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The Endocrine The Endocrine SystemSystem
Rachel R. Rachel R. Gabie F. Gabie F. Kyle B.Kyle B.
Steffanie M.Steffanie M.
The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System responsible for keeping balance and maintaining responsible for keeping balance and maintaining
homeostasis in the body. homeostasis in the body. important for regulating important for regulating
moodmood growth and developmentgrowth and development tissue functiontissue function metabolismmetabolism sexual functions and reproductive processes within the sexual functions and reproductive processes within the
body.body.
must respond to constant changes in external must respond to constant changes in external environment with the regulation of the internal environment with the regulation of the internal processes inside the body.processes inside the body. feedback loops feedback loops release of hormonesrelease of hormones
Parts: HORMONES Parts: HORMONES produced and secreted
by Endocrine Glands chemicals in the body
that carry messages and information to and from target cells hormones and target
cells have receptors allow the hormone to
latch onto specific cells and the cell to recognize the corresponding hormones
when hormones attach to a cell they: Activate or inactivate
enzymes Stimulate genetic material
(production of enzymes and proteins)
Change the permeability of cells
Parts: ENDOCRINE Parts: ENDOCRINE GLANDSGLANDS
specialized group of specialized group of cells that produce cells that produce and secrete and secrete hormoneshormones
glands are ductless glands are ductless (no tubes) releasing (no tubes) releasing hormones directly hormones directly into bloodstreaminto bloodstream
GlandGland HormoneHormone FunctionFunction
HypothalamusHypothalamus
Links nervous system and endocrine systemLinks nervous system and endocrine systemChemicals control production and secretion of hormones in pituatiry gland Chemicals control production and secretion of hormones in pituatiry gland
Controls feelings of hunger and thirst, emotions and behaviors Controls feelings of hunger and thirst, emotions and behaviors Maintains body temp., water balance, and blood pressureMaintains body temp., water balance, and blood pressure
Pituitary Pituitary ““the master gland”the master gland”
Anterior lobeAnterior loberegulates regulates
thyroid, adrenal thyroid, adrenal and and
reproductive reproductive glandsglands
Thyroid stimulating Thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)hormones (TSH)
Regulates production and secretion Regulates production and secretion of thyroid hormonesof thyroid hormones
Growth hormoneGrowth hormone Oversees growth, development and Oversees growth, development and protein production protein production
CortiotropinCortiotropin Regulates production and secretion Regulates production and secretion of adrenal (cortex) hormonesof adrenal (cortex) hormones
EndorphinsEndorphins Reduces feelings of painReduces feelings of pain
Posterior lobePosterior lobebalance of balance of
water in the water in the bodybody
Antidiuretic Antidiuretic hormonehormone
Control blood pressure and water Control blood pressure and water retention in kidneysretention in kidneys
OxytocinOxytocin Contraction of uterus during Contraction of uterus during pregnancypregnancy
ProlactinProlactin Initiates milk productionInitiates milk production
Thyroid glandThyroid glandContains iodineContains iodine Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones
Regulates metabolism Regulates metabolism growth, maturation, body temp. and growth, maturation, body temp. and
weightweight
Parathyroid Parathyroid Parathyroid hormonesParathyroid hormones Bone formation, excretion of Bone formation, excretion of calcium and phosphorouscalcium and phosphorous
GlandGland HormoneHormone FunctionFunctionPineal Pineal Melatonin Melatonin Regulates when you sleep and when Regulates when you sleep and when
you wake, darkness and lightyou wake, darkness and light
ThymusThymusInitiates immune system Initiates immune system
Stops working after pubertyStops working after pubertyThymosin Thymosin Controls production of antibodiesControls production of antibodies
Pancreas Pancreas Insulin Insulin lowers blood sugar level, stimulate lowers blood sugar level, stimulate
metabolism of protein, glucose, fat metabolism of protein, glucose, fat
glucagonglucagon Raises level of blood sugarRaises level of blood sugar
AdrenalAdrenal
Medulla - adrenalineMedulla - adrenaline Responds to stressors (fright, anger, Responds to stressors (fright, anger, low blood sugar, caffeine)low blood sugar, caffeine)
Cortex - corticosteroids (cortisone)Cortex - corticosteroids (cortisone)
aldosteronealdosterone
Corticosteroids- anti-inflammatoryCorticosteroids- anti-inflammatory
Aldosterone- balance of salt and Aldosterone- balance of salt and waterwater
GonadsGonads
Testes- testosteroneTestes- testosterone
male characteristics like deepening male characteristics like deepening of voice, hair (facial and pubic), of voice, hair (facial and pubic),
penis and height growth, production penis and height growth, production of spermof sperm
Ovaries-estrogen Ovaries-estrogen progesteroneprogesterone
Estrogen-female sexual Estrogen-female sexual characteristics and reproduction, characteristics and reproduction,
breast and height growth, increase breast and height growth, increase in body fat, and in body fat, and
Progesterone-prepares uterus for Progesterone-prepares uterus for fertilization and breast of lactationfertilization and breast of lactation
both regulate menstrual cycleboth regulate menstrual cycle
Heart HormonesHeart Hormones
The human heart The human heart releases hormonesreleases hormones Type A and B Type A and B
Natriuretic Peptides Natriuretic Peptides lower blood pressure lower blood pressure
Relaxes arterioles, Relaxes arterioles, stops absorption of stops absorption of sodium by kidneys, sodium by kidneys, prevents secretion prevents secretion of renin and of renin and aldosteronealdosterone
Ventricles release Type B Natriuretic
Peptides
Atria release Type A Natriuretic
Peptides
Kidney HormonesKidney Hormones
The kidney also The kidney also releases hormonesreleases hormones ErythropoietinErythropoietin
Works in bone Works in bone marrow to increase marrow to increase production of RBCproduction of RBC
CalcitriolCalcitriol helps transfer helps transfer
calcium from bone to calcium from bone to blood blood
supports absorption supports absorption of calcium from food of calcium from food in the intestinesin the intestines
HOW DOES IT WORK?HOW DOES IT WORK? body reacts to a stimulusbody reacts to a stimulus
brain sends instructions to brain sends instructions to endocrine systemendocrine system glands glands send feedback and react to send feedback and react to stimulus stimulus
A specific hormone is then A specific hormone is then released into bloodstream released into bloodstream and latch on to target cellsand latch on to target cells
When level of hormone rises the When level of hormone rises the hypothalamus sends message to pituitaryhypothalamus sends message to pituitary Tells organ to stop producing hormone Tells organ to stop producing hormone
When this process does not run smoothly then When this process does not run smoothly then problems with the Endocrine System occur…problems with the Endocrine System occur…
DiabetesDiabetes
DiabetesDiabetes-A disease in which the body does not produce -A disease in which the body does not produce
or properly use insulin.or properly use insulin.
Interesting Fact: 23.6 million children & adults in the Interesting Fact: 23.6 million children & adults in the United States, or 7.8% of the population, who have United States, or 7.8% of the population, who have
diabetes. Nearly one quarter of them have NOT been diabetes. Nearly one quarter of them have NOT been diagnosed.diagnosed.
InsulinInsulin
What is Insulin?What is Insulin? Insulin is a hormone that is necessary for Insulin is a hormone that is necessary for
converting sugar, starches and other food into converting sugar, starches and other food into energy. When we eat food, the body breaks down energy. When we eat food, the body breaks down all of the sugars & starches into glucose. Glucose all of the sugars & starches into glucose. Glucose is the basic fuel for cells. Insulin’s job is to take is the basic fuel for cells. Insulin’s job is to take the sugar from the blood into the cells. Glucose the sugar from the blood into the cells. Glucose building up in the blood causes problems:building up in the blood causes problems:
Cells starved for energyCells starved for energy High Blood Glucose Levels damage eyes, kidneys, High Blood Glucose Levels damage eyes, kidneys,
nerves or heart.nerves or heart.
How Diabetes is DiagnosedHow Diabetes is Diagnosed
Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG)Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) Oral Glucose Test (OGTT)Oral Glucose Test (OGTT)
Both require fasting beforehand.Both require fasting beforehand.
FPG – FPG – BBlood lood GGlucose lucose LLevel between 100-125 evel between 100-125 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. BGL higher than 126 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. BGL higher than 126 indicates definite diabetes.indicates definite diabetes.
OGTT – Fast & Drink a glucose-rich beverage. If OGTT – Fast & Drink a glucose-rich beverage. If two hours after BGL is between 140-199 mg/dl two hours after BGL is between 140-199 mg/dl means pre-diabetes. BGL of 200 mg/dl or means pre-diabetes. BGL of 200 mg/dl or higher, person has diabetes.higher, person has diabetes.
o Mg/dl is milligrams per deciliter
Type One DiabetesType One Diabetes Usually diagnosed in children & young adultsUsually diagnosed in children & young adults Issue: Body does not produce InsulinIssue: Body does not produce Insulin
Type Two Diabetes Most common form of Diabetes Issue: The body does not produce enough Insulin OR cells ignore the Insulin.
Gestational Diabetes Diagnosed in Pregnant women who have not had Diabetes before. High Blood Sugar Level during Pregnancy Affects about 4% of all pregnant women - about 135,000 cases of gestational diabetes in the United States each year.
HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia
AKA Low Blood GlucoseAKA Low Blood Glucose Cannot prevent it from happening, but you can Cannot prevent it from happening, but you can
treat it before it gets worse.treat it before it gets worse. Symptoms include: Shakiness, Dizziness, Symptoms include: Shakiness, Dizziness,
Sweating, Hunger, Headache, Pale Skin Color, Sweating, Hunger, Headache, Pale Skin Color, Sudden Behavioral Changes, Clumsy movements, Sudden Behavioral Changes, Clumsy movements, Seizure, Confusion, & Tingling Sensations Around Seizure, Confusion, & Tingling Sensations Around the Mouththe Mouth
Treatment: Glucose Tablets, Fruit Juice, Hard Candy.If you pass out, you need immediate treatment such as an injection of glucagon. DOES NOT give them food or liquids.
HyperglycemiaHyperglycemia
High Blood GlucoseHigh Blood Glucose A result of the body not having enough insulin or A result of the body not having enough insulin or
not using the insulin properly. Can also be not using the insulin properly. Can also be triggered by too much exercise, food, a cold/flu triggered by too much exercise, food, a cold/flu and stress.and stress.
Symptoms: High Blood Sugar, High Levels of Symptoms: High Blood Sugar, High Levels of Sugar in Urine, Frequent Urination, Increased Sugar in Urine, Frequent Urination, Increased Thirst.Thirst.
Treatment: Exercise. If BGL is above 240 mg/dl, check urine for ketones. If ketones are present, DON’T exercise. Exercising while ketones are present could actually raise your BGL.
KetoacidosisKetoacidosis
Diabetic Coma that occurs when the body does Diabetic Coma that occurs when the body does not have enough insulin. It is life threatening.not have enough insulin. It is life threatening.
Symptoms: Shortness of Breath, Breath that Symptoms: Shortness of Breath, Breath that Smells Fruity, Nausea & Vomiting, and a Very Dry Smells Fruity, Nausea & Vomiting, and a Very Dry Mouth.Mouth.
Most common in Type 1 Diabetics, but can occur Most common in Type 1 Diabetics, but can occur in Type 2s.in Type 2s.
Ketones – acids that build up in bloodKetones – acids that build up in blood Appear in urine when the body doesn’t have Appear in urine when the body doesn’t have
enough insulinenough insulin Treatment takes place in the hospitalTreatment takes place in the hospital
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
Mostly occurs in older persons, can occur in both Mostly occurs in older persons, can occur in both types of Diabetes, but more frequently in Type 2. types of Diabetes, but more frequently in Type 2. Triggered by an illness or infection.Triggered by an illness or infection.
BGL rises, Body attempts to rid sugar from BGL rises, Body attempts to rid sugar from system through urine. Excretory System begins to system through urine. Excretory System begins to over work itself, resulting in extreme over work itself, resulting in extreme Dehydration.Dehydration.
Warning Signs: BGL over 600 mg/dl, Dry Mouth, Warning Signs: BGL over 600 mg/dl, Dry Mouth, Extreme Thirst, Warm Dry Skin, Fever, Sleepiness Extreme Thirst, Warm Dry Skin, Fever, Sleepiness & Confusion, Loss of Vision, Hallucinations, & & Confusion, Loss of Vision, Hallucinations, & Weakness on One Side of the Body.Weakness on One Side of the Body.
Foot ProblemsFoot Problems Foot Problems:Foot Problems: NeuropathyNeuropathy Foot callusesFoot calluses UlcersUlcers Skin changesSkin changes Poor circulationPoor circulation Can lead to Can lead to
amputationamputation
Can increase circulation with special diabetic
socks ↓
Diabetes MedicationsDiabetes Medications Insulin: Beta Cells inside Insulin: Beta Cells inside
the Pancreas no longer the Pancreas no longer make insulin or do not make insulin or do not utilize it properly. Type 1 utilize it properly. Type 1 Diabetics inject Insulin Diabetics inject Insulin Shots, Some Type 2 Shots, Some Type 2 Diabetics need insulin.Diabetics need insulin.
Sulfonylureas: Stimulate Sulfonylureas: Stimulate Beta Cells to make InsulinBeta Cells to make Insulin
DPP-4 Inhibitors: Prevent DPP-4 Inhibitors: Prevent breakdown of naturally breakdown of naturally occurring GLP-1. Only occurring GLP-1. Only lowers BGL when lowers BGL when necessary.necessary.
Aplha-Glucoside Inhibitors: Lower BGL by blocking the breakdown of starches in the intestine. Slows the rise in BGL after a meal. Oral Combination Therapy: Combining any of the types of pills above. Pills do not work for everyone.
Treatment Methods ContinuedTreatment Methods Continued
Blood Test with a glucose meter
Insulin Injection
Transplantation to replace malfunctioning parts: Kidney Pancreas Islet
Glucose tablets (such as Glucerna) when Blood Level Sugar drops Healthy Diet Exercise
Pancreatic Pancreatic CancerCancer
Pancreatic CancerPancreatic Cancer Pancreas secretes Pancreas secretes
hormones that hormones that regulate the regulate the metabolism of metabolism of sugars and enzymes sugars and enzymes that help digestionthat help digestion
Leading cause of Leading cause of cancer deathcancer death In 2008: 37,680 new In 2008: 37,680 new
casescases 34,290 deaths34,290 deaths
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pancreatic-cancer/DS00357http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/pancreatic
CausesCauses Cells in the pancreas undergo a Cells in the pancreas undergo a
mutation and multiply, rapidly forming mutation and multiply, rapidly forming a tumora tumor
Pancreatic Cancer Cell
Symptoms Symptoms
Symptoms usually do not appear Symptoms usually do not appear until the cancer is advanceduntil the cancer is advanced
Symptoms include:Symptoms include: Jaundice- yellowing of skin and whites of eyesJaundice- yellowing of skin and whites of eyes Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite Weight lossWeight loss DepressionDepression Upper abdominal painUpper abdominal pain
Jaundice Eye
Effects in the BodyEffects in the Body
JaundiceJaundice Pain in the abdomenPain in the abdomen Bowel obstruction- digested food that Bowel obstruction- digested food that
is blocked from getting into the is blocked from getting into the intestinesintestines
Weight loss- can be caused by Weight loss- can be caused by vomiting or the body having trouble vomiting or the body having trouble processing foodprocessing food
TreatmentsTreatments Surgery- removing the Surgery- removing the
tumor from the tumor from the pancreas (only pancreas (only possible if cancer is possible if cancer is found in the first found in the first stage)stage)
Placing a stent (tube) Placing a stent (tube) in small intestines to in small intestines to keep it open to keep it open to prevent bowel prevent bowel obstructionobstruction
Chemotherapy- drugs Chemotherapy- drugs used to kill the cancer used to kill the cancer cellscells
Radiation therapy- Radiation therapy- high-energy beams high-energy beams used to kill cancer used to kill cancer cellscells
TreatmentsTreatments
Targeted drug therapy- drugs attack Targeted drug therapy- drugs attack specific cancer cells within the bodyspecific cancer cells within the body
Clinical trials- patients participate in Clinical trials- patients participate in studies of new treatments in order to studies of new treatments in order to test their effectiveness test their effectiveness
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis An endocrine disease that weakens bones and An endocrine disease that weakens bones and
makes them more prone to fracturemakes them more prone to fracture Osteoporosis means “porous bone”Osteoporosis means “porous bone”
Technically defined as when bone mass decreases past -2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass
General Info General Info Osteoporosis is most common in women Osteoporosis is most common in women
after menopause but can also effect menafter menopause but can also effect men Every bone is at risk of weakening but the Every bone is at risk of weakening but the
hip and spine are the most dangerous hip and spine are the most dangerous and some of the most common to break.and some of the most common to break.
1 in 5 postmenopausal women suffer 1 in 5 postmenopausal women suffer from Osteoporosisfrom Osteoporosis
CausesCauses Decreased mineral content in bones Decreased mineral content in bones
make them weakermake them weaker This can happen because too many minerals are This can happen because too many minerals are
being reabsorbed into the bodybeing reabsorbed into the body
Bones become weaker in women after Bones become weaker in women after menopause due to decrease in estrogen menopause due to decrease in estrogen productionproduction Estrogen is important to bone development Estrogen is important to bone development
because it prevents bone breakdown, and because it prevents bone breakdown, and regulates bone re-absorption, which is how bone regulates bone re-absorption, which is how bone fluid is converted into blood fluidfluid is converted into blood fluid
CausesCauses
Men can suffer From Osteoporosis in Men can suffer From Osteoporosis in the same way that women do, due to the same way that women do, due to insufficient amounts of the hormones insufficient amounts of the hormones testosterone, and/or androgen. testosterone, and/or androgen.
Causes Causes Bone Cycle defection- the body fails Bone Cycle defection- the body fails
to produce the same amount of bone to produce the same amount of bone that is being used up over time. that is being used up over time. In a healthy body, bone is replaced at the In a healthy body, bone is replaced at the
same rate that it deterioratessame rate that it deteriorates
Examples of defects in bone cycleExamples of defects in bone cycle Lack of calcium and/or phosphate, which Lack of calcium and/or phosphate, which
strengthen bonestrengthen bone Body does not properly absorb calcium or Body does not properly absorb calcium or
phosphatephosphate Over absorption of minerals into bodyOver absorption of minerals into body
CausesCauses Low levels of Calcium can trigger the Low levels of Calcium can trigger the
parathyroid gland to produce excess parathyroid gland to produce excess amounts of parathyroid hormoneamounts of parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, is responsible for maintaining calcium levels in the blood
When blood calcium levels are low, more PTH is produced, causing calcium to be drawn out of bone and into the bloodstream
SymptomsSymptoms
In early stages, no symptoms may be presentIn early stages, no symptoms may be present Symptoms in later stages include:Symptoms in later stages include:
Back pain (resulting from weakened vertebrae)Loss of height (due to disk compression)
Overall pain (due to bone compression throughout body)Fractures
Hip fracture
PreventionPrevention
Proper exercise is important in Proper exercise is important in maintaining bone densitymaintaining bone density
Sufficient intake of Vitamin D is Sufficient intake of Vitamin D is necessary for calcium to be absorbed necessary for calcium to be absorbed into boneinto bone Sufficient intake of calcium is also necessary Sufficient intake of calcium is also necessary
for bone growth and strengthfor bone growth and strength
TreatmentTreatment
BisphosphonatesBisphosphonates Most common drug treatment for osteoporosisMost common drug treatment for osteoporosis These drugs work by inhibiting osteoclast cells, These drugs work by inhibiting osteoclast cells,
which are responsible for bone resorptionwhich are responsible for bone resorption Fosamax, Actonel and Boniva are examplesFosamax, Actonel and Boniva are examples
TreatmentTreatment Hormone therapyHormone therapy
Not as popular as bisphophonate treatment Not as popular as bisphophonate treatment due to side effects of hormonesdue to side effects of hormones
Breast cancer is a possible side effectBreast cancer is a possible side effect
Estrogen, and drugs that mimic it fall into this Estrogen, and drugs that mimic it fall into this categorycategory
Hormone therapy works by replacing or Hormone therapy works by replacing or mimicking the body’s hormones that decrease mimicking the body’s hormones that decrease after menopauseafter menopause
These hormone promote healthy bone These hormone promote healthy bone development development
Recap!Recap! The Endocrine System maintains homeostasis in the body and The Endocrine System maintains homeostasis in the body and controls growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, controls growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, sexual functions and reproductive processes, as well as moodsexual functions and reproductive processes, as well as mood
The Endocrine System does this by releasing hormones, The Endocrine System does this by releasing hormones, produced and secreted by Endocrine Glands, directly into produced and secreted by Endocrine Glands, directly into the the
bloodstreambloodstream
When the Endocrine System is not working properly it can cause:When the Endocrine System is not working properly it can cause:
(Visit (Visit http://www.noah-health.org/en/endocrinehttp://www.noah-health.org/en/endocrine// for a continued list of disorders)for a continued list of disorders)
DiabetesPancreatic CancerOsteoporosis Fertility / Infertility Problems
Growth DisordersMetabolic SyndromeMany more
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