The End of WWIThe End of WWI

The U.S. Enters the WarThe U.S. Enters the War

►By 1917, the Germans announced a By 1917, the Germans announced a policy of Unrestricted Submarine policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- sink any ship near Britain.Warfare- sink any ship near Britain.

►The US was neutral at the time and The US was neutral at the time and continued trading with Britain, continued trading with Britain, Germany upset.Germany upset.

►3 American ships were sunk, Pres. 3 American ships were sunk, Pres. Wilson upset.Wilson upset.

Unrestricted Submarine WarfareUnrestricted Submarine Warfare

President Woodrow WilsonPresident Woodrow Wilson

Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram

►The British intercepted a telegram to The British intercepted a telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico.the German ambassador in Mexico.

►Telegram asked Mexico to ally with Telegram asked Mexico to ally with Germany and start a war with the US Germany and start a war with the US to keep them distracted.to keep them distracted.

►Pres. Wilson was outraged and asked Pres. Wilson was outraged and asked Congress to declare war against Congress to declare war against Germany (4/2/1917).Germany (4/2/1917).

►The US joined the side of the AlliesThe US joined the side of the Allies

Total WarTotal War

►WWI was a total war- all aspects of the WWI was a total war- all aspects of the country were dedicated to the war effort.country were dedicated to the war effort.

►Rationing was a common practice- Rationing was a common practice- governments only allowed small amounts governments only allowed small amounts of food and supplies to be purchased.of food and supplies to be purchased.

►Propaganda also used to encourage Propaganda also used to encourage people to support/join the war.people to support/join the war.

►Women worked the factories to make up Women worked the factories to make up for the men being gone.for the men being gone.

Russia withdraws from WarRussia withdraws from War

• Civil Unrest due to lack of food, Civil Unrest due to lack of food, suppliessupplies

• Czar Nicholas abdicates throneCzar Nicholas abdicates throne• By 1917- 5.5 million casualties By 1917- 5.5 million casualties • Communist “Lenin” seizes power Communist “Lenin” seizes power

& signs a truce with Germany & signs a truce with Germany (ends war March 1918)(ends war March 1918)

• Germany can now focus on W. Germany can now focus on W. FrontFront

• With U.S. help, the Central With U.S. help, the Central Powers were defeated.Powers were defeated.

• 11/9/1918- Armistice signed to 11/9/1918- Armistice signed to end the war.end the war.

Aftermath of WWIAftermath of WWI

► By the Numbers:By the Numbers: Estimated cost $338 Estimated cost $338

billionbillion

8.5 million soldiers 8.5 million soldiers dieddied

21 million more 21 million more woundedwounded

Millions of civilians Millions of civilians were killedwere killed

Aftermath of WWIAftermath of WWI

U.S. 117,000

France 1,385,000

Britain 703,000

Russia 1,700,000

Italy 460,000

Germany 1,718,000

Austria H 1,200,000

Effects of WWIEffects of WWI

►World War I had four main World War I had four main effects:effects: Millions of lives lostMillions of lives lost

Countries bankrupted by Countries bankrupted by warwar

Land, towns, and villages Land, towns, and villages destroyeddestroyed

““the lost generation”, the lost generation”, widespread disillusionmentwidespread disillusionment

(Insecurity & Despair)(Insecurity & Despair)

The Allies Meet at VersaillesThe Allies Meet at Versailles

► On January 18, 1919 the allies met at the On January 18, 1919 the allies met at the Paris Peace Conference.Paris Peace Conference.

► 32 countries attended but most of 32 countries attended but most of the decisions were made by the the decisions were made by the ““Big Four”:Big Four”: United States- Pres. WilsonUnited States- Pres. Wilson France- Georges ClemenceauFrance- Georges Clemenceau Great Britain- David Lloyd GeorgeGreat Britain- David Lloyd George Italy- Vittorio OrlandoItaly- Vittorio Orlando Germany and its allies were not invited.Germany and its allies were not invited.

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points

►Woodrow Wilson’s Woodrow Wilson’s plan to build a plan to build a lasting peace in lasting peace in EuropeEurope

► The guiding idea The guiding idea behind the plan was behind the plan was popular sovereignty. popular sovereignty. People would decide People would decide for themselves under for themselves under which government which government they wanted to live.they wanted to live.

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points

► The points:The points: End of secret treatiesEnd of secret treaties Freedom of the seasFreedom of the seas Free tradeFree trade Reduced army and navy sizesReduced army and navy sizes Colonial possessions adjusted Colonial possessions adjusted

with the colonial people in mindwith the colonial people in mind

Points 6- 13 were specific Points 6- 13 were specific suggestions for changing borders suggestions for changing borders and creating new nationsand creating new nations

The Allies Dictate a Harsh The Allies Dictate a Harsh PeacePeace

►Great Britain and France Great Britain and France thought the Fourteen Points thought the Fourteen Points was too easy on Germany.was too easy on Germany.

►Georges Clemenceau (Premier Georges Clemenceau (Premier of France) wanted to punish of France) wanted to punish Germany by dismantling their Germany by dismantling their army and making them pay army and making them pay for the war.for the war.

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

►What are two reasons that France may What are two reasons that France may have wanted to punish Germany more have wanted to punish Germany more than the United States did?than the United States did?

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

► The Treaty of The Treaty of Versailles was Versailles was signed on June signed on June 28,1919.28,1919.

► The treaty had four The treaty had four major provisions:major provisions:

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of VersaillesProvision #1Provision #1

► League of Nations:League of Nations:-International peace -International peace

organization;organization;

membership included Allied membership included Allied nations as well as 32 other nations as well as 32 other onesones

-Germany and Russia were -Germany and Russia were excludedexcluded

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesProvision #2Provision #2

► Territorial Losses:Territorial Losses: Germany had to Germany had to

return Alsace & return Alsace & Lorraine to France. Lorraine to France. France’s border was France’s border was extended to the extended to the Rhine River.Rhine River.

Germany had to give Germany had to give up all of its colonies up all of its colonies in Africa and the in Africa and the Pacific.Pacific.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesProvision #3Provision #3

►Military RestrictionsMilitary Restrictions German army could be no German army could be no

larger than 100,000.larger than 100,000.

Germany prohibited from Germany prohibited from manufacturing or importing manufacturing or importing weapons or war material.weapons or war material.

Germany forbidden to build Germany forbidden to build submarines or air force.submarines or air force.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesProvision #4Provision #4

►War Guilt:War Guilt: Sole responsibility for the war Sole responsibility for the war

was placed on Germany.was placed on Germany.

Germany had to pay the Allies Germany had to pay the Allies $33 billion over 30 years to $33 billion over 30 years to cover the costs of the war. cover the costs of the war. (a.k.a. war reparations)(a.k.a. war reparations)

The Creation of New NationsThe Creation of New Nations

► To split up the To split up the central powers, central powers, many new countries many new countries were created after were created after WWIWWI

►New countries New countries included:included: PolandPoland CzechslovakiaCzechslovakia YugoslaviaYugoslavia

A Peace Built on QuicksandA Peace Built on Quicksand

►The U.S. ultimately rejected the Treaty The U.S. ultimately rejected the Treaty of Versaillesof Versailles

►Many Germans were left with Many Germans were left with bitterness and hatredbitterness and hatred

► Instead of building a lasting peace, the Instead of building a lasting peace, the stage was set for the second world warstage was set for the second world war