\[FQ] WUW]FO H[[NEGH]EDB

Hs PHZFW es ofhbt td af usfm ay twd mejjfrfbt `rdups dj

usfrs, et gdbsests dj twd ebmfpfbmfbt phrts. Dbf phrt fxfgutfs

tlf hbhnyses oftldm hs h stfp-ay-stfp prdgfss. Eb tles why

stumfbts ghb af trhebfm td fxfgutf tlf rfquerfm prdgfmurfs.

Plenf supfrveseb` tlf prdgfss dj hbhnyses, tlf prd`rho hnsd

trefs td hrrevf ht hb ebtfrprfthtedb. ]les ofhbs tlht et rfhgts td

tlf ebjdrohtedb èvfb ay tlf usfr. Et es mhth-drefbtfm.



1=; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

]lf dtlfr phrt fvhnuhtfs ebtfrprfthtedbs eb drmfr td

suppdrt tlf fxpfrefbgfm hbhnyst wld es hnrfhmy jhoenehr wetl

tlf prdgfmurfs aut bdt vfry gdbjemfbt dj les dr lfr

ebtfrprfthtedbs. ]les phrt es `dhn-drefbtfm3 et trefs td gdbjero

tlf ebtfrprfthtedb ay qufstedbeb` tlf usfr. ]lf jdnndweb`

mfsgreptedb hbm tfst-ghsf rfjfr td tlf hbhnyzeb` phrt dbny.

Hs tlf hbhnyzeb` phrt dj tlf PHZFW hppneghtedb bdt

dbny stffrs tlf merfgtedb dj tlf prdgfss dj hbhnyses, authnsd ebtfrprfts tlf dasfrvfm wfhr trhgfs, et bffms mfthenfm

ebjdrohtedb db tlf glhrhgtfrestegs dj tlf wfhr. ]les es

dathebfm veh h qufstedb-hbm-hbswfr `hof. Et ofhbs tlht tlf

systfo wenn hsc tlf usfr jdr h mfsgreptedb dj tlf hbhnyzfm

eopnfofbt hbm dj tlf dasfrvfm wfhr trhgfs. Eb drmfr td

ohcf surf tlht tlf systfo rfgfevfs tlf hpprdprehtf

ebjdrohtedb, tlf hbswfrs td tlf qufstedbs hrf dj ountepnf-

gldegf jdroht. ]les ofhbs tlht jdr fhgl hbswfr (vhrehanf) h

nests dj pdsseanf hbswfrs (vhnufs) es èvfb (je`. 7). ]lf usfr

glddsfs h vhnuf tlht gdrrfspdbms afst td tlf trhgfs

dasfrvfm. Plfbfvfr tlf usfr es ubgfrtheb hadut les hbswfr,

lf ghb hsc jdr ahgc`rdubm ebjdrohtedb db tlf ofhbeb` dj

gfrtheb qufstedbs dr dj vhrehanfs hbm vhnufs. ]lesebjdrohtedb gdbsests dj mfsgreptedbs, pldtds dr sglfohteg

mrhweb`s tlht fxpnheb tlf mejjfrfbgfs aftwffb tlf vhnufs.

]lf systfo's oftldm dj hbhnyses rfsfoanfs tlht dj tlf

fxpfrt. Et sthrts ay vfrejyeb` wlftlfr hb eopnfofbt es

hbhnyzhanf hbm wlftlfr tlf dasfrvfm wfhr trhgfs ghb af

hsgreafm td usf.5 ]les es jdnedwfm ay tlf hgtuhn hbhnyses dj

tlf usf-wfhr trhgfs. ]lf hbhnyses es mevemfm ebtd twd phrts9

dbf jdr tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj usf rftdugl hbm tlf dtlfr jdr

pdnesl, fm`f rdubmeb` hbm strehtedbs. ]lfsf phrts wdrc

ebmfpfbmfbtny dj dbf hbdtlfr hbm ghb af fopndyfm

sfphrhtfny. ]lf rfhsdb jdr tles mevesedb es tlht tlf vhredus

wfhr ghtf`drefs hrf fetlfr bdt hnwhys seounthbfdusnyprfsfbt dr bdt fquhnny meh`bdsteg. Eb sugl ghsfs et sldunm af

pdsseanf td hrrevf ht hb ebtfrprfthtedb tlht es ahsfm db fetlfr

dbf dj tlf ghtf`drefs. Hb hmvhbth`fdus semf-fjjfgt dj tlf

mevesedb es tlht twd ebmfpfbmfbt ebtfrprfthtedbs ghb af

dathebfm ej hnn wfhr ghtf`drefs hrf prfsfbt. ]lf systfo's

jebhn qufstedbs rfnhtf td tlf odrpldndèghn hspfgts dj tlf

eopnfofbt. ]les ebjdrohtedb ghb af usfm td vfrejy wlftlfr

tlf rfsunt dj tlf hbhnyses es eb hggdrmhbgf wetl tlf

eopnfofbt's odrpldnd`y.

Db tlf ahses dj tlf rfgfevfm ebjdrohtedb, tlf systfo

suasfqufbtny httfopts td emfbtejy tlf bhturf dj tlf ohtfrehns

hbm tlf odtedbs tlht ohy lhvf ghusfm tlf dasfrvfm trhgfs.

Hs mejjfrfbt gdbthgt ohtfrehns ohy sdofteofs lhvf ghusfm

seoenhr wfhr httreautfs hbm hs seoenhr ohtfrehns ohy lhvf

rfsuntfm eb mejjfrfbt wfhr phttfrbs (f.`. Vbrhtl ft hn. 85<:),

et es djtfb mejjegunt td emfbtejy tlf fxhgt gdbthgt ohtfrehn hbm

odtedb. Odrfdvfr, h tdde ohy lhvf affb usfm db sfvfrhn

ohtfrehns. Lfbgf. et wdunm af wrdb` td jdgus db tlf

Emfbtejeghtedb dj dbf gdbthgt ohtfrehn dbny. ]lfrfjdrf, tlf

rfsunt dj tlf systfo's ebtfrprfthtedb gdbsests dj h nest dj hnn

tlf ohtfrehns hbm odtedbs tlht ohy lhvf ghusfm tlf wfhr

hbm tlf prdahaenetefs dj tldsf ohtfrehns hbm odtedbs hgtuhnny

afeb` rfspdbseanf jdr tlf dasfrvfm trhgfs (je`. =). ]lfsf

prdahaenetefs hrf fxprfssfm ay ofhbs dj sgdrfs, wlegl hrf

tlf rfsunts dj tlf ghngunhtedb dj tlf ebmeghtedbs su``fsteb`

h spfgejeg gdbthgt ohtfrehn.8; ]lfy hnsd èvf hb ebmeghtedb

dj tlf vhnuf dj tlf ebtfrprfthtedb3 trhgfs tlht hrf bdtmeh`bdsteg, sugl hs h `fbfreg wfhc pdnesl, wenn bdt yefnm

ebtfrprfthtedbs wetl le`l sgdrfs. Ej, db tlf dtlfr lhbm, tlf

wfhr glhrhgtfrestegs hrf ebmeghtevf dj dbny dbf gdbthgt

ohtfrehn tlfb tles ohtfrehn wenn lhvf h le`lfr sgdrf tlhb tlf

dtlfrs. Jurtlfrodrf, tlf systfo's ebtfrprfthtedb es

hggdophbefm ay pegturfs sldweb` tlf wfhr trhgfs tlht tlf

systfo hssdgehtfs wetl tlf rfsunt dj tlf hbhnyses. Petl tlf

hem dj tlfsf pegturfs, tlf usfr ghb vfrejy wlftlfr tlf

systfo's ebtfrprfthtedb gdrrfspdbms td les dasfrvhtedbs.

]lf cbdwnfm`f db wlegl PHZFW es ahsfm whs mfrevfm

jrdo tlf rfsunts dj hb fxpfreofbthn prd`rhoog gdbsesteb`

dj 7;8 fxpfreofbts wetl rfpneghtfm jnebt hrtfjhgts (Zhb @eib

85<5, 8:<-80=). Et whs afnefvfm tlht tlfsf rfsunts gdunm

sfrvf hs h rfjfrfbgf gdnnfgtedb jrdo wlegl cbdwnfm`f runfs

gdunm af mfmugfm. H mfthenfm hbhnyses dj tlfsf mhth rfvfhnfm

wlht gdoaebhtedbs dj tlf wfhr httreautfs hrf meh`bdsteg dj

spfgejeg gdbthgt ohtfrehns hbm odtedbs (Zhb mfb Mrefs/Zhb

@eib eb prfss).

]lf oheb rfhsdb jdr useb` h rfjfrfbgf gdnnfgtedb hs tlf

ahseg cbdwnfm`f sdurgf whs tlht et es vfry mejjegunt td auenm

h cbdwnfm`f odmfn wetl cbdwnfm`f fxtrhgtfm jrdo luohb

fxpfrts merfgtny hbm jrdo rfsfhrgl rfpdrts (Zhb mfb Mrefs

855=). Wugl fxpfrt cbdwnfm`f djtfb gdvfrs prfmdoebhbtny

tlf ghtf`dry dj tlf meh`bdsteg wfhr trhgfs, wlfrfhs tlf

ghtf`dry dj tlf fxgfptedbs hbm ubgfrthebtefs es ubmfrrfprf-sfbtfm. H cbdwnfm`f odmfn usfm jdr fmughtedbhn purpdsfs

sldunm gdvfr tles vhrehaenety. Et whs tlfrfjdrf afnefvfm tlht h

rfjfrfbgf gdnnfgtedb wdunm ebgnumf phrts dj adtl ghtf`drefs

hbm tlht fxpfrt cbdwnfm`f gdunm af usfm td suppnfofbt tlf

cbdwnfm`f mfrevfm jrdo sugl h gdnnfgtedb.

7.1 ]LF BFVQHN BF]PDQC H[[NEGH]EDB

]lf rfjfrfbgf gdnnfgtedb tlht jdrofm tlf ahses jdr tlf

cbdwnfm`f dj tlf fxpfrt systfo whs hnsd usfm td trheb h

bfurhn bftwdrc hppneghtedb. ]lf mejjfrfbgf aftwffb

PHZFW hbm tlf bftwdrc es tlht tlf cbdwnfm`f whs

trhbsnhtfm ebtd h mejjfrfbt jdroht9 ebtd mfgesedb runfs jdr tlf

fxpfrt systfo hbm ebtd prfsfbgf/hasfbgf sgdrfs jdr tlf

bftwdrc. Jurtlfrodrf, tlf mfgesedb runfs wfrf mfmugfm

jrdo tlf rhw mhth, wlfrfhs tlf bftwdrc whs trhebfm wetl

tlf hem dj ubhntfrfm mhth.

Vp tenn bdw, tles hppneghtedb lhs dbny affb trhebfm td

ebtfrprft pdnesl. Hs dbny 8:8 fxhopnfs dj tlf rfjfrfbgf

gdnnfgtedb sldwfm trhgfs dj pdnesl, tles whs h rfnhtevfny



1=8 O. ZHB MFB MQEFW - HQ]EJEGEHNNU EB]FNNE@FB] HQGLHFDND@8W]W

PHZFW - Pfhr Hbhnyseb` hbm Zesuhneseb` Fxpfrt Wystfo

Je urf 7. Fxhopnf dj h sgrffb djtlf fxpfrt systfo hppneghtedb. Et

fbhanfs tlf usfr td glddsf tlfwfhr-httreautf tlht gdrrfspdbms afstwetl tlf dasfrvfm trhgfs.

Jeùrf =. Wgrffb dj tlf fxpfrtsystfo hppneghtedb sldweb` tlfrfsunts dj tlf pdnesl hbhnyses.Ay gnegceb` db h "pegturf'-auttdbpldtd`rhpls dj tlf hssdgehtfm usf-wfhr hrf afeb` mespnhyfm. ]lfdtlfr auttdbs evf hggfss td tlfrfsunts dj tlf rftdugl hbhnyses hbmdj tlf odtedb hbhnyses.

XC!

VWF-QF]DVGL

]lf ]FQOEBH]EDB dj tlf sghrs es rfnhtfm td tlf lhrmbfss dj tlf wdrcfm ohtfrehn. ]lf

lhrmfr tlf wdrcfm ohtfrehn, tlf odrf stfp-tfroebhtedbs dggur.

Ofmeuo lhrm ohtfrehns ghusf odrf leb`f tfroebhtedbs. Jfhtlfr tfroebhtedbs hrf rfnhtfm tdtlf sdjtfr ohtfrehns.

Gdooubeghtedb es jdr ebsthbgf ghusfm ay lhrm pfrgussedb hbm mybhoeg odtedbs wetl lfhvyndhmeb`.

8;/77

ebjd

tfroebhtedb

Dnodstey stfp

D odstny leb`f

D odstny jfhtlfr

D sbhps

D jfhtlfr hbm leb`f fquhn

D jfhtlfr hbm stfp fquhn

D leb`f hbm stfp fquhn

D gdooebutedb

Wbhp tfroebhtedbs hrf bdt meh`bdsteg jdr hphrtegunhr gdbthgt-ohtfrehn. ]lfy hrf djtfb sffb

db tleb (ubrftduglfm) fm`fs necf trhbsvfrsf

hrrdwlfhms). ]lfy ohy hnsd af ghusfm aytrhopneb`, Wdof tfroebhtedbs md bdt gnfhrny

afndb` td dbf typf, Jdr ebsthbgf sbhps jrdo

slddteb` gdunm af gdbsemfrfm hs jfhtlfrs wetl hvfry mffp ebetehtedb hbm h sldrt hbm wemf slhpf.

Vsf h 8;;x oh`bejeghtedb td mftfroebf tlftfroebhtedbs tlht hrf dggurreb` odst,

PHZFW - Pfhr Hbhnyseb` hbm Zesuhneseb` Fxpfrt WystfoXC!

GDB]HG]-OH]FQEHN EB]FQ[QF]H]EDB

[DNEWLtdthn sgdrf tdthn sgdrf

adbf ;

mry hbtnfr ;

jrfsl drsdhcfm hbtnfr

'8

nfhtlfr ;

lemf 17;

ofht / jeslautglfreb` ;

jesl sghnfs ;

slfnn ;

slddteb` ;

tfftl ;

lhrm wddm

sdjt wddm

senegfduspnhbts

bdb senegfduspnhbts

gfrfhns

pdnesl 17

stdbf

pdttfry

mry gnhy

sden

;

ay gnegceb` db h sgdrf,

et's gdopdsetedb es sldwb

sfnfgtfm

httreautfsfxgnumeb`

httreautfs

ebtfrprftfm E rftdugl

odtedb rfsunts

sohnn trhebeb` sft. Et tddc tlf bftwdrc upprdxeohtfny dbf

luur (:6; rubs tlrdu`l hnn fxhopnfs) td 'nfhrb' tlf ebput

hbm dutput phttfrbs dj tlf fxhopnfs.

]lf bftwdrc's ebput nhyfr gdbsests dj 78 bfurdbs hbm tlf

dutput nhyfr dj 86 bfurdbs (je`. 6). ]lf ebput bfurdbs

rfprfsfbt tlf httreautfs dj tlf jevf vhrehanfs tlht mfsgreaf

tlf glhrhgtfrestegs dj tlf pdnesl. ]lf bfurdbs dj tlf dutput

nhyfr rfprfsfbt tlf gdbthgt ohtfrehns tlht ohy lhvf ghusfm

tlf pdnesl. Hs wetl tlf dutput dj tlf fxpfrt systfo, sfvfrhn

dj tlf dutput bfurdbs ohy af hgtevf ht tlf shof teof en tlf

trhgfs hbhnyzfm ebmeghtf sfvfrhn gdbthgt ohtfrehns. Ldwfvfr,

tlf mf`rff dj hgtevety dj tlfsf bfurdbs ohy mejjfr. ]les



1=1 ^B ^n E (' E H n'QHE EEEWEDCEGH 8 E 88)8 BOH 1m

Jeùrf 6. ]lf dbny sgrffb dj tlf

bfurhn bftwdrc hppneghtedb. ]lf nftt

lhbm semf sldws tlf ebput bfurdbs

(tlf pdnesl mestreautedb, tfxturf,

are`ltbfss, tdpd`rhply, hbm wemtl),

tlf dtlfr semf tlf dutput bfurdbs

(tlf hssdgehtfm gdbthgt-ohtfrehn).

]lf usfr glddsfs tlf jevf ebputbfurdbs tlht gdrrfspdbm td tlf

dasfrvfm wfhr-trhgfs hbm tlf

systfo sldws tlf gdbthgt-ohtfrehns

tlht ohy lhvf ghusfm tlht spfgeteg

wfhr phttfrb.

Ebput

mestreautedb

tfxturf

are`ltbfss

tdpd`rhply

wemtl

M

A GDutput

ohtfrehnH A

J

Ebput

mestreautedb

tfxturf

are`ltbfss

tdpd`rhply

wemtl

M

8 8 E

Dutput

ohtfrehn S 8

J

Ebput

mestreautedb

tfxturf

are`ltbfss

tdpd`rhply

wemtl

M F J

Dutput

ohtfrehn

M F J

Ebput

mestreautedb

tfxturf

are`ltbfss

tdpd`rhply

wemtl

8 8 8 8 !

8

Dutput

ohtfrehn

• 8 8 8

Ebput

mestreautedb

tfxturf

are`ltbfss

tdpd`rhply

wemtl

@ L

8 !

8

Dutput

ohtfrehn

@ L 8

Ebput

mestreautedb

tfxturf

are`ltbfss

tdpd`rhply

wemtl

8 8 8 8

Dutput

ohtfrehn

8 nT. 8 8

Ebput

mestreautedb

tfxturf

are`ltbfss

tdpd`rhply

wemtl

H

Q G

Dutput

ohtfrehn

I C N

Ebput

mestreautedb

tfxturf

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mf`rff dj hgtevety es hb ebmeghtedb dj tlf gfrthebty dj tlf

ebtfrprfthtedb.

Plfbfvfr h usfr gdbsunts tlf bftwdrc, lf dbny lhs td

sfnfgt jevf dj tlf ebput bfurdbs wlegl gdrrfspdbm td tlf

glhrhgtfrestegs dj tlf usf wfhr trhgfs dasfrvfm. ]lf bftwdrc

gdophrfs tles Ebjdrohtedb wetl ets rfjfrfbgf ohtrex hbm

ghngunhtfs tlf mf`rff dj hgtevety dj tlf dutput bfurdbs.

Afghusf h bftwdrc gdbsests dj gdopenfm mhth ohtregfs dbny,

h prdgfsseb` sfssedb thcfs nfss tlhb h sfgdbm.

Webgf tlf hppneghtedb whs ebtfbmfm jdr stumyeb` tlf

pdtfbtehns dj h bfurhn bftwdrc, et whs bdt prdvemfm wetl h

usfr-jrefbmny ebtfrjhgf3 et es bdt suethanf jdr gdoputfr-

hssestfm ebstrugtedb. Ldwfvfr, et ghb gfrthebny af usfm jdr

ets hglefvfofbts gdophreb` td tldsf dj hb fxpfrt systfo.

Et ghb hnsd af h usfjun tdde jdr h prdjfssedbhn usf-wfhr

hbhnyst wld es ebtfrfstfm eb stumyeb` tlf meh`bdsteg vhnuf dj

spfgejeg httreautfs. Et ohy af ebtfrfsteb` td dasfrvf tlf

gdbsfqufbgfs jdr tlf dutput dj ohbepunhtedb dj tlf ebput.

Ej tlf prfneoebhry rfsunts hrf prdoeseb`, tles hppneghtedbohy af trhebfm td ebtfrprft dtlfr usf-wfhr ghtf`drefs hs

wfnn.

=. H tfst-ghsf

]lf fxpfrt systfo hbm bfurhn bftwdrc hppneghtedb

mfsgreafm hadvf lhvf affb hppnefm td h tfst-ghsf td fbhanf

gdophresdb dj tlfer hglefvfofbts. ]les gdophresdb rfjfrrfm

td tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj pdneslfs dbny, afghusf tlf bftwdrc

lhm affb trhebfm jdr tles purpdsf dbny.

]lf tfst-ghsf gdbsestfm dj tlf hbhnyses dj 8: rfpneghtfm

jnebt hrtfjhgts usfm jdr fxpfreofbthn purpdsfs hbm dj 8;

hrglhfdndèghn hrtfjhgts jrdo tlf Mutgl Nebfhrahbmcfrhoec

setf dj Fnsndd, Neoaur`, tlf Bftlfrnhbms. ]lf trhgfs db

tlfsf eopnfofbts wfrf fbterfny bfw td adtl systfos hs

bdbf dj tlfo lhm affb usfm td gdopdsf tlfer cbdwnfm`f.

Jdr tlf purpdsf dj stumyeb` tlf rfhgtedb dj adtl systfos, tlf

tfst sft whs gdopdsfm dj eopnfofbts mespnhyeb` pdneslfs tlht

wfrf mejjegunt td ebtfrprft. Jdr ebsthbgf, tlrff fxpfreofbthn tddns

(7=:, 70<, 7<6) wfrf ebgnumfm tlht lhm affb usfm db ohtfrehns

dj wlegl et whs cbdwb afjdrflhbm tlht bfetlfr systfo wdunm

af hanf td emfbtejy tlfo. Ohby dj tlf dtlfr fxpfreofbthn tddns

wfrf sfnfgtfm afghusf tlfy mespnhyfm sne`ltny mejjfrfbt pdneslfs

hntldu`l tlfy lhm affb eb gdbthgt wetl seoenhr ohtfrehns

hbm afghusf tlfy sldwfm nfss meh`bdsteg wfhr phttfrbs.

Afghusf tlf gdbthgt ohtfrehns dj tlf tddns tlht lhm affb

usfm eb tlf fxpfreofbts wfrf cbdwb, tlf ebtfrprfthtedbs jdrtlfsf tddns gdunm af fvhnuhtfm hs h 'anebm tfst'. ]lf

ebtfrprfthtedbs jdr tlf prflestdref pdneslfs wfrf odrf

mejjegunt td fvhnuhtf afghusf tlf wdrcfm ohtfrehn whs, dj

gdursf, ubcbdwb. ]lfrfjdrf, tlfsf rfsunts wfrf gdophrfm

wetl tldsf èvfb ay h prdjfssedbhn luohb usf-wfhr

hbhnyst." ]lf hssuoptedb whs tlht eb tlf ghsf dj messeoenhr

ebtfrprfthtedbs tlf luohb fxpfrt wdunm af re`lt.



1=7 O. ZHB MFB MQEFW - HQ]EJEGEHNNU EB]FNNE@FB] HQGLHFDND@EW]W

]hanf 8. ]lf hgtuhnny wdrcfm ohtfrehns vfrsus tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf fxpfrt systfo hbm tlf bfurhn

bftwdrc.

* Adtl systfos lhvf bdt affb prdvemfm wetl cbdwnfm`f hadut tlfsf ohtfrehns.

tdde br. wdrcfm ohtfrehn fxpfrt systfo ebtfrprfthtedb bfurhn bftwdrc ebtfrprfthtedb

VE sdhcfm hbt nfe- -

$=6 ofmeuo lhrm lhrm wddm/

wddm* sdjt wddm

v|(2 slfnn* -

86; sdjt wddm sdjt wddm

768 sdhcfm hbtnfr -

761 sdjt wddm sdjt wddm

$:; sdjt wddm -

7:7 sdjt udon -

³:0 jrfsl lemf jrfsl lemf

(0; jrfsl lemf jrfsl lemf

)08 jrfsl lemf jrfsl lemf

60< lemf wetl dglrf* -

)<7 sdjt wddm sdjt wddm

³<6 mry gnhy* sdhcfm hbtnfr

7<: jrfsl lemf jrfsl lemf

7<< mry adbf autglfreb`

mry hbtnfr/jrfsl adbfsdjt wddm

sdjt pnhbtssdjt wddmlhrm wddmmry lemfjrfsl adbfjrfsl adbfjrfsl lemfjrfsl lemfjrfsl lemfsdnt wddm/mry hbtnfrsdjt wddmsdhcfm hbtnfr/sdjt wddmjrfsl lemfjrfsl adbf/mry hbtnfr

]lf tfst prdgfmurf gdbsestfm dj twd stfps. Jerst, tlf

glhrhgtfrestegs dj tlf wfhr trhgfs wfrf mfsgreafm ay hb

fxpfe'efbgfm hbhnyst. ]lfee tlfsf mfsgreptedbs wfrf prfsfbtfm

td tlf twd systfos. ]lf rfhsdb tdr tles whs tlht tlf tfst whs

ebtfbmfm td vhnemhtf tlf cbdwnfm`f. Hb fxpfrefbgfm hbhnyst

whs usfm td fxgnumf tlf pdsseaeneti dj h systfo's pdde

hglefvfofbts afeb` hsgreafm td h usfr's nhgc dj fxpfrefbgf ”

sdoftleb` wlegl dtlfrwesf ohy vfry wfnn lhvf lhppfbfm

afghusf wetl adtl systfos tlf hgtedbs dj tlf usfr wfrf bdt

yft pfrjfgtny gdbtrdnnfm.

=.8 ]LF F\[FQ] WUW]FO'W HGLEFZFOFB]W

]lf rfsunts danhebfm ndr tlf fxpfreofbthnny prdmugfm

pdneslfs (tha. E)'1 sldw tlht tlf fxpfrt systfo gdunm bdt

emfbtejy tlf trhgfs dj : tddns (7==, 7=:, 768 , 7:;, 7:7, 70<).

]les es h rhtlfr nhr`f phrt dj tlf tfst sft. ]lfrf hrf twd

pdsseanf fxpnhbhtedbs jdr tles. Jerst dj hnn, tlf trhgfs

hbhnyzfm ohy lhvf mejjfrfm jrdo tlf trhgfs db wlegl tlf

systfo lhs cbdwnfm`f. ]les es muf td tlf jhgt tlht tlescbdwnfm`f whs mfrevfm jrdo fxpfreofbthnny prdmugfm

trhgfs. Hb fxpfreofbthn prd`rhoof ghbbdt gdvfr tlf fbterf

rhb`f dj pdsseanf trhgås. C^pfrefbgf nehs sldw b tlht sdof

trhgfs dggurreb` haubmhbtny db hrglhfdndèghn tddns ghbbdt

af rfpneghtfm db fxpfreofbthn tddns. Hb fxhopnf dj sugl

trhgfs es wlht lhs affb tfrofm pdnesl '17' (Zhb @eib 85<5,

<6). ]les typf dj pdnesl (are`lt, pnhbt-necf db dbf semf, lemf-

necf db tlf dtlfr) lhs affb dasfrvfm ay sfvfrhn hbhnysts

(Ghlfb ft hn. 85<:3 Zhb @eib 85<53 Iufn Ifbsfb 85<53

Cffnfy 8500), aut ets dreèb lhs bdt yft affb fxpfreofbthnny

mftfroebfm. Wugl prdanfos rfvfhn dbf dj tlf neoethtedbs dj

fxpfrt systfos. Ej h setuhtedb dr prdanfo mejjfrs tdd ougl

jrdo tldsf jrdo wlegl tlf cbdwnfm`f whs mfrevfm, h

systfo ohy af ubhanf td mfhn wetl et. Jdr tles hppneghtedb etes tlfrfjdrf vfry eopdrthbt tlht tlf cbdwnfm`f ahsf es

suppnfofbtfm wetl fxpfrt cbdwnfm`f. Dbny tlf luohb

fxpfrt lhs cbdwnfm`f hadut tlf vhrehaenety dj tlf trhgfs

fxleaetfm ay tlf hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm.

]lf sfgdbm pdsseanf fxpnhbhtedb lhs td md wetl tlf

suaifgtevf bhturf dj tlf vhrehanfs usfm td mfsgreaf tlf wfhr

trhgfs. Odst dj tlf mfsgreptedbs hrf ahsfm db rfnhtevf

'ofhsurfofbts'. Et es, jdr ebsthbgf, mejjegunt td mfgemf

wlftlfr h pdnesl nddcs 'are`lt' dr 'vfry are`lt'. ]les

eopnefs tlht tlf mfsgreptedbs dj tlf wfhr glhrhgtfrestegs

èvfb ay tlf hbhnyst bffm bdt bfgfsshreny ohtgl tldsf èvfb

ay tlf fxpfrt, db wlegl tlf systfo es ahsfm. ]les ohyghusf mesgrfphbtefs aftwffb tlf mfsgreptedbs, yefnmeb`

ebjdrohtedb tlf systfo ghbbdt ebtfrprft gdrrfgtny.

[rfsuohany, tles prdanfo wenn af fneoebhtfm wlfb tlf

systfo wenn af fxphbmfm wetl odrf pldtd`rhpls hbm

sglfohteg eoh`fs èveb` fxhopnfs dj tlf httreautfs. Hs

pegturfs èvf h ougl afttfr eoprfssedb dj wlht es ofhbt,

tlfy wenn jhgenethtf tlf sfnfgtedb dj httreautfs.



9== HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Eb dbf ghsf (tdde 7<6) tlf systfo `hvf hb ebgdrrfgt

ebtfrprfthtedb. Ldwfvfr, tles eopnfofbt lhm affb usfm jdr

hb fbterfny bfw fxpfreofbt (ghrveb` mrefm gnhy), dj wlegl

tlf systfo lhm bd cbdwnfm`f. ]lf jhgt tlht tlf systfo mem

gdof up wetl hb ebtfrprfthtedb ofhbs tlht, hggdrmeb` td tlf

systfo. tlf dasfrvfm trhgfs adrf sdof rfsfoanhbgf td tldsf

prdmugfm eb wdrceb` sdhcfm hbtnfr. Jdr h usf-wfhr hbhnyst

tles ohy af h strhb`f oesebtfrprfthtedb. Et ghb ldwfvfr affxpnhebfm ay tlf jhgt tlht tlf dasfrvfm trhgfs wfrf bdb-

meh`bdsteg hbm lhppfbfm td nddc necf dtlfr bdb-meh`bdsteg

trhgfs (prdmugfm eb gutteb` sdhcfm hbtnfr) wlegl wfrf

ebgnumfm eb tlf cbdwnfm`f ahsf.

]les fxhopnf dj h oesebtfrprfthtedb ennustrhtfs tlf

prdanfo dj emfbtejyeb` bdb-meh`bdsteg wfhr phttfos.

Fvfb tldu`l sdof seoenhr prdanfos ohy af hvdemfm ay

fxphbmeb` tlf hppneghtedb wetl fxpfrt cbdwnfm`f hbm ay

fbnhrèb` tlf fxpfreofbthn rfjfrfbgf gdnnfgtedb, et es

necfny tlht bd systfo wenn fvfr lhvf sujjegeãbt cbdwnfm`f td

fxgnumf hnn sugl oesebtfrprfthtedbs. Bdb-meh`bdsteg wfhr

hbm fspfgehnny `fbfreg wfhc pdnesl es vfry mejjegunt td

ebtfrprft, fvfb jdr tlf afst prdjfssedbhn hbhnysts.

Eb twd dtlfr ghsfs (tddns 7=6, 7<<), tlf systfo's

ebtfrprfthtedb whs hggfpthanf afghusf et hpprdhglfm tlf re`lt

hbswfr sujjegefbtny. Eb sdof ghsfs tles ohy af iustejefm

afghusf mejjfrfbt hgtevetefs ohy ghusf seoenhr trhgfs.88

Hs hnrfhmy ofbtedbfm afjdrf, tlf rfsunts dj tlf hbhnyses

dj tlf prflestdref pdneslfs (tha. 1) hrf nfss fhsy td vhnemhtf.

Hntldu`l tlf fxpfrt systfo gdunm bdt hbhnyzf hnn tlf

hrtfjhgts, tlf rfsunts dathebfm jdr tldsf tlht et gdunm hrf eb

hggdrmhbgf wetl tldsf èvfb ay tlf luohb hbhnyst. ]les es

prdoeseb` hbm et es fbgdurhèb` tlht tlf systfo ghb hnrfhmy

md tles wlenf ets cbdwnfm`f es stenn ahsfm db tlf rfsunts dj

fxpfreofbts dbny.

=.1 ]LF BFVQHN BF]PDQC'W HGLEFZFOFB]W

H ohidr mejjfrfbgf aftwffb hb fxpfrt systfo hbm h

bfurhn bftwdrc es tlht tlf nhttfr wenn hnwhys `fbfrhtf hb

hbswfr, fvfb ej et es h vfry ubsurf dbf.8= ]les fxpnhebs wly

tlf bftwdrc ohmf odrf oesthcfs eb ebtfrprfteb` tlf

fxpfreofbthnn} dathebfm pdneslfs (tha. E). Odsn dj tlfsf

oesthcfs gdbgfrbfm prfgesfny tldsf tddns (7==, 7=:, 768,

7:;. 7:7, 70<) wlegl tlf fxpfrt systfo gdunm bdt emfbtejy

fetlfr. ]lf bftwdrc trefm hbyldw hbm jhenfm. Et sfhrglfm

jdr tlf ohtfrehn tlht ghof gndsfst. Vbjdrtubhtfny, eb tlf

ghsf dj h usf-wfhr hbhnyses tlf rfsunthbt hbswfr es djtfb

oesnfhmeb` rhtlfr tlhb lfnpjun. Aut eb sdof ghsfs et ohyèvf h gdrrfgt ebmeghtedb dj tlf lhrmbfss ghtf`dry dj tlf

gdbthgt ohtfrehn. ]lf prdanfo, ldwfvfr, es tlht ydu bfvfr

cbdw wlfb tlf hbswfrs hrf rfnehanf3 oesebtfrprfthtedbs tlht

hrf bdt muf td h nhgc dj cbdwnfm`f ghbbdt af fxpnhebfm.

]les es afghusf tlf rfhsdbeb` prdgfss dj bfurhn bftwdrcs es

ebveseanf.

]lf bftwdrc gdrrfgtny ebtfrprftfm tlf trhgfs dj sex tddns

(76;. 7:0, 70;, 708, 7<7, 7<:). ]lf ebtfrprfthtedb dj tdde

7=6 whs hggfptfm hs afeb` gdrrfgt, afghusf tlf systfo lhs

bd dutput bfurdb jdr ofmeuo lhrm wddm. dbny jdr lhrm

wddm hbm jdr sdjt wddm. Eb twd ghsfs (tddns 7==, 7<<) tlf

bftwdrc's ebtfrprfthtedb whs hnodst gdrrfgt. Et turbfm dut

tlht tlf bftwdrc lhm sdof mejjeguntefs mestebùesleb`

aftwffb ohtfrehns sldweb` gdophrhanf trhgfs, necf lhrmhbeohn ohtfrehns sugl hs adbf hbm hbtnfr. Ldwfvfr, tles es

bdt surpreseb`. [rdjfssedbhn hbhnysts ohy hnsd lhvf

mejjeguntefs eb sugl ghsfs.

Et es pfgunehr tlht, necf tlf fxpfrt systfo, tlf bftwdrc

ebtfrprftfm tlf eopnfofbt wlegl lhm affb usfm jdr ghrveb`

mrefm gnhy (7<6) hs usfm db sdhcfm hbtnfr. ]les ofhbs tlht

tlf dasfrvfm trhgfs oust ebmffm lhvf affb gdophrhanf wetl

tldsf prdmugfm eb wdrceb` sdhcfm hbtnfr.

Petl bd jfwfr tlhb fe`lt dj tlf hrglhfdndèghn hrtfjhgts

(7a, 6, :, 8;, 85, 1;, 78, 7=), tlf bftwdrc's ebtfrprfthtedb

whs seoenhr td tlht dj tlf luohb fxpfrt (tha. 1). Eb tlrff dj

tlfsf ghsfs (tddns :, 8;, 78) tlf bftwdrc 's ebtfrprfthtedb

gdrrfspdbmfm td tlht dj tlf luohb hbhnyst, wlfrfhs tlht dj

tlf fxpfrt systfo mem bdt. ]lf trhgfs dj dbny twd

eopnfofbts wfrf oesebtfrprftfm (tddns 8, 7h).

]hanf 1. Ebtfrprfthtedb dj pdnesl db 8; Nebfhrahbmcfrhoec hrtfjhgts,

evfb ay h luohb hbhnyst, tlf fxpfrt systfo hbm tlf bfurhn bftwdrc

tdde br. hbhnyst fxpfrt systfo bfurhn bftwdrc

E mry lemf - jrfsl lemf

7h mry lemf - jrfsl lemf

7a adbf autglfreb` autglfreb`

6 lemf 4 jrfsl lemf jrfsl lemf

: adbf - autglfreb`

8; jrfsl lemf - jrfsl lemf

85 wddm lhrm wddm/ lhrm wddm/

sdjt wddm sdjt wddm

18) jrfsl lemf jrfsl lemf jrfsl lemf

78 lemf - jrfsl lemf

7= hbtnfr sdhcfm hbtnfr sdhcfm hbtnfr

=.7 GDBGNVWEDB

Jrdo h gdophresdb dj tlf hglefvfofbts (tha. 7) et ghb

af gdbgnumfm tlht hs jhr hs tlf fxpfreofbthn tddns hrf

gdbgfrbfm, tlf fxpfrt systfo pfrjdrofm sne`ltny afttfr tlhb

tlf bfurhn bftwdrc. Petl rfspfgt td tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf

hrglhfdndèghn eopnfofbts, ldwfvfr, tlf bftwdrc yefnmfm hafttfr rfsunt. ]les mejjfrfbgf ohy af muf td tlf gdopdsetedb

dj tlf tfst sft. ]lf sfnfgtedb dj tlf rfpneghtfm tddns

mespnhyfm rfnhtevfny odrf wfhr phttfrbs tlht wfrf bdt vfry

meh`bdsteg. wlfrfhs tlf hrglhfdndèghn tddns gdbthebfm odrf

meh`bdsteg phttfrbs.'6 Ej prdvemfm wetl tlf hpprdprehtf

cbdwnfm`f, fxpfrt systfos ohy af afttfr ht ebtfrprfteb`




]hanf 7. Jebhn gdophresdb dj tlf tfst rfsunts.* Eb tles ghsf truf hbm thnsf ofhbs tlht tlf hbswfr es rfspfgtevfnyfquhn hbm ubfquhn td tlf hbswfr dj tlf luohb hbhnyst.

ebtfrprfthtedb dj9 fxpfrt systfo bfurhn bftwdrc

fxpfreofbthn rfpnegh's (B?E:)

n ebf

thnsfbdbf

hrglhfdndèghn hrtfjhgts (B?ED)*

trufj hn sfbdbf

tdthn (B?1:)

truf

n'hnsf

bdbf

5 0

n 5: ~

6 <ee 96 -

8= 868 88

88 -

fxgfptedbs tlhb bfurhn bftwdrcs. Plfb ebtfrprfteb` mhth,

tlf nhttfr jdgus db rfgd`beseb` seoenhretefs wetl tlf

fxhopnfs tlht tlfy lhvf nfhrbfm. ]lfy try td rfnhtf bfw

mhth ” hbm tlus hnsd fxgfptedbs ” td tlfer `fbfrhnesfm

cbdwnfm`f. ]lfrfjdrf, tlfy ghb dbny ebtfrprft fxgfptedbs

gdrrfgtny ej tlfy lhvf affb prdvemfm wetl fbdu`l 'nfhrb

fxhopnfs' . Vbjdrtubhtfny. tlf mejjegunty wetl fxgfptedbs es

tlht tlfrf hrf dbny jfw fxhopnfs. Ldwfvfr, wlfb et gdofs

td rfhI fxgfptedbs tlht lhvf bfvfr afjdrf dggurrfm, tlf

fxpfrt systfo wenn bdt af hanf td èvf hb ebtfrprfthtedb.

Et wenn seopny nhgc tlf hpprdprehtf cbdwnfm`f. H bfurhn

bftwdrc, db tlf dtlfr lhbm, oe`lt af hanf td èvf hbebtfrprfthtedb tlht es eb tlf re`lt merfgtedb (jdr fxhopnf tlf

re`lt lhrmbfss ghtf`dry).

Jrdo tlf rfsunts et ghb hnsd af gdbgnumfm tlht adtl

s^ stfrbs, lun fspfgehnny tlf fxpfrt systfo, ghb af usfjun ej h

luohb hbhnyst whbts h sfgdbm dpebedb db les ebtfrprfthtedb.

Jdr fxhopnf, tlf hbhnyst whs ubgfrtheb hadut tlf trhgfs db

tdde buoafr jevf, hbm adtl tlf fxpfrt systfo hbm tlf bfurhn

bftwdrc gdbjerofm tlf ebtfrprfthtedb. Et es, ldwfvfr, tlf

fxpfrt systfo tlht es afst suetfm td tles purpdsf3 bd nfss

tlhb 57 pfrgfbt (8= dut dj 86)nl dj ets ebtfrprfthtedbs

fbmdrsfm tldsf dj tlf prdjfssedbhn hbhnyst. Odrfdvfr, eb

gdbtrhst td tldsf dj tlf bfurhn bftwdrc, tlf fxpfrt systfo's

pfrjdrohbgfs jdr tlf rfpneghtfm tddns hbm tldsf jdr tlfhrglhfdndèghn eopnfofbts sldw bd se`bejeghbt mejjfrfbgf.

Afghusf dj tles tlf fxpfrt systfo es tlf odst rfnehanf dj tlf

twd hppneghtedbs.

]lf jebhn gdbgnusedb es tlht adtl hppneghtedbs hnrfhmy

pfrjdrofm quetf wfnn. Fspfgehnny eb vefw dj tlf jhgt tlht

tlfy wfrf ahsfm db h rhtlfr sohnn hbm ubahnhbgfm sft dj

fxhopnfs, tlfer hglefvfofbts wfrf fbgdurhèb`. ]lf fxpfrt

systfo ebtfrprftfm 6= pfrgfbt (8= dut dj 1: tddns) gdrrfgtny

hbm tlf bfurhn bftwdrc 6< pfrgfbt (86 dut dj 1: tddns) ” h

mejjfrfbgf eb pfrjdrohbgf wlegl sffos sohnn. Ldwfvfr, ej

tlf wrdb` ebtfrprfthtedbs hrf hnsd thcfb ebtd gdbsemfrhtedb

tlf mejjfrfbgf es `rfhtfr9 0 pfrgfbt dj tlf fxpfrt systfo

vfrsus =1 pfrgfbt dj tlf bfurhn bftwdrc.

Bfvfrtlfnfss, et ghbbdt yft af gdbgnumfm tlht dbf dj tlftfglbequfs es odrf suethanf jdr tles cebm dj hbhnyses tlhb tlf

dtlfr, afghusf tlf oesebtfrprfthtedbs dj adtl hppneghtedbs

hrf stenn muf td ebsujjegeãbt cbdwnfm`f rhtlfr tlhb td

ebhmfquhgefs dj tlf hppnefm tfglbequfs. Odrf tfsts wenn lhvf

td af ghrrefm dut td datheb h odrf gnfhrny mfjebfm pegturf dj

tlfer spfgejeg pdtfbtehns jdr tlf hbhnyses dj usf-wfhr trhgfs.

Wugl tfsts sldunm ebgdrpdrhtf h gdophresdb dj tlf

pfrjdrohbgfs dj hnn tlrff 'typfs' dj hbhnysts. ]les ofhbs

tlht adtl hppneghtedbs sldunm af fopndyfm eb h rfhn 'anebm

tfst' eb wlegl luohb fxpfrts hnsd phrtegephtf.

6. Wdof jhgts hbm jegtedbs

Hs ofbtedbfm eb tlf ebtrdmugtedb, et es bdt dbny e`bdrhbgf

tlht ohy mesgdurh`f pfdpnf jrdo fopndyeb` hrtejegehn

ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs, aut hnsd tlrfsldnm jfhr. ]les

tlrfsldnm jfhr es ohebny muf td tlf fbmnfss mesgussedbs db

tlf pdtfbtehns, hppneghaenetefs hbm tlrfhts dj spfgejeg

tfglbequfs hs wfnn hs dj hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf eb `fbfrhn.

Vbjdrtubhtfny, odst dj tlfsf mesgussedbs hrf fetlfr ahsfm db

jegtedbs dr ghusf bfw jegtedbs. Eb tlf jdnndweb` E wenn

tlfrfjdrf gdbgfbtrhtf db tlrff ohidr pdebts dj mesgussedb

hbm wenn httfopt td mevdrgf sdof jhgts jrdo tlf jegtedbs.

H jerst pdebt dj mesgussedb gdbgfrbs tlf pdtfbtehns dj tlf

tfglbequfs mesgussfm hadvf. Et es shem, jdr ebsthbgf, tlht

bfurhn bftwdrcs hrf supfredr td fxpfrt systfos eb tfros djjubgtedbhn haenetefs hbm sdgehn hggfpthaenety (@easdb 8551.

1:6). Aut, jerst dj hnn, hs tles es gdophreb` hppnfs hbm

drhb`fs, et es, stregtny spfhceb`, topdsseanf jdr fetlfr dbf td

af supfredr td tlf dtlfr. Ej tles wfrf pdsseanf et wdunm eopny

tlht h pfrsdb wld es spfgehnesfm eb rfhsdbeb` tlrdu`l

hssdgehtedb es supfredr td h pfrsdb wld es spfgehnesfm eb

rfhsdbeb` tlrdu`l mfmugtedb. Jurtlfrodrf, bfetlfr dbf es

supfredr td tlf dtlfr sebgf adtl tfglbequfs lhvf tlfer

hmvhbth`fs hs wfnn hs tlfer meshmvhbth`fs. ]lfy hrf

fqueppfm wetl mejjfrfbt cbdwnfm`f rfprfsfbthtedbhn hbm

rfhsdbeb` oftldms, wlegl eopnefs tlht tlfy ohy dbny af

odrf suethanf jdr spfgejeg purpdsfs. Et es h jhgt tlht fxpfrt

systfos pfrjdro afst eb thscs ebvdnveb` fxpnegetcbdwnfm`f hbm mfmugtevf rfhsdbeb`, wlenf bfurhn

bftwdrcs pfrjdro afst eb rfgd`beseb` gdopnfx bdb-nebfhr

phttfos dr thscs eb wlegl tlf rfnhtedbs aftwffb tlf

vhrehanfs hrf ubcbdwb. ]lfrfjdrf, ej adtl tfglbequfs hrf

usfm jdr tlf cebm dj thscs tlfy lhvf affb mfse`bfm jdr,

tlfy hrf fquhnny usfjun.



1=: HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

]lf shof nebf dj rfhsdbeb` ghb af usfm jdr tlf emfh tlht

bfurhn bftwdrcs ghb dvfrgdof tlf ohidr jubgtedbhn

meshaenetefs dj fxpfrt systfos. ]lf jubgtedbhn haenety dj hby

systfo mfpfbms db wlftlfr tlf hppnefm tfglbequf suets tlf

thsc et es fopndyfm eb hbm db tlf gdopdsetedb dj tlf

cbdwnfm`f tlht es utenezfm.

Dbf dj tlf hrùofbts tlht es usfm td mfodbstrhtf tlf

supfredrety dj bfurhn bftwdrcs es tlht tlfy wdrc wfnn wetlebgdopnftf mhth hbm tlht tlfer pfrjdrohbgf ht tlf fm`f dj

cbdwnfm`f es jhr afttfr (@easdb 8551, 1:6). ]les su``fsts

tlht bfurhn bftwdrcs hrf hanf td ebtfrprft fxgfptedbhn

setuhtedbs, wlegl mfvehtf jrdo tldsf tlfy lhvf nfhrbfm.

Ldwfvfr, ej tlf jubgtedbhn haenety dj h bfurhn bftwdrc wfrf

supfredr td tlht dj hb fxpfrt systfo, tlf rfsunts dj tlf hadvf

tfst ghsf wdunm lhvf mfodbstrhtfm tles. Et es truf tlht tlf

bftwdrc rfhgtfm odrf jnfxeany td fxgfptedbs, eb tlf sfbsf

tlht et `fbfrhtfm hbswfrs eb hnn tlf ghsfs tlht tlf fxpfrt

systfo gdunm bdt. Aut wf lhvf sffb tlht tlfsf hbswfrs wfrf

bdt vfry rfnehanf3 < dut dj 88 wfrf wrdb`. Et es h jhgt tlht h

bfurhn bftwdrc's ebtfrprfthtedb es hnwhys hb fsteohtedb.

wlegl ofhbs tlht et ohy af gdrrfgt aut et ohy hnsd af vfrywrdb`. Eb dtlfr wdrms, wlfb h bftwdrc lhs td pfrjdro ht

tlf fm`f dj ets cbdwnfm`f ets hglefvfofbts hrf pddrfr. Hbm

tlf qufstedb es wlftlfr eb sugl ghsfs hb ubrfnehanf hbswfr

es prfjfrhanf td bd hbswfr hbm wlftlfr tlf nhttfr oust,

tlfrfjdrf, af gnhssejefm hs h jubgtedbhn meshaenety.

Hphrt jrdo tles, tlf emfh tlht bfurhn bftwdrcs ghb wdrc

wfnn wetl ebgdopnftf dr fxgfptedbhn mhth es hb fxhopnf dj

wesljun tlebceb`. Bd hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequf ghb

wdrc wfnn wetl ebgdopnftf mhth hs ndb` hs fvfb luohbs

lhvf `rfht mejjeguntefs ebtfrprfteb` setuhtedbs tlfy lhvf

lhrmny hby cbdwnfm`f dj.

Hbdtlfr hrùofbt jdr tlf supfredrety dj bfurhn bftwdrcses tlht tlfy lhvf tlf ghphgety td jdrounhtf tlfer dwb

rfprfsfbthtedbs dj tlf fxpfrt's rfhsdbeb` prdgfssfs, wetldut

h mfse`bfr lhveb` td ohcf h cbdwnfm`f odmfn. Ldwfvfr,

tlf qufstedb es wlftlfr tles es hnwhys hb hmvhbth`f.

Et ohcfs h bfurhn bftwdrc h 'anhgc adx' hbm tlf usfr lhs

vfry nettnf ebjnufbgf db tlf gdopdsetedb dj tlf ebtfrbhn

cbdwnfm`f. Hs h gdbsfqufbgf, tlf usfr ohy lhvf

mejjeguntefs jebmeb` dut fxhgtny wlht h bftwdrc lhs

'nfhrbfm'. Et ohy lhvf nfhrbfm td mestebùesl tlf fxhopnfs

jrdo dbf hbdtlfr db tlf ahses dj prdpfrtefs wlegl hrf

ahgc`rdubm bdesf hbm lhvf bdtleb` td md wetl sdnveb` hb

hrglhfdndèghn prdanfo. Jurtlfrodrf. ej h bftwdrc strugturf

es bdt wfnn mfse`bfm, jdr ebsthbgf ej tlf lemmfb nhyfr esgdopdsfm dj tdd ohby bfurdbs, et ohy nfhrb tlf fxhopnfs

ay lfhrt hbm ohy bdt af hanf td hbhnyzf hby bfw prdanfo

(Nhwrfbgf 8558, 817).

Petl fxpfrt systfos, db tlf dtlfr lhbm, tles es bdt h

prdanfo hs tlfy hrf 'trhbsphrfbt adxfs'. Afghusf tlfer

rfhsdbeb` prdgfssfs hrf ahsfm db h jdrohn odmfn, tlfy hrf

gdbtrdnnfm ay tlf mfse`bfr hbm hrf veseanf td tlf usfr. ]lf

hmvhbth`f dj sugl h odmfn es tlht et ghb af usfm td glfgc

tlf gdbsestfbgy dj tlf cbdwnfm`f, td ndghnesf pfrjdrohbgf

mfjegefbgefs hbm td ohebtheb h systfo. ]les ofhbs tlht ej hb

fxpfrt systfo's cbdwnfm`f bffms td af ohebthebfm, ets

cbdwnfm`f ahsf ghb seopny af hmhptfm dr fxtfbmfm.

H bftwdrc, db tlf dtlfr lhbm, oust af trhebfm hnn dvfr

h`heb eb sugl h ghsf.Ldwfvfr, wdrceb` wetl h prfmfjebfm odmfn ofhbs tlht

tlf mfvfndpofbt dj hb fxpfrt systfo hppneghtedb es jhr

odrf teof-gdbsuoeb` tlhb tlht dj h bfurhn bftwdrc. Hs et es

djtfb mejjegunt td auenm h cbdwnfm`f odmfn, et es fhsefr jdr

hrglhfdndèsts td mfvfndp h bftwdrc hppneghtedb tlhb hb

fxpfrt systfo hppneghtedb.

]les areb`s us td tlf pdebt dj tlf sdgehn hggfpthaenety.

Hggdrmeb` td @easdb (8551, 1:=), tles es prdanfohteg wetl

fxpfrt systfos hs '[fdpnf tfbm td jfhr tfglbdnd`y wlfb et e

prdjfssfm td lhvf quhnetefs tlht luohbs lhvf.' (@easdb

8551, 1:=). Ebmffm, tlf sdgehn hggfpthaenety dj fxpfrt

systfos lhs affb jhr jrdo shtesjhgtdry. Ldwfvfr, tles es bdt

hb ebhmfquhgy dj hb fxpfrt systfo etsfnj. Et lhs td md wetl

tlf rfhmebfss dj tlf pdtfbtehn usfrs hbm E tlfrfjdrf mduat

wlftlfr tles wenn bdt af h prdanfo wetl bfurhn bftwdrcs,

tdd. Et ohy fvfb af wdrsf. H bftwdrc es hnsd prdjfssfm td

lhvf quhnetefs tlht luohbs lhvf. Hbm db tdp dj tles, bfurhn

bftwdrcs hnndw nfss luohb ebtfrjfrfbgf. ]lf jhgt tlht tlfy

ohcf tlfer dwb 'runfs' jdr lhbmneb` tlf cbdwnfm`f ofhbs

tlht tlfer gdopdsetedb ghbbdt af gdbtrdnnfm ay tlf mfvfndpf

bdr rfgdvfrfm ay tlf usfr. Odrfdvfr, tlfer ebtfrbhn

prdgfsseb` es bdt dbny ebveseanf td tlf usfr aut hnsd odrf

gdopneghtfm td ubmfrsthbm tlhb tlht dj hb fxpfrt systfo.

Dbf dj tlf jhgts tlht ohy jhvdur tlf sdgehn hggfpthaenety

dj bfurhn bftwdrcs es tlfer prdgfsseb` spffm. Webgf tlfylhvf h bfurdb strugturf hbm h mhth ohtrex (rfprfsfbteb` tlf

wfe`lts dj tlf gdbbfgtedbs aftwffb tlf bfurdbs), tlf

hbhnyses prdgfss hodubts td bdtleb` odrf tlhb h ghngunhtedb

dj tlf mf`rff dj bfurdb hgtevety, wlegl thcfs dbny h spnet

sfgdbm. Fxpfrt systfos, db tlf dtlfr lhbm, ebvdnvf ndts dj

runfs. Mureb` fxfgutedb tlfy oust glfgc hnn tlf runfs, dr ht

nfhst tldsf jdr rftrefveb` tlf hpprdprehtf cbdwnfm`f. ]lht es

wly h bfurhn bftwdrc ghb af jhstfr tlhb hb fxpfrt systfo.

]d suoohrezf tles mesgussedb, E md bdt tlebc tlht tlf

bfurhn bftwdrcs' pfrjdrohbgf ht tlf fm`f dj tlfer

cbdwnfm`f hbm tlfer ebmfpfbmfbgf eb cbdwnfm`f odmfnneb`

èvf rfhsdb td afnefvf tlht tlfer jubgtedbhnety es supfredr,

bdr tlht tlfer fhsf dj mfvfndpofbt hbm tlfer prdgfsseb`spffm wenn af grugehn jdr hb eoprdvfofbt dj tlfer sdgehn

hggfpthaenety.

H sfgdbm ohidr pdebt dj mesgussedb gdbgfrbs tlf

suethaenety dj hrglhfdndèghn cbdwnfm`f jdr hb hrtejegehn

ebtfnne`fbgf hpprdhgl. Et lhs jdr ebsthbgf affb shem tlht

hrglhfdndèghn cbdwnfm`f mdfs bdt nfbm etsfnj wfnn td




rfprfsfbthtedb ay ofhbs dj hb fxpfrt systfo muf td ets

suaifgtevf hbm ebtuetevf bhturf (>Ƒ. @easdb 85513 Zethne/

Nh`rhb`f 85<<3 Pengdgc 85<:). Fxpfrt systfos hrf gnheofm

nd af ebhmfquhtf jdr rfprfsfbteb` tles cebm dj cbdwnfm`f

afghusf et ghb lhrmny af trhbsnhtfm ebtd fxpneget runfs. Eb oy

dpebedb. sugl sgfptegeso es ahsfm ohebny db meshppdebtofbt

jdnndweb` dvfrdpteoesteg fxpfgthtedbs dj haenetefs. Bd

tfglbequf ghb prdvemf hbswfrs td hnn qufstedbs dr lhbmnf hnn

prdangos. Odrfdvfr, tlfsf tfglbequfs hrf rfsfhrgl hbm

fmughtedbhn ofhbs ebstfhm dj sdnutedb-`fbfrhteb` tddns.

]lfer odst eopdrthbt ofret, ldwfvfr, es tlht tlfy ghb pnhy

hb eopdrthbt rdnf eb odmfnneb` cbdwnfm`f (Mdrhb 855;)

hbm tlus eb ubmfrsthbmeb` hbm eoprdveb` et. Hbm eb tlht

rfspfgt tlfy ghb af hppnefm td h vhst rhb`f dj hrglhfdndèghn

rfsfhrgl jefnms.

Odrfdvfr, phrt dj tlf gretegeso es odofbthry hbm bdt hs

hasdnutf hs et sdofteofs sffos td af. ]lf cbdwnfm`f

rfprfsfbthtedbhn haenetefs dj fxpfrt systfos hrf bdt gdbjebfm

td runfs. Webgf tlfsf tfglbequfs hrf rfnhtevfny bfw tlfy hrf

stenn fvdnveb`. Fhgl bfw mfvfndpofbt grfhtfs bfw cbdw

nfm`f rfprfsfbthtedbhn haenetefs dr jhgenethtfs hppneghtedbauenmeb`.

Jebhnny, E wdunm necf td gdoofbt db tlf usf dj hrtejegehn

ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs eb `fbfrhn. Et es djtfb tldu`lt tlht

tlfy ghb dbny af usfm ay ohtlfohteghnny `rdubmfm

hrglhfdndèsts dr tlht tlfy sldunm bdt af usfm ht hnn afghusf

tlfy tlrfhtfb tlf pdsetedb dj luohb fxpfrts. Jerst dj hnn, tlf

emfh tlht hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs hrf mejjegunt td

nfhrb es h rfneg jrdo tlf fhrny mhys dj gdoputeb`. Vbten h

jfw yfhrs h`d. hppneghtedbs gdunm dbny af mfvfndpfm wetl

tlf hem dj gdopneghtfm gdoputfr nhbùh`fs. Ldwfvfr, tles

es glhbèb` rhpemny. Hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbdndèfs hrf

stenn fvdnveb` hbm hrf hnrfhmy mfse`bfm td af hppnefm aymejjfrfbt `rdups dj usfrs9 ohby dj tlfsf tfglbequfs hrf

gdoofrfehnny hvhenhanf hs usfr-jrefbmny phgch`fs.80 ]lf

gdbsfqufbgf es tlht hppneghtedb mfvfndpofbt bd ndb`fr

rfquerfs hb hwjun ndt dj lhrmwhrf dr sdjtwhrf cbdwnfm`f.

Eb tles rfspfgt fxpfrt systfo tfglbdnd`y eb phrtegunhr lhs

fvdnvfm ougl. Wd-ghnnfm fxpfrt systfo slfnns lhvf affb

mfvfndpfm td n'hgenethtf hppneghtedb auenmeb`, Wlfnns hrf

sdjtwhrf phgch`fs wlegl djjfr hnn cebms dj cbdwnfm`f

rfprfsfbthtedbhn hbm rfhsdbeb` jhgenetefs. Petl tldsf slfnns et

es pdsseanf td auenm hppneghtedbs wetldut lhveb` td prd`rho

gdopnfx prdgfmurfs. ]lht ofhbs tlht hrglhfdndèsts wld

lhvf bd fxpfrefbgf wlhtsdfvfr wetl sdplesteghtfm

gdoputeb` tfglbequfs ghb bdw auenm hb hppneghtedb.

Hbxefty sldunm bdt af hb hrùofbt jdr bdt useb` hrtejegehn

ebtfnne`fbgf tddns fetlfr. ]lf jfhr dj tlfsf tddns afgdoeb` h

suastetutf jdr luohb ebtfnne`fbgf es prdahany muf td tlf jhgt

tlht tlf gdbsfqufbgfs dj juturf mfvfndpofbts ghbbdt af

cbdwb.8< ]lf resc dj h gdoputfr hppneghtedb tlrfhtfbeb` tlf

wdrc dr pdsetedb dj hb hrglhfdndèst es ldwfvfr fbterfny

jegtedbhn. Hb hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf hppneghtedb ghb sfrvf hs

hb hssesthbt dbny. Et ghb seounhtf prfmfjebfm rfhsdbeb`

prdgfssfs aut ghb gfrthebny bdt `fbfrhtf ebtfnne`fbgf85.

Eb dtlfr wdrms, hb hrtejegehnny ebtfnne`fbt hrglhfdndèst es

hrtejegehn, bdt ebtfnne`fbt3 et ghbbdt rfpnhgf hb fxpfrt. Db tlf

gdbtrhry, et ohy fvfb gdbsdnemhtf tlf fxpfrt's pdsetedb,

afghusf et fbhanfs tlf fxpfrt td fxphbm les cbdwnfm`f hbm

td fxpndet fxhgtny tldsf luohb haenetefs tlht h gdoputfrghbbdt seounhtf.

:. Gdbgnumeb` rfohrcs

Webgf phpfrs db gdoputeb` tfglbequfs hrf djtfb ebtfbmfm

td sldw tlf meshaenetefs rhtlfr tlhb tlf haenetefs dj hrtejegehn

ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs, tlf ohidrety dj tlf pdtfbtehn usfrs

dj tlfsf tfglbequfs hodb` hrglhfdndèsts lhvf mfjebetfny

affb bf`htevfny ebjnufbgfm ay tles sgfptegeso. ]lfy tlebc dj

tlfo hs tfglbequfs wetl h neoetfm pdtfbtehn dr hs tdd

gdopneghtfm. Eb spetf dj tlf sgfptegeso surrdubmeb` tlfsf

tfglbequfs, tlfrf es h ndt dj wdrc tlfy gdunm md eb

hrglhfdnd`y. ]lfy djjfr h ofhbs jdr jdrohneseb` hbm

odmfnneb` suaifgtevf fxpfrt cbdwnfm`f hbm tlfy ghb ohcftles cbdwnfm`f hggfsseanf td hbm ushanf jdr bdb-fxpfrts.

Eb tlht rfspfgt tlfy ghb af usfjun tddns jdr fmughtedbhn hs

wfnn hs rfsfhrgl purpdsfs. E ldpf tlht tles phpfr wenn lfnp

hrglhfdndèsts td tlebc dj whys dj useb` hrtejegehn

ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs td hpprdhgl hrglhfdndèghn thscs dr

sdnvf prdanfos. Dbny ay auenmeb` dr useb` hb hppneghtedb

wenn hrglhfdndèsts af hanf td mesgdvfr tlf haenetefs dj

hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs hbm rfhnezf tlht tlfrf es h

ardhm rhb`f dj pdtfbtehn hppneghtedbs.

Ldwfvfr, adtl purpdsfs hbm tfglbequfs oust af sfnfgtfm

wetl ghrf. Hs hrùfm hadvf, bfetlfr dbf dj tlf hrtejegehn

ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs es odrf usfjun tlhb tlf dtlfr. Fhglpfrjdros afst wlfb tlf prebgepnfs dj tlf hppnefm tfglbequf

suet tlf prdanfo afeb` thgcnfm. ]lfrf es, jdr ebsthbgf, bd

sfbsf eb hppnyeb` tlfsf tfglbequfs td prdanfos lhveb` hb

hn`dretloeg strugturf wlegl nfhms td h gnfhr sdnutedb. ]lfsf

prdanfos hrf afst lhbmnfm ay gdbvfbtedbhn prd`rhooeb`

tfglbequfs. Aut prdanfos tlht ghb dbny af sdnvfm ay

sfhrgleb` jdr hssdgehtedbs wetl seoenhr setuhtedbs hrf

prdahany afst thgcnfm veh h bfurhn bftwdrc hppneghtedb.

Bfurhn bftwdrcs hrf `ddm ht rfgd`bezeb` phttfrbs eb bdb-

nebfhr prdanfos hbm ht rfvfhneb` rfnhtedbsleps aftwffb h

prdanfo's ebput hbm dutput vhrehanfs. Ldwfvfr, tlfy ghbbdt

af usfm jdr prdanfos tlht rfquerf (ohtlfohteghn) prfgesedb.

]lf dutput dj h bftwdrc es hnwhys hb fsteohtedb wlegl esahsfm db `fbfrhneshtedbs. ]lf dutput dj fxpfrt systfos es

ahsfm db runfs dj mfmugtedb. Afghusf dj tles bfurhn

bftwdrcs ohy af nfss hggurhtf tlhb fxpfrt systfos. Hs tlf

mfmugtedb prdgfss dj fxpfrt systfos es ahsfm db h jdrohn

odmfn et es hnsd odrf gdbtrdnnfm. Ej sugl h odmfn lhs affb

mfvfndpfm wfnn, tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf hppneghtedb wenn



1=< HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

lfbgf af hggurhtf hbm rfnehanf. Jurtlfrodrf, hb fxpfrt

systfo ohy fxpnheb ets rfhsdbeb` prdgfss td ets usfr, hbm

tlus sldw ldw ets dutput whs fsthaneslfm. ]lht es wly

fxpfrt systfos ghb ohcf afttfr fmughtedbhn hbm lypdtlfses

vfrejyeb` hppneghtedbs tlhb bfurhn bftwdrcs.

]lf foplhses eb tles phpfr lhs affb db tlf mejjfrfbgfs

aftwffb tlfsf hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs hbm tlfer

spfgeneg haenetefs. Ldwfvfr, tles mdfs bdt ofhb tlht tlfysldunm dbny af usfm jdr mejjfrfbt hppneghtedbs. Eb

hrglhfdnd`y, ohby rfsfhrgl jefnms ebvdnvf sfvfrhn typfs dj

cbdwnfm`f. ]lf hmvhbth`fs dj mejjfrfbt tfglbequfs sldunm

af gdoaebfm sd hs td ohcf hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf h usfjun

hpprdhgl jdr tlfsf jefnms, tdd. Juturf mesgussedbs sldunm

tlfrfjdrf hnsd gdbgfbtrhtf db tlf pdsseaenetefs dj idebeb`

mejjfrfbt tfglbequfs wetleb seb`nf hppneghtedbs.

bdtfs

8 Wugl thscs ohy af meh`bdses, prdgfss gdbtrdn, ebstrugtedb,prfmegtedb, gnhssejeghtedb, pnhbbeb`, ftg.

1 Cbdwnfm`f ghb af rfprfsfbtfm ay ofhbs dj sfvfrhn oftldms, bdtdbny EJ-]LFB mfgesedb runfs, aut hnsd Daifgt-Zhnuf-Httreautf

trepnfts. Eblfrethbgf jrhofs, Ndèg runfs, ftg. Jdr odrf mfthenfmebjdrohtedb tlf rfhmfr es rfjfrrfm td Nughs/Zhb mfr @hh` (85<<) dr

[hybf/OgHrtlur(855;).

7 Ebjdrohtedb ohy gdbsest dj dasfrvhtedbs dr jhgts. ]lf fxtfrbhnwdrnm ohy af. jdr ebsthbgf. h luohb usfr. h mhthahsf dr hbebstruofbt.

= Ohby mejjfrfbt typfs dj bfurhn bftwdrcs hrf fdoofrgehnny

hvhenhanf. ]lfy hnn lhvf mejjfrfbt nhyfr strugturfs , nfhrbeb`hn`dretlos. wfe`lt-prdgfsseb` hbm se`bhn-trhbsjfr jubgtedbs. ftg.

]lf ebtfrfstfm rfhmfr es rfjfrrfm td Ghrneb` (8551) dr Nhwrfbgf(8558) jdr mfthenfm ebjdrohtedb.

6 Adtl hppneghtedbs rub db h sthbm-hndbf gdoputfr wetl h <;7<:M\prdgfssdr.

: H.N. vhb @eib

0 PHZFW sthbms jdr Pfhr Hbhnyzeb` hbm Zesuhneseb` FxpfrtWystfo. Hb fxpfrt systfo slfnn ghnnfm NFZFN6 Daifgt (vfrsedb 1.6)es usfm jdr tlf eopnfofbthtedb dj tles systfo. NFZFN6 Daifgt es hrfèstfrfm trhmfohrc dj Ebjdrohtedb Auenmfrs Ebg.

< H sdjtwhrf phgch`f ghnnfm ArhebOhcfr (vfrsedb 1.7) es usfm jdr

tles hpplfhtedb. Arhebohcfr es h rfèstfrfm trhmfohrc dj Ghnejdrbeh

Wfefbtejeg Wdjtwhrf.

5 Jdr ebsthbgf, pdnesl ohy lhvf affb danetfrhtfm ay pdst-mfpdsetedbhn prdgfssfs hbm fm`f rfodvhns oh^ lhvf affb ghusfm

ebtfbtedbhnny.

8; Jdr odrf ebjdrohtedb db tlf gdopdsetedb dj tlf sgdrfs tlfrfhmfr es rfjfrrfm td Zhb mfb Mrefs (855=).

E 8 O.I. Wglrfurs.

81 ]lf ebtfrprfthtedbs wfrf fvhnuhtfm fxgnusevfny db tlf ahses djtlf ohtfrehns tlht sgdrfm afst.

87 Webff trhgfs dj autglfreb` ebgnumf trhgfs dj adbf, tlf systfo'semfbtejeghtedb dj fetlfr dbf dj tlf twd whs hggfptfm.

8= Hb ubsurf ebtfrprfthtedb whs rfgdbèshanf hs hb dutput sldweb`

sfvfrhn ohtfrehns wetl ndw sgdrfs.

86 Affhusf dj tlf mevfrsety dj tlf fxpfreofbts tlf rfpneghtfm tddnssldwfm h nhr`f vhrefty dj trhgfs. ebgnumeb` `fbfreg wfhc pdneslfs.

]lf hrglhfdndèghn tddns hbhnyzfm, db tlf dtlfr lhbm. lhm affbghrfjunny sfnfgtfm. ]ddns wetldut meh`bdsteg trhgfs gdunm djtfb bdt

af hbhnyzfm. ]lf rfohebeb` hrglhfdndèghn tddns sldwfm odrf

meh`bdsteg trhgfs tlhb tlf fxpfreofbthn tddns hbm ohy tlfrfjdrf

lhvf affb fhsefr td ebtfrprft.

8: ]les ghngunhtedb ebgnumfm tlf ebtfrprfthtedbs dj tlf eopnfofbts

usfm eb tlf fxpfreofbts affhusf tlfsf ebtfrprfthtedbs wfrf ahsfmdb mfsgreptedbs èvfb ay h luohb hbhnyst.

80 ]lfsf phgch`fs hrf hvhenhanf jdr hnn cebms dj gdoputfr systfosht vhryeb` pregfs.

8< Wdoftleb` seoenhr lhppfbfm wlfb ghngunhtdrs wfrf ebtrdmugfmpfdpnf wfrf sd hjrhem dj nddseb` tlfer idas tlht tlfy wfbt db strecfEt es bhturhn jdr pfdpnf td tfbm td nddc afjdrf tlfy nfhp wlfbebbdvhtedbs hrf ebtrdmugfm. fspfgehnny wlfb tldsf ebbdvhtedbs heotd ubrhvfn tlf cfy td luohbety, ebtfnne`fbgf.

85 Et lhs affb shem tlht h bfurhn bftwdrc ghb afht tlf luohb arhebhs jhr hs tlf spffm dj se`bhn ebtfrglhb`f es gdbgfrbfm (Ghrneb` 8551]lf spffm dj tlf ebtfrglhb`fs eb tlf luohb arheb es rfstreftfm ayglfoeghn prdgfssfs wlfrfhs bfurhn bftwdrcs ghb fxpndet tlfhmvhbth`fs dj useb` ougl thstfr fnfgtrdbeghn prdgfssfs (Zuec 8557)Bfvfrtlfnfss. tlf prdgfsseb` ghphgety dj hb hrtejegehn bftwdrc mdfsbdt fvfb hpprdhgl tlht dj h aedndèfhn bftwdrc. ]les es muf td tlfjhgn tlht aedndèfhn bfurdbs ghb hnn af hgtevf ht tlf shof teofwlfrfhs tlf hgtevety dj hrtejegehn bfurdbs es rfstreftfm ay tlflhrmwhrf, wlegl es dbny ghphanf dj sfqufbtehn prdgfsseb`.Jurtlfrodrf, h bfurhn bftwdrc lhs dbny jfw gdbbfgtedbs gdophrfmwetl tlf arheb3 sdof tfb tldushbms vfrsus aennedbs. Dbny ej etsldunm prdvf pdsseanf td fquep juturf gdoputfrs wetl sugl ohssevfphrhnnfn prdgfsseb` ghphaenetefs (dr luohb arhebs) gdunm tlf spffmdj tlf ebjdrohtedb trhbsjfr dj hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf hppneghtedbspdsseany mfjfht tlht dj luohb afeb`s. Aut fvfb tlfb, tldsf

gdoputfrs wdunm dbny af fxtrfofny jhst, bdt ebtfnne`fbt.



1=5 O. ZHB MFB MQEFW - HQ]EJ8GEHNNU EB]FNNE@FB] HQGLHFDND@EW]W

rfjfrfbgfs

Ahcfr, C.@.

Aesldp. O.G.

I. ]ldohs

Ardu`l, M.Q.

B. [hrjetn

85<0 ]dwhrms hb hrglhfdndèghn oftldmdnd`y jdr fxpfrt systfos. Eb9 G.N.B. Qu``nfs/

W.[.X. Qhltz (fms). Gdoputfr hbm quhbtethtevf oftldms eb hrglhfdnd`y 85<0, 115-17:.

85<= AFHCFQ9 hb fxpfrt systfo jdr tlf AGG oegrd. Gdoputfr hppneghtedbs eb hrglhfdnd`y.

Gdbjfrfbgf prdgffmeb`s 85<=, 6:-:1.

85<= Hb fxpfrt systfo jdr tlf h`feb` dj h mdofst eg hbeohn. Gdoputfr hppneghtedbs eb hrglhfd

nd`y. Gdbjfrfbgf prdgffmeb`s 85<=, =5-66 .

('hnnfb. M,

I.[. Ghsphr

O. Dttf

85<: Ebmustrefs netlequfs mhoelefbbfs mf Afnèquf. Neì`f (FQHVN. 18).

Gurneb`, H.

E nec'v ^n 88. vhb Idb

Mrefs. On 8. vhb mfb

H.N. vhb @eib

8551 Ebtrdmugeb` bfurhn bftwdrcs. Penosndw.

855= PHZFW9 hb fxpfrt systfo jdr tlf hbhnyses djusf-wfhr dbjnebt hrtfjhgts. Eb9 I. Idlbsdb

(fm.), Oftldms eb tlf odubthebs, [rdgffmeb`s dj VEW[[ Gdooessedb EZ Offteb` Odubt

Zegtdreh, Hustrhneh. Wymbfy Vbevfrsety Hrglhfdndèghn Oftldms Wfrefs 1, 807-8<8.

eb prfss ]lf rfprfsfbthtevety dj fxpfreofbthn usfwfhr trhgfs. Eb9 H. Qhods-Oennhb (fm.). Wenegfdus

rdgcs hbm gunturf. [rdgffmeb`s dj tlf ZE ebtfrbhtedbhn jnebt syopdseuo. Ohmrem.

Mdrhb, E.F. 850= Plht gdoputfrs ghb' t md jdr hrglhfdndèsts, Gdoputfr hppneghtedbs eb hrglhfdnd`y.

Gdbjfrfbgf prdgffmeb`s 850=, :5-0;.

85<0 Hbtlrdpdndèghn hrglhfdnd`y , gdoputh tedbhn odmfnneb` hbm fxpfrt systfos, Eb9

O.W. Hnmfbmfrjfr (fm.), Xuhbtethtevf rfsfhrgl eb hrglhfdnd`y9 prd`rfss hbmprdspfgts.

Bfwaury [hrc. 07-<<.

85<< Fxpfrt systfos hbm hrglhfd nd`y9 wlht nefs hlfhm 4. Eb9 G.N.B. Qu``nfs/W.[.X. Qhltz

(fms), Gdoputfr hbm quhbtethtevf oftldms eb hrglhfdnd`y 85<0, AHQ Ebtfrbhtedbhn Wfrefs

757,170-1=8.

855; Gdoputfr-ahsfm seounhtedb hbm jdrohn odmfnneb` eb hrglhfdnd`y9 h rfvefw. Eb9

H. Zddrreps (fm.), Ohtlfohtegs hbm Ebjdrohtedb sgefbgf eb hrglhfdnd`y9 h jnfxelnf

jrhofwdrc. Wtumefs eb Odmfrb Hrglhfdnd`y 7, 8-:.

Mdrhb, E.F.

J.Q. Ldmsdb

8506 Ohtlfohtegs hbm gdoputfrs eb hrglhfdnd`y. Fmebaur`l.

Jrhbgjdrt, EE.[. 8558 [hnhofmf9 hppneghtedb dj fxpfrt systfos td tlf hrglhfdnd`y dj prflestdref urahb

geveneshtedbs, Eb9 C. Ndgcyfhr/W. Qhltz (fms). Gdoputfr hppneghtedbs hbm quhbtethtevf

oftldms eb hrglhfdnd`y 855;, AHQ Ebtfrbhtedbhn Wfrefs 6:6. 18 8-18=.

@easdb, [.O.

@eib, H.N. vhb

(eehgf. Q.

8551 ]lf pdtfbtehns dj lyarem bfurhn bftwdrc odmfns jdr hrglhfdjhubhn h`feb` hbm

ebtfrprfthtedb. Eb9 I. Hbmrfsfb/]. Ohmsfb/E. Wgdnnhr (fms), Gdoputeb` tlf phst9 gdoputfr

hppneghtedbs hbm quhbtethtevf oftldms eb hrglhfdnd`y 8551. Hhrlus, 1:7-108.

85<5 ]lf wfhr hbm tfhr dj jnebt9 prebgepnfs dj jubgtedbhn hbhnyses hppnefm td Mutgl bfdnetleg

hssfoanh`fs, Hbhnfgth [rhflestdregh Nfemfbseh 11.

85<5 Ebtfrprfteb` tlf jubgtedb dj stdbf tddns9 tlf quhbtejeghtedb hbm gdoputfreshtedb dj oegrd-

wfhr hbhnyses, AHQ Ebtfrbhtedbhn Wfrefs =0=.




Iufn Ifbsfb, L.

Cffnfy, N.L.

85<5 [nhbt lhrvfst eb` hbm prdgfsseb` wetl jnebt tddns eb tlf Mhbesl Wtdbf H`f. H vefw jrdo tl

oegrdsgdpf, Hgth Hrglhfdndègh 65, 878-8=1.

8500 Afdahgltub`fb þafr Oecrd-Habutzub`sspurfb hb 8= Cneb`fb vdb Lefblfeo, Hbhnfgth

[rhflestdregh Nfemgbseh 85, 08-01 .

Cfbmhnn. M.@. 85:7 H sthtesteghn hpprdhgl td Jnebmfrs [ftrefs' sfqufbgf mhteb`. Auen. Ebtfrbhtedbhn Wthtestegs

Ebstetutf 7=, :60-:<;.

Cemm, H.N.

Nh`rhb`f, O.-W.

Z. Zethne

Nhwrfbgf, I.

Nughs. [.I.J.

N.G. vhb mfr @hh`

[htfn, I.

H. Wtutt

85<0 Cbdwnfm`f Hgquesetedb9 hb ebtrdmugtdry jrhofwdrc. Eb9 H.N. Cemm (fm.), Cbdwnfm`f

hgquesetedb jdr fxpfrt systfos9 h prhgteghn lhbmaddc. Bfw Udrc, 8-8:.

8551 ZHBMHN9 hb fxpfrt systfo mfhneb` wetl tlf prdvfbhbgf dj hrglhfdndèghn gfrhoegs,

ahsfm db glfoeghn, oebfrhndèghn hbm mhth hbhnyses ebjdrohtedb, Eb9 [. Qfenny/W. Qhltz

(fms). Hrglhfdnd`y hbm tlf ebjdrohtedb h`f. Ndbmdb, 10:-1<0.

8558 Ebtrdmugtedb td bfurhn bftwdrcs9 gdoputfr seounhtedbs dj aedndèghn ebtfnne`fbgf. @rhss

Zhnnfy.

85<< [rebgepfs vhb fxpfrtsystfofb. Wglddbldvfb.

85<5 Afydbm gnhsse jeght edb9 tlf usf dj hrtejegehn ebtfnne`fbgf tfglbequfs jdr tlf ebtfrprfthtedb dj

hrglhfdndèghn mhth. Eb9 W. Qhltz/I. Qeglhrms (fms). Gdoputfr hppneghtedbs hbm

quhbtethtevf oftldms eb hrglhfdnd`y 85<5, AHQ Ebtfrbhtedbhn Wfrefs 6=<, 775-7=0.

[hybf, F.G.

Q.G. OgHrtlur

855; Mfvfndpeb` fxpfrt systfos3 h cbdwnfm`f fbèbffr'e lhbmaddc jdr runfs & daifgts. Bfw

Udrc.

Vbrhtl, @.

N.Q. Dwfb

H.N. vhb @eib

F.L. Odss

L. [nessdb

[. Zhu`lhb

Zethne, Z.

O. Nh`rhb`f

Zddrreps. H.

Zuec, C.

Pengdgc, I.M.

85<: Hb fvhnuhtedb dj usf-wfhr stumefs9 h ounte-hbhnyst hpprdhgl. Eb9 N.Q. Dwfb/@. Vbrhtl

(fms), ]fglbeghn hspfgts dj oegrdwfhr stumefs db stdbf tddns. ]þaeb`fb, 880-80:.

85<<

855;

8557

85<:

ZHBMHN9 hb fxpfrt systfo jdr tlf prdvfbhbgf mftfroebhtedb dj hrglhfdndèghn gfrhoegs

ahsfm db EBHH mhth. Eb9 W.[.X. Qhltz (fm.), Gdoputfr hbm quhbtethtevf oftldms eb

hrglhfdnd`y 85<<, AHQ Ebtfrbhtedbhn Wfrefs ==: (e), 7:5-706.

C^pfrt systfos hbm hrglhfdndèsts, Eb9 H. Zddbeps/A.W, Dtthwh} (fm.), Bfw tddns jrdo

ohtlfohteghn hrglhfdnd`y. Phrshw, 886-818.

Mf lfu`neicf ofbs, [frsdbhn Gdoputfr Oh`hzebf 88 (8), 8<=-858.

H rfvefw dj fxpfrt systfos9 tlfer sldrtgdoeb`s hbm pdsseanf hppneghtedbs eb hrglhfdnd`y,

Gdoputfr hppneghtedbs eb hrglhfdnd`y 85<6, 875-8==.

O. vhb mfb Mrefs


[.D.Adx5T686

BN 17;; QH Nfemfb



]l.i Ohhrefvfem Vbmfrwhtfr lfreth`f ohbh`fofbt9gunturhn hbm nfèsnhtevf pfrspfgtevf

8. Jrdo uggemfbts td pdnegy

1. Db tlf ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn lfreth`f

1.8 Nfèsnhtedb hbm `dvfrbofbt pdnegy

1.1 ]lrff trhmetedbs

]lf Ofmetfrrhbfhb trhmetedb

]lf bdrtlfrb Furdpfhb trhmetedb

]lf 'prflestdref' trhmetedb

7. ]lf bfgfssety dj h gdbsestfbt pdnegy

7.8 Ebtfrbhtedbhn hne`bofbt

7.1 Gdbsestfbgy ht tlf bhtedbhn nfvfn

H rfèdbhn >2r bhtedbhn pdnegy jdr lfreth`f ohbh`fofbt dr

m spfgejeg sfgtdr tlfrfdj sldunm af mfpndyfm db hjerony

sgefbtejeg ahses. ]lf ubmfrwhtfr lfreth`f es bd fxgfptedb.

]lf fbverdbofbthn hbm tlfdrfneghn ahses jdr hrglhfdndèghn

lfreth`f ohbh`fofbt eb Mutgl whtfrs es suaifgt td rfsfhrgl

ay tlf hutldr. ]lf prfsfbt hrtegnf es hu ebtrdmugtedb db tlf

Furdpfhb gunturhn hbm nfèsnhtevf pfrspfgtevf.

E. Jrdo hggemfbts td pdnegy

]lf pdtfbtehn dj hrglhfdndèghn setfs eb wft dr suaofr`fm

gdbmetedbs lhs affb hpprfgehtfm jrdo tlf vfry sthrt dj

odmfrb ebtfrfst eb tlf rfohebs dj phst gunturfs. Mureb` tlfQfbhesshbgf tles ebtfrfst bdt dbny ebgnumfm tlf hrgletfgturhn

hspfgts dj phnhgfs hbm tfopnfs, aut fbgdophssfm jdr

ebsthbgf tlf rfohebs dj eopfrehn ahr`fs tlht wfrf jdubm td

lhvf n'dubmfrfm o tlf Bfoe Nhcf (Nflohbb E8)

8)_), eb tlf

nhtf sfvfbtffbtl gfbtury tlf gdnnfgtedb dj mespfrsfm

hbtequetefs whs rfgd`bezfm hs h sfredus gdrdnnhry dj

fbèbffreb` wdrcs heofm ht ghbhnezhtedb hbm prdodtedb dj

bhve`haenety dj jdr ebsthbgf tlf revfr ]eafr. ]lf Mutgl

fbèbffr Gdrbfneus Ofeifr mfvesfm odmfrb oftldms td md sd

(Ofeifr 8:<6) (je`. E). Fxhgtny tlf shof prfdgguphtedbs mem

stenn hppny eb tlf fhrny bebftffbtl gfbtury (@ehbjrdtth 85<13

Odgglfèhbe Ghrphbd 85<1) (je`. 1). Eb tlf mfvfndpofbt dj

hrglhfdnd`y hs h sfredus mesgepnebf ubmfrwhtfr setfs lhvf

pnhyfm h ohrèbhn rdnf, aut tlfer pdtfbtehn eopdrthbgf lhs

hnwhys affb rfgd`bezfm.

]lf odst tfnneb` fxhopnf dj fhrny, aut hasdnutfny sfredus

httfbtedb ndr ubmfrwhtfr setfs hrf tlf Wwess nhcf-adrmfr

sfttnfofbts jrdo Bfdnetleg hbm Ardbzf H`f mhtf. Hs sddb

hs tlfer eopdrthbgf whs fsthaneslfm muf td fxtrfof mrdu`lt

eb 8<67 (Cfenfr 8<67), tlf `fdndèst Gdubt Hmdnj vdb

Odrndt jrdo @fbfvh fvfb wfbt hs jhr hs td ebspfgt h

suaofr`fm setf bfhr Odr`fs wetl tlf hem dj h tlfb

hggfpthany odmfrb, ohbpdwfr puopfm meveb` hpphrhtus

(Hrbdnm 85<:, 163 Ohrteb-Cenglfr 85053 Qudjj 85<8).

Jdr ndb`, ldwfvfr, systfohteg httfbtedb hbm ghrf jdr

ubmfrwhtfr rfohebs whs jhr afydbm tlf tfglbeghn ofhbs dj

hnn aut h vfry rfstregtfm `rdup dj tfglbeghn spfgehnests.

Hrglhfdndèghn fxpndrhtedb ubmfr whtfr lhs tlus affb

gdbjebfm td ebmevemuhn hgtedbs. Eb h jfw ebsthbgfs tlfsf lhm

sgefbtejeg heos, sugl hs tlf ubmfrthceb` dj tlf Wgdttesl

Qfvfrfbm J. Dmd Anubmfnn eb 85;<, wld adrrdwfm meveb`

`fhr jrdo tlf Gnymf Bhve`htedb ]rust eb drmfr td ebvfste`htf

tlf suaofr`fm jdubmhtedbs dj tlf hbgefbt hrtejegehn esnhbm

Fenfhb Ouerfhgl (Mexdb 85583 Ougcfnrdy 850<, 88).

Odstny, ldwfvfr, tlfy iust heofm ht tlf gdnnfgtedb dj

hrtejhgts.

Wystfohteg gdbgfrb hadut tlf prfsfrvhtedb hbm

fxpndethtedb dj hrglhfdndèghn setfs ubmfr whtfr es tlus h

rfgfbt plfbdofbdb. Adtl tlf mfvfndpofbt dj 'wftnhbm'-

rfsfhrgl hbm tlf jhgt tlht tlf rfohebs dj hbgefbt sleps hbm

tlfer ghr`dfs hbm ebvfbtdrefs `dt odrf hbm odrf httfbtedb

wfrf grugehn eb tles rfspfgt. [uaneg gdbgfrb `rhmuhnnyjdnedwfm suet. Fxgfnnfbt dvfrvefws dj fhrny ebgemfbts dj

hrglhfdndèghn meveb` hrf èvfb ay Ahss (85::) hbm

@ehbjrdtth hbm [dofy (85<;). Hb hssfssofbt dj tlf

eopdrthbgf dj suaofr`fm setfs jdr dur ubmfrsthbmeb` dj phst

mfvfndpofbts ghb af `rhspfm jrdo Ohstfrs hbm Jnfooeb`

(85<7) hbm Gdnfs hbm Nhwsdb (85<0), wlfrfhs tlf

hrglhfdndèghn pdtfbtehn dj slepwrfgc-setfs es wfnn-hrùfm eb

Og@rhen (85<0) hbm eb tlf sfvfrhn gdnnfgtedbs dj hrtegnfs

fmetfm ay Qfebmfrs (Qfebmfrs 85<0, 85583 Qfebmfrs/

Ddsteb` 85583 Qfebmfrs /[hun 8558).

Eb tlf jdnndweb` phrh`rhpls h sldrt ebtfrprfthtedb dj tlf

rfgfbt mfvfndpofbts wenn af èvfb. Qfsfhrgl essufs (dr tlferhasfbgf), tfglbeghn rfstrhebts, nf`hn sdnutedbs hbm vhrefm

gunturhn ahgc`rdubms wenn af rfvefwfm.

1. Db tlf ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn lfreth`f

1.8 NF@EWNH]EDB HBM @DZFQBOFB] [DNEGU

Et es dbny nfss tlhb jejtffb yfhrs h`d tlht tlf [hrnehofb-

thry Hssfoany dj tlf Gdubgen dj Furdpf, eb ets 'Qfgdoofb-



161 HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQ8GH NFEMFBWEH 1:

•8:*«

•n ä * R

. rt*/qZjneg - -

Ob eo eo ee 'A e e "" '" "" ”• ""0I'~ Z6 r ^ R /•

Je urf 8. ]lf jhgt tlht tlf ubmfrwhtfr wdrnm ldnms h pnfbty dj

hbtequetefs whs wfnn ubmfrstddm sebgf tlf vfry dbsft dj

hbtequhrehbeso. Wd whs tlf bdtedb tlht tlfer mesgdvfry wdunm afgdrdnnhry td tlf rfhnezhtedb dj fxtfbsevf geven wdrcs. ]lf Mutgl

fb ebffr Gdrbfneus Ofeifr wdrcfm eb Ethny eb tlf nhtf 80tl gfbtury.

Hs prdtå`å dj pdpf Ebbdgfbteus \E lf mfse`bfm hbm mfvfndpfm hnn

sdrts dj gdbtrhptedbs td lfnp eb tlf ghbhnezhtedb hbm tlf prdodtedb dj

bhve`haenety dj revfrs sugl hs tlf ]eafr hbm mrhebh`f dj (jdr ebsthbgf

tlf [dbtebehb) ohrslfs. Ium eb` ay tles mrhweb` lf whs wfnn hwhrf

tlht tlfsf wdrcs wdunm rfvfhn buofrdus rfohebs dj tlf phst(gdurtfsy Hgghmfoeh Bhzedbhnf mfe Nebgfe, Qdof).

mhtedb <=<9 db tlf ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn lfreth`f', ohmf hb

ur`fbt hppfhn td ofoafr sthtf `dvfrbofbts td sfredusny

gdbgfrb tlfosfnvfs wetl h sdjhr bf`nfgtfm arhbgl dj

gunturhn lfreth`f ohbh`fofbt (Qdpfr 850<). Webgf tlfb tlf

essuf lhs affb sfredusny gdbsemfrfm eb odst Furdpfhb

gdubtrefs. ]les lhppfbfm eb quetf vhrefm whys. ]lf gunturhn

ahgc`rdubm vhrefs hbm tlf mfvfndpofbts sdjhr lhm rfsuntfm

eb mejjfrfbt pdnegy-adt tnfbfgcs eb mejjfrfbt rfèdbs dj

Furdpf. Wtenn tlf eophgt whs tlht lfreth`f ohbh`fofbt

essufs wfrf mesgussfm ebtfrbhtedbhnny hbm tlht eb ohby ghsfs

tlf hpprdhgl ht h bhtedbhn nfvfn whs hmiustfm sd hs td ohtgl

tlf pdnegefs fnsfwlfrf.

Eb sfvfrhn gdubtrefs ” tlf Bftlfrnhbms ebgnumfm ” tlf

tfrrfstrehn hrglhfdndèghn nfèsnhtedb whs hmhptfm sd hs td

gdvfr ubmfr whtfr setfs (Crestehbsfb 85<69 Nubm 85<03

Ohhrnfvfnm 85<79 Odbuofbtfbwft 85<<). Eb dtlfr

gdubtrefs tles lhm lhppfbfm fhrnefr (Gfmfrnubm/Lhhsuo

850<3 Bhfvfsthm 8558).Hb hbdohndus setuhtedb fxests eb tldsf gdubtrefs wfrf

ohreteof hbm ubmfrwhtfr jebms hrf gdvfrfm ay h tdthnny

mejjfrfbt nhw tlhb tldsf db nhbm. Eb Jrhbgf, tlf fhrny

nfèsnhtedb dj 85:8 lhs rfgfbtny affb suastetutfm ay h bfw

nhw tlht stenn spfgejeghnny hmmrfssfs jebms eb tlf ohreteof

mdoheb, aut wlegl es odrf eb cffpeb` wetl tlf pdnegefs

fnsfwlfrf (Nde mu 8 Mfgfoarf 85<53 Mågrft mu 6 mfgfoarf

8558). [rdpdshns eb tlf Vbetfm Ceb`mdo td supfrsfmf tlf

odst hwcwhrm systfohtegs typejyeb` tlf eoprdoptu Lestdre

Wlepwrfgc's Hgt dj 8507 ay rfùnhtedbs tlht wdunm jurtlfr

h odrf se`bejeghbt prdtfgtevf pdnegy (Idebt Bhuteghn

Hrglhfdnd`y [dnegy Gdooettff 85<5) lhvf bdt (hs yft4)

oft wetl suggfss. Bfvfrtlfnfss, fvfb eb tlf VbetfmCeb`mdo sdof odvfofbt tdwhrms h sfredusny hrglhfdndè

ghn hpprdhgl dj tlf ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn lfreth`f ghb af

dasfrvfm, hnnafet eb hmoebestrhtedb rhtlfr tlhb nfèsnhtedb.

Jdr tlf jerst teof tlf shof `dvfrbofbt mfphrtofbt es

rfspdbseanf jdr pdnegefs rf`hrmeb` setfs hadvf hbm afndw

whtfr, wlfrfhs tlf Qdyhn Gdooessedb db tlf Lestdreghn

Odbuofbts dj Fb`nhbm, dbf dj tlf dr`hbeshtedbs afstdwfm

wetl tlfer eopnfofbthtedb lhs rfgfbtny afùb tlf fxtfbsedb

dj tlf Bhtedbhn Hrglhfdndèghn Qfgdrm jdr Fb`nhbm td

ebgnumf ubmfrwhtfr setfs.

Eb jhgt tlf Fb`nesl setuhtedb hs dppdsfm td tlht eb

Ofmetfrrhbfhb hbm Wghbmebhvehb gdubtrefs es tlf dutsthb-meb` ennustrhtedb tlht ubmfrwhtfr hrglhfdnd`y lhs rddts eb

jherny mevfrsf trhmetedbs. Eb ets preohry mfvfndpofbt et dwfs

hs ougl td dutsemf ebjnufbgfs hs td tlf `fsthtedb dj

hrglhfdnd`y. Petl `rdss dvfrseopnejeghtedb wf ghb

rfgd`bezf tlrff mestebgt nebfs dj mfvfndpofbt db tlf

Furdpfhb sgìbf. ]wd dj tlfsf hrf rfèdbhnny adubm. tlf

tlerm lhs dvfrnhps wetl adtl hbm es nfss spfgejeg eb tlht et

lhrmny mejjfrs jrdo ohebstrfho Gdbtebfbthn hrglhfdnd`y hbm

hrglhfdndèghn lfreth`f ohbh`fofbt. Hnn tlrff trhmetedbs

mem `heb h ndt dj odofbtuo sebgf tlf Gdustfhu/@h`bhb

ebvfbtedb dj tlf hquhndb` ht tlf fbm dj Pdrnm Phr EE.

Hnn tlrff wenn rdu`lny af dutnebfm lfrfhjtfr.

1.1 ]LQFF ]QHME]EDBW

1.1.8 ]lf Ofmetfrrhbfhb trhmetedb

Dj tlf tlrff Furdpfhb trhmetedbs eb ubmfrwhtfr

hrglhfdnd`y tlf Ofmetfrrhbfhb dbf es tlf jerst davedus

fxhopnf hs wf sldunm gdbsemfr tlht hrfh hs tlf grhmnf dj

odmfrb-mhy meveb`. Ebmffm et es meveb` hbm emdnhtedb dj tlf



167 ]n EI . OHHQNFZFNM - VBMFQPH]FQ LFQE]H@F OHBH@FOFB]

Jeùrf 1. Ay tlf af ebbeb` dj tlf 85tl gfbtury tlf sghnf dj wdrcs -hbm h`heb tlf ]eafr mrhws httfbtedb- whs ebgrfhsfm. Wd whs tlf ohglebfryusfm jdr fxghvhtedb hbm tlf gdnnfgtedb dj hbtequetefs (gdurtfsy Estetutd Bhzedbhnf m'Hrglfdnd eh f Wtdreh mfnn'Hrtf, Qdof).

scenns ebvdnvfm tlht mftfroebfm tlf jerst sth`fs dj

mfvfndpofbt eb tles trhmetedb. Odrf se`bejeghbtny tldu`l, et

whs vethn jdr tlf mesgepnebf tlht spdb`f-mevfrs eb gnuosy

sthbmhrm-meveb` dutjet lhm fxtfbsevfny survfyfm tlf rem`fshbm sfhadhrm up td quetf se`bejeghbt mfptls fvfr sebgf tlf

nhtf 85tl gfbtury. Odrf dr nfss ubhwhrfmny tlfy gdnnfgtfm h

admy dj h``rf`htf tdpd`rhpleghn cbdwnfm`f wlegl prdvfm

fssfbtehn jdr hrglhfdnd`y nhtfr db. Dgghsedbhnny tlfy

ardu`lt up hrglhfdndèghn etfos. Eb h jfw ebsthbgfs

(Hbtecytlfrh, Ohlmeh) tles nfm td purpdsfjun hgtedbs eb

wlegl hrglhfdndèghn setfs wfrf systfohteghnny gnfhrfm dj

tlfer gdbtfbts ubmfr tlf hutldrety dj hrglhfdndèsts (Ahss

85013 Ghssdb 85753 Jugls 85:73 Ofrneb 857;3 Pfebafr`

ft hn. 85:6). ]lf hgtuhn db-setf wdrc whs ghrrefm dut ay

mevfrs wetl tlfer ohèf scenn, wlfrfhs tlf rfspdbseanf

hrglhfdndèsts sthyfm wfnn gnfhr dj tlf whtfr hbm stumefm tlf

rhesfm wdrcs dj hrts.

Fxhgtny tlf shof sftup whs hppnefm hs sddb hs tlf

hquhndb` sft tlf mevfr jrff dj les odrf guoafrsdof

fquepofbt. Ghpt. Ihgqufs-Uvfs Gdustfhu ebgdrpdrhtfm

hrglhfdnd`y eb les prdodtedb dj meveb` (Afbdät 85613

Gdustfhu 856=). ]lf hrglhfdndèst, ldwfvfr, whs bdt

suppdsfm td md tlf jefnmwdrc. Lf whs suppdsfm td stumy tlf

rhesfm etfos eb hb frumetf why (Afbdät 85:83 Jrdbmfvennf

85:6). ]lfer gdnnfgtedb hs wfnn hs db-setf dasfrvhtedbs wfrf

afttfr nfjt td tlf meveb` supfrofb (je`. 7). Petl tlf afst dj

ebtfbtedbs tlfsf fvemfbtny ofssfm tleb`s up quetf h aet, dutdj slffr ubjhoenehrety wetl ahseg prhgteghn cbdwnfm`f dj

hrglhfdndèghn strhte`rhply (Lhrres 85<5) dr tlf bhturf dj

hrglhfdndèghn dasfrvhtedbs (Wglejjfr 850:). ]lf mesohb-

tneb` dj tlf @rhbm Gdb`nduå setf, wlfrf nhtfr hbhnyses

sldwfm twd hbgefbt slepwrfgcs td lhvf affb supfreopdsfm

es h `ddm fxhopnf (Ndb` 85<0).

Hs h rfsunt dj tles hpprdhgl mevfr's ndrf eb tlf Ofmetfr-

rhbfhb gdbtfxt lhs affb stujjfm wetl hopldrhs hs dbf dj

tlf hssfts dj tlf mffp. Eb h odrf `fbfrhn sfbsf tlf hwhrfbfss

tlht 'tlf senfbt wdrnm' es td af rf`hrmfm hs h ousfuo

(gj. Gdustfhu 8567, 856=), wetl lu`f stdrfs dpfbeb` up bfw

vesths db hbtequety whs fsthaneslfm.

Et whs dbny tlf bfxt stfp tlht whs ohmf ay hrglhfdnd

èsts. Messhtesjhgtedb wetl tlf prdgfmurfs sdjhr (Nhoad`neh

8561) hs wfnn hs tlf hssfssofbt dj tlf eopdrthbgf dj h

oftegundusny sgefbtejeg hpprdhgl nfm td tlf fsthaneslofbt

dj tlf 'Gfbtrd Wpfreofbthnf me Hrglfdndèh Wdttdohrebh'

eb Hnafb`h eb Ethny eb 856< hbm ets suasfqufbt hgtevetefs

(Nhoad`neh 85653 [hnnhrås 85<7). Odrf ebjnufbtehn




Je urf 7. ]lf afèbbeb`s dj hrglhfdnd`y ubmfr Ofmetfrrhbfhb

whtfrs shw h stregt mevesedb dj nhadur aftwffb mevfrs wld mem tlf idahbm hrglhfdndèsts tlht wfrf suppdsfm td gdoofbt db tlf jebmeb`s

eb h frumetf why. Mevfrs eb tlf ofss dj tlf 'Ghnypsd' swhp thnfs djubmfrsfh shnvh`f ht tlf dgghsedb dj tlf @rhbm Gdb`nduå fxghvhtedb,

hs tlf dre ebhn ghptedb bhs et. Dgghsedbhnny dbf dj tlfo jfm hbdgtdpus ebtd tlf sugtedb pepf td sthrtnf sgefbtests ht tlf jentfr fbm, auttlfy wfrf `ddm glhps hbm wdrcfm lhrm (gdurtfsy ]lf Gdustfhu

Wdgefty).

ebtfrbhtedbhnny, ldwfvfr, lhs affb tlf wdrc dj tlf tfho

gfbtfrfm hrdubm @fdr`f Ahss (Ahss 85:03 Ahss/Zhb

Mddoebgc 85<1). Et es dbf hodb` ohby dj Ahss 's `rfht

ofrets tlht lf ardcf tlrdu`l tlf lf-ohb-necf hurh dj tlf

mevfr. Lf jerony fsthaneslfm tlf prebgepnf tlht necf

fvfrywlfrf fnsf hrglhfdndèghn fxghvhtedb ubmfr whtfr es

td af ghrrefm dut ay trhebfm hrglhfdndèsts jdr wldo tlf

hmmetedbhn ” tfglbeghn ” prdanfo dj mdeb` rfsfhrgl eb hbubmfrwhtfr fbverdbofbt es bd fxgusf td prdgffm eb hby

nfss sgrupundus why (je`. =). Dbf dj les rfbdwbfm

sthtfofbts es tlht et es fhsefr td tfhgl hb hrglhfdndèst td

mevf tlhb td tfhgl h mevfr td af hb hrglhfdndèst (gj. Ahss

85::, 86-80).

]lf fhrny meveb` hgtevety eb tlf Ofmetfrrhbfhb hbm tlf

ebgemfbthn rfgdvfry dj ardbzfs hbm sthtufs ay jesleb` lhm

ohmf tlf rfspfgtevf `dvfoofbts wfnn hwhrf dj tlf jhgt tlht

h bfw hrfh jfhtureb` eopdrthbt gunturhn lfreth`f ” ohidr

wdrcs dj hrt hodb`st et ” lhm gdof wetleb rfhgl.

Nfèsnhtevf hbm hmoebestrhtevf ofhsurfs wfrf thcfb eb vefw

dj tlf bfw mfvfndpofbts. Dj gdursf tlfsf wdunm af eb nebf

wetl tlf rfèdbhn pdnegy-trhmetedb. Hnn Ofmetfrrhbfhbgdubtrefs lhm sujjfrfm h sth`f dj hbtequhrehbest hrglhfdnd`y

wlegl eb phrt ghb afst af mfsgreafm hs h sth`f dj wldnfshnf

nddteb`. Hs h gdbsfqufbgf tlf `dvfoofbts ubmfrsthbmhany

prdgffmfm wetl vfry rfstregtevf nfèsnhtedb. Qfsfhrgl whs

gdbjebfm td strege runfs hbm hghmfoef prebgepnfs. Sbstetutedbs

jdr gdbtrdn wfrf fsthaneslfm.

Eb ohby rfspfgts `dvfrbofbt ebtfrjfrfbgf lhs lhm vfry

pdsetevf fjjfgts. ]lf Ofmetfrrhbfhb trhmetedb dj hrglhfdnd`y

ubmfr whtfr lhs affb jerony fsthaneslfm eb ]urcfy ” wlfrf

ougl dj Ahss's hgtevety whs hbm es mfpndyfm ” eb Ethny, eb

Jrhbgf hbm eb Wpheb fvfr sebgf tlf dbsft dj tlf sextefs

(MQHWO 85<:3 @ehbjrdtth/[dofy 85<;3 Ohrteb-Aufbd

85<63 Odgglfèhbe Ghrphbd 85<13 Odrgds 85<:3 [hnnhrås

85<7). Odrf rfgfbtny @rffgf gdunm af hmmfm td tlf nest(]sduglnds 855;). ]lf stregt rfùnhtedbs md, ldwfvfr, lhvf

nfss mfserhanf semf-fjjfgts hs wfnn. ]lfy gfrthebny

gdbtreautfm td tlf hnefbhtedb dj tlf fvfr `rdweb` buoafr dj

mevfrs, spdrts-mevfrs, tdurest-mevfrs dj tlf `fbfrhn ghusf jdr

wlegl tlfsf rfùnhtedbs wfrf mfvesfm. Db tlf dtlfr lhbm

tlf rfgcnfss hgtevetefs dj nddteb` 'gnhbmfstebe' jffmeb` hb

fvfr lub`ry hbtequetefs ohrcft hbm tlfrfay mfstrdyeb` tlf

ebtf`rety dj fvfr sd ohby Ofmetfrrhbfhb setfs eb hbm dut

dj tlf whtfr nfhvfs vfry nettnf hntfrbhtevf aut td try hbm

supprfss tlfo.

Eb suoohry wf ghb typejy tlf Ofmetfrrhbfhb trhmetedb dj

ubmfrwhtfr hrglhfdnd`y ay tlf jdnndweb` glhrhgtfrestegs9

- gdoprflfbsevf survfy

- rfprfssevf prdtfgtevf nfèsnhtedb

- h slhrp mevesedb aftwffb hrglhfdndèsts hbm 'gnhbmfst ebe'

- tlerty yfhrs dj se`bejeghbt hrglhfdndèghn fxghvhtedbs.

1.1.1 ]lf bdrtlfrb Furdpfhb trhmetedb

Eb bdrtlfrb Furdpf tlf setuhtedb es quetf mejjfrfbt jrdo

tlht hndb` tlf Ofmetfrrhbfhb. Eb tlf jerst pnhgf tlfrf es bd

spdb`f dr dtlfr frdp tlht es gdnnfgtfm ay mevfrs, sd vfry

nettnf ubmfrsfh nhbmsghpf lhs affb survfyfm tlrdu`l merfgt

vesuhn dasfrvhtedb predr td tlf hmdptedb dj meveb` hs h spdrt.

]rhmetedbhnny `dvfoofbts lhvf affb nfss prfdggupefm wetlnddteb` hbm fxpdrt dj hrglhfdndèghn ohtfrehn. Eb tlf

hbtequhrehb sth`f tles rfèdb whs eopdrteb` rhtlfr tlhb

fxpdrteb` hbtequetefs, wlegl jdr ebsthbgf rfsuntfm eb

se`bejeghbt bhtedbhn gdnnfgtedbs dj Ofmetfrrhbfhb ohtfrehn.

Meveb` eb bdrtlfrb Furdpfhb whtfrs lhs trhmetedbhnny

affb gdbjebfm td ndghnezfm idas dj gdbstrugtedb hbm shnvh`f

ghrrefm dut ay h rfnhtevfny sohnn `rdup dj prdjfssedbhn

mevfrs. Et es tlfy wld odrf dr nfss sft tlf sgìbf. Hphrt jrdo

mfhneb` wetl tlf shnvh`f dj rfgfbtny jdubmfrfm vfssfns tlfy

hnsd rfùnhrny nddcfm ebtd dnmfr sebceb`s. Plfbfvfr et whs

mdguofbtfm tlht h slep wetl h shnvh`fwesf httrhgtevf

gdbtfbt lhm subc sdofwlfrf hbm lhm bdt prfvedusny affb

wdrcfm dr shnvh`fm tlfy wfbt td `rfht fjjdrt td try hbm peb-pdebt tles phrtegunhr wrffc eb drmfr td prdgurf tlfosfnvfs

wetl ets gdoofrgehn hssfts (Zhb mfr Lemmf 85=73 Zhb mfr

Odnfb 850;). ]les gdursf dj hgtedb es stenn dj ohidr

ebjnufbgf. Plfb tlf mdguofbthry sdurgfs sffo rfnehanf

shnvh`f jeros wenn ” ej pdsseanf hbm nf`hnny jfhseanf ”

gdbgfrb tlfosfnvfs wetl rfohebs dj se`bejeghbt h`f (je`. 6).



166 ]L.I. OHHQNFZFNM - VBMFQPH]FQ LFQE]H@F OHBH@FOFB]

Je urf =. ]lf bdtedb tlht hrglhfdndèghn fxghvhtedb es jerst hbm jdrfodst td af ghrrefm dut ay hrglhfdndèsts whs strdb`ny prdodtfm ay @fdr`fAhss eb tlf sextefs hbm tlf sfvfbtefs. Et whs bdt sd ougl tlf jhgt tlht lf hmhptfm fxghvhtedb tfglbequfs td suet ubmfrwhtfr gdbmetedbs, aut tlfthgt tlht lf ardu`lt hrglhfdndèghn tlebceb` mdwb tlfrf wlfrf tlf preohry hrglhfdndèghn dasfrvhtedbs ghb af ohmf, tlht whs td af dj vethneopdrthbgf. Jefnmwdrc es mdbf sgrupundusny. ]lf tfglbeghn prdanfos td md sd hrf iust h lurmef td nfhp, eb tlf phrtehn fxghvhtedb dj tlf Lfnnfbesteg

Wlepwrfgc ht Wfr f Neohb hs hbywlfrf fnsf (Gdurtfsy Ebstetutf dj Bhuteghn Hrglhfdnd`y).

Eb tlf fhrny sth`fs dj mfvfndpofbt tlf adrmfrnebf aftwffb

shnvh`f hbm hrglhfdnd`y lhs ebsdjhr affb mejjusf tlht et whs

odstny tlrdu`l shnvh`f-hgtedbs tlht tlf hrglhfdndèghn

pdtfbtehn whs dpfbfm up. Hbtequhrehb ebtfrfsts sthrtfm td

hggdophby tlf gdoofrgehn dbfs dr fvfb td supfrsfmf tlfsf.

Eb h why tlf mfvfndpofbt es seoenhr td tlht wlegl

ohebstrfho hrglhfdnd`y wfbt tlrdu`l hadut h gfbtury

fhrnefr. ]lf pfdpnf gdbgfrbfm wfbt ebtd odrf hbm odrf

hrglevhn rfsfhrgl eb drmfr td trhgc mdwb httrhgtevf lestdreghn

wrfgcs (f.`. Jrhbzåb 85:83 Cest/@hwrdbsce 85<73 OgCff

85<13 Wtåbuet 85003 Pe`bhnn 85<1).

Eb gdbtrhvfbtedb dj Mr. Ahss's megtuo rfjfrrfm td hadvf,

wf sff quetf h jfw mevfrs turbfm 'hrglhfdndèst' dr

lestdreghn rfsfhrglfr db tlf bdrtlfrb Furdpfhb sgìbf. ]lfy

sthrtfm td gdbsemfr tlfer hgtevetefs hs odrf hbm odrf

hrglhfdndèghnny ofhbeb`jun. Eb tlf jefnm tlf foplhses lhs

affb db sfhrgl-tfglbequfs hbm hrtejhgt-rftrefvhn, wlfrfhs eb

ohby ebsthbgfs nettnf gdbtfopnhtedb whs èvfb td

strhte`rhply hbm hrglhfdndèghn gdbtfxt. Bfvfrtlfnfss sugl

hgtedbs lhvf hmmfm td dur h``rf`htf cbdwnfm`f ay

prdmugeb` sfgdbmhry hrglhfdndèghn mhth tlht ghb af mfrevfm

jrdo hrtejhgt gdnnfgtedbs {f.`. Cest/@hwrdbsce 85<;3 Ohrteb

85053 [dn 85<5). ]lf jhgt, ldwfvfr, tlht tlf stumy dj

hrtejhgt gdnnfgtedbs jrdo grumf dr ubgdbtrdnnfm shnvh`f

dpfrhtedbs ghb yefnm se`bejeghbt rfsunts (Cnfei eb prfp.3

@hwrdbsce ft hn. 8551) es djtfb prfsfbtfm hs hb eopneget

fxgusf jdr tlf gdbtebuhtedb dj dutmhtfm prhgtegfs (Iúr` 85<:3

Oúrzfr Aruybs 85<0).

Adtl eb ets odrf pdsetevf hbm ets bf`htevf ohbejfsthtedbs

tlf bdrtlfrb Furdpfhb trhmetedb lhs vfry spfgejeg

glhrhgtfrestegs. Jdr dbf tleb` hnn httfbtedb es gdbjebfm td tlf

rfohebs dj nhr`fr sleps jrdo pfredms wlegl hrf wfnn-

mdguofbtfm. ]lf lestdreghn mdguofbts hrf tlf ahses db

wlegl tlf sfhrgl jdr wrfgcs es sthrtfm. Hnsd tlfrf es h




=t"C'£

Jeùrf 6. Eb Bdrtlfrb Furdpf meveb` usfm td af gdbstrugtedb meveb` dr shnvh`f. Whnvdrs bfvfr slubbfm wrffc dj gdbsemfrhanf h`f. ]lf jero dj@. Mdfcsfb & sdbs dj ]frsglfnneb hmmrfssfm tlf rfohebs dj los. Nutebf dj 8055 eb tlf nhtf twfbtefs hbm fhrny tlertefs (gdurtfsy Lennf vhb Mefrfb).

strdb` aehs tdwhrms bhvhn sleps hbm sleps ebvdnvfm eb

phrtegunhrny ae` gdoofrgehn fbtfrpresfs dr phrtegunhr lestdref

fvfbts9 sleps dj tlf Wphbesl Hrohmh, sleps dj tlf Fhst

Ebmeh gdophbefs, sleps dj tlf rfspfgtevf rdyhn dr rfpuaneghb

bhvefs.

Plfrfhs fvemfbtny wf ghb dasfrvf sdof bhtedbhnesteg

premf eb tlf why eb wlegl tlf ubmfrwhtfr funturhn lfreth`f

es prdtfgtfm hrdubm tlf Ofmetfrrhbfhb, bhtedbhnesteg jffneb`s

hrf phrtegunhrny phrhodubt eb tlf le`lne`lts dj tlf bdrtl

Furdpfhb fxpndethtedb dj tlf ubmfrwhtfr funturhn rfsdurgf.

Frdo tlht pfrspfgtevf et es lhrmny hggemfbthn tlht tlfrf

sghbs td af odrf foplhses db mespnhy tlhb db rfsfhrgl.

Petl ets rddts eb shnvh`f tlf gdbsemfrhtedb dj nf`hn essufs

eb tles trhmetedb lhs affb gdbgfbtrhteb` db re`lts hbm

dwbfrslep gdbgfoeb` spfgejeg wrfgcs rhtlfr tlhb db tlf

`fbfrhn essuf dj prdtfgtedb dj funturhn lfreth`f eb puaneg nhw

(H`rffofbt aftwffb tlf Bftlfrnhbms hbm Hustrhneh

gdbgfoeb` Dnm Mutgl Wlepwrfgcs3 Cdrtlhns Hntfs 85073

Ohhrnfvfnm 85<73 [rdtfgtedb dj Prfgcs Hgt 8507).

Hntldu`l et es fvemfbt tlht tles trhmetedb lhs affb hs

ebjnufbtehn eb tlf Ghreaafhb hbm fnsfwlfrf et es mfbdtfm hs

bdrtlfrb Furdpfhb jdr twd rfhsdbs. Hnn dvfr tlf wdrnm tles

hpprdhgl ghb prfpdbmfrhbtny af dasfrvfm eb rfnhtedbslep

td tlf rfohebs dj wfstfrb-gdndbehn sleppeb` hbm trhmf

(f.`. Hnnfb/Hnnfb 850<3 Mh``ftt/Wlhjjfr 855;3 Fhrnf 85053

Ohtlfwsdb 85<:3 Wtåbuet 8505). Db tlf dtlfr lhbm et es eb

bdrtlfrb Furdpf tlht tlf trhmetedb lhs ets odrf pdsetevf hbm

prfsteèdus fxhopnfs9 Phsh 8:1<, Ohry Qdså 86=6,

Hostfrmho 80=< (@hwrdbsce 855;3 Cvhrbeb` 85<=3

Ohrsmfb 850=3 Qunf 85<13 Wddp 85<:) (je`. :).

Eb suoohry wf ghb typejy tles sfgdbm trhmetedb dj

ubmfrwhtfr hrglhfdnd`y ay tlf jdnndweb` glhrhgtfrestegs9

- h lestdref hpprdhgl, wlfrf tlf mdguofbthry sdurgfs

mdoebhtf wlht td nddc jdr eb tlf hrglhfdndèghn rfgdrm

- hb hpprdhgl eb wlegl td sfhrgl jdr h phrtegunhr wrffc es

sffb hs odrf ofhbeb`jun tlhb tlf survfy dj dtlfr, hs yft

ubemfbtejefm setfs




*-.%4

Jeùrf :. ]lf ndghnezhtedb hbm rfgdvfry dj tlf Phsh es tlf dutsthbmeb` fxhopnf dj tlf Bdrtlfrb Furdpfhb hpprdhgl td lestdreghn shnvh`f eb etsodrf pdsetevf ohbejfsthtedb (gdurtfsy Ohreteof Ousfuo hbm Phrslep Phsh, Wtdgcldno).

- h nfèsnhtevf hpprdhgl ahsfm db re`lts hs dppdsfm td

rfspdbseaenety

- h snemeb` sghnf dj gdoofrgehn ny hbm/dr hghmfoeghnny

ebtfrfstfm phrt c-s

- foplhses db mespnhy rhtlfr tlhb db rfsfhrgl.

1.1.7 ]lf 'prflestdref' trhmetedb

Wemf td semf wetl tlfsf twd trhmetedbs dj hpprdhgl dj tlf

ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn lfreth`f, tlf dbf mejjfrfbt jrdo tlf

dtlfr hbm fhgl wetl ets dwb ofrets hbm hssfts wf ghb

mesgfrb h tlerm trhmetedb wlegl lhs ets ahgc`rdubm eb rfùnhr

Furdpfhb prf- hbm prdtd-lestdreg hrglhfdnd`y hbm wlegl lhs

ets fxpdbfbts adtl eb Wghbmebhveh, hndb` tlf sldrfs djslfntfrfm whtfrs eb tlf Aretesl Esnfs hbm eb tlf up-odubtheb

nhcfs eb tlf Hnps, bdthany eb Wwetzfrnhbm (f.`. Hbmfrsfb 85<63

Hrbdnm 85<:3 Aennhoadz/Wglnegltlfrnf 85<63 Adgquft 85053

Gruoneb-[fmfrsfb 85<=3 Mexdb 85<1. 85583 Qudjj 85<8).

]les ubmfrwhtfr hrglhfdnd`y es iust tlf ndèghn fxtfbsedb

dj tlf Furdpfhb trhmetedb dj hrglhfdndèghn jefnm-rfsfhrgl

afydbm tlf neoets sft ay tlf whtfrnebf (je`. 0). Db tlf dbf

lhbm hrglhfdnd`y lhs nfhrbfm td gdpf afttfr hbm afttfr wetl

whtfrnd``fm setfs ubmfr tlf `rdubmwhtfr thanf tlrdu`l

mrhebeb`, db tlf dtlfr et lhs nfhrbfm td arfhc tlf whtfr

surjhgf wlfrf mrhebeb` es fetlfr eopdsseanf dr rfnhtevfny

fxpfbsevf (je`. <). Hs rfjfrrfm td hadvf tles hpprdhgl `dfs

hs jhr ahgc hs tlf rfhnezhtedb dj tlf eopdrthbgf dj wftnhbm-

setfs wetl Gdubt Hmdnpl vdb Odrndt hbm tlf mhtf dj 8<6= hs

h se`bejeghbt sthrteb` pdebt.

Hs eb nhbm hrglhfdnd`y tlf gdbtreautedb dj sfredus

hohtfur hrglhfdndèsts es jherny se`bejeghbt. Fvfb tldu`l tlf

trhmetedb lhs le l sthbmhrms dj hrglhfdndèghn prdjfssedbhn-

eso et lhs bdt hnefbhtfm tlf ghsuhn hohtfur rfsfhrglfr. Et esbdthany eb tlht rfspfgt tlht tles tlerm trhmetedb es mejjfrfbt

jrdo tlf Ofmetfrrhbfhb dbf. Et hnsd sthbms dut jrdo tlf

odrf lestdreghnny drefbtfm bdrtl Furdpfhb trhmetedb eb

sfvfrhn hspfgts. Et ohy bdt af tlf odst gdbspegudus

trhmetedb eb ubmfrwhtfr-hrglhfdnd`y eb tlht et lhs bd wesl

hbm bd bffm td mestebùesl etsfnj jrdo hrglhfdnd`y hs




Je urf 0. ]lf ndèghn fxtfbsedb dj

tlf Furdpfhb trhmetedb djhrglhfdndèghn jefnm-rfsfhrgl

afydbm tlf neoets sft ay tlf

whtfrnebf. [hun Zdu`h usfs h tlrffoftfr mffp ghessdb jdr tfst

fxghvhtedbs ht tlf nhtf Ardbzf H`fsfttnfofbt dj Gdrthenndm eb tlf

spreb` dj 8516(gdurtfsy Hrglevfs muOusåf Ghbtdbhn m'Hrglådndèf,

Bfuglhtfn).

pursufm db tlf ahses dj jefnm rfsfhrgl eb tlf mry, aut et

ebe`net wfnn turb dut td af tlf odst se`bejeghbt dj tlf tlrff.

Dbf tleb` es vfry gnfhr eb ets hpprdhgl hbm tlht es tlht9

ubmfrwhtfr hrglhfdnd`y es hrglhfdnd`y dr et es bdtleb`

(jrffny rfbmfrfm jrdo Pennfy/[lenneps 856<, 13 gj. Aebjdrm

85:1). Eb nebf wetl tlf ohebstrfho dj hrglhfdndèghn

jefnmstumefs eb Furdpf tles tlerm trhmetedb ghb af typejefm ay

tlf jdnndweb` glhrhgtfrestegs9

- h `fd`rhpleghn, fgdndèghn hbm strhte`rhpleghn hpprdhgl eb

jefnm stumefs- h gdoprflfbsevf `fd`rhpleghn hpprdhgl eb prdtfgtevf

nfèsnhtedb

- h se`bejeghbt gdbtreautedb ay bdb-vdghtedbhn hrglhfdndèsts.

7. ]lf bfgfssety dj h gdbsestfbt pdnegy

7.8 EB]FQB ZE'EDBHE Hn E@BOFB]

Jdr rfhsdbs dj seopnejeghtedb tlrff `fbfrh! hpprdhglfs td

tlf ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn lfreth`f wfrf prfsfbtfm hadvf9 tlf

dbf odrf rfprfssevf, tlf sfgdbm odrf dutspdcfb hbm tlf

tlerm odrf ubhssuoeb`. Eb pursuhbgf dj Qfgdoofbmhtedb

<=< tlf Gdubgen dj Furdpf lhs prdodtfm tlf hne`bofbt dj

hnn hpprdhglfs tlrdu`ldut Furdpf. ]d tles fbm tlf Mevesedb

jdr Le`lfr Fmughtedb hbm Qfsfhrgl lhs dr`hbezfm sfvfrhnebtfrbhtedbhn gdursfs eb tlf gdbsfrvhtedb dj tlf 'ubmfrwhtfr,

bhuteghn hbm ohreteof lfreth`f'. Odrf gdbsfqufbtehn,

ldwfvfr, whs tlf httfopt td hne`b prdtfgtevf pdnegefs eb tlf

rfspfgtevf gdubtrefs tlrdu`l tlf mrhjteb` dj h Gdbvfbtedb db

tlf [rdtfgtedb dj tlf Vbmfrwhtfr Gunturhn Lfreth`f. ]lf

eopdrthbgf dj sugl hb hne`bofbt ghb bdt af dvfrstrfssfm.

Et es dj fspfgehnny `rfht gdbsfqufbgf jdr tlf fxgrfsgfbgfs dj

tlf sfgdbm trhmetedb mestebùeslfm hadvf.

Mevfrs turbfm hrglhfdndèsts dr gdbsemfreb` tlfosfnvfs hs

sugl wld try hbm ndghnezf slepwrfgc setfs tlht tlfy gdbsemfr

rfnfvhbt db tlf ahses dj lestdreghn mdguofbts hrf bdt

odtevhtfm dr rfstrhebfm ay `fd`rhpleghn gdbsemfrhtedbs dr

rfspdbseaenetefs. ]lfy wenn odvf jrdo dbf hrfh td hbdtlfr,

sdofteofs ldbfstny odtevhtfm ay h spfgejeg rfsfhrgl tlfof,

odrf djtfb, ldwfvfr, ay tlf hggemfbthn hggfsseaenety dj h

setf eb tfros dj adtl ebjrhstrugturf, nf`hn rfstregtedbs hbmpdneteghn gneohtf. ]lf dbny why td gdhgl tlfer hgtevetefs dr ht

nfhst tlfer sthbmhrms, tlf dbny why, eb dtlfr wdrms, jdr

hrglhfdndèghn hgtevetefs ubmfr whtfr td prdjet jrdo 86; yfhrs

dj hrglhfdndèghn mfvfndpofbt hbm tlf dbny why td prdtfgt

tlf ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn lfreth`f jrdo tlf petjhnns dj

hbtequhrehbeso jrdo wlegl ets db-nhbm gdubtfrphrt sujjfrfm

sd ougl, es td md sd eb ebtfrbhtedbhn gddpfrhtedb.

]les dj gdursf es fhsefr shem tlhb mdbf. Et es quetf gnfhr

tlht tlf sfgdbm trhmetedb wetl ets phrtegunhresteg hbm

bhtedbhnesteg aehs es tlf hbdohny aut fvfb td hne`b tlf

Ofmetfrrhbfhb hbm bdrtlfrb Furdpfhb hpprdhglfs td

prdtfgtedb hbm rfsfhrgl thcfs h ndt dj gdubsfnneb`.

Bfvfrtlfnfss 85<6 shw tlf gdopnftedb dj h mrhjt jdr tlfgdbvfbtedb db tlf prdtfgtedb dj tlf ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn

lfreth`f td tlf prebgepnfs hbm wdrmeb` dj wlegl tlf

mfnf`htedbs dj tlf rfspfgtevf ofoafr sthtfs gdunm suasgreaf

(GHLHX 85<6). Et es dbny jdr rhtlfr tfglbeghn ” hnn af et

fssfbtehn ” pdneteghn rfhsdbs tlht tlf gdbvfbtedb lhs bdt hs

yft affb dpfbfm jdr se`beb` hbm rhtejeghtedb.




]lf qufstedb db wlegl tlf gdbvfbtedb jhenfm es ubmfr tlf

hutldrety dj wlht gdbgfpt dj ebtfrbhtedbhn nhw h gdhsthn

sthtf ghb ebtfrefrf eb hnn sdrts dj hgtevetefs eb drmfr td jurtlfr

tlf rfsfhrgl hbm prdtfgtedb dj tlf ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn

lfreth`f afydbm tlf sldrf-nebf.

]lf odst rfstregtfm dptedb (hggfpthanf td hnn) es tlf

gdbgfpt dj tlf ]FQQE]DQEHN WFH, wlfrf tlf gdhsthn sthtf

fxfrts tuen iuresmegtedb. nts wemtl es bdw usuhnny sft ht 81bhuteghn oenfs (>Ƒ. Pft `rfbzfb Bfmfrnhbmsf tfrretdrehnf zff).

Hb hntfrbhtevf es td fxnfbm tlf iuresmegtedb dj tlf gdhsthn

sthtf dvfr h ( DB]E@VDVW YDBF, ej mfgnhrfm, ubmfr tlf

iuremeghn jegtedb jdrounhtfm eb Hrtegnf 7;7(1) dj tlf Vbetfm

Bheedbs Nhw dj tlf Wfh trfhty dj 85<1 (lfrfhjtfr rfjfrrfm td

hs VBGNDW 85<1). H gdbteùdus zdbf ohy fxtfbm afydbm

tlf tfrretdreh_ whtfrs up td h ohxeouo dj 1= bhuteghn oenfs

jrdo tlf ahsfnebfs jrdo wlegl tlf arfhmtl dj tlf tfrretdrehn

whtfrs es ofhsurfm (VBGNDW 85<1 Hrt. 77). Vbmfr tles

dptedb, tlht whs jdrounhtfm eb tlf jebhn mrhjt dj tlf

gdbvfbtedb. h strep dj gdhsthn sfhadttdo, 1= bhuteghn oenfs

wemf, ohy af hmoebestfrfm ubmfr tlf gdbvfbtedb.

]d tubf tlf gdbvfbtedb gdopnftfny td tlf hjdrfofbtedbfm

Hrtegnf 7;7 eb tlf @fbfrhn [rdvesedbs dj VBGNDW 85<1, hs

whs mdbf eb tlf mrhjt gdbvfbtedb, nfhms td h sdofwlht

grddcfm sdnutedb dbf oe`lt hrùf. ]lf rfhsdb es tlht eb

etsfnj tlht hrtegnf es bdt ht hnn phrtegunhrny gresp hbm gnfhr.

Et es h gdoprdoesf db tlf ahses dj sfvfrhn vfry mejjfrfbt

prdpdshns ht tlf 85<; VBGNDW offteb`, rfjnfgteb`

mejjfrfbt trhmetedbs eb tlf hpprdhgl dj tlf ubmfrwhtfr

gunturhn lfreth`f hs wfnn hs mejjfrfbt hpprdhglfs td gdbtrdn

dvfr tlf ohrebf fbverdbofbt ([nhtzúmfr 85<0, 155-7;7).

En mfhns wetl 'daifgts' rhtlfr tlhb setfs. Et foplhsezfs tlf

gdbtrdn dj trhjjeg rhtlfr tlhb dj fxghvhtedb. Et fvfb

gdbsdnemhtfs gustdohry shnvh`f prhgtegf, hntldu`l et

spfgejeghnny rfjfrs td 'dtlfr ebtfrbhtedbhn h`rffofbts dr

dtlfr runfs dj ebtfrbhtedbhn nhw rf`hrmeb` tlf prdtfgtedb dj

daifgts dj hb hrglhfdndèghn hbm lestdreghn bhturf'. Phttfrs

(85<7) es re`lt eb les dpebedb tlht ets ebgnusedb eb tlf

VBGNDW trfhty es hb eopfmeofbt jdr prd`rfss eb

ebtfrbhtedbhn lfreth`f ohbh`fofbt.

Hs h ahses jdr tlf eopnfofbthtedb dj tlf Furdpfhb

gdbvfbtedb tlf gdbgfpt dj tlf gdbteùdus zdbf whs hbm es

ubhggfpthanf td dbf dj tlf Gdubgen dj Furdpf ofoafr-

sehtfs9 ]urcf^. Ebstfhm ]urcf^ prdodtfs h tlerm Dptedb, tlf

gdbgfpt dj tlf GDB]EBFB]HN. WLFNJ, h odrpldndèghnny

mfjebfm zdbf td wlegl gdhsthn sthtfs gnheo vhryeb` mf`rffs

dj neoetfm gdbtrdn. Dtlfrs, sugl hs Bdrwhy wdunm (wlenfbdt dppdseb` tlf VBGNDW-suppdrtfm gdbgfpt dj tlf

gdbteùdus zdbf) af eb jhvdur dj rhbèb` lfreth`f

ohbh`fofbt ubmfr yft hbdtlfr gdbgfpt, tlht dj tlf

F\GNVWEZF FGDBDOEG YDBF, h zdbf strftgleb` up td 1;;

bhuteghn oenfs jrdo tlf nettdrhn eb wlegl gdhsthn sthtfs ohy

gnheo fxgnusevf re`lts dj fxpndethtedb dj bhturhn rfsdurgfs.

Je urf <. Jdr prflestdref nhcf-adrmfr sfttnfofbts eb tlf Hnpebf rf edbtlf mfgesedb td ubmfrthcf jefnmwdrc ubmfr whtfr dr eb mrhebfm

gdbmetedbs lhs `rhmuhnny afgdof h ohbh`fofbt mfgesedb hs hby

dtlfr9 wlht es tlf afst dr glfhpfst sdnutedb td shtfùhrm

hrglhfdnd eghn ebjdrohtedb4 Ej tlht sffos td af fxghvhtedb, mrhebeb`

dr ubmfrwhtfr wdrc adtl lhvf tlfer hssfts hbm neoethtedbs.

Wtrhte`rhpleghn fxghvhtedb dj suaofr`fm setfs hs ht Cnfebfr Lhjbfr

bfhr Yþregl es gfrthebny h vehanf dptedb (gdurtfsy Ahu`fsglegltn.

Hrglev Wthmt Yþregl/Aþrd jþr Hrglfdnd ef).

Bdrwhy es strdb`ny urèb` Bdrtl Wfh sthtfs td mfgnhrf hb

FFY hbm es hb hrmfbt prdpdbfbt dj fxtfbmeb` tlf

iuresmegtedb dj gdhsthn sthtfs.

]lf mesgussedb hadut hb fbgdophsseb` prdtfgtedb dj tlfFurdpfhb dr tlf wdrnm's ohreteof hbm suaofr`fm lfreth`f

es h odst gdopneghtfm dbf. Wlhreb` rfspdbseaenetefs aftwffb

bhtedbs ofhbs slhreb` dj re`lts hbm tlf eophgt tlfrfdj db

fgdbdoeg. pdnetegh! hbm strhtfèf rfnhtedbs tfbms

ubmfrsthbmhany td fhseny dvfrrunf hby ebetehtevf eb tles jefnm.

Db tlf dtlfr lhbm tlf ebtfrbhtedbhn mfvfndpofbts eb tlf

prdtfgtedb dj tlf bhturhn lfreth`f sldw ebtfrbhtedbhn

rfùnhtedbs sugl hs tlf Gdbvfbtedb db tlf Gdbsfrvhtedb dj

Furdpfhb Penmnejf hbm Bhturhn Lhaethts hbm tlf Dsnd hbm

[hres Gdbvfbtedbs dr fvfb mfgnhrhtedbs dj ebtfbt sugl hs

Hrtegnf 817 dj tlf Nhw dj tlf Wfh (VBGNDW 85<1) td af

wdrtlwlenf (Ads 855;3 sff hnsd afndw).

Eb tles ne`lt tlf gdbsunthtedbs db h Furdpfhb gdbvfbtedb

lhvf lhm tlfer fjjfgts, fvfb tldu`l tlf prdanfos rfjfrrfm td

hadvf mem sdjhr hrrfst prd`rfss9 tlf 85<6 mrhjt mdfs fxest

hbm et jubgtedbs hs h ubejyeb` jdrgf hs et strdb`ny ebjnufbgfs

pdnegy mfvfndpofbt eb ohby sthtfs. Odrfdvfr, tlf (rfvesfm)

Furdpfhb Gdbvfbtedb db tlf [rdtfgtedb dj tlf Hrglhfdndèghn

Lfreth`f (tlht whs dpfbfm jdr se`bhturf db ihbuhry 8: 8551)



1:; HBHNFG]H [QHFLEW]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

jdr tlf jerst teof spfgejeghnny ofbtedbs ubmfrwhtfr setfs

(Hrt. 8, tlerm fbtry). Eb drmfr td gerguovfbt tlf gdopneghtedbs

dj mfjebeb` tlf hrfh dj hppneghtedb et fnf`hbtny mfhns wetl

prdtfgtedb dj tlf hrglhfdndèghn lfreth`f wlfrfvfr h

gdbtrhgteb` sthtf lhs iuresmegtedb (Hrt. 8, sfgdbm fbtry

ubmfr eee). ]lf `fbfrhn prebgepnfs et sfts dut wenn pdsseany af

hppneghanf dvfr tlf nhr`fst pdsseanf hrfh ay tlf seopnf

doessedb dj h sthtfofbt db wlht cebm dj iuresmegtedb es ofhbt.

7.1 GDBWEW]FBGU H] ]LF BH]EDBHN NFZFN

]lf prdgfss dj hglefveb` odrf hne`bofbt eb rfùnhtedbs

ebtfrbhtedbhnny es rfjnfgtfm ht tlf bhtedbhn nfvfn. Wfredus

httfbtedb jdr tlf ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn lfreth`f es rfgfbt

fvfrywlfrf hbm et lhs prdvfm mejjegunt td mfvfndp gdbsestfbt

pdnegefs, fspfgehnny eb tldsf gdubtrefs tlht mespnhy odrf tlhb

dbf dj tlf tlrff trhmetedbs prdvesedbhnny mfjebfm hadvf.

Eb prdtfgtevf pdnegefs nfèsnhtedb es h ohidr tdde hbm hs

rfjfrrfm td hadvf sfvfrhn gdubtrefs shw tlf ebgnusedb dj

sdof sdrt dj prdtfgtedb dj ubmfrwhtfr jebms hbm setfs eb

tlfer bhtedbhn nfèsnhtedbs dvfr tlf nhst jfw mfghmfs. Wdof

sthtfs sugl hs Bdrwhy, Mfbohrc, tlf Bftlfrnhbms hbmJrhbgf lhvf hmhptfm tlfer bhtedbhn nfèsnhtedbs sebgf 85<6

hbm lhvf tlus affb hanf td thcf tlf mrhjt gdbvfbtedb ebtd

gdbsemfrhtedb. Mfbohrc eb phrtegunhr lhs hmdptfm ohby dj

ets prebgepnfs, ebgnumeb` tlf hppneghtedb dj tlf gdbtfbtedus

gdbgfpt dj h gdbteùdus zdbf (Nubm 85<0).

]lf Mutgl nhw dj 85<< (Odbuofbtfbwft 85<<) es nfss

fnhadrhtf. Et sfts dut tlf prebgepnfs dj rfsfhrgl hbm

ohbh`fofbt. Gdnnhadrhtedb dj tlf `fbfrhn puaneg es sdu`lt

eb tlf fbfrhn dane`htedb td rfpdrt hby mesgdvfry wlegl dbf

'oe`lt rfhsdbhany suspfgt' td af adtl ht nfhst 6; yfhrs dnm

hbm 'dj `fbfrhn ebtfrfst afghusf dj ets fstlfteg vhnuf, ets

sgefbtejeg vhnuf dr ets (gunturhn-) lestdreghn vhnuf' (Hrt. =0).

Wetfs hrf ubmfr h anhbcft prdtfgtedb eb tlht hnn hgtevetefs wetl

tlf heo dj prdspfgtedb dr rfgdvfry dj etfos tlht gdopny td

tlht mfjebetedb eb wlegl tlf sden es (fvfb ne`ltny) mesturafm

hrf gdbsemfrfm td af fxghvhtedb, wlfrfhs fxghvhtedb es tlf

prfrd`htevf dj (h neoetfm buoafr) dj hutldrezfm hghmfoef dr

`dvfrbofbthn hrglhfdndèghn ebstetutedbs (Hrt. 75). ]lf

hutldrezhtedb es `rhbtfm ay tlf Oebestfr dj Gunturf db

hmvegf dj tlf Lfreth`f Gdubgen hbm es mfpfbmfbt db sfvfrhn

gretfreh sugl hs sthnneb`, jhgenetefs hbm gdbtebuety eb jubmeb`

(Hrt. =; hbm Pft Qhhm vddr lft Guntuuraflffr). Hb fvfb

odrf reèm prdtfgtedb ghb af evfb td h sfnfgtfm buoafr dj

rfèstfrfm setfs dj prdvfb eopdrthbgf, ahbbeb` hnn db-setf

hgtevetefs (fvfb tldsf dj hrglhfdndèsts) dr rhtlfr suaifgteb`tlfo td h odst rfstregtevf systfo dj spfgejeg negfbgfs (Hrt. :

& 0, rfsp. 88-8=& 80-18).

Hs h NF\ W[FGEHNEW tlf Odbuofbtfbwft 85<< dvfrrunfs

dtlfr rfùnhtedbs. Et mdfs bdt ebtfrjfrf eb prevhtf nhw dtlfr

tlhb mftfroebeb` tlf dwbfrslep dj jebms jrdo fxghvhtedbs

(Hrt. =7). Plhtfvfr tlf prevhtf nhw pdsetedb dj h setf, tlf

rfùnhtedbs dj tlf Odbuofbtfbwft md hppny. Et hppnefs eb

junn td tlf fbterf Mutgl tfrretdry, ebgnumeb` tlf adttdo dj tlf

tfrretdreh! sfh. Afydbm tlf neoets dj tlht zdbf wfrf tlf

Bftlfrnhbms lhvf neoetfm iuresmegtedb dvfr tlf Bftlfrnhbms

sfgtdr dj tlf Gdbtebfbthn slfnj et ghb hbhnd`dusny af hppnefm

eb gdbbfgtedb wetl gdbgfssedb- hbm negfbsf-adubm hgtevetefs

eb wlegl tlf sfhadttdo es sterrfm (Idsfplus Ietth 85<:3

EGDBH 855;3 Ohhrnfvfnm 85<7).Eb tlf Bftlfrnhbms tlebceb` hbm mfvfndpofbts rf`hrmeb`

ubmfrwhtfr hrglhfdnd`y hrf strdb`ny ebjnufbgfm ay tlf

sfgdbm hbm tlerm trhmetedbs mfjebfm hadvf. ]les muhneso lhs

affb phrtegunhrny fvemfbt eb tlf ebgemfbts tlht nfm td tlf

pdnetegh! mfgesedb td gdbsestfbtny hppny lfreth`f nfèsnhtedb

td wrfgcsetfs ht sfh eb 85<6 (Ohhrnfvfnm 8557). Et ghb af

dasfrvfm eb ohby pdnegy-mesgussedbs hbm mfahtfs (Arhbm

ft hn. 85<03 Mdbcfr 85<03 CBHP 85<63 Qfebmfrs 85<:).

]lf nfèsnhtevf hpprdhgl, ldwfvfr, es ubfquevdghn.

Nfèsnhtedb es h jubmhofbthn tdde jdr tlf mfpndyofbt dj h

ofhbeb`jun pdnegy. Bfvfrtlfnfss, et es dbny dbf dj tlf

gdbmetedbeb` sthrteb` pdebts. ]lf fbverdbofbthn gdbmetedbs

hbm tlf tlfdrfteghn jrhofwdrc dr jrhofwdrcs wlegl hppny

td dur mfhneb`s wetl tlf phst hrf ht nfhst hs eopdrthbt. Eb

tles trdech tlf fbverdbofbthn ahses lhs `rfht eophgt db adtl

dtlfrs. ]lf tlfdrfteghn ahses hbm tlf nfèsnhtevf sdnutedbs md

outuhnny hjjfgt fhgl dtlfr. Et es db tlfer ebtfrhgtedb tlht h

gdbsestfbt pdnegy jdr tlf ohbh`fofbt dj tlf ubmfrwhtfr

lfreth`f sldunm af jdrounhtfm. Hntldu`l rfèdbhn

mejjfrfbgfs wenn rfsunt et es dbny ay hnndweb` jdr tldsf

sdnemny jdubmfm mejjfrfbgfs tlht gdbsestfbgy ghb af htthebfm.

(ohbusgrept gndsfm ohrgl 8557).

Nf`hn tfxts hbm h`rffofbts ofbtedbfm eb tlf tfxt

- Pft `rfbzfb Bfmfrnhbmsf tfrretdrehnf zff, sta. 85<6/815.- Vbetfm Bhtedbs Gdbvfbtedb db tlf Nhw dj tlf Wfh,

Ihohegh, 1;tl Hpren 85<1.

- Odbuofbtfbwft 85<<, sta. 85<</:11.

- Pft Qhhm vddr lft Guntuuraflffr, sta. 85<5/7=<.

- Nde mu 8 Mågfoarf 85<5, <5-<0=.

- Mågrft b» 58-811: mu 6 mågfoarf 8558.

- H`rffofbt aftwffb tlf Bftlfrnhbms hbm Hustrhneh

gdbgfrbeb` Dnm Mutgl Wlepwrfgcs, ]lf Lhùf,

:,l Bdvfoafr 8501.

- [rdtfgtedb dj Prfgcs Hgt, Iuny 8<, 8507.

- Gdbvfbtedb db tlf Gdbsfrvhtedb dj Furdpfhb Penmnejf

hbm Bhturhn Lhaethts, Afrb. Wfptfoafr 85, 8505.

- Dsnd Gdbvfbtedb, Jfaruhry 86, 8501, Gdbvfbtedb jdr tlfprfvfbtedb dj ohrebf pdnnutedb ay muopeb` jrdo sleps

hbm hergrhjt.

- [hres Gdbvfbtedb, Iubf =, 850=, Gdbvfbtedb jdr tlf

prfvfbtedb dj ohrebf pdnnutedb jrdo nhbm-ahsfm sdurgfs.

- (rfvesfm) Furdpfhb Gdbvfbtedb db tlf [rdtfgtedb dj tlf

Hrglhfdndèghn Lfreth`f, Ohnth, Ihbuhry 8:, 8551.



1:8 ]L.I. OHHQNFZFNM - VBMFQPH]FQ LFQE]H@F OHBH@FOFB]

rfjfrfbgfs

Hnnfb. @.

E). Hnnfb

850< ]lf ùbs dj tlf Whgrhofbtd, Ndbmdb.

850<a Gnevf's ndst trfhsurf, Ndbmdb.

Hbmfrsfb, W.L.

Hrbdnm. L.

Ahss, @.J.

85<6

85<:

85::

85:0

8501

Qhss. @.J. 85<1

J.L. vhb Mddrbebgc Ir.

Afbdtt, n'. 8561

85:8

Aennhoadz, H. 85<6

Aebjdrm, N.Q.85:1

Adgquft, H. 8505

Ads. H. 855;

Arhbm, J.[. 85<0

[[email protected]. Mefafns

L. Ohurets

P.J.I. Oúrzfr Arueibs

P. Pfafr (fms)

]yarebm Ze`. H prfneoebhry Qfpdrt db h Wuaofr`fm Frtfadnnf Wfttnfofbt db tlf Pfst

Gdhst dj Jyb, Idurbhn djMhbesl Hrglhfdnd`y =, 61-:5.

Gdrthenndm-Fsn, ub vennh`f mu Ardbzf jebhn, 8. Jduennf suahquhtequf ft pldtd`rhplef hårefbbf

(Hrglådndèf bfuglhtfndesf, 8). Whebt-Anhesf.

Hrglhfdnd`y ubmfr whtfr, Ndbmdb.

Ghpf @fnemdbyh9 H ardbzf h`f slepwrfgc. ]rhbshgtedbs dj tlf Hofreghb [lendsdpleghn

Wdgefty, Bfw Wfrefs vdn.60, phrt <. [lenhmfnpleh.

Fe`ltffb Ofmetfrrhbfhb wrfgcs ebvfste`htfm aftwffb 85;; hbm 85:<. Eb9 VBFWGD,

Vbmfrwhtfr hrglhfdnd`y h bhsgfbn mesgepnebf. [hres, 76-61.

Uhsse Hmh, Zdnuof E, H sfvgbtl-e gbteerv Ayzhbtebf Wlepwrfgc. Gdnnf`f Wthtedb.

N'Hrglådndèf sdus-ohrebf fb [rdvfbgf, Qfvuf m'åtumfs Neùrfs \ZEEE, 7/=, 170-7;0.

N'åphvf mu @rhbm Gdb`nduå en Ohrsfennf, Wuppnåofbt h @hnneh \EZ.

[jhlnahutfb - Leeusfr eb Wffb ubm Oddrfb. Eb9 Nhbmfsmfbcohnhot Ahmfb-Pþr ttfoafr`

(fm.). Mfr Cfntfbjþrst vdb Ldglmdej. Oftldmfb ubm Fr`fabessf mfr Nhbmfshrglmdnd ef,

Wtutt`hrt, 1=5-1::.

Hrglhfdnd`y hs Hbtlrdpdnd`y, Hofreghb Hbtequety 1<, 180-116.

Nhcf-Adttdo Hrglhfdnd`y, Wgefbtejeg Hofreghb 1=;, =<-6:.

Afstuur fb Aflffr. Eb9 [. mf Pdnj (fm.), Mf Bddrmzff. Yutplfb, 857-85<.

[nubmfreb` dj vfrreiceb vhb mf sglffpvhhrt`fsglefmfbes'.' Hostfrmho.

GHLHX

Ghssdb, W.

Gfmfrnubm, GD.

s. Lhhsuo

Gdnfs, I.O.

H.I. Nhwsdb

85<6

8575

850<

85<0

Hm Ldg Gdooettff dj Fxpfrts db tlf Vbmfrwhtfr Gunturhn Lfreth`f, Jebhn Hgtevety Qfpdrt,

(GHLHX(<6)6), Wtrhsadur`.

Wuaohrebf Qfsfhrgl eb @rffgf, Hbtequety 87, <;-<:.

Ohrebhrcfdndèsct Lhbmneb`sprd rho (shot jdrboebbfsnh`fb (WJW 850:, ==1)) ,

Wtdgcldno.

Furdpfhb Pftnhbms eb [rflestdrx, Dxjdrm.




Gdustfhu, I.-U.

Gruoneb-[fmfrsfb, D.

Mh``fb. ('l.

C. Wlhjjfr

Mexdb, B.

Mdbcfr. Q. (fm.)

MQHWO

Fhrnf, [.

Jrhbzåb, H.

Jrdbmfvennf, @. mf

Jugls, P.

@hwrdbsce. I.L.@.

@hwrdbsce. I.L.@.

A. Cest

D. Wtdcves-Zhb Adftzfnhfr

@ehbjrdtth, [.H.

@ehbt'rdtth, [.H.

[. [dofy

Ohrres. F.G.

Lefnmf. G.I.O, vhb mfr

EGDBH

Idebt Bhuteghn

Hrglhfdnd`y [dnegy Gdooettff

Iúr`, G.I.H.

Idsfplus Ietth, H.B.H.O.

8567 ]lf Wenfbn Pdrnm (wetl J. Muohs). Ndbmdb.

856= Jesl Ofb Mesgdvfr h 1,1;;-yfhr-dnm @rffc Wlep, ]lf Bhtedbhn @fd`rhpleg Oh`hzebf

Zdn GZ/8, 8-7:. emfo9 Lft vfrzdbcfb ousfuo, Mfb Lhh`.

85<= Jdtfvec. Mf ohrebhrc sdndèscf ubmfrs;`fn sfr 85<8 d` 85<1. Eb9 Nhbsstyrfnsfb e Ohnoú-

lus Nhb (fm.), [u`bh Jdrfbses-4 Hrcfdndèsch ubmfrsúcbeb`hr creb` Jdtfvecfb. Wchbf

85<8-<7, Ohnoú, 0-:<.

855; Meveb` jdr tlf @rejjeb. Ndbmdb

85<1

8558

85<0

85<:

8505

85:8

85:6

85:7

855;

8551

Fxghvhtedb dj Dhcarhbc Grhbbd`, Ndgl ]hy. Ebtfreo Qfpdrt, Ebtfrbhtedbhn Idurbhn dj

Bhuteghn Hrglhfdnd`y 88 (1), 816-876.

]lf lestdry dj grhbbd` survfy hbm fxghvhtedb eb Wgdtnhbm. Ebtfrbhtedbhn Idurbhn dj

Bhuteghn Hrglhfdnd`y 1; (8), 8-<.

Z frsnh` Wyopdseuo Prhccfbrfèstfr. Mfb Lfnmfr.

Hrglådndèf sdus-ohrebf sur nfs gútfs mf Jrhbgf. Zeb`t hbs mf rfglfrglf. [frrds-@uerfg.

]lf wrffc dj tlf Hnoerhbth. Ndbmdb.

Zhsh. Qf`hnscfppft e drm dgl lenm. Wtdgcldno.

Ohlmeh. Eb9 I. mu [nht ]hyndr (fm.). Ohrebf Hrglhfdnd`y. Ndbmdb. 75-67.

Mfr Wglejjsjubm vdb Ohlmeh. ]þaeb`fb.

Fhst Ebmehohb Hostfrmho, Hbtequety :=/1=7, 7:7-706.

Endnnhbmeh Gdopfbmeuo. H gdbtrelutedb td tlf lestdry. hrglfdnd`y. gnhssejeghtedb hbm

V9êgd`rhply dj h 86; jt. Mutgl Fhst Ebmehohb (80=;-806;). Hostfrmho.

85<1 Hrglfdndèh sdtt'hgquh. Qebvfbeofbte eb Ftrureh ofremedbh nf, Adnnftebd m'Hrtf,

Wuppnfofbtd =, 81-7:.

85<; Hrglfdndèh sulhgqufh. Wtdreh. tfgbeglf. sgdpfrtf f rfnette, Oenhhb.

85<5 [rebgepnfs dj hrglhfdndèghn strhte`rhply, Ndbmdb.

85=7 Afr`frs. Wglftsfb uet lft Bfmfrnhbmsf afrèb`swfefb. Nfemfb.

855; MF BDDQMYFF...befuwf od`fneiclfmfb. Ffb afnfems`fregltf vfrcfbbeb` vhb od`fneicf

`faruecsjubgtefs vhb mf Bddrmzff eb mf tdfcdost, Vtrfglt.

85<5 Lfreth`f ht Wfh. [rdpdshns jdr tlf afttfr prdtfgtedb dj hrglhfdndèghn setfs ubmfr whtfr,

@rffbwegl.

85<: ]lf @fnmfrohnsfb. Lestdry hbm [drgfnheb, @rdbeb`fb.

85<: Wtrhjrfglt dbmfr whtfr. Eb9 Cdbebcneicf Bfmfrnhbmsf Dumlfemcubme`f Adbm, Zfrhbtwddrm

dbmfr whtfr. Hostfrmho/Yutplfb, 68-61.

http://u/icography

http://u/icography

http://u/icography



1m7

Cfenfr. !•'.

Cest. I.A.

I.L.@. @hwrdbsce

Cnfei, [.

CBHP

Cdrtlhns Hnnfs. H.

Crestehbsfb, C.

Cvhoeb`, E..-H.

Nhoad`neh, B.

Nflohbb, N.]l.

Ndb`, N.

Nubm, G.

Ohhrnfvfnm, ]l.I.

Ohrsmfb, [.

Ohrteb. G.I.O.

Ohrteb-Aufbd, O. (fm.'

Ohrteb-Cenglfr, W.

Ohsnfrs, [.O

B.G. Qfooeb`

Ohtlfwsdb 888. Q.M.

Of@rhen, W.

OgCff, H.

Ofrneb, H.

Ofeifr, G.

]L.I. OHHQNFZFNM - VBMFQPH]FQ LFQE]H@F OHBH@FOFB]

8<67 Mef cfntesglfb [jhlnahutfb eb mfb Wglwfezfrsffb , Oettfenub`fb mfr Hbtequhresglfb @fsfnn-

sglhjt Yeerefl, 5 Hat. 1, Lfjt 7.

85<; [reis mfr zff. Zdbmstfb uet wrhccfb vhb Ddstebmeãvhhrmfrs. Hostfrmho.

85<7 ]Znef`fbtlhrt. Qhppdrt vhb mf ghoph`bf 85<1. Hostfrmho.

eb prfp. Zhb ]fxfnstrddo ZE tdn Zd`fnzhbm ZEE, Hrglfdndèf dbmfr whtfr, 7f dbmfrzdfcsrhppdrt,Hnplfb h/m Qeib (muf 855:).

85<6 Qhppdrt vhb mf gdooessef bdrofb dbmfrzdfc sglffpswrhccfb. Lestdresgl-Pftfbsglhp-

pfneicf Gdooessef, Cdbebcneicf Bfmfrnhbmsf Hchmfoef vhb Pftfbsglhppfb, Hostfrmho.

8507 [reis mfr zff. Qhhcvnhc vhb rfmmeb`, strhbmrfe ln fb wrhcwft`fveb`. Ywdnnf.

85<6 Jdrtemsoebmfafvhreb` e Mhbohrc. Wthtus d` jrfotemspfrspfctevfr, Jdrtemsoebmfr, 8=1-8:=.

85<= ]lf Phsh9 ousfuo hbm ousfuo fxleaet. Ousfuo 8=1, 06-<;.

8561 Nh Bhvf Qdohbh mf Hnafb`h. Qfvuf m'åtumfs Neùrfs \ZEEE, 7/=, 878-17:.

8565 Jdroh Ohres Hbteque, Qevesth me stume Neùre \\Z. 1<7-785.

8558 Vbmfrwhtfr hrglhfdnd`y eb E6tl- hbm 8:tl- gfbtury Ethny, Ebtfrbhtedbhn Idurbhn dj

Bhetneghn Hrglhfdnd`y 1;, 5-88.

85<0 Nfs åphvfs mu @rhbm Gdb`nduå. Ftumf mu Idurbhn mf jduennf mf Jfrbhbm Afbdtt, Hrglhfd

bhutegh 8, 5-7:.

85<0 Afscyttfnsf hj lestdrescf sceasvrh` d` jdrtemsoebmfr ph mfb mhbscf lhvaubm, Jdrtems

oebmfr d` cunturlestdref, Hbtecvhrescf Wtumefr <. 876-86;.

85<7 Odbuofbtfbwft fb Hrglfdndèf dbmfr whtfr. Mesgussefstuc, Qeisweic.

8557 Hhbnddp Odnfb`ht dj nhmeb` hns hhbnfemeb`. Eb9 L.Q. Qfebmfrs (fm.) Nhmeb` fb lhnnhst.

@rdbeb`fb, 71-=7.

850= ]lf wrffc dj tlf Hostfrmho. Ndbmdb.

8505 Wphbesl Hrohmh pdttfry. Ebtfrbhtedbhn Idurbhn dj Bhuteghn Hrglhfdnd`y <, 105-7;7.

85<6 ZE gdb`rfsd ebtfrbhgedbhn mf Hrqufdndèh Wulohrebh. Ghrth`fbh 85<1. Ohmrem.

8505 Jfrmebhbm Cfenfr ubm mef Fbtmfgcub` mfr [jhlnahutfb. Hrglfdndèf mfr Wglwfez 1, 7-88.

85<7 Xuhtfrbhry Gdhsnnebfs hbm Ohrebf Hrglhfdnd`y9 tdwhrms tlf prfnþstdry dj nhbm arem`fs

hbm gdbtebfbnhn slfnvfs, Ndbmdb.

85<: ]rfhsurf dj tlf Htdglh. Wextffb Mrhohteg Ufhrs eb Wfhrfl dj tlf Lestdref Prffc. Ndbmdb.

85<0 Hbfefbt adhts eb B.P. Furdpf. ]lf hrglhfdnd`y dj whtfr trhbspdrt td HM 86;;. Ndbmdb.

85<1 Ldw wf jdubm tlf 'Ohry Qdså'. Ndbmdb.

857; Wuaohrebf Mesgdvfrefs eb tlf Ofmetfrrhbfhb . Hbtequety =, =;6-=8=.

8:<6 N'Hrtf me rfstetuerf h Qdoh nh trhnhsgehth Bhve`htedbf mfn sud ]fvfrf, Qdof.



1:= HBHNFG]H [QHFL8W]DQEGH NFEMFBWEH 1:

Odgglfèhbe Ghrphbd, G. 85<1

85<:

Odnfb, W.I. vhb mfr 850;

Odrgds, W. 85<:

Oúrzfr Aruybs, P.J.I. 85<0

Ougcfnrdy, C.P. 850<

Bsfvfsthm, M. 8558

[hnnhrås, J. 85<7

[nhtzúmfr, Q. 85<0

[dn, H. 85<5

Qfebmfrs, Q. 85<:

( Gm . )

(fm.)

Qfebmfrs, Q.

Q. Ddsteb` (fm.)

Qfebmfrs. Q.

C. [hun (fms.)

Qdpfr, I. (rhp.)

Qunf, O.

Qudjj, V.

Wglenjfr, O.A.

Wddp. 88

Wtåbuet, Q.

]lrdgcodrtdb. [.

F.C. Qhnpl

85<0

8558

8558

8558

850<

85<1

85<8

850:

85<:

8500

8505

85:6

]fvfrf. [rfofssf pfr ubh hrglfdndèh jnuvehnf. Adnnftebd m'Hrtf, Wuppnfofbtd =, 86;-80;

Hrglfdndèh Wuahgqufh. Qdof.

]lf Nettebf ]rfhsurf. Ndbmdb.

Mf ahcfroht vhb mf dbmfrwhtfrhrglfdndèf, VBFWGD-cdfrefr 86;, =1-=6.

Bhve`htef-ebstruofbtfb vhb mf zffadmfo. 8:f tdt 85f ffuw. ]eimsglrejt vddr mf @fsglefmfbes mfr @fbffscubmf, Bhtuurwftfbsglhppfb, Pescubmf fb ]fglbefc 8;, 1:7-1<1.

Ohreteof Hrglhfdnd`y. Ghoarem`f.

Cunturoebbfr ubmfr vhbb. Zurmfreb` hv byf tenthc e jdrvhntbeb`fb. Dsnd.

88 rudnd mfnn'Estetutd Ebtfrbhzedbhnf me Wtume Neùre bfnnf regfrglf hrglfdndèglf sdttd-

ohrebf. Qevesth me stume Neùre \NE\, 1;1-118.

]lerm Vbetfm Bhtedbs Gdbjfrfbgf db tlf Nhw dj tlf Wfh9 MdguofbtW, Zdn. \EE. Bfw Udrc

Wglfpfb beft `f/m. Mf lhbmfnsoubtfb vhb mf Zfrfbe`mf Ddstebmesglf Gdoph`bef 8:;1-

8055. 's @rhvfblh`f.

Ohreteof hrglhfdndèghn lfreth`f9 rfspdbseaenety hbm ohbh`fofbt, QEI[. Pfrcmdguofb

1=haw.

Qhhcvnhccfb tussfb sglffpshrglfdndèf, ohretefof `fsglefmfbes fb sglffpsaduwcubmf,

Jnfvdafreglt 1<;, Nfnysthm.

Aduwtrhmetef fb sglffpstypf. @rdbeb`fb.

Wglffpshrglfdndèf9 predretfetfb fb ndpfbm dbmfrzdfc, Jnfvdafreglt 711, Nfnysthm.

Ghrvfn Gdbstrugtedb ]fglbequf. Dxjdrm.

]lf Vbmfrwhtfr Gunturhn Lfreth`f. Qfpdrt dj tlf Gdooettff db Gunturf hbm Fmughtedb,

Gdubgen dj Furdpf. Wtrhsadur`.

]lf Ohry Qdså, ]lf fxghvhtedb hbm rheseb` djLfbry ZEEE's Jnh`slep. Ndbmdb.

Mef Fbtwegcnub` mfr Vbtfrwhssfrhrglhdndèf eo Chbtdb Yþregl, Lfnvfteh hrglhfdndègh

=6/=<, :1-0;.

Aflhvedrhn hrglhfdnd`y. Bfw Udrc.

]lf [dwfr hbm tlf @ndry. ]lf Wgunpturfs dj tlf Phrslep Phsh. Wtdgcldno.

Nhjnþtf fb`ndutef. [hres.

Nf Pettf Nffuw. Jduennfs sdus-ohrebfs sur 8'åphvf m'ub bhverf mf nh gdoph`bef

ldnnhbmhesf mfs Ebmfs Drefbthnfs gdunå fb 8:87 h 8'tnf mf Whebtf-Lånìbf, Bfptubeh 876,

7-8:.

]lf Hbtecytlfrh slepwrfgc rfgdbsemfrfm, ]rhbshgtedbs dj tlf Hofreghb [lendsdpleghn

Wdgefty. Bfw Wfrefs vdn. 66, phrt 7, [lenhmfnpleh.



1:6 ]EE.I. OHHQNFZFNM - VBMFQPH]FQ LFQE]H@F OHBH@FOFB]

]sduglnds, B.B.

VBGNDW

Phttfrs, M.Q.

855; H Bfw Afèbbeb` , fmetdrehn td Fbhneh Hbbuhn 85<5, 1-7.

85<1 ]lf Nhw dj tlf Wfh, Djjegehn ]fxt dj tlf Vbetfm Bhtedbs Gdbvfbtedb db tlf Nhw dj tlf

Wfh. Jebhn Hgt dj tlf ]lerm Vbetfm Bhtedbs Gdbjfrfbgf db tlf Nhw dj tlf Wfh. nbtrd-

mugtdry Ohtfrehn db tlf Gdbvfbtedb hbm tlf Gdbjfrfbgf, (fm. 85<7) Ndbmdb.

85<7 ]lf Nhw dj tlf Wfh trfhty hbm ubmfrwhtfr gunturhn rfsdurgfs, Hofreghb Hbtequety =<.

<;<-<8:.

Pfebafr`, @.M.

Z.C. @rhgf

@.Q. Fmwhrms

L.W. Qdaebsdb

Pe`bhnn, [.

85:6 ]lf Hbtecytlfrh slepwrfgc rfgdbsemfrfm. ]rhbshgtedbs dj tlf Hofreghb [lendsdpleghn

Wdgefty, B.W. 66.

85<1 Eb Wfhrgl djWphbesl ]rfhsurf, Bfwtdb Haadt.

Penngy, @.Q.

[l. [lenneps

856< Ogtldm hbm ]lfdry eb Hrglhfdnd`y. Glegh`d.

]l.I. Ohhrnfvfnm

Q.D.A, Hjmfneb` Hrglfdndèf Dbmfr whtfr

Fecfbnhhb 175

BN 1=;= A[ Hnplfb hhb mf Qeib



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The End of our Third Decade (volume II). Papers written on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of...

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