The End of World The End of World War IWar I1917: not good for the

Allies

•Western Front offensives had failed

•Russia forced to withdraw from War because of civil war

•War weariness (both sides)

The United States entered the War in 1917 and gave the Allies a strong psychological boost, along with fresh men and materials

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

http://www.authentichistory.com/audio/ww1/American_Quartet-Over_There.html

Johnnie get your gun, get you gun, get your gun,Take it on the run, on the run, on the run,Hear them calling you and me;Every son of LibertyHurry right away, no delay, go today,Make your daddy glad to have had such a ladTell your sweetheart not to pine,To be proud her boy's in line.

Chorus:Over There, Over ThereSend the word, send the word, Over ThereThat the Yanks are coming, The Yanks are coming,The drums rum tumming everywhereSo prepare, Say a PrayerSend the word,Send the word to bewareWe'll be over, we're coming over.And we won't be back till it's over over there!

Johnnie get your gun, get you gun, get your gun,Johnnie show the Hun, you're a Son-of-a-Gun,Hoist the flag and let her flyLike true heros do or diePack your little kit, show your grit, do your bit,Soldiers to the ranks from the towns and the tanks,Make your Mother proud of you and to Liberty be true.

Chorus:Over There, Over ThereSend the word, send the word, Over ThereThat the Yanks are coming, The Yanks are coming,The drums rum tumming everywhereSo prepare, Say a PrayerSend the word,Send the word to bewareWe'll be over, we're coming over.And we won't be back till it's over over there!

Over There by George M. Cohan, 1918

The End of World The End of World War IWar IRussia’s withdrawal enabled Germany to totally

concentrate on the Western Front

Eric von Ludendorff: German military commander who decided to take a chance of breaking the stalemate with one huge offensive in the West

March 1918: Germany launches the Ludendorff Offensive

By April, the German troops pushed to within 50 miles of Paris

The End of World The End of World War IWar IFrench, Moroccan, and fresh American troops were able

to stop the German advance

Along with hundreds of tanks, an new weapon of war“We heard strange throbbing noises, and lumbering slowly towards us came three huge mechanical monsters such as we had never seen before. My first impression was that they looked ready to topple on their noses…

…but their tails and the two little wheels at the back held them down and kept them level…. Instead of going on to the German lines, the three tanks assigned to us straddled our front line, stopped and then opened up with murderous machine-gun fire….They finally realized they were in the wrong trench and moved on, frightening the Germans out of their wits and making them scuttle like frightened rabbits.”

From Eyewitness to History, John Carey, ed., 1987

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

The End of World The End of World War IWar IOver the next four months, more than a million American

troops arrived in France

By the end of September, Ludendorff informed German leaders that the war was lost

He demanded that the government ask for peace at once

The End of World The End of World War IWar IThe Allies were not willing to negotiate with an autocratic

imperial government

The German government began to make liberal reforms

The German people at this point were exhausted and angry

November 3, 1918: sailors in Kiel, Germany revolted

Within days, workers, councils, and soldiers throughout northern Germany had begun to take over civilian and military offices

The End of World The End of World War IWar INovember 9: public

pressure forces William II to leave the country

Friedrich Ebert: leader of the Social Democrats who announced the creation of a new German democratic republic

Two days later, this new government signed an armistice (a truce, or an agreement to end the fighting)

The End of World The End of World War IWar IAlthough the war was over, a new civil war was underway

in Germany

December 1918: German Communist Party is formed

In January, they attempted to forcibly seize power in Berlin

The Social Democrats were backed by the regular army and crushed the rebellion

-they murdered the leaders of the Berlin Communists

A similar attempt in Munich was also crushed

Slogan for Workers’ Revolution

The End of World The End of World War IWar IThe Social Democrats were able to maintain power

But the German middle class was in deep fear of communismAustria-Hungary: ethnic groups in this empire were able to increasingly achieve independence

This empire became the newly independent states of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

The End of World The End of World War IWar IJanuary, 1919:

representatives from 27 Allied nations met in Paris

Woodrow Wilson: “Fourteen Points”

Wilson wanted a just and lasting peace through open diplomacy rather than secret negotiations

He wanted to reduce military forces and weapons

He also wanted self-determination (the right of every people to have their own nation)

The End of World The End of World War IWar IWilson portrayed World War I as a people’s war against

absolutism and militarism

Saw these as the main enemies of liberty

Believed in the creation of new, democratic states, both great and small

Wanted a new world order based on democracy and international cooperation

Soon after the peace conference began, it was obvious that there were more political motives than Wilson anticipated

The End of World The End of World War IWar IThere had been secret agreements made before and

during the war

They promised territorial gains to some countries which could not be forgotten or ignored

The Big Three:

•David Lloyd George (Great Britain)

•Georges Clemenceau (France)

•Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)

The End of World The End of World War IWar IWilson had a very difficult time with his platform

David Lloyd George was elected to prime minister with the slogan “make Germany pay for this dreadful war”

France and its people had suffered the most from German aggression

Georges Clemenceau wanted revenge as well as security against future German aggression

Clemenceau wanted Germany stripped of all weapons, and he wanted Germany to cover all of the costs of war (reparations)

He also wanted a buffer state in the Rhineland area to separate France and Germany

The End of World The End of World War IWar IGermany and France

shared a long border

Germany was not invited to attend the peace talks in Paris

Russia was not able to be present because of its civil war

(decisions were made that effected these countries and issues which led to the next world war)

The End of World The End of World War IWar IThere were many disagreements between the Big Three

Wilson wanted a world organization to prevent future wars (League of Nations)

Lloyd George and Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany

In January, 1919, the conference agreed to create the League of Nations

Wilson had to compromise on some territorial arrangements

Clemenceau compromised and gave up the idea of a separate Rhineland

But he accepted a new defensive alliance with the United States and Great Britain

The United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Paris, which weakened the settlement

The End of World The End of World War IWar IThe final peace settlement consisted of five separate

peace treaties with the defeated nations of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey

Treaty of Versailles: German peace settlement from World War I

The Germans had little choice but to sign the agreement because of their situation (could not risk war)

War Guilt Clause: Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles which declared that Germany and Austria were solely responsible for starting the war

Germany was ordered to pay reparations for all of the damages to which the Allied governments and people had been subjected to

There was no monetary amount set—impossible?

The End of World The End of World War IWar IMilitary and territorial provisions also angered Germany

•Reduce army to 100,000

•Cut back on navy

•Totally eliminate the air force

•The territories of Alsace and Lorraine were given to France

•Sections of eastern Germany became a new Polish state

•German territory along the Rhine River became a demilitarized zone

The End of World The End of World War IWar IAs a result of the Treaty of Versailles:

New political states created (Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary)

-Romania gained lands from Russia, Hungary, and Bulgaria

-Yugoslavia created (combined Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes)

Russian territory given to the new state of Poland

No more Austro-Hungarian or German Empire

Because of the great ethnic diversity in eastern Europe, some compromised were made as not all ethnic groups received self-determination

The End of World The End of World War IWar IAlmost every eastern

European state was left with large ethnic minorities

•Many Germans in Poland•Many Germans, Hungarians, and Poles in Czechoslovakia •Many Hungarians in Romania•Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, and Albanians in Yugoslavia

The End of World The End of World War IWar IThe Ottoman Empire

was also broken up

To gain Arab support during the war, the Allies promised the creation of independent Arab states following the war

They changed their minds, and France took control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain took control of Iraq and Palestine

Wilson opposed the annexation of territories, so the mandate system was createdIn this system, a nation officially governed another nation as a mandate on behalf of the League of Nations but they did not own the territory

The End of World The End of World War IWar IAs a result of World War I, over 10 million people had died

There was incredible destruction from the total war as all resources and people of a country participated in the war effort

As a result, governments gained more power over their people, which undermined many of the late freedoms that were gained during the late 1800s

•Limitations put on Freedom of Press and Freedom of Speech in the name of national security

The war justified a strong, central authoritarian governments

New revolutions and new states in Europe created new insecurities and distrust

The Treaty of Versailles also did little to insure a lasting peace

The hope that Europe could return to normalcy was very short-lived

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

Truce agreementTruce agreementA.A. Mandate systemMandate system

B.B. Lloyd GeorgeLloyd George

C.C. ArmisticeArmistice

D.D. Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau

E.E. reparationsreparationsSMART Response QuestionTo set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

Payments to cover war costsPayments to cover war costsA.A. Mandate systemMandate system

B.B. Lloyd GeorgeLloyd George

C.C. ArmisticeArmistice

D.D. Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau

E.E. reparationsreparationsSMART Response QuestionTo set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

Governing without owning the Governing without owning the territoryterritory

A.A. Mandate systemMandate system

B.B. Lloyd GeorgeLloyd George

C.C. ArmisticeArmistice

D.D. Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau

E.E. reparationsreparations SMART Response QuestionTo set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

British prime minister in 1919British prime minister in 1919A.A. Mandate systemMandate system

B.B. Lloyd GeorgeLloyd George

C.C. ArmisticeArmistice

D.D. Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau

E.E. reparationsreparationsSMART Response QuestionTo set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

French premier in 1919French premier in 1919A.A. Mandate systemMandate system

B.B. Lloyd GeorgeLloyd George

C.C. ArmisticeArmistice

D.D. Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau

E.E. reparationsreparationsSMART Response QuestionTo set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

American president Woodrow Wilson American president Woodrow Wilson argued at the Paris Peace Conference argued at the Paris Peace Conference most strongly formost strongly for

A.A. Forgiving GermanyForgiving Germany

B.B. Restoration of Russia’s czar to end Restoration of Russia’s czar to end communismcommunism

C.C. A League of Nations to prevent future warsA League of Nations to prevent future wars

D.D. The outright annexation of territories by the The outright annexation of territories by the AlliesAllies

E.E. Freedom of the seasFreedom of the seas

SMART Response QuestionTo set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

To gain Arab support against the To gain Arab support against the Ottoman Turks during the war, the Allies Ottoman Turks during the war, the Allies had promised tohad promised to

A.A. Recognize independent Arab statesRecognize independent Arab states

B.B. Destroy the Austro-Hungarian EmpireDestroy the Austro-Hungarian Empire

C.C. Keep Russia out of EgyptKeep Russia out of Egypt

D.D. Buy Arabian oilBuy Arabian oil

E.E. Send in military advisors like Lawrance of Send in military advisors like Lawrance of Arabia to incite internal violenceArabia to incite internal violenceSMART Response Question

To set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

Under the terms of the Treaty of Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to Versailles, Germany was forced to do all of the following do all of the following exceptexcept

A.A. Return Alsace and Lorraine to FranceReturn Alsace and Lorraine to FranceB.B. Give up land to a new Polish stateGive up land to a new Polish stateC.C. Pay for war damagesPay for war damagesD.D. Run Italy as a mandateRun Italy as a mandateE.E. Reduce the size of its navyReduce the size of its navy

SMART Response QuestionTo set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

The Treaty of Versailles was signed by The Treaty of Versailles was signed by the Big Three powers as a peace the Big Three powers as a peace settlement withsettlement with

A.A. Germany, Ausria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Germany, Ausria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and TurkeyTurkey

B.B. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and BulgariaGermany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria

C.C. Germany and Austria-HungaryGermany and Austria-Hungary

D.D. GermanyGermany

E.E. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and JapanGermany, Austria-Hungary, and JapanSMART Response QuestionTo set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...

The End of World The End of World War IWar I

After German emperor William II After German emperor William II fled the country in 1918, Germany fled the country in 1918, Germany formed aformed a

A.A. Communist governmentCommunist government

B.B. Democratic republicDemocratic republic

C.C. Constitutional monarchyConstitutional monarchy

D.D. Military dictatorshipMilitary dictatorship

E.E. Socialist governmentSocialist government

SMART Response QuestionTo set the properties right click and selectSMART Response Question Object->Properties...