The End of the Union to the The End of the Union to the CIVIL WAR and CIVIL WAR and ReconstructionReconstruction

Students will identify key events, issues, and Students will identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to the individuals relating to the causes, course, and causes, course, and

consequences of the Civil Warconsequences of the Civil War. .

The Four Causes of the Civil WarThe Four Causes of the Civil War

Slavery-Slavery- as a moral issue in the North; versus the as a moral issue in the North; versus the defense and expansion in the Southdefense and expansion in the South

Constitutional Problems-Constitutional Problems- States Rights versus States Rights versus Federal PowerFederal Power

Economic Differences-Economic Differences- Industrial North vs. King Industrial North vs. King Cotton South over tariffs, banking, improvementsCotton South over tariffs, banking, improvements

Political Mistakes-Political Mistakes- both sides made huge blunders both sides made huge blunders and pushed each other to the point of warand pushed each other to the point of war

Slavery in New TerritoriesSlavery in New Territories Mexican Territories-Mexican Territories- with the end of the Mexican-American with the end of the Mexican-American

War, new territories were open to the expansion of slavery. War, new territories were open to the expansion of slavery. Three ways to decide the issue were brought to the table.Three ways to decide the issue were brought to the table.

1. 1. Free-Soil Movement-Free-Soil Movement- They wanted to ban the expansion They wanted to ban the expansion of slavery into the new territories. of slavery into the new territories.

a. Keep the West free for white opportunity a. Keep the West free for white opportunity only with only with no competition from slave labor. “Free soil, no competition from slave labor. “Free soil, Free Free labor, Free Men”labor, Free Men”

2. Southern Position-2. Southern Position- Viewed any attempt to stop the Viewed any attempt to stop the expansion of slavery as illegal and unconstitutional. Extend expansion of slavery as illegal and unconstitutional. Extend the Missouri Compromise 36, 30’.the Missouri Compromise 36, 30’.

3. Popular Sovereignty-3. Popular Sovereignty- Let the new territories vote on the Let the new territories vote on the issue. This was supported by both Northerners and issue. This was supported by both Northerners and Southerners. Southerners.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 Reason for the Compromise-Reason for the Compromise- With the gold rush of 1849 into With the gold rush of 1849 into

California the U.S. needed to decide the issue of slavery quickly or California the U.S. needed to decide the issue of slavery quickly or it would lead to a division of the Union.it would lead to a division of the Union.

1. 1. The Compromise-The Compromise-a. California a Free Statea. California a Free Stateb. Divide the new territories into: New Mexico and b. Divide the new territories into: New Mexico and Utah and Utah and let the vote on the issue of slaverylet the vote on the issue of slaveryc. Ban slave trade in Washington D.C. but allow white c. Ban slave trade in Washington D.C. but allow white slave owners in the city to keep their slavesslave owners in the city to keep their slavesd. Fugitive Slave Lawd. Fugitive Slave Law

2. 2. Saved-Saved- the Union is preserved but both Northerners and the Union is preserved but both Northerners and Southerners begin to look for ways to further their ideas on Southerners begin to look for ways to further their ideas on slavery.slavery.

Slavery IssueSlavery Issue Fugitive Slave Law-Fugitive Slave Law- the chief the chief

purpose of the law was to allow purpose of the law was to allow the tracking and capture of the tracking and capture of runaway slaves to the North and runaway slaves to the North and return them to the South. return them to the South.

11. Northern Opposition-. Northern Opposition- Abolitionist in the North Abolitionist in the North

bitterly bitterly resisted this law.resisted this law.

Underground Railroad-Underground Railroad- most routes most routes went from the South through went from the South through the North to Canadathe North to Canada

Book that Changed the IssueBook that Changed the IssueHarriet Beecher Stowe-Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote the wrote the

novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” about the slave Tom and his about the slave Tom and his brutal White slave owner. brutal White slave owner.

1. Made a generation of 1. Made a generation of Northerners and Europeans Northerners and Europeans regard slavery as inhuman and regard slavery as inhuman and cruel- Moral Reason to Hate cruel- Moral Reason to Hate SlaverySlavery

2. Southerners-2. Southerners- viewed the book viewed the book as propaganda by the North filled as propaganda by the North filled with lies and half truth’swith lies and half truth’s

Political MistakesPolitical Mistakes Break Up of Power-Break Up of Power- During the 1850’s the Whig Party During the 1850’s the Whig Party

and Democratic Party break up over the issue of slavery.and Democratic Party break up over the issue of slavery.

1. Division-1. Division- both parties had members in the North both parties had members in the North and South on both sides of the issue on slavery.and South on both sides of the issue on slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act-Kansas-Nebraska Act- This proposed that the territory of This proposed that the territory of Nebraska be divided into Kansas and Nebraska and grant Nebraska be divided into Kansas and Nebraska and grant the people of those new states popular sovereignty.the people of those new states popular sovereignty.

Political Mistakes Cont’d…Political Mistakes Cont’d… Pandora’s Box opened with the Kansas-Nebraska ActPandora’s Box opened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act

1. 1. New Opportunities-New Opportunities- Both the territories are north of Both the territories are north of 36,30’ giving southern slave owners the chance to 36,30’ giving southern slave owners the chance to expand slavery into an area previously off limitsexpand slavery into an area previously off limits

2. Voided-2. Voided- The Missouri Compromise and reopened The Missouri Compromise and reopened the argument about the expansion of slavery.the argument about the expansion of slavery.

3. New Parties-3. New Parties- Whole new parties emerge as a direct Whole new parties emerge as a direct result with their whole purpose to stop the spread of result with their whole purpose to stop the spread of slavery.slavery.

““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas” The Cause-The Cause- Kansas was settled by anti-slavery farmers Kansas was settled by anti-slavery farmers

but slave owners in Missouri rushed in people to win but slave owners in Missouri rushed in people to win control of the state for slavery. The Free-Soilers then paid control of the state for slavery. The Free-Soilers then paid for the resettlement of antislavery settlers from the for the resettlement of antislavery settlers from the Northeast to Kansas.Northeast to Kansas.

““The Pottawatomie Massacre”- The Pottawatomie Massacre”- 1. John Brown-1. John Brown- He believes God wants him to

fight slavery and in retaliation for an earlier incident kills 5 pro-slavery settlers with his sons.

2. Over 200 settlers on both sides die fighting over the issue of slavery

Political Reactions to the Political Reactions to the “Bleeding of Kansas”“Bleeding of Kansas”

Political Reactions-1. President Pierce- never responds to the issue

looking to stay above the incident2. Caning- Senator Charles Sumner of Mass.

verbally attacks colleagues, slavery in the South3. Congressman Preston S. Brooks- beats Sumner

for insults to uncle; Northerners condemn his actions while Southerners send him canes for the one he broke

4. Shows the growing hatred between Northerners and Southerners.

Republican Party is BornRepublican Party is Born Birth- 1854 a coalition of Free-Soilers and Abolitionist Whigs and

Democrats come together to form a new party.

Purpose- Appeal the Kansas-Nebraska Act and Fugitive Slave Law. Allow slavery but only in the old Southern states.

1. Success- Spread rapidly in the North and West and became the 2nd largest party behind the Democrats but it’s ideas would threaten and alienate the South

2. Election of 1856- First major election for Republicans they don’t win the White House but their candidate wins a lot of votes; a glimpse into the new power yet to emerge. Democrat President Buchanan elected but is weak.

Constitutional ProblemsConstitutional Problems Lecompton Constitution-Lecompton Constitution- In 1857 a proslavery In 1857 a proslavery

Constitution is submitted by the city of Lecompton, Constitution is submitted by the city of Lecompton, Kansas.Kansas.

1. Please accept-1. Please accept- President Buchanan asks President Buchanan asks Congress Congress to admit Kansas as a pro slavery state even to admit Kansas as a pro slavery state even though it though it was obvious the majority of people in was obvious the majority of people in Kansas were Kansas were against slavery.against slavery.

2. Rejection-2. Rejection- Congress rejected it with the support Congress rejected it with the support of a majority of Democrats and Republicans in of a majority of Democrats and Republicans in office. Later a antislavery Constitution is passed a office. Later a antislavery Constitution is passed a year later and Kansas is accepted.year later and Kansas is accepted.

Dredd Scott v. Stanford 1857 The Case-The Case- Dredd Scott a Dredd Scott a

slave in Missouri is taken to slave in Missouri is taken to Wisconsin a free state to Wisconsin a free state to live for two years. Believing live for two years. Believing his time in Wisconsin made his time in Wisconsin made him free he sues for his him free he sues for his freedom.freedom.

The Decision-The Decision- Chief Justice Chief Justice Taney a Southern Taney a Southern Democrat issues the ruling Democrat issues the ruling with majority court supportwith majority court support

1. Dredd Scott had no right to 1. Dredd Scott had no right to sue because the framers of the sue because the framers of the Constitution never intended for Constitution never intended for African descendants to be U.S. African descendants to be U.S. citizens.citizens.

2. Congress has no right to 2. Congress has no right to deprive anyone of personal deprive anyone of personal property, slaves are property property, slaves are property therefore Congress can not forbid therefore Congress can not forbid slavery in any territory.slavery in any territory.

3. Unconstitutional- Missouri 3. Unconstitutional- Missouri Compromise and any other laws Compromise and any other laws banning slavery banning slavery UNCONSTITUTIONALUNCONSTITUTIONAL

Reactions to Dredd Scott….Reactions to Dredd Scott….

Southern-Southern- delighted by the delighted by the decision and feel vindicateddecision and feel vindicated

Opportunity-Opportunity- All states are All states are now open to slaverynow open to slavery

North-North- Declare it the Declare it the greatest crime in history. greatest crime in history.

Conspiracy- Conspiracy- Northerners Northerners begin to believe slave begin to believe slave owners planned this all owners planned this all along along

Democrats- Democrats- Thousands of Thousands of Northern democrats become Northern democrats become Republican.Republican.

Lincoln- Douglass DebatesLincoln- Douglass Debates Senate Election of 1858-Senate Election of 1858-

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln challenges Stephen challenges Stephen Douglass for his seatDouglass for his seat

The ChallengersThe Challengers1. Lincoln-1. Lincoln- unknown unknown Republican candidateRepublican candidate2. Douglass-2. Douglass- Legendary politician Legendary politician seen as the last man seen as the last man capable of holding the capable of holding the Union together.Union together.3. Argument-3. Argument- The The moral of slaverymoral of slavery

Lincoln-Douglass Debates cont’d…Lincoln-Douglass Debates cont’d… Douglass Position-Douglass Position- Slavery is Slavery is

backward not immoral; let backward not immoral; let popular sovereignty will popular sovereignty will undermine slavery undermine slavery

Freeport Doctrine-Freeport Doctrine- Slavery Slavery can’t exist if the local citizens can’t exist if the local citizens do not pass laws to enforce it. do not pass laws to enforce it. Southern Democrats angered Southern Democrats angered over this splits Northern and over this splits Northern and Southern even further. Southern even further.

Lincoln Position-Lincoln Position- Slavery is Slavery is immoral. “A house divided immoral. “A house divided free and slave can not exist” free and slave can not exist”

““Evil of slavery” must be Evil of slavery” must be stopped through legislation.stopped through legislation.

Results- Results- Douglass wins the Douglass wins the election but Lincoln emerges election but Lincoln emerges as a National contender for as a National contender for the Presidency in 1860. the Presidency in 1860.

John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s FerryJohn Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry John Brown-John Brown- he decides he decides

to start a slave uprising to start a slave uprising in Virginia in 1859. in Virginia in 1859. Attacks the Federal Attacks the Federal arsenal at Harper’s arsenal at Harper’s Ferry.Ferry.

Caught-Caught- Brown is caught Brown is caught and hung for treason.and hung for treason.

Reactions-Reactions-– Northern Abolitionist Northern Abolitionist

admire him for his sacrificeadmire him for his sacrifice– Southerners see this as Southerners see this as

proof the North is going to proof the North is going to use slave revolts to use slave revolts to destroy them.destroy them.

Election of 1860Election of 1860 Breakup of the Democratic Breakup of the Democratic

Party-Party- in an argument in an argument between moderates and between moderates and radicals two different radicals two different people are nominated.people are nominated.

11. Douglass-. Douglass- moderate, moderate, popular sovereignty and popular sovereignty and Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law2. 2. Breckinridge- Breckinridge- unrestricted slavery and unrestricted slavery and annexation of all lands to annexation of all lands to expand slaveryexpand slavery

Republican Party-Republican Party- saw saw an easy win over a an easy win over a divided Democratic divided Democratic Party; platform favored Party; platform favored Northern interest.Northern interest.

– Problem:Problem: Southerners warned Southerners warned if Lincoln wins they if Lincoln wins they will secede from the will secede from the UnionUnion

1860 cont’d…1860 cont’d… ResultsResults-- Democrats split their votes and Democrats split their votes and

Republicans win the North.Republicans win the North.

Electoral vs. Popular Vote-Electoral vs. Popular Vote- Lincoln won the Lincoln won the electoral vote but only had 39% of the popular electoral vote but only had 39% of the popular votevote

SecessionSecession The Shaping of the Confederacy

1. South Carolina and 6 other states secede- Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Texas, Louisiana

2. Want complete independence from federal control

3. Fear end to their way of life

4. Want to preserve slave labor system

The Confederacy The Confederacy • The Confederacy- Feb. 1861 Confederacy or

Confederate States of America forms1. Confederacy permits slavery, recognizes

each state’s sovereignty2. Former senator Jefferson Davis

unanimously elected president

President Buchanan’s Response to Secessionist-President Buchanan’s Response to Secessionist- he does nothing arguing that it illegal to secede he does nothing arguing that it illegal to secede and illegal to stop them from seceding; and illegal to stop them from seceding; southerners also believe Lincoln will let them southerners also believe Lincoln will let them leave.leave.

Lincoln’s Dilemma Lincoln’s Dilemma Fort Sumter— Union outpost in Charleston, S.C. harbor.

Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter

Lincoln’s Decision-Lincoln’s Decision- 1. Reinforcing it by force would force the other slave states 1. Reinforcing it by force would force the other slave states

to to secede.secede.2. Not reinforcing it would give legitimacy to the 2. Not reinforcing it would give legitimacy to the

Confederacy.Confederacy.

Lincoln’s Decision-Lincoln’s Decision- he sent only food to the garrison. This would he sent only food to the garrison. This would leave the decision of starting a war up to South Carolina.leave the decision of starting a war up to South Carolina.

The Civil War BeginsThe Civil War Begins Fort Sumter Fort Sumter fired on April 11, 1861fired on April 11, 1861

Union support-Union support- the attack unites the North and the attack unites the North and volunteers enlist to put down the rebellionvolunteers enlist to put down the rebellion

The South in JeopardyThe South in Jeopardy Upper South-Upper South- Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas

join the Confederacy once Lincoln declares the use of troops to put join the Confederacy once Lincoln declares the use of troops to put down the rebellion.down the rebellion.

Border States- Border States- Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky can go Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky can go either way.either way.

1. Maryland-1. Maryland- put under martial law after an attack on federal put under martial law after an attack on federal troops along with Delawaretroops along with Delaware2. Missouri-2. Missouri- federal troops keep it from leaving federal troops keep it from leaving3. Kentucky-3. Kentucky- declares itself neutral; Lincoln does not move declares itself neutral; Lincoln does not move in in troops waits for the Confederacy to violate the neutrality to troops waits for the Confederacy to violate the neutrality to move move in troops.in troops.

Why so important- Why so important- If the border states had joined the If the border states had joined the Confederacy it would have made the war very difficult to fight Confederacy it would have made the war very difficult to fight

for the North.for the North.

Advantages going into the WarAdvantages going into the War North-North-

– Military:Military: North had 22 million people to the South’s North had 22 million people to the South’s 5.5 million free men. North also had control of the 5.5 million free men. North also had control of the Navy which let it control the rivers and trade.Navy which let it control the rivers and trade.

– Economic:Economic: controlled the banking and money in the controlled the banking and money in the country. Almost all the railroads, factories and food country. Almost all the railroads, factories and food farms in the North.farms in the North.

– Political: Political: Lincoln he had the vision on how the war Lincoln he had the vision on how the war should be fought and how to heal the nation after the should be fought and how to heal the nation after the war war

Advantages going into the WarAdvantages going into the War South-South-

– Military:Military: Defensive war and knowledge of their own Defensive war and knowledge of their own area. Experienced generals and high troop moralearea. Experienced generals and high troop morale

– Economic:Economic: Hope that the demand for cotton would Hope that the demand for cotton would bring foreign aid and support.bring foreign aid and support.

– Political:Political: Problem was the south wanted state’s rights Problem was the south wanted state’s rights but needed a strong central government to win the war. but needed a strong central government to win the war. This led to bitter infighting and division during the This led to bitter infighting and division during the war.war.

Union StrategyUnion Strategy Anaconda Plan:Anaconda Plan:

1. 1. Blockade southern ports to cut them off from foreign aid or supplies.

2. Divide the Confederacy into two parts by taking the Mississippi river.

3. Richmond- capture the Confederate capital and end the war

First Battle of Bull RunFirst Battle of Bull Run Washington D.CWashington D.C.-.- union soldiers march on Bull Run to defeat union soldiers march on Bull Run to defeat

Confederate troops and are close to victory.Confederate troops and are close to victory.

General “Stonewall” Jackson-General “Stonewall” Jackson- leader of the Confederate Army leader of the Confederate Army leads a charge that defeats the Union army sending them back to leads a charge that defeats the Union army sending them back to D.C. D.C.

ResultsResults- - 1. Destroys the illusion of a short war for the 1. Destroys the illusion of a short war for the North.North.

2. Lincoln appoint General McClellan in charge 2. Lincoln appoint General McClellan in charge of the of the Union Army.Union Army.

On to the Capital Battle of Richmond-Battle of Richmond- McClellan waits to attack Richmond; drills

troops for 5 months

1. 1. Robert E. Lee-Robert E. Lee- put in charge of the Confederate forces in Virginia he defeats McClellan. Lincoln removes McClellan as general, appoints Gen. Pope

2. 2. Second Battle of Bull Run-Second Battle of Bull Run- Lee sets a trap and defeats Pope. Lincoln fires Pope, replaces him with Gen. McClellan.

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam General Lee-General Lee- hoping a major victory will get support and aid for hoping a major victory will get support and aid for

the Confederacy Lee goes on the offensive.the Confederacy Lee goes on the offensive.

Trick up their sleeves-Trick up their sleeves- Gen. McClellan has a copy of Lee’s Gen. McClellan has a copy of Lee’s battle plan found dropped by a Confederate officer.battle plan found dropped by a Confederate officer.

Blood Everywhere-Blood Everywhere- The bloodiest single day in the Civil War The bloodiest single day in the Civil War over 22,000 are killed or wounded. over 22,000 are killed or wounded.

Retreat-Retreat- Lee retreats unable to defeat the Union army, but Lee retreats unable to defeat the Union army, but McClellan refuses to chase him down. Lincoln fires him for good, McClellan refuses to chase him down. Lincoln fires him for good, “Bad case of the slows”. “Bad case of the slows”.

Antietam cont’d…Antietam cont’d… Results-Results-

1. The loss prevents the South from getting 1. The loss prevents the South from getting recognition and aid from a foreign powerrecognition and aid from a foreign power

2. North claims it as a victory; Lincoln uses it 2. North claims it as a victory; Lincoln uses it announce the Emancipation Proclamation.announce the Emancipation Proclamation.

The End of SlaveryThe End of Slavery Emancipation Proclamation-Emancipation Proclamation- January 1 January 1stst, 1863 Abraham Lincoln , 1863 Abraham Lincoln

frees all the slaves in the states at war with the Union. frees all the slaves in the states at war with the Union.

– ConsequencesConsequences1. Only Slaves outside of the Union not within the Union.1. Only Slaves outside of the Union not within the Union.

2. Changed the focus of the war; no longer a war of 2. Changed the focus of the war; no longer a war of rebellion it was now a war against slavery (rebellion it was now a war against slavery (MORALWARMORALWAR).).

3. Freed Slaves can now be recruited into the Union Army.3. Freed Slaves can now be recruited into the Union Army.

4. ¼ of all slaves in the South fled to Union lines seeking 4. ¼ of all slaves in the South fled to Union lines seeking freedom. Over 200,000 Freedmen will volunteer in the freedom. Over 200,000 Freedmen will volunteer in the North in all black units such as the 54North in all black units such as the 54thth regiment, more regiment, more troops to fight the Confederacy.troops to fight the Confederacy.

1313thth Amendment Amendment Purpose-Purpose- This amendment abolishes slavery in This amendment abolishes slavery in

the United States for the first time in History, the United States for the first time in History, changing any misconception within the changing any misconception within the Constitution. Constitution.

New Weapons of the Civil WarNew Weapons of the Civil War IroncladsIronclads-- new metal armor ships, crush wooden new metal armor ships, crush wooden

shipsships– (North) Monitor vs. (South) Merrimac: (North) Monitor vs. (South) Merrimac: they fight to a they fight to a

duel after 5 hours.duel after 5 hours. Rifles-Rifles- more accurate, faster loading, more more accurate, faster loading, more

roundsrounds Artillery-Artillery- cannon fire took the romance out of cannon fire took the romance out of

any heroic chargeany heroic charge Trenches-Trenches- barricades gave a new advantage for barricades gave a new advantage for

soldiers fighting soldiers fighting

Ulysses S. Grant in the WestUlysses S. Grant in the West Forts Henry and Donnellson-Forts Henry and Donnellson- Grant captured

Confederate Forts Henry, Donnellson

Shiloh-Shiloh- March 1862, Confederate troops surprise Union soldiers at Shiloh

1. Grant counterattacks; Confederates retreat; thousands dead, wounded

2. Shiloh teaches preparation needed, Confederacy vulnerable in West, Mississippi open. New Orleans captured.

Politics of the Civil WarPolitics of the Civil War Britain Pursues Its Own Interests- has cotton

inventory from new sources in India and Egypt does not need it from the South.

Britain Needs- Northern wheat, corn; chooses neutrality

The Trent Affair- Confederate diplomats travel on the British ship Trent to get British, French support

1. U.S. Navy intercepts ship arrests them but Britain threatens war if not freed.

2. Lincoln frees them to avoid war with Britain.

Key Battles Signal the End of the Civil Key Battles Signal the End of the Civil WarWar

Vicksburg 1863-Vicksburg 1863- Under the control of General Ulysses S. Grant, Under the control of General Ulysses S. Grant, Union forces capture this Mississippi city.Union forces capture this Mississippi city.

ConsequenceConsequence1. Union cuts Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas from the rest of 1. Union cuts Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy. the Confederacy.

2. Grant seen by Lincoln as the man he needs to lead his 2. Grant seen by Lincoln as the man he needs to lead his forces to final victory over the Confederacy.forces to final victory over the Confederacy.

Key Key Battles cont’d… cont’d… Gettysburg-Gettysburg- May 1863, General Lee goes on the offensive with the May 1863, General Lee goes on the offensive with the

Confederate Army in Pennsylvania to see if a major victory will Confederate Army in Pennsylvania to see if a major victory will force a peace treaty with the Union. Surprises Union forces at this force a peace treaty with the Union. Surprises Union forces at this small town.small town.

The Battle-The Battle- In three days of fighting under Lee the Confederate In three days of fighting under Lee the Confederate forces can not break the Union lines and suffer staggering losses.forces can not break the Union lines and suffer staggering losses.– ConsequencesConsequences

1. South-1. South- is bled dry in this battle and broken for the rest is bled dry in this battle and broken for the rest of the of the war. From this point forward they are on the defensive. war. From this point forward they are on the defensive. Their Their spirit is broken.spirit is broken.

2. Bloodiest Battle-2. Bloodiest Battle- of the war, over 50,000 casualties. of the war, over 50,000 casualties. Many Many people are shocked by the carnage.people are shocked by the carnage.

3. Gettysburg Address-3. Gettysburg Address- Made by Lincoln in November Made by Lincoln in November of 1863 of 1863 calls for unity to honor the dead, rally point for calls for unity to honor the dead, rally point for the Union. One the Union. One of the most famous speeches in history.of the most famous speeches in history.

Grants’ Plan to End the WarGrants’ Plan to End the War War of Attrition-War of Attrition- Grant knows the Union has more supplies, Grant knows the Union has more supplies,

men, money. He plans to bleed the South dry and force their men, money. He plans to bleed the South dry and force their surrender. surrender.

Sherman’s March “SHERMINATOR”-Sherman’s March “SHERMINATOR”- Appointed by Gen. Appointed by Gen. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman will break the back of the Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman will break the back of the Confederacy and their will to fight on.Confederacy and their will to fight on.

– The PlanThe Plan1.1. Destroy everything from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Destroy everything from Chattanooga, Tennessee to

Savannah, Georgia.Savannah, Georgia.2.2. Sherman’s orders his men to destroy, railroads, homes, Sherman’s orders his men to destroy, railroads, homes,

farms and cotton fields.farms and cotton fields.3.3. Cities Burn- Atlanta, Savannah, and Columbia, S.C. are Cities Burn- Atlanta, Savannah, and Columbia, S.C. are

burned to the ground.burned to the ground.

Election of 1864Election of 1864 Northern Democrats-Northern Democrats- select Gen. McClellan on run select Gen. McClellan on run

on the platform of peace and end to the war.on the platform of peace and end to the war.

Republicans-Republicans- nominate Lincoln and a Southern nominate Lincoln and a Southern Democrat Andrew Johnson from Tennessee. Democrat Andrew Johnson from Tennessee.

Results-Results- Lincoln wins but the popular vote is close at Lincoln wins but the popular vote is close at 55% - 45%. 55% - 45%.

End of the WarEnd of the War Richmond Burned-Richmond Burned- Jefferson Davis’ government refuses to Jefferson Davis’ government refuses to

surrender and leaves the city after setting it on firesurrender and leaves the city after setting it on fire

Appomattox-Appomattox- April 9 April 9thth, 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrenders , 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrenders what’s left of his army to General Ulysses S. Grant at the what’s left of his army to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Appomattox courthouse. Appomattox courthouse.

Lincoln AssassinationLincoln Assassination Inaugural Address-Inaugural Address- After taking office for the second time After taking office for the second time

Lincoln urges the South be treated fairly and without malice.Lincoln urges the South be treated fairly and without malice.

April 14April 14thth 1865- 1865- John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in the Ford John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in the Ford Theater. This caused anger in the North at a time when the South Theater. This caused anger in the North at a time when the South needed sympathy. needed sympathy.

Lincoln’s Death-Lincoln’s Death- Changed the way the North would treat Changed the way the North would treat the South after the Civil War.the South after the Civil War.

Legacy of the Civil WarLegacy of the Civil War Costs-Costs-

1. 1. Economically-Economically- The South is ruined after the war, North The South is ruined after the war, North booming with new factories and no war damage. Billions booming with new factories and no war damage. Billions spent fighting the war.spent fighting the war.

22. Manpower-. Manpower- Nearly 600,000 men die fighting in the Civil Nearly 600,000 men die fighting in the Civil War.War.

3. 3. Government-Government- The Republican Party dominates Congress The Republican Party dominates Congress for the next 70 years.for the next 70 years.

ReconstructionReconstruction

Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan Proclamation and Amnesty Plan-Proclamation and Amnesty Plan- way to repair way to repair

the union.the union.– Full Presidential Pardon- Full Presidential Pardon-

1. Southerners take an oath of loyalty to the Union and 1. Southerners take an oath of loyalty to the Union and Constitution Constitution

2. Accept Emancipation of all slaves2. Accept Emancipation of all slaves 3. At least 10% of all voters must take an oath of loyalty to 3. At least 10% of all voters must take an oath of loyalty to

the Unionthe Union

Wade-Davis Bill 1864Wade-Davis Bill 1864 Republicans-Republicans- Congress rejected Lincoln’s 10% idea because the Congress rejected Lincoln’s 10% idea because the

state governments would fall under secessionists. state governments would fall under secessionists.

– New Plan-New Plan- This required that 50% of voters take an oath of This required that 50% of voters take an oath of loyalty. Only non- Confederates can vote on a new state loyalty. Only non- Confederates can vote on a new state constitution. constitution.

1. 1. Lincoln veto’s-Lincoln veto’s- the bill but Congress was the bill but Congress was looking looking to to change things in 1865.change things in 1865.

Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau Purpose-Purpose- To provide food, shelter and medical supplies to To provide food, shelter and medical supplies to

newly freed blacks and homeless whites affected by the war.newly freed blacks and homeless whites affected by the war.

11. Land-. Land- Freed slaves were resettled on confiscated slave Freed slaves were resettled on confiscated slave owners lands until President Johnson pardons all owners lands until President Johnson pardons all Confederates and the courts give the land back to former Confederates and the courts give the land back to former slave owners. slave owners.

2. Education-2. Education- Greatest success nearly 3,000 schools are Greatest success nearly 3,000 schools are formed and Historically Black Colleges and Universities formed and Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) established. Over 200,000 freedmen educated by the (HBCU) established. Over 200,000 freedmen educated by the Bureau. Bureau.

President Johnson and ReconstructionPresident Johnson and Reconstruction Wrong man for the Job-Wrong man for the Job- he was first welcomed into the job he was first welcomed into the job

because of his loyalty to the Union but that changed quickly. because of his loyalty to the Union but that changed quickly. Republicans begin to hate who he is and his presidency.Republicans begin to hate who he is and his presidency.

Policy-Policy- Johnson was a white supremacist and used his power to Johnson was a white supremacist and used his power to grant pardons to former Confederate Leaders, as a result many were grant pardons to former Confederate Leaders, as a result many were re-elected into office by 1865.re-elected into office by 1865.

Southern Governments-Southern Governments- By 1865 all 11 Confederate states were By 1865 all 11 Confederate states were part of the Union again but with two major problems.part of the Union again but with two major problems.

1. Blacks-1. Blacks- Non of the southern states extended voting rights to Non of the southern states extended voting rights to freed blacks.freed blacks.

2. Leaders-2. Leaders- too many former Confederate leaders were re- too many former Confederate leaders were re-elected to Congress because of Johnsons pardons. elected to Congress because of Johnsons pardons.

Black CodesBlack Codes Purpose-Purpose- adopted by southern states to restrict the rights and adopted by southern states to restrict the rights and

movements of freed salves.movements of freed salves.

1. Prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing 1. Prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land.money to buy land.

2. Prohibited Blacks from testifying in court against 2. Prohibited Blacks from testifying in court against Whites.Whites.

3. Contracts- blacks had to sign permanent work 3. Contracts- blacks had to sign permanent work contracts with contracts with former slave owners former slave owners

Who won the War?Who won the War? Radical Republicans-Radical Republicans- they are appalled by Johnson and reports in they are appalled by Johnson and reports in

the South. They decide to shape Reconstruction under their the South. They decide to shape Reconstruction under their leadership.leadership.

Purpose-Purpose- they wish to extend equal rights to Blacks in the South they wish to extend equal rights to Blacks in the South by imposing military control.by imposing military control.

11. . Civil Rights Act 1866-Civil Rights Act 1866- All Africans-Americans are All Africans-Americans are citizens citizens of the U.S. of the U.S.

Two Major AmendmentsTwo Major Amendments 1414thth Amendment- Amendment-

1. Declares all people born or naturalized in the United States 1. Declares all people born or naturalized in the United States citizens.citizens.

2. Made states respect the rights of all citizens by providing 2. Made states respect the rights of all citizens by providing them with “Equal protection of the laws” and “Due Process them with “Equal protection of the laws” and “Due Process Under the Law”.Under the Law”.

1515thth Amendment- Amendment-1. ALL BLACK MALES GAIN THE RIGHT TO VOTE.1. ALL BLACK MALES GAIN THE RIGHT TO VOTE.

2. Prohibits a state or the federal government denying a person 2. Prohibits a state or the federal government denying a person the right to vote on the basis of race or color.the right to vote on the basis of race or color.

President Johnson’s ImpeachmentPresident Johnson’s Impeachment Removed-Removed- President Johnson becomes the 1 President Johnson becomes the 1stst president president

impeached by Congress.impeached by Congress.

Reason-Reason- Radical Republicans attempt to limit his ability Radical Republicans attempt to limit his ability to change military leaders. Johnson does so and is to change military leaders. Johnson does so and is charged with 11 war crimes against America.charged with 11 war crimes against America.

Escaped-Escaped- Congress falls one vote shy, some Republicans Congress falls one vote shy, some Republicans think its wrong to remove a President for political think its wrong to remove a President for political reasons. Lame duck President.reasons. Lame duck President.

Reconstruction in the SouthReconstruction in the South Blacks-Blacks- Several reforms were put in place to address newly freed Several reforms were put in place to address newly freed

slaves.slaves.

1. Education-1. Education- Key to attain equality with whites in Key to attain equality with whites in America.America.

2. Church-2. Church- Many left white churches and formed African Many left white churches and formed African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) and Baptist churches.Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) and Baptist churches.

3. Sharecropping-3. Sharecropping- A landlord provided seed and other farm A landlord provided seed and other farm supplies in return for half of the harvest. Many fell into supplies in return for half of the harvest. Many fell into

debt and in effect became defunct servants for rich white debt and in effect became defunct servants for rich white land land owners. owners.

Reconstruction cont’d…Reconstruction cont’d… White Violence and Oppression-White Violence and Oppression- most southern states most southern states

had secret societies who intimidated black and white had secret societies who intimidated black and white reformers.reformers.

– Ku Klux Klan-Ku Klux Klan- composed of ex-confederate soldiers they use composed of ex-confederate soldiers they use brutal tactics to intimidate anyone opposed to their White brutal tactics to intimidate anyone opposed to their White Power Message.Power Message.

– Carpetbaggers-Carpetbaggers- Northern newcomers to the south who came to Northern newcomers to the south who came to reform itreform it

– Scalawags-Scalawags- Name given by Democrats to Southern Name given by Democrats to Southern RepublicansRepublicans

Legacy Of ReconstructionLegacy Of Reconstruction The End-The End- Reconstruction officially ends in 1877 but was declining Reconstruction officially ends in 1877 but was declining

rapidly since 1872.rapidly since 1872.

Supreme Court-Supreme Court- Passes a series of rulings that undermine the laws Passes a series of rulings that undermine the laws established by Republicans to grant equality for blacksestablished by Republicans to grant equality for blacks

Northern Support Fades-Northern Support Fades- 1. Tired of trying to change the thinking of southern whites; 1. Tired of trying to change the thinking of southern whites; seem stuck in their ways. Government can’t regulate moral and seem stuck in their ways. Government can’t regulate moral and social change.social change.2. Want to put the Civil War Behind them2. Want to put the Civil War Behind them3. Focus on National Issues3. Focus on National Issues

Legacy Cont’d…Legacy Cont’d… AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

1. 131. 13th,th, 14 14thth and 15 and 15thth Amendment Amendment2. Basis for the Civil Rights Movement2. Basis for the Civil Rights Movement3. Public Education in the south benefited both whites and 3. Public Education in the south benefited both whites and blacks.blacks.

FailuresFailures1. Failure of the Republican Party to protect the rights granted to 1. Failure of the Republican Party to protect the rights granted to freed blacks. freed blacks. 2. Failure to redistribute land leads to poor economic 2. Failure to redistribute land leads to poor economic development; south falls even further behind the North. development; south falls even further behind the North. 3. Emergence of White Supremacist groups who use violence 3. Emergence of White Supremacist groups who use violence for the next 80 years to control blacks and white reformers in for the next 80 years to control blacks and white reformers in the south.the south.