Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
The European Union’s Role in Setting GlobalStandards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential
Trade AgreementsA Network Approach
Lisa LechnerUniversity of Salzburg
July 1, 2015
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Table of Contents
Motivation
NTI design models
Theory
Research Design
Findings
Conclusion
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Motivation
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Large-N Study by Milewicz et al. (2014): Diffusion is crucial in the process
South South NTI network:
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
NTI design models - small-N studies
Actor Issue Approach Literature
EU Model CPR, Security, ESR Promotional (over timemore enforceable), in-precise
Ahnlid (2013), Bartels (2005),Grynberg and Qalo (2006), Hornet al. (2010), van Den Putteet al. (2013)
US Model ESR,Security Enforceable Aggarwal (2013), Horn et al.(2010), Postnikov (2014)
Canadian Model ESR,EP Enforceable, precise Aaronson (2010, 2011)
AUS-NZ Model ESR,EP Promotional, precise Aaronson (2010, 2011), ILO andIILS (2015)
EFTA Model CPR,Security Weak, in-precise Aaronson (2010, 2011)
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Theoretical Argument
Proposition: A PTA, where its members share many and strong NTIs through pastPTAs with k, is more likely to include the NTIs design model of k.
i.g The stronger the NTI tie towards Europe, the more likely the EU model is chosen.
EU
US
NZ
AUS
CAN
Other
X
Y
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Research Design
1. Derive NTIs design models from descriptive statistics - DV:similarity in NTI’s Mode of Legalization
2. Ego-network structures on NTIs through PTAs - EV: networkties towards EU, US, etc.
3. Propensity score matching
4. Multivariate regression analysis
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Dependent Variable
I Similarity in NTI’s Mode of Legalization (Abbott et al.,2000):
I Manually coded 262 data points in 634 PTAs plus 45 side accords:
I civil and political rights-, economic and social rights-,environmental protection-, security issues index
I Define EU model, US model, etc.
I Cohen-Kappa coefficient of similarity between EU, US, etc. NTIs design
model and a PTAs NTIs design model (Cohen, 1968)
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Dependent Variable
Australia Canada EC EFTA US
Delegation_CPR_access_consult_science
assessment_CPR_body
Delegation_CPR_implementation_international_decision
Delegation_CPR_access_file_Individual
Delegation_CPR_dispute_resol_state_veto
assessment_CPR_state
Delegation_CPR_access_consult_NGO
Delegation_CPR_dispute_resol_conciliation
Delegation_CPR_access_file_State
Delegation_CPR_access_consult_IO
Delegation_CPR_access_consult_business
conditionality_pre_CPR
CPR_obl_Measure
CPR_obl_Promo
CPR_obl_Exept
CPR_obl
CPR_specific2
CPR_specific10
CPR_specific4
CPR_specific6
CPR_specific8
CPR_specific9
CPR_specific5
CPR_specific1
CPR_specific7
Delegation
Obligation
Precision
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.000.0 0.2 0.4 0.60.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8Percentage of agreements
Figure : Civil and Political Rights Models
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Dependent Variable
Australia Canada EC EFTA US
assessment_ESR_state
Delegation_ESR_access_consult_NGO
Delegation_ESR_access_file_Individual
Delegation_ESR_implementation_domestic_norm_dom
Delegation_ESR_access_consult_business
Delegation_ESR_access_consult_science
Delegation_ESR_dispute_resol_adhoc_panel
Delegation_ESR_access_consult_union
Delegation_ESR_dispute_resol_state_veto
Delegation_ESR_access_consult_IO
Delegation_ESR_implementation_international_decision
Delegation_ESR_access_file_State
Delegation_ESR_dispute_resol_conciliation
assessment_ESR_body
body_ESR
conditionality_pre_ESR
ESR_obl_Exept
ESR_obl_Promo
ESR_obl
ESR_obl_Measure
ESR_specific5
ESR_specific11
ESR_specific7
ESR_specific10
ESR_specific6
ESR_specific4
ESR_specific9
ESR_specific8
ESR_specific2
ESR_specific3
Delegation
Obligation
Precision
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.000.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.000.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75Percentage of agreements
Figure : Economic and Social Rights Models
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Explanatory Variable
Ego network structures of a PTA’s member states
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Explanatory Variable
1970
Africa Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTAEurope
EuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
1990
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTA
EuropeEuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
US
1995
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTA
Europe
EuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
US
2000
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTA
Europe
EuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
PacificUS
2010
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTA
EuropeEuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
US
2015
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean EC
EFTA
Europe
EuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
US
Figure : CPR Network Development over Time
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Explanatory Variable
1970
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTA
Europe
EuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
1990
AfricaAsia
Australia
CanadaCaribbean
EC
EFTAEurope
EuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
US
1995
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTA
Europe
EuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
US
2000
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTA
Europe
EuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
US
2010
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTA
Europe
EuropeSouthLatinAmericaNZ
Pacific
US
2015
Africa
Asia
Australia
Canada
Caribbean
EC
EFTA
Europe
EuropeSouth
LatinAmerica
NZ
Pacific
US
Figure : ESR Network Development over Time
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Control Variables
I Also used for PSM:I Membership in IOs (Basel-Convention, 2014, CBD, 2014, ILO, 2014, Isik
and Zheng, 2014, UN EP, 2014)I GDP (WDI, 2014)I NTIs compliance: Physical Integrity Index, Empowerment Index
(Cingranelli et al., 2014), polity2 Index (Marshall et al., 2012), CO2(WDI, 2014)
I Geographic distance, common Border, common language (Cepii)
I Not used for PSM:I Tie towards other actors
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Findings
CPR EP ESR Security
AUS−NZ
Canada
EFTA
EU
US
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.0040.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.00000 0.00025 0.00050 0.00075 0.00100−0.005 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020Coefficient
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Concluding Remarks
I Diffusion is an important factor explaining the variance inNTIs design in PTAs
I The EU is most likely to spread its civil and political rights
I Canada and Australia prevail with regards to environmentalprotection and economic and social rights
I Further Research:I Structure equation modelling (account for simultaneous
decisions)
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Bibliography I
Aaronson, S. A. (2010). Is the wedding of trade and human rights a marriage ofconvenience or a lasting union? Human Rights & Human Welfare, 10.
Aaronson, S. A. (2011). Human rights. In Chauffour, J.-P. and Maur, J.-C., editors,Preferential Trade Agreement Policies for Development: A Handbook, pages429–452. World Bank.
Abbott, K. W., Keohane, R. O., Moravcsik, A., Slaughter, A.-M., and Snidal, D.(2000). The concept of legalization. International Organization, 54(3):401–419.
Aggarwal, V. K. (2013). U.s. free trade agreements and linkages. InternationalNegotiation, 18(1):89–110.
Ahnlid, A. (2013). The trade do-gooder? linkages in eu free trade agreementnegotiations. In Linking trade and security, The Political Economy of the AsiaPacific. Springer, New York.
Bartels, L. (2005). Human rights conditionality in the EU’s international agreements.PhD thesis, Univ, Oxford and Oxford.
Basel-Convention (2014). Basel convention: Status of ratifications.
CBD (2014). Convention on biological diversity: List of parties.
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Bibliography II
Cingranelli, D. L., Richards, D. L., and Chad Clay, K. (2014). Ciri human rights dataprojekt.
Cohen, J. (1968). Weighted kappa: Nominal scale agreement provision for scaleddisagreement or partial credit. Psychological Bulletin, 70(4):213–220.
Grynberg, R. and Qalo, V. (2006). Labour standards in us and eu preferential tradeagreements. Journal of World Trade, 40(4):619–653.
Horn, H., Mavroidis, P. C., and Sapir, A. (2010). Beyond the wto? an anatomy of euand us preferential trade agreements. The world economy : the leading journal oninternational economic relations, 33(11):1565–1588.
ILO (2014). International labour organization: Country profiles.
ILO and IILS (2015). The social dimensions of free trade agreements.
Isik, I. and Zheng, T. (28.05.2014). University of minnesota human rights library.
Marshall, M. G., Jaggers, K., and Gurr, T. R. (2012). Polity vi project.
Milewicz, K., Hollway, J., Peacock, C., and Snidal, D. (2014). Beyond trade: Why dostates include non-trade issues in trade agreements?
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
Motivation NTI design models Theory Research Design Findings Conclusion References
Bibliography III
Postnikov, E. (2014). The design of social standards in eu and us preferential tradeagreements. In Handbook of the International Political Economy of Trade,Handbooks of Research on International Political Economy series, pages 531–549.Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
UN EP (2014). United nations environment programme.
van Den Putte, L., Bossuyt, F., Orbie, J., and Ville, F. d. (2013). Social norms in eubilateral trade agreements: a comparative overview. In Linking Trade andNon-commercial Interests. TMC Asser Institute, Den Haag, The Netherlands.
WDI (2014). World bank development indicators.
The European Union’s Role in Setting Global Standards for Non-Trade Issues in Preferential Trade Agreements
