The ERC CSA Calls 2008 and 2009 ERACEP Project · PDF file · 2017-03-10The ERC CSA...

Dr. Thomas Reiss

Etienne Vignola-Gagné

Piret Kukk

Fraunhofer ISI Karlsruhe

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Glänzel

Dr. Bart Thijs

KU Leuven

The ERC CSA Calls 2008 and 2009

ERACEP Project

European Research Council

Introduction

Objectives:

• Identification of topically emerging research areas and

analysis to what extent the activities supported by the

ERC cover and contribute to these research areas.

Concept:

• Combination of two perspectives:

• From the ‘landscape of science’

• From ERC funding procedures

│ 2


Concept


Landscape of Science

40 dynamic fields

Selection of 20 most dynamic fields

for fine mapping

Pilot with 6 fields

composed of 46 clusters

In-depth analysis

of 10 emerging clusters

Expert

validation

Identification of emerging fields


The bibliometric tool – a short guide

│ 5

1. Selecting subjects for fine mapping

2. Building the databases for different time slides

3. Structural epistemological mapping of

literature in each subject and time period

5. Cognitive/bibliometric

description of emerging fields

6. Providing input for

external use

Expert

validation

4. Identification of emerging topics

Expert

validation

User

WoS


1. Step – the dynamic fields

• Thomson Reuters ‘Web of Science’ Subject Categories

with striking growth patterns have been selected as starting

points in the sciences, social sciences and arts and

humanities.

• Growth alone does not yet ensure the ‘emergence’

character of the field, but may act as a marker of

excitement for a topic within research communities.

• These subjects were considered to have the potential to

cover emerging topics.

• In total, 20 categories were chosen for the ERACEP

project.

│ 6


│ 7

List of dynamic fields

(ordered by sharp ratio)

SCI

Factor 03-08 Mean 03-08

Standard

Deviation

03-08

Sharp Index

03-08

Nursing 1,71 22,38 9,46 0,15

Orthopaedics 0,59 9,78 2,34 0,14

Environmental sciences 0,55 9,20 2,60 0,11

Operations research & management science 0,70 11,25 4,08 0,11

Obstetrics & gynaecology 0,40 7,02 1,40 0,10

Medical ethics 1,10 16,33 9,17 0,09

Robotics 0,57 9,44 3,44 0,09

Engineering, biomedical 0,60 9,84 3,84 0,09

Energy & fuels 0,62 10,18 4,14 0,09

Oncology 0,34 5,96 0,82 0,08

Biotechnology & applied microbiology 0,45 7,75 2,26 0,08

Material sciences, characterisation & testing 0,54 9,10 3,69 0,07

Behavioural sciences 0,59 9,76 5,07 0,06

SSCI

Public, environmental & occupational health 0,75 0,12 0,04 11,16

Transportation 1,20 0,17 0,10 8,16

Geography 0,81 0,13 0,06 7,88

Psychology, experimental 0,44 0,08 0,03 2,72

AHCI

Standard

Deviation

98-08

Archaeology 0,56 0,10 0,09 4,86

Religion 0,41 0,07 0,07 4,62

Architecture 0,38 0,07 0,06 4,30



Interpretation of sharp ratio measurements:

• Comparatively, greater increase in publications

assigned to these fields over the period of time

examined.

• Two possible explanations:

1. Individual researchers are producing more papers per annum

than before, and than other fields;

2. There are relatively more individual researchers publishing in

this field than before and comparatively with other fields

• In any case: these fields are becoming more interesting

within the scientific community

• Validation through 21 semi-directed interviews

│ 8



2. Step – the database

• All bibliographic data of relevant documents

(Articles, Proceeding papers, Reviews) were

downloaded and collected.

• Bibliographic data needed are

1. document identifier,

2. title, keywords, abstracts and

3. references.

• Title, keywords, abstracts are used for textual

description and text similarity.

• References are used for link analysis.

│ 9


3. Mapping of literature in each subject and time

period

• A textual similarity among documents is assumed if the

same terms and phrases are used.

• (Citation-)link similarity is assumed if papers are jointly

cited or the same references are used.

│ 10

Bibliographic coupling according

to Garfield (2001)



period

Techniques for detecting new emerging yet coherent

structures (Background)

Topics are searched in the mirror of their scholarly literature.

• Growing frequency of specific terms within a given research

area.

• Extracted terms can be used for labelling and describing the

obtained clusters.

LAMIREL ET AL., IASTED – AIA, 2008

• Topological measures to determine the role of each paper in

the citation network to decide whether there are emerging

clusters.

SHIBATA ET AL., Technovation, 2008

│ 11



period

• Two popular approaches (text- and citation-based methods)

are in a way complementing each other.

• Braam et al. and Zitt & Bassecoulard were among the firsts

advocating the combination of the two methods.

BRAAM ET AL., JASIS, 1991

ZITT & BASSECOULARD, Scientometrics, 1994

• The superiority of such hybrid methods over text-based and

link-based approaches have been shown.

GLENISSON ET AL., JASIST, 2005

BOYACK AND KLAVANS, IPM, 2010

LIU ET AL., JASIST, 2010

│ 12



period

Structural analysis of the discipline (‘growth field’)

• We proceed from two non-overlapping periods: 1999-2003 and

2004-2008.

• The emerging topics are sought within selected subject

categories according to Thomson Reuters’ Journal Citation

Reports (JCR) with remarkable growth (according to the ‘sharp

ratio’).

• A combined text- and link-based approach was used for

clustering.

• The textual component is based on term frequencies, where

terms were extracted from and stemmed for titles and abstracts.

Keyword phrases are kept and stop words are removed.

• The citation-based component uses bibliographic coupling.

│ 13



period

• Different areas in the sciences, social sciences and

humanities have different cultures of giving and using

citations, as well as of using natural language and specific

(technical) terms and phrases.

│ 14

Therefore, a combined

textual and citation-based

cluster analysis has been

applied to two different time

slides within the full ten-year

period 1999-2008.



• The content of clusters and their evolution has been

analysed.

• A cluster has been considered to represent an emerging

topic if the topic has reached a certain ‘critical mass’ and

one of the following criteria is met.

I. Existing cluster with an exceptional growth with

regard to the second period,

II. Completely new cluster with its root in other clusters

in the previous period and

III. Existing cluster with a topic shift in the new time

period

│ 15



• In local clustering (e.g., of smaller disciplines) the common

vocabulary often distorts the lexical approach.

• Furthermore, terms are not specific to the same extent in

all research topics, therefore clusters have be labelled on

the basis of the terms from the lexical component and what

we called ‘core documents’.

• Core documents are considered to represent sets of

related literature and clusters independently of any

particular lexical description.

• Core documents can be determined even without

clustering and can thus be applied to different cluster

solutions.

│ 16



Core documents are documents that have a given number n

of strong (hybrid text-citation) links with other documents in

the cluster. The strength is expressed by the similarity

measure also used for the clustering.

GLÄNZEL & CZERWON, Scientometrics, 1996

GLÄNZEL & THIJS, Scientometrics, 2011

• Core documents represent the most important nodes in the

underlying document networks (i.e., the clusters under

study).

• Core documents provide an ‘retrieval effect’ as added

value; following all links and paths outgoing from core

documents covers all related documents and thus a large

part of the structure under study.

│ 17



│ 18

Visualisation of the link

environment of a `core

document'



Examples for Types I (exceptional growth) and II (new)

│ 19

Type II

Type I

Type II

engineering, biomedical environmental sciences


We introduce the following four examples.

│ 20

WoS Subject Category Emerging topic

environmental sciences nano-pollution

public, environmental & occupational health environmental factors

energy & fuels biofuel

biomedical engineering brain-machine-interface



Example: Selected core documents in “nano pollution”

│ 21

On colloid retention in saturated porous media in the presence of energy barriers: The failure of alpha, and opportunities to predict eta

The significance of heterogeneity on mass flux from DNAPL source zones: An experimental investigation

C-60 colloid formation in aqueous systems: Effects of preparation method on size, structure, and surface, charge

Individual and mixture effects of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta

Nanomaterials as possible contaminants: the fullerene example

Exploring e-waste management systems in the United States

Influence of electrolyte species and concentration on the aggregation and transport of fullerene nanoparticles in quartz sands

Toxicity of aqueous fullerene in adult and larval Fundulus heteroclitus

Effects of particle composition and species on toxicity of metallic nanomaterials in aquatic organisms

Precise and Accurate Compound Specific Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis of Atrazine: Critical Role of Combustion Oven Conditions

5. Cognitive/bibliometric description of emerging

topics


Publication activity and international collaboration in environmental

sciences (left) and ‘nano pollution’ (right)

│ 22

BEL

BRA

DNK

FRA

DEU

GRC

IND

ITA

JPN

NLD

CHN

POL

ESP

SWE

GBR USA

BEL

BRA

DNK

FRA

DEU

GRC

IND

ITA

JPN

NLDCHN

POL

ESP

SWEGBR

USA


topics


Selected core documents in “environmental factors” within “public health”

│ 23

Mortality in 13 French cities during the August 2003 heat wave

Ambient carbon monoxide may influence heart rate variability in subjects with coronary artery disease

Temperature and mortality among the elderly in the United States - A comparison of epidemiologic methods

Effects of air pollution on heart rate variability: The VA Normative Aging Study

Association of air pollution with increased incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias recorded by implanted cardioverter defibrillators

The estimation of SARS incubation distribution from serial interval data using a convolution likelihood

Mortality displacement of heat-related deaths - A comparison of Delhi, Sao Paulo, and London

Multipoint linkage analysis for a very dense set of markers

Association of ventricular arrhythmias detected by implantable cardioverter defibrillator and ambient air pollutants in the St Louis, Missouri metropolitan area

Focused exposures to airborne traffic particles and heart rate variability in the elderly


topics


Publication activity and international collaboration in ‘public health’ (left)

and ‘environmental factors’ (right)

│ 24

BEL

BRA

DNK

FRA

DEU

GRC

IND

ITA

JPN

NLD

CHN

POL

ESP

SWE

GBR

USA

BEL

BRA

DNK

FRA

DEU

GRC

IND

ITA

JPN

NLD

CHN

POL

ESP

SWE

GBR

USA


topics



topics

Selected core documents in “biofuel” within “energy & fuels”

│ 25

Process optimization for biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil using response surface methodology

Continuous production of biodiesel via transesterification from vegetable oils in supercritical methanol

Temperature effects on biohydrogen production in a granular sludge bed induced by activated carbon carriers

Biohydrogen generation from jackfruit peel using anaerobic contact filter

Biohydrogen-production from beer lees biomass by cow dung compost

Isolation of hydrogen generating microflora from cow dung for seeding anaerobic digester

Fermentative hydrogen production from xylose using anaerobic mixed microflora

Sulfate effect on fermentative hydrogen production using anaerobic mixed microflora

Biodiesel production via non-catalytic SCF method and biodiesel fuel characteristics

Biological hydrogen production in suspended and attached growth anaerobic reactor systems


Publication activity and international collaboration in ‘energy & fuels’ (left)

and ‘biofuel’ (right)

│ 26

BEL

BRA

DNK

FRA

DEU

GRC

IND

ITA

JPN

NLD

CHN

POL

ESP

SWE

GBR

USA

BEL

BRA

DNK

FRA

DEU

GRC

IND

ITA

JPN

NLD

CHN

POL

ESPSWE

GBR

USA


topics


Example: Selected core documents in “brain-machine interface”

│ 27

"Virtual keyboard" controlled by spontaneous EEG activity

Planar gradiometer for magnetic induction tomography (MIT): theoretical and experimental sensitivity maps for a low-contrast phantom

Adaptive BCI based on variational Bayesian Kalman filtering: An empirical evaluation

Model-based neural decoding of reaching movements: A maximum likelihood approach

Ascertaining the importance of neurons to develop better brain-machine interfaces

Anasynchronously controlled EEG-based virtual keyboard: Improvement of the spelling rate

Boosting bit rates in noninvasive EEG single-trial classifications by feature combination and multiclass paradigms

Support vector channel selection in BCI

Classification of single-trial electroencephalogram during finger movement

BCI2000: A general-purpose, brain-computer interface (BCI) system


topics


Publication activity and international collaboration in biomedical

engineering (left) and ‘brain-machine interface’ (right)

│ 28

BEL

BRA

DNK

FRA

DEU

GRC

IND

ITA

JPN

NLDCHN

POL

ESP

SWE

GBR

USA

BEL

BRA

DNK

FRA

DEU

GRC

IND

ITA JPNNLD

CHN

POL

ESP

SWE

GBR

USA


topics


Observations

Publication activity and international collaboration

reflect globalisation and regional/national aspects.

• Measurable differences in ‘environmental factors’, ‘nano

pollution’, ‘bio diesel’ and ‘brain-machine interface’ found

• Essential contribution of the EU in these topics

• Growing role of the emerging economies in Asia and

South America

│ 29


topics


│ 30


topics

Cluster evolution of the discipline energy & fuels

energy & fuels

Legend:

red: 1999-2003

green: 2003-2008

blue: 2009-2011


7. Conclusions

│ 31

1. Selecting subjects for fine mapping

• The proposed methodolgy using sharp ratio’s is working. However,

the method is limited to the subject category assignment done by

the data provider.

• The selection of “growth fields” is not mandatory. The dynamics of

these fields just facilitated the development of methodology, which,

however, works with all fields.

3. Structural epistemological mapping of

literature in each subject and time period

• The hybrid approach proved to be very successfull in clustering

the given fields.


7. Conclusions

│ 32


• The application of two independent clustering and the citation links

between two periods revealed the dynamic structures in the fields.

• Three types of evolution are relevant to this project.

• Emerging topics could be identified in several subject categories.

• Expert validation confirmed our findings.

• The experimental extension of the time window to 2009-2011 has

confirmed the stability of the approach.


7. Conclusions

│ 33

• Emerging fields are described by keywords and by core documents.

These core documents give the best description.

• Other bibliometric indicators can be used, e.g., national publication

activity and international collaboration.

5. Cognitive/bibliometric

description of emerging fields


Appendix

│ 34

Publication of ERACEP results in international scientific journals

Glänzel, W., Thijs, B. (2011), Using `core documents' for the representation of clusters and

topics. Scientometrics, 88(1), 297-309.

Glänzel, W., Thijs, B. (2011), Research in emerging fields: who takes the lead? ISSI

Newsletter, 7(4), 85-95.

Meyer, M., Libaers, D. Thijs, B., Glänzel, W. (2011), The emergence of entrepreneurship as

a research field. In: E. Noyons et al. (Eds), Proceedings of ISSI 2011, Durban, South

Africa, 552-557.

Glänzel, W. (2012), Bibliometric methods for detecting and analysing emerging research

topics. El Profesional de la Información, 21(2), 194-201.

Glänzel, W., Thijs, B. (2012), Using ‘core documents’ for detecting and labelling new

emerging topics. Scientometrics, 91(2), 399-416.

Glänzel, W. (2012), The role of core documents in bibliometric network analysis and their

relation with h-type indices. Scientometrics, 93(1), 113-123.

Meyer, M., Thijs, B., Libaers, D., Glänzel, W., Granta, K., Debackere, K. (2012), On the

Origin and Emergence of Entrepreneurship as a Research Field. In: E. Archambault,

Y. Gingras, V. Lariviere (eds), Proceedings of STI 2012 Montreal, Vol. 2, 879-880.

Thijs, B., Schiebel, E. Glänzel, W. (2013), Do second-order similarities provide added-value

in a hybrid approach? Scientometrics, DOI: 10.1007/s11192-012-0896-1, in press.

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