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The Endocrine System Unit 42
Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N.12/22/11
Objectives
Spell & Define terms Review the location & functions of the
endocrine system 5 Diagnostic tests associated with endocrine
conditions Describe common diseases S&S of hypo/hyperglycemia PCT actions Fingerstick for glucose
Structure & Function
Endocrine glands
-secret hormones that regulate body activities
-control body activities & growth
-distinct glands or clusters of cells
-subject to disease that cause hypo or hypersecretion of hormones
Pituitary Gland
Master gland b/c controls most of the other glands
2 lobes:
-anterior lobe secretes STH,TSH, FSH, ACTH,ICSH, LTH
-posterior secretes ADH & Pitocin
Pineal Body
Small gland located in the skull beneath the brain
Produces:
-glomerulotropin
-serotonin
-melatonin
Adrenal Glands
One located atop each kidney Adrenal medulla(inside)- produces
norepinepherin & epinephrine(stimulate body to produce energy quickly during an emergency
The adrenal cortex(outside)- produces glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, & gonadocorticoids
Gonads
Male & female sex glands. Females have two ovaries located in the
pelvic cavity...produce estrogen & progesterone.
-Produces ovum Males have 2 testes contained in the
scrotum...produce testosterone.
-produces sperm
Thyroid & Parathyroid glands
Thyroid-2 lobes found in the neck
-secretes thyroxine(iodine important component) & thyrocalcitonin
Parathyroid glands- embedded in posterior thyroid glands.
-manufactures parathormone
-tetany: sever muscle spasms(can lead to death)
Islets of Langerhans
Cells found in pancreas Produce insulin & glucagon Insulin lowers blood sugar Glucagon raises blood sugar
Hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland S&S:
-irritability & restlessness
-nervousness
-rapid pulse
-increased appetite
-weight loss
-sensitivity
Hyperthyroidism PCT Actions: patience, quiet & cool room, nutritional
needs Treatment: reduce level of thyroxine with
thyroidectomy or radiation Thyroidectomy post-op:
-semi-fowler's position with neck supported
-assist with oxygen
-routine post-op care
-report bleeding, resp. distr,inability to speak, elevated temp or pulse,numbness or tingle of extremities.
Hypothyroidism
Undersecretion of thyroxine Lack of iodine can result in low thyroxine
production Called simple goiter Thyroid gland enlarges Treatment: can be managed with thyroxine
replacement
Common Parathyroid Glands Parathormone regulates level of electrolytes,
calcium, & phosphates Hypersecretion results in:
-hypercalcemia
-renal calculi
-loss of bone calcium Usually caused by tumors---can be removed. Hyposecretion can lead to abnormal muscle-
nerve interaction, severe muscle spasm(tetany) calcium to treat emergency
Conditions of Adrenal Glands
Regulate development & maintenance f sexual characteristics, carb/fat/prot metabolism, fluid balance, sod & K levels
Hypersecretion results in Cushins's syndome:
-weakness
-hyperglycemia
-edema
-hypertension,loss of K and retaining of sodium Masculinity of female Surgical & supportive treatment
Cont.
Hyposecretion results in Addison's Disease characterized by:
-loss of sod & retension of K
-hypoglycemia
-dehydration
-low stress tolerance Treated by hormone replacement &
techniques to combat dehydration
Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic disease that results from a deficiency of insulin or a resistance to effects of insulin
Glucose from food breakdown remains in blood—elevated blood sugar
Affects blood vessels & nerves—person more likely to develop heart attack, stroke, blindness, renal disease, etc.
Risk factors: heredity,obesity, age, diet, lack of exercise
Disease Mechanism
Glucose in blood increases—pancreas secretes more insulin
Glycogen is storage form of energy Diabetes—insufficient insulin for these
functions
Types of Diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(Type 1)-more common in young & must take daily insulin to live
S&S:
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-glucosuria
Types Cont.
Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus-metabolic disorder that occurs when the body does not make enough insulin, or does not properly use insulin
Most common form 90-95% S&S:
-easy fatigue, skin infections, slow healing, itching,vision changes, obesity, p.736
PCT Care Diabetes
Eat a healthful, well-balanced diet-weight reduction is favored (ADA Diet)
Exercise regularly Check blood sugar regularly Use insulin or antidiabetic agents if ordered
-Insulin
Insulin
Several types of insulin vary in;
-speed of action
-duration
-potency or strength Given by nurse Injection or pump
Complications of Diabetes
Renal disease Circulatory imparements Poor healing Hypertension Cardiovascular problems Diabetic coma Vision problems & blindness
Hypoglycemia
Blood glucose level is below normal
-may occur rapidly
-insulin reaction/shock if insulin OD Can be brought on by: skipping meals,drug
interaction, etc. p.738 S&S: complaints of hunger, weakness,
dizziness, shakiness, skin cold/moist/clammy/pale...p.738
Hyperglycemia
Occurs when there is insufficient insulin for metabolic needs(diabetic coma)
-usually develops slowly May be brought on by: stress, illness,
dehydration, etc. p739 S&S: headache, drowsiness, confusion,fruity
breath, deep breathing, p.738
PCT Roles
Know S&S of insulin shock & insulin coma Know location of assimilated(absorbed)
sources of carbs Do not give extra food without permission Serve proper tray Special attention to feet
-wash daily
-inspect
-p. 739
Blood Glucose Monitoring
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) -a series of stable minor hemoglobin components formed from hemoglobin & glucose
-measure glucose levels in blood over prolonged period of time.
Fingerstick blood sugar collects sample of capillary blood with a lancet(tiny needle).
Normal fasting range: 65-120 Normal value:70-110
Notify Nurse... If BS Value is outside of range Inadequate food intake Eating food not permitted Refusal of meals,supps, snacks N&V, Diarrhea Inadequate fluid intake Excessive activity Complaints of dizziness, shakiness, racing
heart