The Ethical Vision of the Bible by Peter W. Gosnell

8122019 The Ethical Vision of the Bible by Peter W Gosnell

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullthe-ethical-vision-of-the-bible-by-peter-w-gosnell 129

P E T E R W G O S N E L L

L E A R N I N G G O O D F R O M K N O W I N G G O D

THE

ETHICAL VISION

OF THE BIBLE





THE

ETHICAL VISION

OF THE BIBLE



Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions



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copy983090983088983089983092 by Peter W Gosnell

All rights reserved No part o this book may be reproduced in any orm without written permission rom

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Scripture quotations unless otherwise noted are rom the New Revised Standard Version o the Bible copyright

983089983097983096983097 by the Division o Christian Education o the National Council o the Churches o Christ in the USA Used by

permission All rights reserved

While all stories in this book are true some names and identiying inormation in this book have been changed to

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ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983094983092983095983097-983097 (digital)

Printed in the United States o America infin

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record or this book is available rom the Library o Congress

P 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983094 983091983093 983091983092 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




C983151983150983156983141983150983156983155

Preace 983097

983089 What Is Biblical Ethics 983089983091

983090 From Disorder to Order 983091983095

Ethics in orah 1

983091 Mercy Covenant and Instructing Law 983094983090

Ethics in orah 2

983092 Holiness and Love in the Covenant 983096983094

Ethics in orah 3

983093 Wisdom and Consequences 983089983090983091

he Book o Proverbs

983094 Prophets 983089983093983089Ethics or Morality

983095 Reversal and Exemplar 983089983094983096

Jesus and the Kingdom in Luke

983096 Perection Mercy and Imitation 983090983088983093

Jesus and the Kingdom in Matthew

983097 ransormation in Practice 983090983091983096

Paul and 1 Corinthians

983089983088 ransormation Explained 983090983095983092

Paul and Romans

Concluding houghts 983091983089983090

What Can We Do with All o his

Notes 983091983090983089

Bibliography 983091983096983089

Name and Subject Index 983091983097983095

Scripture Index 983092983088983093






10486251048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

appeals to their own authority become dissatisying and ineffective

So consider the ollowing upgrade

ldquoMom why do I have to brush my teethrdquo

ldquoTo keep your teeth healthy If you donrsquot theyrsquoll rot

and fall outrdquo

Now a new element has been addedmdashconsequences I people perorm well

they benefit i they perorm badly they can be harmed Te interaction now

appears to be airly reasonable But compare the explanation rom the pre-

ceding parent with those ollowing

ldquoBecause if you do Irsquoll take you to the zoo

tomorrowrdquo

Or

ldquoBecause if you donrsquot I will spank yourdquo

Tese also are consequences but something is a bit off Te consequences

do not seem to be tied to the behavior Tere is no genuine connection be-

tween tooth brushing and the zoo or tooth brushing and spanking Rather

the interaction appears disturbingly manipulative perhaps symptomatic o

a flawed relationship Te parents here appear to be on subtly weak ground

In one case the parent is bribing the child In the other the parent is threat-

ening the childEthics provides the rationale or perorming certain behaviors I the

reasons or perorming a behavior make sense the system makes sense I

they do not the system begins to alter

Ethics involves another important element Te two scenarios may be

instructive in the area o parenting but are they really dealing with ethics

Brushing teeth may be polite It may be healthy But is it right in the same

way that one would consider helping a person in need would be or is ailing

to do it wrong in the same way that murdering someone would be Brushing

teeth reflects social upbringing to be sure It has health consequences cer-

tainly Reusing to do so when asked to may indicate troublesome attitudes

that themselves do come into the sphere o ethicsmdashrebelliousness stub-




What Is Biblical Ethics 1048625852021

bornness selfishness But people would hardly call someone who ails to

brush teeth an unethical person merely because he or she happened not to

perorm an act o personal hygieneSo what else does ethics involve We are talking ultimately about how

someone is guided to become a good person who perorms good deeds Tat

would involve matters such as how people treat others or how they treat them-

selves It would more ully involve how one treats the world around onesel

Te ollowing scenario swerves more ully into the world o ethics

ldquoAlicia please share your toy with Junierdquo

ldquoWhyrdquo

ldquoBecause you want to be a good friend to her She

ought to enjoy coming to visit yourdquo

Here we are dealing with behavior that affects peoplersquos expression o their

humanness We are observing Aliciarsquos parent instructing her about right and

wrong behavior that affects another person

Tat kind o interaction even between parent and child shows a regard

or behavior that goes beyond the bounds o mere politeness It reflects a

concern or others It ultimately reflects a concern or what kind o person

the child should aim to become and the kinds o things she should be doing

as that sort o person In this scenario Alicia is being urged to advance good

or well-being on her world She is also being urged not to advance harm in

her world Tat basic pattern will serve as the working definition o what

ethics involves or this book In other words ethics involves championingbehavior that advances good or hinders harm in onersquos world

People who aim to be ethical people are good people We like good people

Good people do what is right Tey rerain rom what is evil We like asso-

ciating with people who are kind to us who give to us who care or us

Conversely we donrsquot like people who are nasty to us who take rom us who

harm us So what does it mean to be good Why should we do good An-

swers to those questions will reveal the kind o ethics we are applying

B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155

In this book we are considering what the collection o writings known as the

Bible contributes to the world o ethics What is considered right and wrong




1048625852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

behavior according to biblical writings What thought patterns do writings

in the Bible encourage in helping their readers distinguish right rom wrong

What reasons and motivations do biblical writings offer or why their readersshould perorm what is good and rerain rom what is bad

In addressing such questions letrsquos first note an important difference be-

tween what some would call ldquoChristian ethicsrdquo or ldquoreligious ethicsrdquo and what

we are exploring here in this book Christian or religious ethics might ad-

dress the question What do the tenets o the religious aith contribute to

distinguishing right rom wrong on liersquos issues Or more personally Since

I call mysel a Christian how should I behave as a Christian over this issue

Tese are great questions Tey launch the inquirer on a prescriptive task

that looks to the religion including the Bible as Christian Scripture to

advise about or make behavioral demands or the present moment

Biblical ethics should also inorm those kinds o questions But beore

we can determine how we must first try to discern what the biblical texts

appear to be communicating852017 Note biblical texts not simply biblical state-

ments Wersquore aiming to learn to observe the sustained lines o reasoning

offered by individual biblical writings or clusters o related writings In-stead o imposing our interests on themmdashWhat does the Bible say about

Xmdashwe want to discern the issues that the words o individual writings

appear to be designed to address Te biblical ethics we are pursuing here

is largely a descriptive task We will aim to understand what the Biblersquos

writings themselves promote ethically exploring them with a regard or

their literary cultural and historical contexts What we discover through

this kind o biblical ethics should then be the basis o conversation be-

tween Bible readers who can help each other understand more deeply

what to do with the kinds o ideas disclosed by this sort o investigation

Our primary pursuit in this book is to observe the ways o distinguishing

right rom wrong that are encouraged within biblical writings and what

rationale and motivations those writings offer or perorming right ac-

tivities and avoiding wrong ones Based on those people can begin to

discuss the prescriptive role these texts can have in their lives now no

matter the culture852018

Since much o Christian ethics is interested in using the Bible how is

what we are doing here different Our task will not be to use the Bible as a

source o moral statements but to describe the Biblersquos ethical vision how its





writings themselves shape the readersrsquo views o moral right and wrong For

example some Christian thinkers are interested in exploring the implica-

tions o humans being made in Godrsquos image a point made twice in the earlychapters o Genesis as wersquoll soon see ldquoI humans are said to be in Godrsquos

imagerdquo the reasoning goes ldquothen I should always treat other humans as

ellow image bearersrdquo Tatrsquos not a bad line o reasoning But it is not strictly

biblical in the way we are considering here How so Because that line o

reasoning is never explicitly ound or encouraged by any words in biblical

writings In act the last use o the expression ldquoimage o Godrdquo in the large

first part o the Bible the Old estament is in Genesis 852025 Biblical writings

appeal to the concept differently Tose writings instead ollow other iden-

tifiable sustained lines o reasoning that offer consistent and persistent ways

o thinking about right and wrong Learning to trace those lines is the point

o this book

In some religious contexts people are told prescriptively to do one

certain kind o activity or rerain rom others ldquobecause the Bible says sordquo

Such people could then go so ar as to say that such a reason makes their

ethics biblical Tough that religious approach may appeal to the Bible italso tends not to reflect consistently what the writings themselves commu-

nicate and should also not be conused with the biblical ethics we are pur-

suing here It rather tends to assume that the Bible is a collection o moral

injunctions and stories that declare and demonstrate what is right and

wrong or the aithul According to that view those who want to be con-

sidered aithul should do what the Bible says without hesitation Tough

as wersquoll see biblical writings expect their words to be taken seriously the

words o those writings present a much richer set o ideas than the rationale

o rote obedience allows or

Further the Biblersquos words shouldnrsquot be pressed into service to commu-

nicate ideas oreign to them I we impose assumptions rom our culture

onto what the Biblersquos words communicate in their original settings we in-

troduce distortions For example we may want a biblical ruling on when

human lie begins definitively but i we assume that biblical writers know

exactly what we may know about human conception we would be intro-ducing ideas oreign to the biblical texts Te emale ovum was not dis-

covered until the early nineteenth century Appeals to the Bible or such uses

tend to reflect what religious authorities claim about biblical texts more than







so in ways that dey uninormed popular-level assumptions When exam-

ining the Biblersquos words in their actual contexts readers will make surprising

observations that may dey their assumptions about the sense o religionadvocated by the Biblersquos varied writings For example eternal rewards and

punishments concerns with lie afer death even hell avoidance and

heaven attainment are generally side issues in the Bible (When we explore

the Gospel o Matthew though we will see aspects o those issues empha-

sized) And in those ew places in the Bible where hell is reerred to it is

portrayed not as a scare or bribery tactic but as a serious outcome or the

end o the age What happens to a person upon dying is scarcely a topic in

the Bible even i it becomes so or some expressions o Christianity so

closely connected to those writings Let Bible readers beware when ob-

served careully the words o the Bible will reveal criticize and correct their

sloppy religious assumptions

Now i biblical writings advocate various approaches to ethics that flow

out o peoplersquos relationship with God and i that God is neither a brute

authoritarian parent demanding rote obedience nor a weak manipulative

parent threatening with punishment and bribing with rewards what do weactually see Letrsquos look briefly at the first writing Genesis

Our original introduction to God in that writing displays the Creator

whose acts resemble more those o a beneficent monarch or king than o a

parent1048627 Tat king commands and it is so Even more revealing that king

evaluates to see that all is good Tat kingly activity results in an ordered

creation that humans are asked collectively to manage When we see God

instructing the first human a man known eventually as Adam he issues a

specific charge ldquoYou may reely eat o every tree o the garden but o the

tree o the knowledge o good and evil you shall not eat or in the day that

you eat o it you shall dierdquo (Gen 10486261048625852022-1048625852023)

Notice first o all that this is not an ethical scenario Rather this shows

a boundary-setting restriction Tat is important to observe Why Not

everything in the Bible is about ethics Tink about it What is inherently

wrong in eating ruit O course this is a particular kind o ruitmdasha unique

kind in act that is said to give ldquoknowledge o good and evilrdquo importantcategories or ethics But eating it is said to have severe consequencesmdash

death Certainly the rationale eventually offered or disobeying Godrsquos

command has implications or ethics ldquoWhen the woman saw that the tree







speciic situations but are not inherently morally right or wrong hose

behaviors may all into the areas o cultural customs and manners or

even situation-speciic instructions but not ethics When consideringmorally neutral behaviors we will have to consider the ethics o pur-

suing those behaviors knowing that someone might be bothered or the

ethics o orcing people to conorm to neutral standards however im-

portant those standards may be culturally or religiously to those en-

orcing them

It will also require people recognizing that some o their own culturally

or religiously conditioned behaviors may actually be neutral not genu-

inely moral People should not expect biblical writings to affirm their own

culturersquos manners and expectations For example being prompt or timely

an important cultural value or some people in the West today is not really

an issue that alls into the category o ethics even though it may be wise

to be prompt in many circumstances amiliar to us Itrsquos really only a

culture-bound value near and dear to many people Certainly biblical

writings donrsquot count promptness among the issues that God cares about

Being impatient with others or being late however would be So also is areusal to honor anotherrsquos known sense o timeliness by insisting on having

onersquos own way

What we will see throughout the Bible is the notion that how a person

chooses to respond to God affects the kind o person he or she becomes

Tus those who aim to do what God wants are ethical people because much

o what God is said to want is also what most people would consider to be

good ethical behavior and because throughout the span o biblical writings

God is portrayed as being in the business o restoring rightness to his cre-

ation In the world o the Bible those who choose to dey God do not know

how to act consistently as ethical people because they have chosen to cut

themselves off rom the ways and plans o God and thus are incomplete in

their sense o what right and wrong behavior actually include

Obeying God trusting God having aith in God and responding to God

are all central issues to the Bible issues that affect the ethics that its varied

writings promote How one responds to God is reflected in a personrsquos ethicsIn act expect to see repeatedly how those who respond to God are ofen

shown as good responders by doing ethical acts Tose who disregard God

are ofen shown as bad responders with the unethical acts they perorm




10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

Ultimately what we see throughout the Bible are sets o ethics rooted

in peoplersquos relationship with Godmdashan ethic o relationship1048629 Doing good

flows out o a person coming to know God and growing in that rela-tionship with God Doing wrong shows how out o touch a person is with

God Biblical writings are ull o the language o devotion and com-

mitment It is not a mindless devotion but one that is highly attractive

showing people interacting with a God who gives cares and accepts even

i that God also has high standards or those who are connected to him

Tose standards are ofen shown to lead to personal well-being or those

who interact with God

Significantly because peoplersquos relating to God is the one constant advo-

cated by the varieties o biblical writings how God relates to people also

merits consideration Biblical writings offer hope and restoration or those

who mess up An important element o that is a concept known as repen-

tance people turning away rom their evil and embracing Godrsquos good

Along with that are grace receiving good rom God when one deserves the

opposite and mercy receiving good rom God when one is in a decidedly

weak position A sense o hope also emerges as a central eature o biblicalethics People are allowed to be works in progress Expect to discover im-

perect people in biblical writings people who as they draw close to God

also become better people in the process even i many o them have rough

edges In the world o the Bible God never rejects people who call on him

M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155

People ofen use the concepts o morality and ethics interchangeably

Morals generally reer to a personrsquos awareness o right and wrong A

moral person does the right kind o behavior in the sense we have been

probing here advancing good on the world while reraining rom what

inflicts harm For that reason some people would say that a moral person

is also ethical

A moral person may be doing what is right but may not know clearly

what makes the activity right or why she or he should do that right By con-

trast ethics as we discuss it here deals with how to distinguish right romwrong and why someone should do the right and hinder the wrong In

exploring the Bible we will see many statements weighing in on the moral

rightness or wrongness o various behaviors But we wonrsquot stop there We





will look or the ethics that will indicate what makes the activity right or

wrong and that offer rationale and motivation or engaging in the right ac-

tivity or reraining rom the wrong Moral people do what is right So dopeople who have ethics but they also know why1048630

Te distinction between morality and ethics is an important one wo

people can share the same moral convictions but they could easily have very

different ethics How Because the ethics will explain the answer to the

question Why is that wrong For example in the world that produced the

New estament section o the Bible Greek and Roman philosophers com-

monly discussed the moral wrongness o being guided by our passions

Toughtless passions lead people to do the wrong things One writer Paul

whose ethics we will explore in chapters nine and ten would basically agree

that people acting out their passions leads to misbehavior But i you asked

both sets o people why being guided by passion is wrong you would get

two entirely different sets o answers Paulrsquos answer connects directly to his

awareness o the crucifixion and resurrection o Jesus Te philosophers

know nothing o Jesus Teir answers are linked to their view o the psy-

chology o the soul Tough we might think we see moral agreement be-tween Paul and philosophers we see totally different ethics We will see the

same thing in the Bible itsel Te various places we will explore will re-

quently show common moral standards but different ethics Ethics and mo-

rality are not the same

Te Biblersquos writings do communicate a strong set o morals But they do

much more than that Tey portray genuine ethics Tey show ways o lie

stemming rom people living in attractive relationship with the true and

living God Reasons or living morally appear regularly either stated or

implied because relationship with God is portrayed as wonderully good

and genuinely healthy Relationship with God ultimately involves partici-

pating in Godrsquos process o remaking the world a world filled with bro-

kenness exhibited in and stemming rom human misbehavior As we probe

biblical texts we will discover ethical systems that are intriguing inviting

enlightening and uplifing People who read the Bible well will not only

have a stronger sense o what is right and wrong they will realize why ac-cording to those writings they also should do right and why living that

right is so ulfilling




10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics

o Ethics reers to how a person distinguishes right rom

wrong behavior

o Ethics is also concerned with the reasons or why a

person should choose what is good and abstain rom

what is not

o Te kind o behavior that ethics is concerned with gen-erally is behavior that advances good or hinders harm

in onersquos world

What do we mean by biblical ethics

o With biblical ethics one is concerned with discerning

the kinds o behavior biblical writings indicate are right

and wrong

o One is also concerned with both how according to bib-

lical writings to distinguish right rom wrong and why

its readers should do right and rerain rom wrong

o Biblical ethics begins with describing what biblical

writings communicate ethically Only then can people see

how those ethics might apply to their lives prescriptively

o

Ethics is not the central concern o biblical writings o Other behaviors besides ethical behaviors are dealt

with in the Bible

o How people connect meaningully with God is a central

concern o biblical writings

o Ethics in the Bible flows primarily out o peoplersquos

healthy relationship with God

o Ethics in the Bible offers hope or those who recognize

their error and turn to God





A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155

Ethical questions and dilemmas appear consistently and prominently within

human history Some o the ethical systems Western civilizations developed

to address those concerns are worth noting briefly as a way o comparing

how biblical writings offer both similarities to and dissimilarities rom

them1048631 Some o these systems actually influenced aspects o ethics as oundin parts o the Bible Others o these have themselves been influenced by the

sense o right and wrong ound in biblical writings

Virtue ethics Also closely related to what is called ldquocharacter ethicsrdquo

virtue ethics ocus on what kind o person one should become in order to

attain a higher goal such as happiness or well-being emphasizing various

virtues (eg courage wisdom justice sel-control kindness orbearance

riendliness modesty)852024 Conversely there are vices that one should avoid

(eg cowardice olly wrongness sel-indulgence meanness short-

temperedness diffidence extravagance) Many o those good character

qualities are learned rom observing people who are considered to be good

or by repeated practice o virtuous activities Discussions o virtues and

vices were especially important to the ancient Greeks and Romans Some

writings in the New estament reflect awareness o the ruit o such discus-

sions but also offer their own unique perspectives on virtues and vices

Ethical egoism Also coming rom ancient Greece ethical egoism advocatespursuing behaviors with outcomes that maximize personal pleasure while

minimizing personal pain Rather than resorting to out-and-out hedonism (ie

selfish pleasure seeking) the point here is to evaluate long-term outcomes or

How is morality different from ethics

o Morality is simply knowing what is right and what is

wrong

o Ethics involves both the reasoning or distinguishing

right rom wrong and the motivations or doing what

is right and hindering what is wrong

o Biblical writings regularly portray genuine ethics not

mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

consequences Some immediate pleasures may result in such horrible pain in

the end that they should be avoided altogether But some pain may be necessary

to endure in order to attain the benefit o a long-term pleasureUtilitarianism Utilitarianism is similar to ethical egoism with its concern

or maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain but does so with societies in

view not merely the individual Whatever advances pleasure or the greatest

number o people is to be preerred Further it recognizes that there are

higher-order pleasures in lie beyond mere physical gratification Peoplersquos

ailure to exercise their minds or their pursuit o personal selfishness are two

major obstacles to good being advanced In current popular everyday

practice both ethical egoistic and utilitarian ways o thinking can lead

people to line up physical psychological and sociological conclusions in

order to prove that a genuine pleasure is being advanced or pain is being

avoided But sometimes those conclusions prove more tentative than their

communicators may indicate at the time especially when they are really

interested in justiying their own misbehavior

Duty With duty one should do what is right and rerain rom what is wrong

because that is the most reasonable orm o activity to pursue as a thinkinghuman being One has a duty to live consistently with onersquos being Right and

wrong are independent o human existence Right corresponds with what is

true to pursue what is alse is sel-contradictory and internally inconsistent

Practically speaking living by duty means unctioning in a world o beings As

a human being one has a duty to recognize people as people Whenever one

treats another or even onesel solely as an object one is violating onersquos duty to

a ellow creature Tis way o thinking partly resembles a well-known maxim

attributed to Jesus ofen called the Golden RulemdashldquoDo to others as you would

have them do to yourdquo But it has little regard or people thinking empathetically

about others with a desired ideal good or them the way Jesusrsquo words do

Divine command theory Divine command theory assumes that rightness

comes directly rom divinity and whatever any divinity commands the re-

ligious person must obey When applied to the Bible this approach assumes

that the Bible is ull o commands meant to be obeyed So as a reader one

should look diligently or those commands Whatever is commanded mustbe ollowed because it comes rom God o obey God is to do what is right

o disobey God is to do what is wrong While to many this would seem to

be biblical ethics in a nutshell it alls short by not seeing how biblical ethics





involves much more than obeying commands Ofen associated with this

approach at the popular level is an attitude that treats the Bible as a sort o

guiding constitution to scan or moral rulings discovering ldquowhat the Biblesaysrdquo about a topic then becomes the primary pursuit

eleology Many o these approaches to ethics also try to organize lie

around a ocused goal a teleological approach For example or some virtue

ethicists and ethical egoists achieving a orm o happiness or well-being is

the goal or which virtues are exercised or pain is minimized By contrast

the approach emphasizing duty regards the duty to be right all by itsel in-

dependent o any ultimate human goal or ideal

E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

Te Bible and teleology In the Bible we will see varieties o teleological

thought stronger in some places than in others Concerns or example with

conormity to the created order or to Godrsquos merciul acts in a moment known

as the exodus are common in the first writings we will probe1048633 Even stronger

will be the awareness that lie is advancing toward a uture ultimate moment

o reordering a major component to the later writings being studied hereTe Bible and virtue ethics Tere are many places where biblical writings

champion conormity to a good character model852017852016 But good character is

advanced neither as a means to some sort o end nor merely as an end in

itsel the way it is in traditional virtue ethics Obtaining good lie outcomes

or avoiding bad ones is not the main goal o being good Rather good char-

acter in biblical writings is ofen seen as a reflection o the God who is being

served It is both an outcome o associating with God and a measuring stick

o how in touch one is with God Further in addition to character issues

biblical texts also champion specific behaviors such as taking care o the

poor standing up or the weak or loving the unlovely Tose behaviors may

reflect good character but they are to be done regardless o onersquos overall

character Many in Christianity have traditionally thought o love as a virtue

But biblical writings ofen ocus on love as an activity even a responsibility

Attention to character ormation is a major topic o discussion or scholars

examining the use o the Bible in ethics852017852017 Tat would be close to virtue ethicsbut not identical It ocuses on how encouragement in the practice o certain

biblical instructions shapes the lives o those who do them influencing what

kind o people they become Like virtue ethics this recognizes that a person




10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

must be trained in the right way o living to be able to become good It does

receive major support rom the Biblersquos writings themselves which encourage

a liestyle that is always growing in its awareness o God and Godrsquos desiresor humans Still the ethics o the parts o the Bible we will explore here will

also provide more than material or character ormation Tey will also

provide guidelines that help people make reasoned decisions about the

rightness and wrongness o certain activities as they ponder them

Te Bible ethical egoism and utilitarianism Some biblical writings promote

appraising harmul or beneficial outcomes o behaviors in ways that may seem

to resemble the ethical egoist or the utilitarian Tey tend to do so to show the

wisdom or olly o certain activities or to speak approvingly o advancing the

goodness or well-being o onersquos neighbor Tey do not make the avoidance o

personal pain or the acquisition o personal pleasure the ultimate goal Rather

they measure consequences observed rom the activities o others and offer

advice based on what is observed to have worked and what genuinely does not

ounded on how one studies the world as God created it Other writings talk

about growing in character rom enduring hardships such as persecution Again

the point is not to ocus on the personal gain rom such growth but on the ul-timate goal the remade hardship-ree creation one is destined to

Te Bible and duty Various biblical writings urge their readers to treat

others as people rather than objects but they do so in a manner that takes

into consideration the railties o the environment people live in and the

realities o human existence and weakness encouraging readers to be aware

o their own Tough obedience itsel in some contexts may be perceived

as a duty urther probing o those contexts ofen discloses that obedience

flows more out o a sincere relationship with God and a high regard or

others than rom a sense o resolute duty-bound obligation

Te Bible and divine command theory Te Bible is also ull o com-

mands But many o those commands come in specifically defined contexts

that are not meant to apply directly to people in most contemporaneous

settings And outside o those contexts much o what is ofen regarded as

command is really instructional advice which is quite a different orm o

expressionmdashordering someone to ldquoSlow downrdquo is not the same as advisingsomeone to ldquoake your timerdquo yet both communicate what grammarians call

imperatives Further much o the Biblersquos advice appears in contexts that

point to clear supporting reasons behind it Focusing on the advice without





dealing with its supporting rationale misses the actual ethics being advanced

Finally there are many ethical topics about which the Bible does not issue

any direct command or instruction leaving readers with no guidance orworse as we have already seen leading people to twist the Biblersquos words into

making points not really there Discovering Godrsquos will emerges as a major

concern in some o the writings we will explore or their ethics But we will

see how doing that leads a person beyond a search or direct statements or

interpretive moral rulings

When people probe the Bible to learn what it might say about a certain

moral topic they are really acting under a basic assumption o divine

command theory an act is right or wrong because God says so852017852018 And yet

without ever having read the Bible people all over the world have views

similar to biblical writingsrsquo views about the morality o certain acts A sense

o right and wrong can exist independent o the Bible In this book we will

proceed under the assumption that an act is not right or wrong just because

the Bible says so Te Bible says so ofen because the act is right or wrong Why

is an act right or wrong Answering that rom the Biblersquos writings will put

readers in touch with the ethics those writings advanceTe observations rom the previous paragraphs should not lessen any

respect that a reader gives to biblical texts Tey should in act increase it

Te writings o the Bible encourage more than they ofen receive credit or

Troughout the variety o ethical approaches we will examine in this book

we will see attitudes expressed by biblical texts that expect their words to be

taken seriously precisely because they are connected to God who is trust-

worthy who has made the world with purpose and who is in the process o

moving its events to an ultimate restorative climax Doing something be-

cause one is prompted by a saying in a biblical text is an attitude encouraged

directly by the words o the Biblersquos writings But studying biblical ethics

means much more than searching or and then obeying divinely established

commands or discovering what the Bible says about a topic Tat may some-

times be a good starting point but the Biblersquos words ofen lead its readers to

think about how to do even more than they say directly People who care

about the Bible should let their ethical vision be shaped by that

A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161

Te Bible is not a book written by a single author with a collection o chapters




8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

reflecting a beginning a middle and an end It is a collection o writings

emerging over a large time span and produced by a wide variety o authors

nearly one third o whom are not identified It alls into two unequal por-tions (1048625) the much larger Hebrew Bible (or to Christians the Old estament)

the product o hundreds o years o activity ocusing on the people o Israel

and their covenant with God and (1048626) the New estament produced within

the second hal o the first century 983139983141 or 983137983140 the writings o which all

reflect issues and events related to the person named Jesus the Christ Many

o the writings o both estaments disclose threads o an unolding story to

which they persistently connect divulging an emerging divine plan Some

writings connect to that plan with more detail than others And not all o

the writings try to advance that unolding story

In this book we are probing only our broad sections o biblical ethics (1048625)

Te orah (minus Numbers) and (1048626) proverbial wisdom rom the Old es-

tament (852019) two o the Gospels (Luke and Matthew) and (1048628) two o Paulrsquos

letters (1048625 Corinthians and Romans) rom the New estament8520171048627 Prophetic

thought rom Isaiah in the Old estament will be addressed briefly as well

not or separate ethical inquiry as much as to bridge the ethical worlds oorah and the Gospels Immediately some may ault this listing as incom-

plete and too limiting852017852020 Yes it is But these our basic sections each have

broad unique identifiable eatures that disclose significant depth o ethical

thought What orah communicates ethically is quite distinct rom what

Proverbs conveys And though the Gospels o Luke and Matthew each display

their own special ethical approaches their similarities offer a significantly

different slant rom what Paul advances We will be looking at our distinct

emphases covenant consequences kingdom and transormation Te Bible

does not portray a single unitary ethical vision We see multiple visions each

connecting people with God who has made the world and will remake it

Evidence within the biblical writings suggests that all our o the ap-

proaches we are exploring can interact not only with each other but with

those biblical approaches that we are not exploring in this book8520171048629 We are

looking at a useul basic starting point Tose wanting to pursue a uller

range o approaches and thought orms can then build rom hereRecognizing that there are different complementary ways o thinking ad-

vocated by biblical texts should give Bible readers a greater appreciation or

the richness o thought the writings encourage It should also caution them





about the shallowness o approaches that disregard that variety in avor o

coming up with a ldquobiblicalrdquo position about a moral topic Tough one might

be able to discern common moral perspectives on some issues one would bemissing out on the ethical reasoning individual sets o writings advance

S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144

Many biblical writings invite their readers to distinguish right rom wrong

Tough the Bible does not speak univocally (ie with one voice) its writings

display a remarkably consistent concern or distinguishing right rom wrong

even within the diversity o their expressions Consider the ollowing state-

ments rom a wide range o biblical books all but one o which we will

eventually survey

Moses the leader o Godrsquos people in the orah instructs them concerning

Godrsquos commands

In Proverbs a ather instructs his son

You must observe them diligently for this will show your wisdom and discernment

to the peoples who when they hear all these statutes will say ldquoSurely this great

nation is a wise and discerning peoplerdquo For what other great nation has a god sonear to it as the LORD our God is whenever we call to him And what other great

nation has statutes and ordinances as just as this entire law that I am setting before

you today Deut 46-8

Do not enter the path of the wicked

and do not walk in the way of evildoers

Avoid it do not go on it

turn away from it and pass on

For they cannot sleep unless they have done wrong

they are robbed of sleep unless they have made someone stumble

For they eat the bread of wickedness

and drink the wine of violence

But the path of the righteous is like the light of dawn

which shines brighter and brighter until full day

The way of the wicked is like deep darkness

they do not know what they stumble over Prov 414-19




8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

When accusing Israelite people o a series o wrongdoings the prophet

Isaiah writes

In one Gospel Jesus invites hearers to accept a set o his teachings many

o which address moral behavior

When disturbed that believers in Corinth are not distinguishing rightrom wrong that churchrsquos ounder Paul says

In a totally independent writing when disturbed at the immaturity dis-

played by his readersrsquo willingness to wander away rom the aith the writer

o the epistle to the Hebrews identifies spiritually mature as

Biblical writings clearly advocate that people distinguish moral right

rom moral wrongTat said letrsquos note once more how ocusing on ethics to the exclusion o

other issues is potentially misleading We will see that immediately in ex-

ploring the first part o the Bible the orah In Deuteronomy or example we

Ah you who call evil good

and good evil

who put darkness for light

and light for darkness

who put bitter for sweet

and sweet for bitter Is 520

Enter through the narrow gate for the gate is wide and the road is easy that leads

to destruction and there are many who take it For the gate is narrow and the road

is hard that leads to life and there are few who find it Mt 713-14

Can it be that there is no one among you wise enough to decide between one be-

liever and another but a believer goes to court against a believermdashand before

unbelievers at that 1 Cor 65-6

those whose faculties have been trained by

practice to distinguish good from evil Heb 514





will find activities identified as evil that our working definition o ethics would

call immoral alse witness adultery kidnapping (Deut 10486258520251048625852025 1048626104862610486261048626 10486261048628852023) But

that same writing identifies alse prophets and idolaters with the same labelmdashevil (Deut 1048625852019852021 1048625852023852023) Are idolaters and alse prophets immoral or something

else Elsewhere in the Bible we will see ethical activity such as loving enemies

(Mt 85202110486281048628-1048628852022) placed on the same reward level as acilitating the work o those

who spread the message o the kingdom (Mt 1048625104862410486281048624-10486281048626) Is supporting the

spread o the kingdomrsquos message moral or something else Biblical writings

ofen portray a more integrated view about lie than our strict definitions allow

We might like to put certain decisions into an ethics box Living in relationship

with the Biblersquos God is all encompassing not easily separable into box-like

categoriesmdasha worship box a sacrifice box a religion box an ethics box

So why are we doing this Because the list o statements we have just

looked at is one piece o evidence among many we will see that encourages

us to think ethically as a natural way o living in relationship with God

Failure to live in ways that emerge out o our definition o ethics is regularly

condemned in biblical writings (eg Is 104862510486251048624-1048625852023 Mt 10486268520191048626852019-10486261048628) But living in

relationship with God involves much more than ethics Our study o ethicsshould not keep us rom realizing that

B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148

Ethicists generally do not use the expression microethical or its noun micro-

ethics Tose terms are unique to our discussions here Tey appeal to con-

cepts rom the world o economics Economists speak o microeconomics

and macroeconomics Te ormer reers to how people interact in day-to-

day business transactions Whenever people buy or sell items rom a store

they are engaging in microeconomics Te latter reers to larger national

and global issues that determine economic policies set by governments

Whenever people announce state or national employment figures or

whenever people are concerned about the prime rate being set by the Federal

Reserve Bank they are dealing with macroeconomics

Similar concepts are being applied here Microethics reers to what people

do when they interact directly with someone else ldquoShould I be kind or rudeto that woman who wonrsquot give me the time o dayrdquo ldquoShould I get angry at that

man who just cut me off in traffic or should I simply smile pleasantlyrdquo

ldquoShould I join in the conversation about our riend who is not present or




8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

should I change the topicrdquo ldquoShould I step in and help protect someone whom

I see being mistreated or should I just walk awayrdquo8520171048630 By contrast macroethics

appeals to larger matters concerning policy and programs ldquoShould I be inavor o policies that penalize the rich and champion the poorrdquo ldquoAre programs

that advocate abortion correctrdquo ldquoShould I join a protest against a government

policy that I think is a bad idea or societyrdquo ldquoShould I support the warrdquo

When we observe popular media especially television and movies we tend

to see a macroethical emphasis We see more concern or policies and programs

than or individuals themselves being good people doing good things Tus a

person who advocates the ldquorightrdquo causes champions the ldquorightrdquo policies or sup-

ports the ldquorightrdquo programs is considered by many to be more ethical than

someone who may see differently about such policies but who is always ready

to lend a helping hand whenever the opportunity arises who regularly gives

away money to individuals in need and who as a nonmarried person remains

sexually celibate In the meantime the activist who champions the ldquorightrdquo causes

but who is not the nicest person to be around or who may even be loose sexually

can be celebrated in the media or being good in spite o the act that people are

being harmed in their interpersonal interactions What people do in private issaid to be their own business Hence one can be heralded or speaking well in

ront o the camera while being a person who does not get along well with others

when the cameras are off Te world is filled with such people Tey would not

be considered moral within the worlds reflected in biblical writings

Describing the macroethical and the microethical in this way tends toward

a simplistic generalization But the purpose o introducing these two cate-

gories is to point out that the various approaches to biblical ethics that we

will examine tend to emphasize microethical responses No matter where a

person is reading in the Bible one will see texts that rown on people who

reuse to get personally involved in doing what is right to the people im-

mediately in ront o them It is useless to be a public advocate or the poor

while never actually giving anything to the poor nearby or worse never

talking to or beriending people who are poor Te rich politician who ad-

vocates taxing the rich but who maintains an affluent liestyle while do-

nating minimal amounts o money to poor people would not be treated wellin the world o biblical ethics Neither would the sexually loose-living ac-

tivist who shouts angry words at political opponents or the sake o the cause

no matter how worthy the cause Biblical texts avor interpersonally enacted





concern or people as the starting point or policies and programs Te in-

dividuals one interacts with are always more important than the causes one

advocates no matter how valid those causes may beTe terminology o micro- and macroethics should not undermine an

important subcategory or many discussing the Bible and ethics namely that

o social ethics Social ethics emphasizes how various groups o weak people

in societies are easily marginalized and mistreated rather than helped Such

social concerns will appear in all our approaches to ethics we will explore

here For example early on we will discover texts that talk about caring or

poor people or widows or atherless (or unprotected) children and or

oreigners or aliens8520171048631 Tough neglect o such weak people can and does

become part o wider social issues needing to be addressed by biblical texts

the words we first see about such issues will be aimed at people in local in-

terpersonal situations Te care or the weak neighbor is portrayed as the

responsibility o the person who crosses that neighborrsquos path not some im-

personal outside source Te person ignoring the weaker neighbor whom he

or she could help would be acting immorally A concern or living properly

within onersquos own community is first and oremost a microethical concern

SUMMING IT UP WHAT WE SHOULD

983080AND SHOULDNT983081 EXPECT FROM BIBLICAL ETHICS

o Biblical writings have points in common with other

ethical systems outside o the Bible but they display

their own unique approaches to ethics o Te attempt to discover what ldquothe Bible saysrdquo about a

topic does not reflect biblical ethics It reflects some

other system o ethics being imposed on the Bible

o Te Bible contains a variety o approaches to ethics not

a single unitary ethical vision

o Te pursuit o biblical ethics should not hinder our at-

tention to other biblical concerns

o Biblical ethics avors people over policies and pro-

gramsmdashit is more microethical than macroethical




852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

Since biblical texts ocus on interpersonal interactions rather than broad

policies expect to eel pinched Te various approaches to biblical ethics that

we will observe do not let people get away with bad interpersonal behavior

Reflection Questions

1 What is the relationship between morals and ethics

2 How does biblical morality differ from biblical ethics

3 Consider the list of ethical approaches under this chapterrsquos subhead

ldquoAlternative Ethical Systemsrdquo virtue ethics ethical egoism utilitarianismduty divine command theory What aspects of any of these have you

ever observed at least partially in practice

4 What are the problems of assuming that divine command theory is all

that the Bible advocates

5 How is microethical activity different from macroethical activity Toward

which do you nd yourself most often tending in your own thinking

F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143

Wilkens Stephen Beyond Bumper Sticker Ethics Downers Grove IL InterVarsity

Press 1048625852025852025852021





THE

ETHICAL VISION

OF THE BIBLE






InterVarsity Press






InterVarsity Press





intervarsityorggt









ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983090983096-983089 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983094983092983095983097-983097 (digital)





P 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983094 983091983093 983091983092 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




C983151983150983156983141983150983156983155

Preace 983097



Ethics in orah 1


Ethics in orah 2


Ethics in orah 3


he Book o Proverbs









Paul and Romans



Notes 983091983090983089

Bibliography 983091983096983089








10486251048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





and fall outrdquo






tomorrowrdquo

Or































ldquoWhyrdquo




















B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155






1048625852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141



















































o this book








































































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



THE

ETHICAL VISION

OF THE BIBLE






InterVarsity Press






InterVarsity Press





intervarsityorggt









ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983090983096-983089 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983094983092983095983097-983097 (digital)





P 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983094 983091983093 983091983092 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




C983151983150983156983141983150983156983155

Preace 983097



Ethics in orah 1


Ethics in orah 2


Ethics in orah 3


he Book o Proverbs









Paul and Romans



Notes 983091983090983089

Bibliography 983091983096983089








10486251048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





and fall outrdquo






tomorrowrdquo

Or































ldquoWhyrdquo




















B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155






1048625852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141



















































o this book








































































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



InterVarsity Press






InterVarsity Press





intervarsityorggt









ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983090983096-983089 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983094983092983095983097-983097 (digital)





P 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983094 983091983093 983091983092 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




C983151983150983156983141983150983156983155

Preace 983097



Ethics in orah 1


Ethics in orah 2


Ethics in orah 3


he Book o Proverbs









Paul and Romans



Notes 983091983090983089

Bibliography 983091983096983089








10486251048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





and fall outrdquo






tomorrowrdquo

Or































ldquoWhyrdquo




















B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155






1048625852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141



















































o this book








































































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



C983151983150983156983141983150983156983155

Preace 983097



Ethics in orah 1


Ethics in orah 2


Ethics in orah 3


he Book o Proverbs









Paul and Romans



Notes 983091983090983089

Bibliography 983091983096983089








10486251048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





and fall outrdquo






tomorrowrdquo

Or































ldquoWhyrdquo




















B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155






1048625852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141



















































o this book








































































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021





10486251048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





and fall outrdquo






tomorrowrdquo

Or































ldquoWhyrdquo




















B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155






1048625852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141



















































o this book








































































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



10486251048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





and fall outrdquo






tomorrowrdquo

Or































ldquoWhyrdquo




















B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155






1048625852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141



















































o this book








































































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021












ldquoWhyrdquo




















B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155






1048625852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141



















































o this book








































































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



1048625852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141



















































o this book








































































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021
















o this book








































































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



















































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021

















































orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021












orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021










orcing them











onersquos own way



















10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



10486261048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





















M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161 V983141983154983155983157983155 E983156983144983145983139983155






is also ethical













































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021







































10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



10486261048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141

SUMMING IT UP

What is ethics


wrong behavior



what is not


in onersquos world




and wrong







o


with in the Bible











A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021




A983148983156983141983154983150983137983156983145983158983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155
























wrong





mere morality




1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



1048626852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141















































E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021













E983156983144983145983139983137983148 S983161983155983156983141983149983155 983137983150983140 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


























10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



10486261048632 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141





































































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



































A V983137983154983145983141983156983161 983151983142 E983156983144983145983139983155 983137983150983140 983137 C983151983150983155983145983155983156983141983150983156 M983151983154983137983148983145983156983161





8520191048624 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141









































S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































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F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021



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eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















8520191048626 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141


Isaiah writes












and good evil


































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8520191048628 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141







































































852019852022 983144983141 E983156983144983145983139983137983148 V983145983155983145983151983150 983151983142 983156983144983141 B983145983138983148983141














F983151983154 F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143


Press 1048625852025852025852021







S983151983149983141 L983145983149983145983156983137983156983145983151983150983155 983151983142 T983144983145983155 A983152983152983154983151983137983139983144






eventually survey


Godrsquos commands






you today Deut 46-8
















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Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















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Press 1048625852025852025852021



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Isaiah writes












and good evil


































B983145983138983148983145983139983137983148 E983156983144983145983139983155 T983141983150983140983155 983156983151 983138983141 M983145983139983154983151983141983156983144983145983139983137983148


















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Press 1048625852025852025852021





















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Press 1048625852025852025852021



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Press 1048625852025852025852021





































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Press 1048625852025852025852021



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Press 1048625852025852025852021

Date post:	03-Jun-2018
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The Ethical Vision of the Bible by Peter W. Gosnell

Documents