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THE EVOLUTION OF THE AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT POLICIES IN EUROPE
Prof. Giuseppe FumarolaUniversity of L’Aquila, Vice President CSIA/ATI, ItalyPresident EFCA
THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ASSOCIATIONS (IUAPPA)
International SeminarURBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
21st – 23rd October 2002 - Sao Paulo, Brazil
“The most important message that IUAPPA has is for developing countries through the world, not to make the same mistakes which most industrial countries made over 100 years ago and which has taken them over 100 years to put right”
Rear Admiral P.G. Sharp, Director NSCA (UK),Fifth Int. Clean Air Congress, Buenos Aires, 1980
URBAN AIR QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
AIR POLLUTANT SOURCES
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
TRANSPORTATIONSTATIONARY COMBUSTION
PLANTS
ROMA at the August Emperor time, two thousand years ago, transportation by carts animal-
drawn at any time of the day created noise, nauseous odour and sanitary problems today a similar problem is smartly called sustainable mobility
LONDON at the time of King Edward I, in 1306, combustion in stationary sources (domestic
furnaces) which burned coal today the old "fashionable" smog of London has been substituted by the sly PM10.
VENICE the furnaces for glass manufacture in XII century had to move away from the city, on the
near Murano island. today the artistic Murano glass production plants have still to comply with new
emission limits. A recent decree of the Italian Ministry of the Environment establish a deadline at the end of December 2002
At the beginning of the third Millennium: nothing new under the sun
Historical examples of complained environmental problems
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
AIR
WATER
SOIL
Raw Materials
Products
Energy
EMISSIONS
/
WASTES
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
A SB YA ST TE EM ME SN T
AIR
WATER
SOIL
Raw Materials
Products
Energy
E M WI AS SS TI EO SN S
END-OF-PIPE
TECHNOLOGIES Cmax= f(A.Q.S.)
Distance downwind to the chemney
u
PROCESS
Q (Kg/h)
Ce (mg/m3)
Ce Co
Co - Ce
= ------------
Co
Best Practicable Means (BPM)
Air Quality Management (AQM)
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
ABATEMENT
SYSTEMS
AIR
WATER
SOIL
Raw Materials
Products
Energy
Emissions -Wastes
Recycle
Recycle
By-products-Wastes
RATIONAL USE AND RECYCLE OF
ENERGY, RAW MATERIALS, BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTES
EMISSIONS-
WASTES
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
ABATEMENT
SYSTEMS
AIR
WATER
SOIL
Raw Materials
Products
Energy
Emissions-Wastes
Recycle
Recycle
By-products-Wastes
EMISSIONS-
WASTES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
Command and Control
EUROPEAN UNION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Polluter pays principle
Environmental taxation
Voluntary instruments
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
AIR
WATER
SOIL
Raw Materials
Products
Energy
EmissionsWastes
Recycle
Recycle
By-productsWastes
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYCommand and Control
ABATEMENT
SYSTEMS
EMISSIONS-
WASTES
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
AIR
WATER
SOIL
Raw Materials
Products
Energy
EmissionsWastes
Recycle
Recycle
By-productsWastes
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYEnvironmental Taxation
ABATEMENT
SYSTEMS
EMISSIONS-
WASTES
Ecolabel is an ecological quality mark for products of wide
use adopted in Europe in 1992.
It requires an environmental performance assessment
(impact on air, water and soil, waste production, energy
consumption, safety, etc.), along with defined criteria,
during the entire life cycle (from cradle to grave).
The label may be used in the market place relying on the
consumers perception for eco-labelled products.
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
ECOLABEL
EMAS is a voluntary instrument, adopted in Europe in 1993, conceived to encourage companies, not only industrial, and even public administrations, to adopt proactive initiatives for continuous improvements of the environmental performance of their processes, products and services.It aims at having more efficient use of raw materials and energy, minimizing wastes, minimising risk of impact on the environment, planning the investment in a more environmental friendly manner.The site subjected to EMAS is filed on an European Register and receives a mark which may be used in the market place to demonstrate to the public at large the positive commitment in the protection of the environment.
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYEMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme)
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive 96/61/CE
PURPOSETo provide for a permitting system for certain categories of industrial
installations to achieve integrated prevention and control of pollution
and ensure a high level of protection for the environment as a whole
CONDITION To take all appropriate preventive measures against pollution through
the application of the Best Available Technology
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY
AVAILABLE: shall mean those techniques developed on a scale which allows implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions, taking into considerations costs and advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the Member States in question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to the operator
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY: the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in principle the basis for emission limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not practicable, generally to reduce emissions and the impact on the environment as a whole
BEST: shall mean most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole
TECHNOLOGY: shall include both the technology used and the way in which the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned.
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
EUROPEAN UNION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
“Seveso” Directives
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
ENGINE
EXHAUST
FUEL
THREE-WAY CATALITIC CONVERTER
EVAPORATION
COMPOSITION
EMISSION STANDARDSTECNICAL MODIFICATION
NEW PERFORMANCE
WASTE ENERGY
AIR POLLUTION FROM VEHICLES
GASOLINE/DIESEL OIL COMPOSITION
Parameter Unitmin max min max
Reasearch octane number RON 95Motor octane number MON 85Reid vapour pressure kPa 60Distillation : evaporated at 100 °C % v/v 46 evaporated at 120 °C % v/v 75Hydrocarbon analysis : olefins % v/v 18,0 aromatics % v/v 40,0 35,0 benzene % v/v 1,0Oxigen content % m/m 2,3Sulphur content mg/Kg 150 50Lead content g/l 0,005
Cetane number 51Density at 15 °C Kg/m3 845Distillation: 95% point °C 360
Some environmental rilevant limits for motor vehicle fuels
DIESEL OIL
Limits 2000 Limits 2005
UNLEADED GASOLINE
EMISSION LIMITS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES (g/Km)
PM NOX HC CO HC + NOX
Euro 2 1996 2,2 0,5Euro 3 2000 0,15 0,2 2,3*Euro 4 2005 0,08 0,1 1,0
Euro 2 1996 0,080 1,06 0,71Euro 3 2000 0,050 0,50 0,64 0,56Euro 4 2005 0,025 0,25 0,50 0,30
* different measure method
DIESEL OIL
UNLEADED GASOLINE
STATIONARY COMBUSTION PLANTS
General measures to fight air pollution
For domestic furnaces
USE OF SOLID FUELS FORBIDDEN
LIQUID FUELS WITH LOW SULPHUR CONTENT
GAS PIPE NETWORK
CONTROL OF COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY
For power plants
STRINGENT EMISSION STANDARDS
EMISSION TAXATION
MAIN ACTIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
PURSUE A PROACTIVE APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AS A WHOLE
Integrated Product Policy
PURSUE THE MARKET-BASED MECHANISMS ACCORDING TO POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
INVOLVE PUBLIC AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS TO STIMULATE CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION PATTERNS
Green Public Procurement
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
IN AIR POLLUTION POLICY FOR VEHICLES
ENFORCE TAXATION INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION
EQUIP NEW CARS WITH ON-BOARD-DIAGNOSIS
PROMOTE ECO-LABELS FOR CARS WITH LOW
CONSUMPTION AND/OR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
IMPROVE FUEL COMPOSITION WITH NEW
ADDITIVES
REDUCE SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION OF FUEL
GLOBAL MANAGEMENT
HEALTH
ENVIRONMENT SAFETY
Two main lines for GLOBAL MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGIES:
• INHERENTLY EFFICIENT (minimal use of raw materials and energy)
• INHERENTLY CLEAN (minimal production of flue gases and wastes)
• INHERENTLY SAFE (minimal risk at workplace and for the living environment)
SOCIAL ASPECTS:
• EDUCATION
• PUBLIC PERCEPTION
• LEGISLATION
• ECONOMICAL RESOURCES