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The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
BY: Wael Lafi
I. INTRODUCTIONEleven years have elapsed since the barbarous 9/11 attacks against the innocent civilians at
the World Trade Center. These attacks took the lives of thousands of American people who
thought they were in the safest state in the world. No one was thinking that the terrorist
attacks would extend to the United States of America, the premier military force in the world
and the most politically and economically influential, It was a turning point in dealing with
phenomenon of the terrorism .
The phenomenon of terrorism was not new, but the development of the performance of these
groups and their ability to work beyond borders gave them an advantage against states.
Terrorists could cross borders and the state could not protect itself alone without the
international community.
In point of fact, the 9/11 attacks were the first attacks in the US promulgated by al Qaida, and
they were harsher and more well-organized than its other attacks. Al Qaida, which first
appeared in the beginning of the eighties, led to jihad by Afghani fighters against the Soviet
military force after the Soviet government invasion of Afghanistan at the end of 1979. The
power between the Afghani and the Soviet forces was not equal, which incited Muslim
fighters around the world to support and join the Afghans in the war, who became known
afterwards as Arab Afghan fighters led by Osama Bin Laden1. At that time as result of the
1.(National commission on terrorist attacks , the 9/11/commission Report. 55. (2004)
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf)
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cold war between United States and the Soviet Union, the US government, backed up by
Congress, started outfitting the Afghan fighters with arms which became known as the
Charles Nesbitt Wilson war.2
As mentioned previously, the 9/11 attacks were not the first
with al Qaedas signature. In 1999, Bin Ladin issued a fatwa for jihad against the western
countries3.
The hostility against American troops began after they were deployed to Somalia in late
1992, which led them to be exposed to many offenses by Al Qaeda. In the years 1992-1996,
attacksagainst American troops had increased in Somalia, Saudi Arabia, and even in the
United States, including the 1993 bombing of World Trade Center, the destruction of
landmarks in New York in the same year, and the 1995 Manila air plot to blow up a dozen
U.S airliners over the Pacific.4
But terrorist attacks were not limited to U.S troops or
American facilities in the world, but also there were terrorist attacks in India (Mumbai in
1993, Kokrajar in 1995), Algeria (Sede Hmed in 1996), and Russia in 1999.
Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. What we know as terrorism today has roots back 2,000
years. Historically, terrorist attacks have been motivated by diverse factors. As Religiously
motivated like Sicari and Zealot, Jewish groups who were active in the Middle East during
the Roman Occupation5. The Assassins, an offshoot of a Shia Muslim sect known as the
Ismailis, had a political motivation even though their grass roots were sectarian6. The
Thugees, an Indian religious cult, ritually strangled their victims7. The term terrorism started
2Jeff Seldin, US Congressman Who Backed Afghan Fighters Against, the Soviets Dies, voice of
America(October,16,2011), http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Congressman-Who-Backed-Afghan-
Fighters-Against-the-Soviets-Dies-84102437.html3
((National commission on terrorist attacks, the 9/11/commission Report. 55. (2004)
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf)4
((National commission on terrorist attacks, the 9/11/commission Report. 60. (2004)
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf)5Websters, third new international dictionary, 2657, Merriam-webster, 1984.
6
Susan.D.Moeller, compassion fatigue, haw the media sell disease, famine, war and death,161, WalterCronkite, ISBAN, 19997
Elleke Boehme and Stephen Morton, terror and the post-colonial, 188, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010
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This study will also examine European Unioncounter terrorism legislation and European
Union lists of terrorist organizations.
II.
UNITED STATES AND EUROPEAN UNION AGREEMENTS
Terrorism is a term that could mean a global threat requiring a global solution10
. The
revolution in IT functions has improved counter terrorism efforts to collect and obtain
criminal records and personal data, and criminal justice agencies have recognized this.
whereas this data even it is available and existed in the U.S data base, the war counter
terrorism call for sharing this information and data with foreign countries. The exchange of
this data requires mutual cooperation through treaties or agreements, which it what occurred
in November 2002 when US and EU agreed to exchange personal data and related
information.11
The U.S. Request for an agreement was not successful at first, because the European
Parliament opposed the Bush administration request in October, 2001 to remove from the
European Directive the protection of personal data12
. Therefore, the agreement on the
exchange of personal data was excluded from the first agreement.13
The parties signed the
first agreement to enhance cooperation with EU member states, acting through Europol and
10Domenic McGoldrick, from 9-11to the Iraq war 2003: international law in an age of complexity at
21.(2004)
11Supra, not 9.
12Jean- Claude Paye, Global War on Liberty,101, translated by James H. Membrez, Telos press, 2007.
13Jan Wouters and Frederik Naert, the European Union and September 11, L.Rev.719, 2003, at 12.
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the U.S. to prevent, detect, suppress, and investigate serious forms of international crime in
the areas referred to in Article 3 from the agreement which relate to criminal activities.14
In November 2002 following pressure that the European Council of Ministers and different
European governments placed on the European Parliament, the European Parliament went
back to its preceding position and passed the proposed directive from the council, which
authorized the preventive retention of connection data .15
In December 2002, Europol
representing the European Union and the United States signed the Strategic Cooperation
Agreement which provides for exchange of strategic and technical information.16
Why is personal data in the fight against terrorism important?
Article 2 from the agreement provides a definition of personal data as any information
relating to an identified or identifiable natural person,17
and clause (b) from Article 2
provides the definition of identifiable natural person as a natural person who can be
identified, directly or indirectly, by reference to, in particular, an identification number or to
one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or
social identity.18
Clause (c) provides the definition of the processing of personal data as any operation or set
of operations which is performed upon such data, whether or not by automatic means, such as
collection, recording, organization, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, combination,14
Agreement to enhance cooperation in preventing , detecting, suppressing, and investigating serious forms of
international crime, with Annex, U.S.-E.U., December 2001, available at
https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/.../united_states_of_america.pdf.
15Supra, not 11.
16Supra, not 9.
17Id.
18Id.
https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/.../united_states_of_america.pdfhttps://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/.../united_states_of_america.pdfhttps://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/.../united_states_of_america.pdf7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or
combination, locking, erasure or destruction.19
The definitions of personal data and identifiable natural person and the processing of personal
data indicate that the central aim of this agreement is on identifying people whether this
information is specific to their physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural, or social
identity. This stresses the notion that the war counter terrorism begins by gathering and
analysing all personal data to trace and prevent the terrorist act in advance, with the
knowledge that terrorist organizations are working in secret and in darkness.
The European Unions location and the free movement within the European Union create a
fertile area for terrorist movement and transportation between Asia, Africa and the United
States. Thus, the union between European states that created the Schengen area20
makes the
European database fertile and useful in the war counter terrorism. And the US- EU agreement
to exchange strategic and technical information has achieved good results in this war.
Globalization and the free movement of people across national borders has made the effort
to counter terrorism of immigration officials, border security agencies and police harder and
has created a growing challenge21
. The exchange of criminal history records was the first step
made by criminal justice officials to begin to view the criminal backgrounds of visitors to
their countries and to view their own citizens criminal activities abroad.22
19Id.
20Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985, F,R,G.-Fr., June 15, 1985, (200) O.J.(L
239) 19, available atwww.europa-nu.nl/9353000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof.../vi7jgswwyvzt
21James B. Jacobs and Dimitra Blitsa, Sharing criminal records: the United States, the European Union and
Interpol compared, L. Rev.125, 2008, at 1.
22Id.
http://www.europa-nu.nl/9353000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof.../vi7jgswwyvzthttp://www.europa-nu.nl/9353000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof.../vi7jgswwyvzthttp://www.europa-nu.nl/9353000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof.../vi7jgswwyvzthttp://www.europa-nu.nl/9353000/1/j4nvgs5kjg27kof.../vi7jgswwyvzt7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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According to these agreements which provide for contact points and liaison officers, Europol
has established a liaison office in the U.S. and an U.S liaison magistrate to Euro just.23
The
agreements and the cooperation between the United States and the European Union in
security and criminal matters after 9/11 was an important step in the war against terrorists.
These efforts give the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) absolute power in the European
Union states through their agencies to collect information and data as well as extraordinary
rendition to transfer terrorist suspects from these countries to the United States or to a third
state, which led the European Union Parliament and the European Council to issue a report
about the transcendence of the CIA in Europe. According to a European Parliament report,
CIA activities prompted several official investigations in Europe into alleged secret
detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. An
estimated 100 people kidnapped by the CIA on EU territory (with the cooperation of Council
of Europe members) and rendered to other countries, often after having transited through
secret detention canters ("black sites") used by the CIA, some of which were located in
Europe. According to this report, in 2007 the CIA conducted 1,245 flights, many of them to
destinations where suspects could face torture, in violation of Article 3 of the United Nations
Convention against Torture.24
At the same time, however, one must never forget that in the
real Hobbesian world, power talks, and the relationship between the U.S and the EU protects
the world.25
III. EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION COUNTERTERRORSIM
23Supra, not 13.
24Wikipedia, Extraordinary rendition by the United States( November.19,2011, 15,11 pm)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition_by_the_United_States
25
Ian Ward, The challenges of European Union Foreign and security policy: retrospective and prospective, at21, Tulane Journal of international and comparative law, 2005.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition_by_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition_by_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition_by_the_United_States7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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Beginning with the European Community (EC) through the European Union (EU), there has
been extraordinary economic, political, social and legal integration .The institutional
structures of the European Union, or the EU principal institutions, are the Council, the
European Council, the Parliament and the Commission, commonly called the political
institutions.26
The EC treaty27
defined the kind of legal acts the political institutions of the
community could take and the legal effects those acts would have. The treaty stated that the
Council, the Parliament acting jointly with the council, and the Commission may, in
accordance with the provisions of the treaty, issue regulations, directives, decisions,
recommendations or opinions, and these regulations, directives and decisions are binding in
the member states.28
As a response to the 9/11 attacks, the European Council met in an extraordinary session on
September 21, 2001, and stated that terrorism was a real challenge to the world and to
Europe, and the fight against terrorist acts had become more than a priority object for
European Union.29 This declaration emphasised that the United States and the European
Union were in the same trench in the war counter terrorism. Even though this declaration
was just a diplomatic declaration, it laid the groundwork for the relationship and cooperation
between the United States and the European police to combat terrorism.30
In fact, this
26Id, at 31.
27The treaty establishing the European Community EC, The Treaty of Rome, officially the Treaty establishing
the European Economic Community, was an international agreement that led to the founding of the European
Economic Community on 1 January 1958. It was signed on 25 March 1957 by Belgium, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. The word Economic was deleted from the treaty's name by
the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, and the treaty was repackaged as the Treaty on the functioning of the European
Union on the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009. Available at
http://europa.eu/abc/treaties/index_en.htm.
28Supra, not 25, at 75,75.
29Conclusion and plan of action of the extraordinary European council meeting on 21, September 2001
(November 19 2011) . Available atwww.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/.../en/.../140.en.pdf
30Id.
http://europa.eu/abc/treaties/index_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/abc/treaties/index_en.htmhttp://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/.../en/.../140.en.pdfhttp://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/.../en/.../140.en.pdfhttp://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/.../en/.../140.en.pdfhttp://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/.../en/.../140.en.pdfhttp://europa.eu/abc/treaties/index_en.htm7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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declaration was the basis for European counter terrorism legislation and led to significant
changes in the national laws of member states.31
According to this declaration, the European
Council adopted a common position on the application of specific measures to combat
terrorism.32
This common position defined the terrorist act in Article 1 Clause 3 which
provided: For the purposes of this common position, terrorist act shall mean one of the
following intentional acts, which, given its nature or its context, may seriously damage a
country or an international origination, as defined as offence under national law, where
committed with the aim of.33
In reality, this common position contained a list of crimes that
were already considered common law offenses in the criminal codes of member states. 34
However, for the first time, in its common position, the Council attached a list of persons,
groups and entities involved in terrorist acts, according to Article 1, and listed it in the
Annex.35
This paper will discuss this list in the next section.
At the same meeting on December 27, 2001, the European Council adopted a second
common position on combating terrorism36 according to Article 1 which provided: The
31Supra, not 11, at 102.
32The European Council common position, on application of specific measures to combat terrorism,
(2001/931/CFSP), December, 27, 2001. (November 19.2011) available at,
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+p
osition+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-
cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSg.
33Id, at 1.
34Supra, not 31, at 104.
35Supra, not 29.
36Council Common Position of 27 December 2001 on combating terrorism, (2001/930/CFSP) Official Journal of
the European Communities, available at
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3GEgjSZVxA4J:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF+the+council+common+position+2001/154/cfsp&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnXjb4b4tfTWddLFWIEXjT5ymTtWWl4c8-qOkvxEtN7B5KeG8FlypEKMkM12K_yL1jCrysPsMmuMy1U6zjqyTBUi678VfP5KvOTj55lm7e0lGzhy-xT4wImms-cXnqgYoLX5-z&sig=AHIEtbQQiSPleuOBg_Zwjs423FFj-lhnSg7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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wilful provision or collection, by any means, directly or indirectly, of funds by citizens or
within the territory of each of the Member States of the European Union with the intention
that the funds should be used, or in the knowledge that they are to be used, in order to carry
out terrorist acts shall be criminalized.37
This common position addressed the Union Act to
Suppress the financing of terrorist groups, persons, and even institutions. According to the
preamble of the common position , the councils act was in accordance with and on the basis
of the United Nation Security Council Resolution 1373(2001).38
The council attached lists of
the international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism,39
and in Article 14 stated:
Member States shall become parties as soon as possible to the relevant international
conventions and protocols relating to terrorism listed in the Annex.40
The next step in the
war counter terrorism was European Union Regulation No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive
measures directed against certain persons and entities with view to combating terrorism.41
After the first step taken by the council common position 2001/931/CFSP,42
which instituted
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001E0930:EN:NOT
37Id.
38Supra, not 8.
39Supra, not 37, at 3.
40
Id, at 2.
41Council Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 of 27 December 2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against
certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism, available at
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0070:0075:EN:PDF+European+Union:+Coun
cil+of+the+European+Union,+Council+Regulation+(EC)+No.+2580/2001+of+27+December+2001+on+specific+r
estrictive+measures+directed+against+certain+persons+and+entities+with+a+view+to+combating+terrorism,+
27+December+2001,+No.+2580/2001&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh5poyaCL8KyoGabpAr7IzOZJ0YMn
zILP65bAMYZHxH4bPbfgODlndDfoKAwARyyLUK3WQXpRkjgws1UY7PCpvdbSWgBLovv0lXlAq7Sx06AcmBueb9jR
4NgjjDqQ80cQS9vbNG&sig=AHIEtbSy4IPR28G-BdszDYIM1NFbaailZg.
42Supra, not 33.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001E0930:EN:NOThttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001E0930:EN:NOThttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0070:0075:EN:PDF+European+Union:+Council+of+the+European+Union,+Council+Regulation+(EC)+No.+2580/2001+of+27+December+2001+on+specific+restrictive+measures+directed+against+certain+persons+and+entities+with+a+view+to+combating+terrorism,+27+December+2001,+No.+2580/2001&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh5poyaCL8KyoGabpAr7IzOZJ0YMnzILP65bAMYZHxH4bPbfgODlndDfoKAwARyyLUK3WQXpRkjgws1UY7PCpvdbSWgBLovv0lXlAq7Sx06AcmBueb9jR4NgjjDqQ80cQS9vbNG&sig=AHIEtbSy4IPR28G-BdszDYIM1NFbaailZghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0070:0075:EN:PDF+European+Union:+Council+of+the+European+Union,+Council+Regulation+(EC)+No.+2580/2001+of+27+December+2001+on+specific+restrictive+measures+directed+against+certain+persons+and+entities+with+a+view+to+combating+terrorism,+27+December+2001,+No.+2580/2001&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh5poyaCL8KyoGabpAr7IzOZJ0YMnzILP65bAMYZHxH4bPbfgODlndDfoKAwARyyLUK3WQXpRkjgws1UY7PCpvdbSWgBLovv0lXlAq7Sx06AcmBueb9jR4NgjjDqQ80cQS9vbNG&sig=AHIEtbSy4IPR28G-BdszDYIM1NFbaailZghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0070:0075:EN:PDF+European+Union:+Council+of+the+European+Union,+Council+Regulation+(EC)+No.+2580/2001+of+27+December+2001+on+specific+restrictive+measures+directed+against+certain+persons+and+entities+with+a+view+to+combating+terrorism,+27+December+2001,+No.+2580/2001&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh5poyaCL8KyoGabpAr7IzOZJ0YMnzILP65bAMYZHxH4bPbfgODlndDfoKAwARyyLUK3WQXpRkjgws1UY7PCpvdbSWgBLovv0lXlAq7Sx06AcmBueb9jR4NgjjDqQ80cQS9vbNG&sig=AHIEtbSy4IPR28G-BdszDYIM1NFbaailZghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0070:0075:EN:PDF+European+Union:+Council+of+the+European+Union,+Council+Regulation+(EC)+No.+2580/2001+of+27+December+2001+on+specific+restrictive+measures+directed+against+certain+persons+and+entities+with+a+view+to+combating+terrorism,+27+December+2001,+No.+2580/2001&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh5poyaCL8KyoGabpAr7IzOZJ0YMnzILP65bAMYZHxH4bPbfgODlndDfoKAwARyyLUK3WQXpRkjgws1UY7PCpvdbSWgBLovv0lXlAq7Sx06AcmBueb9jR4NgjjDqQ80cQS9vbNG&sig=AHIEtbSy4IPR28G-BdszDYIM1NFbaailZghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0070:0075:EN:PDF+European+Union:+Council+of+the+European+Union,+Council+Regulation+(EC)+No.+2580/2001+of+27+December+2001+on+specific+restrictive+measures+directed+against+certain+persons+and+entities+with+a+view+to+combating+terrorism,+27+December+2001,+No.+2580/2001&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh5poyaCL8KyoGabpAr7IzOZJ0YMnzILP65bAMYZHxH4bPbfgODlndDfoKAwARyyLUK3WQXpRkjgws1UY7PCpvdbSWgBLovv0lXlAq7Sx06AcmBueb9jR4NgjjDqQ80cQS9vbNG&sig=AHIEtbSy4IPR28G-BdszDYIM1NFbaailZghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0070:0075:EN:PDF+European+Union:+Council+of+the+European+Union,+Council+Regulation+(EC)+No.+2580/2001+of+27+December+2001+on+specific+restrictive+measures+directed+against+certain+persons+and+entities+with+a+view+to+combating+terrorism,+27+December+2001,+No.+2580/2001&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh5poyaCL8KyoGabpAr7IzOZJ0YMnzILP65bAMYZHxH4bPbfgODlndDfoKAwARyyLUK3WQXpRkjgws1UY7PCpvdbSWgBLovv0lXlAq7Sx06AcmBueb9jR4NgjjDqQ80cQS9vbNG&sig=AHIEtbSy4IPR28G-BdszDYIM1NFbaailZghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0070:0075:EN:PDF+European+Union:+Council+of+the+European+Union,+Council+Regulation+(EC)+No.+2580/2001+of+27+December+2001+on+specific+restrictive+measures+directed+against+certain+persons+and+entities+with+a+view+to+combating+terrorism,+27+December+2001,+No.+2580/2001&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh5poyaCL8KyoGabpAr7IzOZJ0YMnzILP65bAMYZHxH4bPbfgODlndDfoKAwARyyLUK3WQXpRkjgws1UY7PCpvdbSWgBLovv0lXlAq7Sx06AcmBueb9jR4NgjjDqQ80cQS9vbNG&sig=AHIEtbSy4IPR28G-BdszDYIM1NFbaailZghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:344:0070:0075:EN:PDF+European+Union:+Council+of+the+European+Union,+Council+Regulation+(EC)+No.+2580/2001+of+27+December+2001+on+specific+restrictive+measures+directed+against+certain+persons+and+entities+with+a+view+to+combating+terrorism,+27+December+2001,+No.+2580/2001&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh5poyaCL8KyoGabpAr7IzOZJ0YMnzILP65bAMYZHxH4bPbfgODlndDfoKAwARyyLUK3WQXpRkjgws1UY7PCpvdbSWgBLovv0lXlAq7Sx06AcmBueb9jR4NgjjDqQ80cQS9vbNG&sig=AHIEtbSy4IPR28G-BdszDYIM1NFbaailZghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:9Vtay9N2qwUJ:eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Fur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The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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the general legislation by defining the terrorist act, the council as mentioned previously went
forward to criminalize the act of terrorism and to control terrorist funds and financial
services. It did so by tracking their money and financial transactions and freezing them to
deprive terrorist individuals and organizations from benefiting from these assets. In this
regulation, the council drew up the general provision for the Union member states, as
paragraph 12 from the preamble of the regulation, which stated that member states should
lay down rules on sanctions applicable to infringements of the provisions of this regulation
and ensure that they are implemented. Those sanctions must be effective, proportionate and
dissuasive.43 The council encouraged the Union member states to share information related
to terrorist transaction accounts, and the council issued a list of the competent authorities and
placed it in the annex of this regulation, as Article 4 provides,44
because they are responsible
for dealing with terrorist money transactions. The importance of this regulation is that it
allowed the authorities to freeze terrorist funds and financial services. It was composed as the
first step in the global war counter terrorist organizations. As President Bush stated money is
the life-blood of terrorist operation. Today were asking the world to stop payment.45
All the measures that the European Council took were not enough to increase substantially
the member states ability to counter terrorism efforts. Therefore, it was important for the
European Union to adopt a general strategy to develop a common approach to prevent,
protect, pursue, and respond to the terrorist act. Thus, the European Council on November
30, 2005 convened in Brussels and adopted the European Union CounterTerrorism
43Supra, not 42.
44Id.
45Angela D. Hardister, can we buy peace on earth?: the price of freezing terrorist assets in a post-September
11 world, 1, north Carolina Journal of international law and commercial regulation, reg.603, 2003.
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Strategy.46
This strategy gave member states the power to conduct the war counter terrorism.
As mentioned previously, any act from the European Council as a regulation or directive is
binding on all member states. Therefore, the strategy attempted, as the council stated: to
combat terrorism globally while respecting human right, and make Europe safer, allowing its
citizens to live in area of freedom, security and justice.47The councils strategy had four
parts:
A) Prevent : To make Europe safer, to prevent people turning to terrorism by tackingthe factors or root causes which can lead to recruitment, in Europe and
internationally48the council in this point prevent explain the situations which
create an environment lead the persons and individuals to be part from the terrorist
organization such as Al Qaida, and draw up the general lines to protect those
individuals not only inside the Union states but also outside the Union as the
paragraph eleven from the first element Prevent provide to counter this outside the
Union we must promote even more vigorously good governance, human rights,
democracy as well as education and economic prosperity, and engage in conflict
resolution. We must also target inequalities and discrimination where they exist and
promote inter-cultural dialogue and long-term integration where appropriate.49
B) Protect: To protect citizens and infrastructure and reduce vulnerability to attacksThrough improved the security at borders, transportation and critical infrastructure.
50
46COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, the European Union CounterTerrorism Strategy, 14469/05. Available
athttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/fight_against_terrorism/l33275_en.htm
47Id,at 3.
48Id, at 7.
49
Id, at 9.
50Id, at 10
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/fight_against_terrorism/l33275_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/fight_against_terrorism/l33275_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/fight_against_terrorism/l33275_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/fight_against_terrorism/l33275_en.htm7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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This element encouraged the states members to enhance and protect their external
borders,51
their transportation security (including the protection of airports, seaports,
and aircraft),52
and work internationally with partners and international organizations
in all areas.53
C) Pursue: To pursue and investigate terrorists across borders and globally; to impedeplanning, travel, and communications; to disrupt support networks; to cut off funding
and access to attack materials and bring terrorists to justice.54
This task was to encourage the member states to exchange information and
intelligence, to have the necessary tools to collect and analyze this information, to
develop common policies to respond to threats, and to improve the European Arrest
Warrant and police co-operation.55
D) Respond: To prepare members of the European Union to respond in a spirit ofsolidarity and to manage and minimize the consequences of terrorist attacks, by
improving capabilities to deal with the aftermath, the co-ordination of the response;
and the needs of victims of terrorist acts.56
As the council mentioned we cannot reduce the risk of terrorist attacks to zero.57
Therefore the council stated that the European States should work together by
improving the emergency response to a terrorist incident, by the meaning of
51Id.
52Id.
53Id, at 11.
54Id, at 12.
55Id, at 12, 13 ,14.
56Id, at 15.
57Id.
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solidarity, assistance and compensation of the victims of terrorism and their families,
and by enhance and improver the act responds internationally.58
IV. The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations:The European Union Council established common positions to deal with ending the
supply of arms and ammunition to all parties in the Afghanistan conflict, taking measures
against the Taliban regime and Osama bin Ladin in Afghanistan, and preventing and
supressing the financing of the Taliban regime and Osama bin Ladin. They did this in the
European Council common positions 746/199659
and 727/199960
and 1771/200161
, in
accordance with and implemented by the U.N security council resolutions 1067/1996,62
and 1333/200063
, which will not be discussed in this paper.
58Id, at 16.
59The European council COMMON POSITION of 17 December 1996 defined by the Council on the basis of
Article J.2 of the Treaty on European Union concerning the imposition of an embargo on arms, munitions and
military equipment on Afghanistan (96/746/CPSP ) available at
http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/afghanistan/746
60The council of the European Union common position of 15, November 1999, concerning restrictive measures
against the Taliban, 1999/727/CFSP) available at
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:GTzqRJcYI1MJ:www.hm-
treasury.gov.uk/d/council_common_position_727_151199.pdf+Common+Position+1999/727/CFSP&hl=en&gl
=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjX5GzYx8ZInNTPpMgzbAHRL1lsFHySOyNtW1R6emulfosv29Qh8bGyRIpZtoZzaxLK8Q
5mT_8Mnt7ktGf9PApBgJWCeg8kZssJzBYb5jqmkuaWQYHTuU7LrsqUhP4gFXmnM_qi&sig=AHIEtbThIpylwscauY
PkNyEiiILZi2ulmw
61The council of the European Union common position 771/2001, of 5 November 2001, concerning restrictive
measures against the Taliban and amending common positions 1996/746 CFSP, 2001/ 65 CFSP, 2001/54 CFSP.
Available at http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-cccsETX_K0J:eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ:L:2001:289:0036:0036:EN:PDF+council+common+positi
on+2001/154&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh7xLgrQoXYpK_vtuF5DRfz6_LqIDW7RfOZcVFVw4tuXSCN0B
KSlKQFxQ-
PjdQAqWfQWW6LqlOnLI9fH_Cpi7LsY2UA4kF95v2ifA0GoUacjBND_jrKgV316hrE15yyn2ivNnz9&sig=AHIEtbRVF
12WCCTL5zzYiRC7qetFFS9mRg
62S.C.Res.1076/1996, 8, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1076(October, 22, 1996). Available at,
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:D7YR8o1A1RQJ:www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/afghanistan/1076+secuity+council+resolution+1076/1996&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgb
660QqYM0SFpMlnhCjqEhxuf4eKtCmIR7Er3lSX-
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The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
15/26
15
However, the efforts of the Council of the European Union did not stop with dictating
the criminal codes of the member states by adopting the common position64
as mentioned
previously, it also issued a list of the organizations and persons named as terrorists to
enforce and implement the UN Security Council resolution no 1373/2001.65
This
resolution lays out wide-ranging strategies to combat terrorism and in particular to
combat the financing of terrorism.
On December 27, 2001, the European Council adopted two common positions, 930/2001
and 931 /2001, which constituted its legislation counter terrorism. This made clear the
most important issue, which according to the Treaty on European Union Article 24
provides that the Common Foreign and Security Policy is subject to specific rules and
procedure and the court of Justice of European Union shall not have jurisdiction
with respect to these provisions.66
Thus, according to the meaning of CFSP in the area of
Union security, when the council acts, the court of justice has no jurisdiction over this act.
Therefore, the councils common position is not subject to judicial review, except in very
limited areas.67
On the other hand, the regulations and decisions of the council are subject
to review by the EU courts regarding their validity or interpretation.
lmw_Ob0Bdji3BYVZ8RR8gDMBfmb_PG99XKWtdxZAV2Uv9MHN8WgmNMrdiE4oh-lr5Vx1ZE1yoh-I5ILRolDQY80IStbgB&sig=AHIEtbSZgLdWn5Qx5jCOByMu8nY4uLygKg
63S.C.Res.1333/2000, 8, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1333(December, 19, 2000) available at
www.un.org/Docs/scres/2000/sc2000.htm
64Supra, not 42.
65S.C.Res.1373, 8, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1373(September, 11, 2001). Available at,
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sc7158.doc.htm
66The Treaty on European Union, TEU, March 30, 2010, Article 24. Available at,http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm
67Supra, not 26, at 1123.
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:D7YR8o1A1RQJ:www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/afghanistan/1076+secuity+council+resolution+1076/1996&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgb660QqYM0SFpMlnhCjqEhxuf4eKtCmIR7Er3lSX-lmw_Ob0Bdji3BYVZ8RR8gDMBfmb_PG99XKWtdxZAV2Uv9MHN8WgmNMrdiE4oh-lr5Vx1ZE1yoh-I5ILRolDQY80IStbgB&sig=AHIEtbSZgLdWn5Qx5jCOByMu8nY4uLygKghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:D7YR8o1A1RQJ:www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/afghanistan/1076+secuity+council+resolution+1076/1996&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgb660QqYM0SFpMlnhCjqEhxuf4eKtCmIR7Er3lSX-lmw_Ob0Bdji3BYVZ8RR8gDMBfmb_PG99XKWtdxZAV2Uv9MHN8WgmNMrdiE4oh-lr5Vx1ZE1yoh-I5ILRolDQY80IStbgB&sig=AHIEtbSZgLdWn5Qx5jCOByMu8nY4uLygKghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:D7YR8o1A1RQJ:www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/afghanistan/1076+secuity+council+resolution+1076/1996&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgb660QqYM0SFpMlnhCjqEhxuf4eKtCmIR7Er3lSX-lmw_Ob0Bdji3BYVZ8RR8gDMBfmb_PG99XKWtdxZAV2Uv9MHN8WgmNMrdiE4oh-lr5Vx1ZE1yoh-I5ILRolDQY80IStbgB&sig=AHIEtbSZgLdWn5Qx5jCOByMu8nY4uLygKghttp://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2000/sc2000.htmhttp://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2000/sc2000.htmhttp://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sc7158.doc.htmhttp://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sc7158.doc.htmhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htmhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htmhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htmhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htmhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htmhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htmhttp://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sc7158.doc.htmhttp://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2000/sc2000.htmhttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:D7YR8o1A1RQJ:www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/afghanistan/1076+secuity+council+resolution+1076/1996&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgb660QqYM0SFpMlnhCjqEhxuf4eKtCmIR7Er3lSX-lmw_Ob0Bdji3BYVZ8RR8gDMBfmb_PG99XKWtdxZAV2Uv9MHN8WgmNMrdiE4oh-lr5Vx1ZE1yoh-I5ILRolDQY80IStbgB&sig=AHIEtbSZgLdWn5Qx5jCOByMu8nY4uLygKghttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:D7YR8o1A1RQJ:www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/afghanistan/1076+secuity+council+resolution+1076/1996&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgb660QqYM0SFpMlnhCjqEhxuf4eKtCmIR7Er3lSX-lmw_Ob0Bdji3BYVZ8RR8gDMBfmb_PG99XKWtdxZAV2Uv9MHN8WgmNMrdiE4oh-lr5Vx1ZE1yoh-I5ILRolDQY80IStbgB&sig=AHIEtbSZgLdWn5Qx5jCOByMu8nY4uLygKg7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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According to Article 1 from the Councils common position,on December 27, 2001, the
council issued its first list of persons,groups and entities involved in terrorist acts
(2001/931/CFSP).68
This was the first time that the European Union issued a list of
terrorist organizations and persons linked to the Middle East conflict (Hezbollah69
,
Jihad70
, and Hamas71
) as well as Basque and Irish movements. Also, national liberation
movements conducting armed struggle in their countries were included on the list, such as
the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), the Workers Party of Kurdistan
(PKK) or the Martyrs Brigade of Al-Aqsa, which is linked to Fatah. Although these
organizations linked to the Middle East have not carried out violent acts in Europe, their
activities have disrupted or have been prohibited on the territory of the Union.72
68Supra, not 33.
69Hezbollah[1] (Arabic: izbu-llh(i), literally "Party of God") is a Shi'a Muslim militant group and
political party based in Lebanon,[2][3][4] and leads the March 8 Alliance, which withdrew from the
government in January 2011 over its refusal to reject the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. It receives financial and
political support from Iran and Syria, and its paramilitary wing is regarded as a resistance movement
throughout much of the Arab and Muslim worlds.[2] The United States, the Netherlands[5] United Kingdom,
Egypt,[6] Israel, Australia, and Canada classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization, in whole or in part ,
Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah.
70The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (Arabic: , Harakat al-Jihad al-Islmi fi
Filastn) known in the West as simply Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), is a small Palestinian militant
organization.[2] The group has been labelled as a terrorist group by the United States,[3] the European
Union,[4] the United Kingdom,[5] Japan,[6] Canada,[7] Australia[8] and Israel. Their goal is the destruction ofthe state of Israel and its replacement with an Islamic state, Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine.
71Hamas (Arabic: Hamas, "enthusiasm", an acronym of Hirakata al-Muqwamah al-
Islmiyyah, "Islamic Resistance Movement") is the Palestinian Sunni Islamic or Islamist *5+ political party that
governs the Gaza Strip. Hamas also has a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.[6] Since June 2007
Hamas has governed the Gaza portion of the Palestinian Territories, after it won a majority of seats in the
Palestinian Parliament in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections[7] and then defeated the Fatah
political organization in a series of violent clashes. The European Union,[8][9] the United States,[10] Canada,
Israel and Japan classify Hamas as a terrorist organization,[11][12] while nations such as Russia,[13]
Turkey,[14] and Switzerland[15] do not, Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas.
72Supra, not 12, at 110.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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There was concern that the inclusion of these armed groups on the list was not result of a
judicial act, but rather the desire of the executive bodies of the European national states.73
In reality, Regulation 2580/200174
made the inclusion of these groups possible. The
European Union refused to delineate between these groups on the basis of whether or not
they were terrorist organizations, while, on the other hand, the United States included
certain organizations like Hezbollah and Hamas on its terrorist list.75
In 2005 Hamas as a whole was added by the European Council to the terrorist list. The
European Union, although quick to respond in many areas related to terrorist activity after
September 11th, was slow to join the United States in blocking terrorist assets. Once the
United States' list of names began to expand beyond the al-Qaida network, the European
Union became more hesitant to block the assets of these other groups. Some individual
countries, such as the United Kingdom, implemented their own blocking orders, but a
European Union-wide block on certain terrorist groups was slow in coming. Facing
pressure from the United States and other countries, the European Union designated a list
of forty-two terrorist entities in December of 2001. The United States took six entities
from the European Union list and added them to the United States list.76
73Id, at 11
74Supra, not 42.
75On September 24, 2001, President George W. Bush issued an executive order that immediately froze U.S.
financial assets of, and prohibited U.S. transactions with, twenty-seven different entities. [FN25] The listed
entities included terrorist organizations, individual terrorist leaders, a corporation that serves as a front for
terrorism, and several non-profit organizations.Exec. Order No. 13,224, 3 C.F.R. 786, 790 (2001), reprinted as
amended in 50 U.S.C.A 1701 (2002).76
Alicia L. Rause, USA PATRIOT ACT: ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORIST FINANCING LEGISLATION IN
THE U.S. AND EUROPE SINCE SEPTEMBER 11TH
,185,University of Miami International and Comparative Law
Review,11 U. Miami Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 173.(2003)
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The European Union got around this classification by considering separately a groups
military wing and its civilian wing.77
As mentioned previously, in 2005 Hamas as a whole
was added to the European terrorist list, whereas the European Council even today has
not added Hezbollah as whole to its list, claiming that there is not sufficient data to do so
as Xavier Solana, the EU Foreign Minister, has stated. Than the EU Council started
interred individuals names from Hezbollah military wing to the EU list under procure
from the U.S congress.78
However, as mentioned previously, the European Council adopted Regulation 2580/2001
as an advancement act to further the Councils Common Position 931/CFSP, which in its
earlier Article 2(3) provided The council, acting by unanimity, shall establish, review
and amend the list of persons, groups and entities to which this regulation applies, in
accordance with provisions laid down in article 1(4), (5) and (6) of common position
2001/931 CFSP.79
Therefore, the council on the same day, December 27, adopted an additional list for
Decision 2001/927,80
which as Article 1 did, included seven individuals related to the Al-
Qaida terrorist network, and one person from the military wing of Hezbollah and
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) as terrorist organizations. In reality, this list did not carry
new names. The names on this list were already included on the list provided by
77Supra, not 46, at 9.
78Directorate of Legal Research for Foreign, Comparative, and International Law ,James Madison Memorial
Building; Report for Congress, European Union list of terrorist persons or terrorist organization, no 03957.
(2007).
79Supra, not 42, article 2(3).
80Council decision, establishing the list provided in article 2(3) of council regulation (EC) no 2580/2001 on
specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism,no (2001) on 27, December, 2001.
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Regulation 2001/931/CFSP, which raised the question: what are the criteria for including
terrorist individuals or organizations and entities on the EU list?
On October 15, 1999, the Security Council of the United Nations adopted Resolution
1267 (1999)81
concerning the Al Qaida terrorist network and the Taliban regime. This
Security Council act was under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nation. The UN
Security Council in paragraph 2 of this Resolution indicated that the Taliban should turn
over Osama bin Laden, and the Council in paragraph 3 indicated that all member states of
the United Nations had to impose measures and report to the Security Council that
Talibanhas fully complied with the obligation set out in paragraph 2.82
Therefore,to enforce resolution provisions, the Security Council stated, in addition, that
all member states had to comply with clause A from paragraph 4 that stated that all
members had to freeze the funds and resources of the Taliban and Al Qaida.83
For the
implementationthese provisions, the Security Council established a committee according
to paragraph six of the resolution, which provided Decides to establish, in accordance
with rule 28 of its provisional rules of procedure, a Committee of the Security Council
consisting of all the members of the Council to undertake the following tasks and to
report on its work to the Council with its observations and recommendations.84
The tasks of this committee were to receive information from state parties related to
terrorist acts and the process that states were making on this issue and make periodic
reports to the Council. The Committee was also tasked with the maintenance of a list of
81S.C.Res.1267, 8, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1276(OCT 15, 1999). Available at
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1267(1999)
82Id, at 2.
83Id paragraph 4 (b).
84Id, at 3.
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1267(1999)http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1267(1999)http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1267(1999)7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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the individuals and entities designated as associated with the Taliban or Osama bin
Laden, based on unspecified information provided by governments and regional
organizations. Names were added to the list by consensus after the proposal of a
government. This committee adopted general guidelines on preparing the terrorist list
which it required a specific form and all member states had to work with this form.85
This list included individuals and entities designated as belonging to or associated with
the Taliban, Osama Bin Laden, and the Al-Qaida organization, based on relevant
information provided by the UN Members and regional organizations. The European
Commission had the authority to supplement or amend this list on the grounds of
pertinent notification or information from the Member States, the Security Council, or the
Sanctions Committee.86
On the other hand, the EU Council went along with the Security Council general
guidelines. The EU Council needed to adopt the European Union guidelines for
implementation of the Security Council resolutions and the Committees list of terrorist
persons, organization and entities. Thus, the Council of the European Union on December
3, 2003, adopted guidelines for the implementation and evaluation of restrictive measures
85The Committee maintains a List of individuals and entities subject to the sanctions measures. By resolutions
1267 (1999), 1333 (2000), 1390 (2002), as reiterated in resolutions 1455 (2003), 1526 (2004), 1617 (2005),
1735 (2006), 1822 (2008), 1904 (2009) and 1989 (2011) the Security Council has obliged all States to:
freeze without delay the funds and other financial assets or economic resources, including funds derived from
property owned or controlled directly or indirectly
prevent the entry into or the transit through their territories
Prevent the direct or indirect supply, sale, or transfer of arms and related material, including military and
paramilitary equipment, technical advice, assistance or training related to military activities, with regard to the
individuals, groups, undertakings and entities placed on the Al-Qaida Sanctions List. Available at
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/aq_sanctions_list.shtml
86Supra, not 73, at 4.
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/aq_sanctions_list.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/aq_sanctions_list.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/aq_sanctions_list.shtml7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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(sanctions) under the framework of EU Common Foreign and Security Policy
15579/2003.87
The Council stated that, to implement the Sanction Committees guidelines, it had to
respect human rights and fundamental freedoms,88
and decided that a person or entity
had to be subject to restrictive measures under clear criteria to determine which persons
and entities could be listed,89
and identify information to insure that targeted restrictive
measures did not impact non-targeted persons or entities.90
For that, the council had to
keep the situation under review to determine when and how the criteria were met.
The council stated that these common position guidelines were on the basis of the UN
Resolution 1267/199991
.The EU council amended these guidelines on November 29, 2005
by its Common Position 15115/2005,92
and also the Security Councils Sanction
Committee had been amended the UN guidelines on 21 December 2005 and in 29
November 2006.93
The creation of the UN Sanction Committees list of persons, organizations and entities as
terrorists, was subject to criticism due to its lack of transparency and due process
87Council Common Position (EC) No 15579/2003 of 3 December 2003. Available at
http/register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/03/st15/st15579.en03.pdf.
88Id, at 7. Paragraph 13.
89Id, at 7, paragraph 14.
90Id, at 7, paragraph 15.
91Supra, not 76.
92Council Common Position (EC), no 15115/05, of 29 November 2005. Available at
register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/05/st15/st15115.en05.pdf
93
Guidelines of the committee for the conduct of its work, un, 25 December 2006. Available atwww.loc.gov/law/help/EUTerroristLists.pdf
http://www.loc.gov/law/help/EUTerroristLists.pdfhttp://www.loc.gov/law/help/EUTerroristLists.pdfhttp://www.loc.gov/law/help/EUTerroristLists.pdf7/31/2019 The European Union Lists of Terrorist Organizations
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safeguards, and the fact that this persons and entities did not have the right to be heard or
to have their cases reviewed by the UN or be informed or reasons for their designation.94
As mentioned before, the European Council adopted the Common Position to implement
the UN Security Councils sanction. According to EU law, as discussed before, the
European Court of Justice had no jurisdiction over the CFSP. The council was criticised
for this because it was inconsistent and derogated from the scheme of judicial protection
of fundamental rights laid down by the EC treaty, as the European Court of Justice stated
in the case of: Yassin Abdullah Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v. Council
of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities.95 This case
concerned the EUs implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1390/2002,96
calling for the freezing of assets of certain individuals and entities associated with certain
terrorist organizations; therefore, the EU Council adopted Regulation 881/2002.97
In this case, the European Court of Justice overruled the Court of First Instance and
annulled the regulation of the Council which froze the funds of Kadi and Al Barakaat.
942005 World Summit Outcome, G.A. Res.60/1, Para 109, U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/1(October.24,2005).
95Joined Cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P, Yassin Abdullah Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation
V. Council of the European Union and Commission of the European Communities, 2008 E.C.R I- C-402/05 P and
C-415/05 P. available at,http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-
bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=al
ldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=doc
av&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeor
d=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-
402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&re
smax=100&Submit=Submit
96S.C.Res.1390, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1390(January 28, 2002).
97The European council regulation 881/2002,of 27May, 2002, imposing certain specific restrictive measures
directed against certain persons and entities associated
with Usama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida network and the Taliban, and repealing Council
Regulation (EC) No 467/2001 prohibiting the export of certain goods and services to Afghanistan,
strengthening the flight ban and extending the freeze of funds and other financial resources inRespect of the Taliban of Afghanistan. Available athttp://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/fin_sanctions_alqaida.htm
http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Submithttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Submithttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Submithttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Submithttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Submithttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Submithttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Submithttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Submithttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&jurtfp=jurtfp&alldocrec=alldocrec&docj=docj&docor=docor&docdecision=docdecision&docop=docop&docppoag=docppoag&docav=docav&docsom=docsom&docinf=docinf&alldocnorec=alldocnorec&docnoj=docnoj&docnoor=docnoor&radtypeord=on&typeord=ALL&docnodecision=docnodecision&allcommjo=allcommjo&affint=affint&affclose=affclose&numaff=C-402%2F05&ddatefs=&mdatefs=&ydatefs=&ddatefe=&mdatefe=&ydatefe=&nomusuel=&domaine=&mots=&resmax=100&Submit=Submithttp://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en&newform=newform&alljur=alljur&jurcdj=jurcdj&jurtpi=jurtpi&j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