The Era of Progressive The Era of Progressive ReformReform

Chapter 13Chapter 13

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

Problems in the late 1800s: Problems in the late 1800s: unemployment, unsafe working unemployment, unsafe working conditions, political corruption, etc.conditions, political corruption, etc.

Progressive MovementProgressive Movement – the – the movement to solve these and other movement to solve these and other social problemssocial problems

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

Many Americans believed in Many Americans believed in socialismsocialism – economic and political – economic and political philosophy favoring public or gov’t philosophy favoring public or gov’t control of property and incomecontrol of property and income--GoalsGoals::

1) end the capitalist system1) end the capitalist system2) distribute wealth more 2) distribute wealth more

equallyequally3) nationalize American 3) nationalize American

industries industries (gov’t owned) (gov’t owned)

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

Labor MovementLabor Movement: unions focused on : unions focused on reducing hours, higher wages, and reducing hours, higher wages, and better working conditionsbetter working conditions

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

MuckrakersMuckrakers: journalists who wrote : journalists who wrote about corruption in politics and business about corruption in politics and business – nicknamed by Teddy Roosevelt – EX:– nicknamed by Teddy Roosevelt – EX:--Lincoln SteffensLincoln Steffens – exposed political – exposed political corruption in the citiescorruption in the cities--Ida TarbellIda Tarbell – exposed the practices of – exposed the practices of Standard OilStandard Oil--Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair – wrote – wrote The JungleThe Jungle (1906)- described the meatpacking (1906)- described the meatpacking industryindustry

In spite of the phenomenal success In spite of the phenomenal success of of The JungleThe Jungle, Upton Sinclair , Upton Sinclair lamented what he considered to be lamented what he considered to be its failure when he made his often-its failure when he made his often-quoted assessment:quoted assessment:

““I aimed at the public’s heart and by I aimed at the public’s heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach.”accident I hit it in the stomach.”

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

State ReformsState Reforms: introduced by : introduced by governors – most famous was governors – most famous was Robert “Battling Bob” LaFolletteRobert “Battling Bob” LaFollette from Wisconsinfrom Wisconsin

1)1) Direct primaryDirect primary – election where – election where party members select a candidate party members select a candidate to run in the general electionto run in the general election

2)2) 1717thth Amendment Amendment – allowed voters, – allowed voters, rather than state legislators, to rather than state legislators, to choose their U.S. Senatorchoose their U.S. Senator

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

3)3) IntiativeIntiative – allowed citizens to propose – allowed citizens to propose new laws by obtaining a certain % of new laws by obtaining a certain % of voters’ signatures on a petitionvoters’ signatures on a petition

-the proposed law is then placed on -the proposed law is then placed on the ballot in the next electionthe ballot in the next election

4)4) ReferendumReferendum – process in which – process in which citizens may demand, by petition, that citizens may demand, by petition, that a law passed by the legislature be a law passed by the legislature be “referred” to voters for approval or “referred” to voters for approval or rejectionrejection

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

5)5) RecallRecall – gave voters the ability to – gave voters the ability to remove public officials from office remove public officials from office before the next electionbefore the next election

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

Federal ReformsFederal Reforms: led by the : led by the Presidents – esp. Teddy Roosevelt Presidents – esp. Teddy Roosevelt with his “Square Deal” programswith his “Square Deal” programs

1)1) Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act – outlawed – outlawed monopoliesmonopolies

2)2) Hepburn ActHepburn Act – required railroads to – required railroads to get permission from the U.S. gov’t get permission from the U.S. gov’t before raising ratesbefore raising rates

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

3)3) Pure Food and Drug ActPure Food and Drug Act – passed in – passed in response to response to The JungleThe Jungle – created – created the Pure Food and Drug Adm. to the Pure Food and Drug Adm. to protect consumersprotect consumers

4)4) Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act – required – required federal inspection of meatpacking federal inspection of meatpacking companiescompanies

5)5) 1616thth Amendment Amendment – created a federal – created a federal income taxincome tax

I. The Origins of ProgressivismI. The Origins of Progressivism

6)6) National Park ServiceNational Park Service – protected – protected and ran the national parksand ran the national parks

7)7) 1818thth Amendment Amendment – prohibited the – prohibited the making, selling, and transportation making, selling, and transportation of alcoholof alcohol

II. Progressive PresidentsII. Progressive Presidents

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) William Howard Taft (1909-1913)William Howard Taft (1909-1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

II. Progressive PresidentsII. Progressive Presidents

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft (Rep.) (Rep.)

-handpicked by Roosevelt to run in -handpicked by Roosevelt to run in the 1908 electionthe 1908 election

-defeated William Jennings Bryan -defeated William Jennings Bryan (Dem.) who lost for the 3(Dem.) who lost for the 3rdrd time time

-never gained full support of the -never gained full support of the progressivesprogressives

II. Progressive PresidentsII. Progressive Presidents

Election of 1912Election of 1912: : -Taft defeated Roosevelt in the Rep. -Taft defeated Roosevelt in the Rep. conventionconvention-Roosevelt and many progressives -Roosevelt and many progressives formed a third party and called it the formed a third party and called it the Progressive PartyProgressive Party (“Bull Moose Party”) (“Bull Moose Party”)-the split in the Rep. party allowed a -the split in the Rep. party allowed a Dem., Dem., Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson, to win the , to win the electionelection

III. Women’s SuffrageIII. Women’s Suffrage

By 1900 only WY, ID, UT, and CO had By 1900 only WY, ID, UT, and CO had granted voting rights to womengranted voting rights to women

National American Women Suffrage National American Women Suffrage AssociationAssociation (NAWSA) used protest to (NAWSA) used protest to force Pres. Wilson to take action on force Pres. Wilson to take action on woman suffragewoman suffrage

-the group picketed the White House -the group picketed the White House and went on hunger strikes if and went on hunger strikes if arrestedarrested

III. Women’s SuffrageIII. Women’s Suffrage

1919thth Amendment Amendment (1920) – guarantees (1920) – guarantees women the right to votewomen the right to vote

STOPSTOP

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

Progressive EraProgressive Era: the era in American : the era in American history from about 1890-1920 history from about 1890-1920

ProgressivismProgressivism – a collection of – a collection of different ideas and activities about different ideas and activities about how to fix the problems within how to fix the problems within American societyAmerican society

All Progressives agreed that the gov’t All Progressives agreed that the gov’t should take a more active role in should take a more active role in solving society’s problems caused by solving society’s problems caused by urbanization and industrializationurbanization and industrialization

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

Progressives believed that first the Progressives believed that first the gov’t needed to be fixed and made gov’t needed to be fixed and made more responsible to people before more responsible to people before other problems could be addressedother problems could be addressed

MuckrakersMuckrakers – a group of journalists – a group of journalists who investigated social conditions who investigated social conditions and political corruptionand political corruption

-their articles put pressure on gov’ts -their articles put pressure on gov’ts to introduce reformsto introduce reforms

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

Examples of muckrakers:Examples of muckrakers:

--Ida TarbellIda Tarbell – exposed the practices of – exposed the practices of the Standard Oil Companythe Standard Oil Company

--Lincoln SteffensLincoln Steffens – attacked political – attacked political machines (buying votes, etc.)machines (buying votes, etc.)

--Jacob RiisJacob Riis – – How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives – – poverty, disease, crimepoverty, disease, crime

--Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair – – The JungleThe Jungle – exposed – exposed the meat-packing industrythe meat-packing industry

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

Many types of progressivism – often Many types of progressivism – often took opposing sides on issues and how took opposing sides on issues and how to solve the problemsto solve the problems

One group believed that problems in One group believed that problems in society could be solved if government society could be solved if government was efficientwas efficient-wanted to replace the existing -wanted to replace the existing system with a system with a commission plancommission plan – board – board of commissioners with expertise in city of commissioners with expertise in city services would select and hire specialists to services would select and hire specialists to run city departments (fire, police, etc.)run city departments (fire, police, etc.)

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

Many progressives wanted more Many progressives wanted more democracy in societydemocracy in society

Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette – Wisconsin – Wisconsin governor – criticized how political governor – criticized how political parties ran their conventionsparties ran their conventions

-introduced the -introduced the direct primarydirect primary – a – a party election in which all party party election in which all party members vote for a candidate to run members vote for a candidate to run in the general electionin the general election

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

Other reforms:Other reforms:--initiativeinitiative – allowed a group of citizens – allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on itthe legislature to vote on it--referendumreferendum – allowed proposed – allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to the legislation to be submitted to the voters for approvalvoters for approval--recallrecall – allowed voters to demand a – allowed voters to demand a special election to remove an elected special election to remove an elected official from officeofficial from office

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

--1717thth Amendment Amendment (1913) – provided for (1913) – provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators (rather the direct election of U.S. Senators (rather than being selected by state legislatures)than being selected by state legislatures)

The movement for women’s voting rights The movement for women’s voting rights was known as the suffrage movementwas known as the suffrage movement

-many progressives joined the movement-many progressives joined the movement

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

After the Civil War, the Republicans After the Civil War, the Republicans in Congress introduced the 14in Congress introduced the 14thth and and 1515thth Amendments, which protected Amendments, which protected the voting rights of African the voting rights of African AmericansAmericans

-the woman suffrage movement had -the woman suffrage movement had wanted these amendments to apply wanted these amendments to apply to women as wellto women as well

-Republicans refused-Republicans refused

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

By 1900 only WY, ID, UT, and CO had By 1900 only WY, ID, UT, and CO had granted voting rights to womengranted voting rights to women

National American Women Suffrage National American Women Suffrage AssociationAssociation (NAWSA) used protest to (NAWSA) used protest to force Pres. Wilson to take action on force Pres. Wilson to take action on woman suffragewoman suffrage

-the group picketed the White House -the group picketed the White House and went on hunger strikes if and went on hunger strikes if arrestedarrested

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

1919thth Amendment Amendment (1920) – guarantees (1920) – guarantees women the right to votewomen the right to vote

Social welfare progressives created Social welfare progressives created charities to help the poor and charities to help the poor and disadvantaged, and pushed for laws disadvantaged, and pushed for laws to help fix social problemsto help fix social problems

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

1900: over 1.7 million under the age of 1900: over 1.7 million under the age of 16 worked outside the home16 worked outside the home

The The National Child Labor CommitteeNational Child Labor Committee worked to end child laborworked to end child labor

Many adult workers labored in difficult Many adult workers labored in difficult and dangerous conditionsand dangerous conditions

-building codes, workers’ compensation, -building codes, workers’ compensation, zoning laws, and health codes made the zoning laws, and health codes made the work environment saferwork environment safer

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

The The temperance movementtemperance movement called for called for the moderation or elimination of the moderation or elimination of alcoholalcohol

Women’s Christian Temperance Women’s Christian Temperance UnionUnion (WCTU) was formed in 1874 (WCTU) was formed in 1874

-worked to reduce alcohol -worked to reduce alcohol consumption, but later pushed for consumption, but later pushed for prohibitionprohibition

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

A group of progressives focused on A group of progressives focused on regulating big business, but they regulating big business, but they disagreed on the solutionsdisagreed on the solutions

-one side wanted to break up big -one side wanted to break up big companies to restore competitioncompanies to restore competition

-the other wanted the creation of -the other wanted the creation of gov’t agencies to regulate big gov’t agencies to regulate big companiescompanies

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

SocialismSocialism – the idea that the gov’t – the idea that the gov’t should own and operate industry for should own and operate industry for the community as a wholethe community as a whole-an idea shared by only a small -an idea shared by only a small minority of progressivesminority of progressives

Eugene DebsEugene Debs – led the American – led the American Socialist Party – ran for Pres. in 1912Socialist Party – ran for Pres. in 1912

Most Americans and most Most Americans and most progressives believed in the progressives believed in the American system of free-enterprise American system of free-enterprise ((capitalismcapitalism))

The Origins of Progressivism:The Origins of Progressivism:

During his second term, During his second term, Theodore Theodore Roosevelt’sRoosevelt’s reform program was reform program was known as “known as “Square DealSquare Deal””

-felt gov’t should try to balance the -felt gov’t should try to balance the needs of all the groups in American needs of all the groups in American societysociety

-believed the U.S. needed progressive -believed the U.S. needed progressive reforms to remain an efficient society reforms to remain an efficient society and compete with other nationsand compete with other nations

By 1905: consumer protection By 1905: consumer protection became a national issuebecame a national issue

-patent medicines and food -patent medicines and food consumption became serious threats consumption became serious threats to Americas, forcing new legislationto Americas, forcing new legislation

1906: 1906: Upton Sinclair’sUpton Sinclair’s The JungleThe Jungle described his observations of described his observations of Chicago slaughterhousesChicago slaughterhouses

-as a result, federal legislation was -as a result, federal legislation was passedpassed

--Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act – required – required federal inspection of meat sold and federal inspection of meat sold and set standards of cleanliness in set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsmeatpacking plants

State Reforms:State Reforms:

State Reforms:State Reforms:

3)3) InitiativeInitiative – allowed citizens to propose – allowed citizens to propose new new lawslaws by obtaining a certain by obtaining a certain percentage of voters’ signatures on a percentage of voters’ signatures on a petitionpetition – the proposed law is then – the proposed law is then placed on the placed on the ballotballot in the next election in the next election for approval or rejectionfor approval or rejection

4)4) ReferendumReferendum – process in which citizens – process in which citizens may demand, by petition, that a may demand, by petition, that a lawlaw passed by the legislature be “referred” to passed by the legislature be “referred” to votersvoters for their approval or rejection for their approval or rejection

State Reforms:State Reforms:

5)5) RecallRecall – gave voters the ability to – gave voters the ability to removeremove public officials from office public officials from office beforebefore the next election the next election

Federal Reforms:Federal Reforms:

Introduced by the Introduced by the PresidentsPresidents – esp. – esp. Theodore Roosevelt with his “Theodore Roosevelt with his “squaresquare deal” programs – federal reforms deal” programs – federal reforms included:included:

1)1) Sherman Anti-Sherman Anti-TrustTrust Act Act (1890) – (1890) – outlawed any combination of companies outlawed any combination of companies that attempted to create a that attempted to create a monopolymonopoly

2)2) HepburnHepburn Act Act (1906) – required (1906) – required railroadsrailroads to get permission from the to get permission from the U.S. gov’t before raising U.S. gov’t before raising ratesrates

Federal Reforms:Federal Reforms:

3)3) Pure Food and Pure Food and DrugDrug Act Act (1906) – passed in (1906) – passed in response to response to The The JungleJungle – created the Pure – created the Pure Food and Drug Adm. to protect Food and Drug Adm. to protect consumersconsumers

4)4) MeatMeat Inspection Act Inspection Act (1906) – required (1906) – required federal inspection of federal inspection of meatpackingmeatpacking companiescompanies

5)5) 1616thth Amendment Amendment (1913) – created the (1913) – created the federal federal incomeincome tax tax

6)6) National National ParkPark Service Service (1916) – protected (1916) – protected and and ranran the national parks the national parks

Federal Reforms:Federal Reforms:

7)7) 1818thth Amendment Amendment (1919) – prohibited the (1919) – prohibited the making and making and sellingselling of alcohol of alcohol

Progressive Presidents:Progressive Presidents:

Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt (1901-1909) (1901-1909) William Howard William Howard TaftTaft (1909-1913) (1909-1913) Woodrow Woodrow WilsonWilson (1913-1921) (1913-1921)

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft (Rep.) – handpicked (Rep.) – handpicked by by RooseveltRoosevelt to run in the 1908 election – to run in the 1908 election – defeated William Jennings defeated William Jennings BryanBryan (Dem.) (Dem.) who lost for the who lost for the 33rdrd time – never gain the time – never gain the fullfull support of the progressive republicans support of the progressive republicans

Progressive Presidents:Progressive Presidents:

Election of Election of 19121912 – Taft defeated – Taft defeated RooseveltRoosevelt in the Rep. convention – in the Rep. convention – Roosevelt and many progressives decided Roosevelt and many progressives decided to form a to form a 33rdrd party and called it the party and called it the ProgressiveProgressive Party (nicknamed the “Bull Party (nicknamed the “Bull Moose” Party) – the Moose” Party) – the splitsplit in the in the Republican Party allowed a Republican Party allowed a DemocratDemocrat, , Woodrow Wilson, to win the electionWoodrow Wilson, to win the election

Women’s Suffrage:Women’s Suffrage:

SuffrageSuffrage – the right to – the right to votevote

1919thth Amendment Amendment (1920) – granted women (1920) – granted women suffragesuffrage