The EnlightenmentChase Beach

How it started Reason

› People started to question the teachings of the church

Natural Law Hope Progress

John Locke Wrote Essay

Concerning Human Understanding› Argued that every

person is born with a blank mind.

Thought that if people were introduced to new and better influences then there could be a better society.

John Locke Has major influence

on the development of epistemology and political philosophy

Thought of as the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers

Isaac Newton Wrote

PhilosophiaeNaturalis Principia Mathematica› Described Universal

Gravitation and the three laws of motion

Built the first practical reflecting telescope

Helped invent calculus

Isaac Newton Worked on the

Biblical Hermeneutics› He was a very

religious man He and John Locke

were good friends Member of

Parliament of England› From 1689-1690

Baron De Montesquieu Born January 10,

1755 in Bordeaux Studied at the

Catholic College of Juilly

Most Famous for his book The Spirit of the Laws› Came up with the

separation of powers

Baron De Montesquieu He used the scientific

method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of humans

He identified 3 kinds of governments:› Republics› Despotism› Monarchies

Baron De Montesquieu Republics were

suitable for small states

Despotism was suitable for large states

Monarchies were ideal for mid-sized states

He also came up with the idea of the system of checks and balances

Voltaire Born François-Marie

Arouet Born into a noble

family Went to a prestigious

college› He was fluent in

French, English, and Spanish

First used the name Voltaire as a pen name

Voltaire He was a popular

writer› Wrote Plays, Poetry,

Novels, Essays, historical and scientific books, and much more

Known for his criticism of Christianity and belief in religious tolerance

Denis Diderot Born October 5, 1713 Went to the University

of Paris› Father wanted him to

become a lawyer Instead he became a

writer Most famous for writing

the Encyclopedia› Changed the way

people thought of things.

Adam Smith Wrote The Wealth of

Nations The book talked

about how the state should not interfere with the economy

He gave the government 3 basic rules› It should protect

society from invasion

Adam Smith› The government

should defend citizens from injustice

› It should deal with some public works such as roads, schools, and canals

He has been called the founder of the social science of economics

CesareBeccaria Wrote On Crimes

and Punishment› Stated that

punishment should not be exercises in brutality

› Also said there should be no capital punishment

Was the first work of penology

Jean Jacques Rousseau Most famous

philosopher of the late enlightenment

Switched jobs a lot until he came to Paris and became a philosopher› Did not like the city

and remained in solitude most of his time

Jean Jacques Rousseau In his book The Social

Contract he introduced the Social Contract› The book stated in a

social contract, an entire society governs itself by its general will.

› People who oppose have to be forced to agree to the government

Mary Wollstonecraft One of the first women

to speak out about the rights of women

She is called the founder of the modern movement for women

She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women› Talked about 2

problems that the enlightenment thinkers had

John Wesley Founder of Methodism Had an encounter with God

that caused him to become a missionary

Many Anglican churches were closed to him so he preached outside or in halls

He traveled a lot and preached around 2 or 3 times a day

After hearing his sermons many people converted to the Methodist society

The Methodists helped in the abolition of slavery in the U.S

Impact of EnlightenmentArt

Balthasar Neumann 2 most famous pieces

of art were:› The Church of

Fourteen Saints› The Residence

Neumann started to use new ideas and styles rather than the traditional ones› Rococo was the new

artistic style that became popular

Antoine Watteau The new art style

Rococo was found in a lot of Antoine Watteau’s pieces

He depicted a nice dinner party where men and women dressed up and looked very happy

He tries to hide the sadness that was going on at the time

Impact of EnlightenmentMusic

Johann Sebastian Bach Music director at the

church of Saint Thomas in Leipzig

Most famous for his Mass in B Minor

More known for being an organist than a composer

His style on the piano was so different than anyone else’s that people were drawn to him

George Frederic Handel Known for his

religious music His work, Messiah,

was his best work Used the Baroque

musical style At the age of 52, he

had a stroke› Made his right arm

temporarily paralyzed

Franz Joseph Haydn Was the director for

Hungarian princes for the majority of his life

When he went to England he started to perform more for public places than private parties

His 2 greatest works of music were The Creation and The Four Seasons

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Was a child prodigy He traveled around at a

young age with his family performing

Later went on to write around 600 pieces of music

His inability to get a sponsor led to his downfall

He composed 3 of the greatest operas of all time› The Marriage of Figaro› The Magic Flute› Don Giovanni