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The Era of Social Change
Chapter 23Pages 766-789
Objective: To understand the sweeping social protest movements of the 1960s and the quest for radical change initiated by Latinos, Native Americans, women, and young people.
Feminism in the 1970s
• Movement showed vitality• Title IX to the Education Amendments• ERA • Court cases: Reed v. Reed and
Frontiero v. Richardson• 1973 – Roe v. Wade
First Women’s March for Equality - 1970
Anti-Feminism
• Nixon vetoed nationwide public day-care
• Phyllis Schlafly –STOP ERA – blamed for rising divorce rate
Civil Rights….
• Courts: Milliken v. Bradley – 1974–Desegregation could not require across
district bussing–Reinforced “White Flight”–Pitted poor whites and blacks against
each other
Bakke v. Board of Regents
• 1978 – Allan Bakke denied admission to U. of Cal. – Davis Medical School
• Sued – said his scores were better than the minorities who were accepted
• Supreme Court – preference for admission can not be given to any group
• Racial factors may be used in overall admissions process
• Bakke admitted – “reverse discrimination”
Native Americans
• Asserted status as separate semi-sovereign peoples
• Seized Alcatraz 1972 – Wounded Knee 1972• United States v. Wheeler – 1978
– Indian tribes possessed a “unique and limited” sovereignty
– Subject to the will of Congress – not the states
Native Americans
• Asserted status as separate semi-sovereign peoples
• Seized Alcatraz 1972 – Wounded Knee 1972• United States v. Wheeler – 1978
– Indian tribes possessed a “unique and limited” sovereignty
– Subject to the will of Congress – not the states
Alcatraz
A Nation Divided-A Generation in Conflict
• Why was Vietnam a working class war?• What were the roots of opposition to the
war?• What was the anti- war movement?• Why was their growing division in the US
over the war?
Roots of Opposition-”The Times They are A-Changing”
• College students became more involved in social protest• The New Left demanded sweeping changes in American
society• Students for A Democratic Society (SDS) charged that large
Corporations and large government institutions had taken over the US (They wanted democracy and individual freedom) Anti-WAR
• In 1964 The Free Speech Movement grew out of a dispute between administrators and students at Univ. of CA at Berkeley
From Campus to Mass Mobilization
• Professors and students used teach-ins to protest the war (Sit-In for the campus)
• In April 1965, SDS organized a march on Washington of 20,000, then 30,000
• By 1969 SDS had chapters on 400 campuses• In spring of 1967 nearly 500,000 gathered in NYC’s Central
Park “Hell no we won’t go!” “Burn Cards not People!”• In October 1967 100,000 anti-war protestors marched from
the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon (1,500 injured, 700 arrested)
War Divides the Nation
• Hawks v Doves • In December 1967, 70% of Americans felt that the
protests were “acts of disloyalty”• Backlash to the Protestors organized• “America Love it or Leave It!”• “Support our men in Vietnam!”• “College professors, students…don’t love our
country.”• LBJ was determined with slow escalation• Sec. of Defense McNamara resigned in the end of
1967
Songs of Protest and Support• CCR- Fortunate Son
• Country Joe's Anti Vietnam War Song Woodstock
• Bob Dylan –The Times they are a Changing• Eve of Destruction
• The Ballet of the Green Berets
The Counterculture of the 1960’s• Counterculture was a movement made up of mostly
white, middle-class college young people who were disillusioned with the war and injustices of society
• They turned their backs on traditional American and founded a society based on peace and love
• Hippies • 25%-30% of college
Age students
• Materialism, technology, and war were hollow
• Harvard psychologist & philosopher Dr. Timothy Leary
• formed the "League of Spiritual Discovery," an LSD advocacy group
• Many left home, work, and school to create an ideal community of peace love and harmony
Hippie Culture• The Age of Aquarius• Rock ’n’ Roll Music• Sexual Revolution (Free Love)• Marijuana and LSD (Illegal Drugs)• Eastern Religions (Zen Buddhism)• Ragged Jeans, Tie-dye shirts, military garments, love
beads and muslin shirts• Long hair and beards• Many joined communes• Haight-Asbury District of SF
Art of the 1960’s• Pop-Art by Andy Warhol
Music of the 1960’s• The music was a form of protest that grew out of
African-American rhythm and blues of the 1950’s (Folk and Rock)
• The Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jefferson Airplane, the Grateful Dead, the Who, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez and the Rolling Stones
• In 1969 the appex of the counterculture was the music festival Woodstock
• The 1970 Concert at Altamont Speedway was a disaster and ended the era of peace and love
