The Exploration of the Solar System in Europe:synergy between ground-based and space-borne activities

Marcello Coradini

September 03

1990 Ulysses (on-going)

1995 SOHO (on going)

2000 CLUSTER (on-going)

2012+ Solar Orbiter

1999 OERSTED (DK)

1998 ASTRID (S)

1997 EQUATORS (D)

2000 ODIN (S)

1992 FREJA (S/D)

2004 Double Star (ESA-China) 2007 Solar B (Japan-ESA)

Sun and Sun-Earth Interaction Missions

Ground-based observations of magnetospheric phenomena have been on-going for decades:however their relevance for ESO type of infrastructure is basically nihil.

We concentrate then for the rest of this presentations on planetary issues.

2011 MERCURY ORBITER - Differentiated Materials

2004 ROSETTA - Building Blocks

2003 MARS EXPRESS - Comparative Planetology & Exobiology

2003 SMART-1 - Technology & Lunar Science

1997 CASSINI-HUYGENS - Outer Regions & Exobiology

1989 GALILEO (NASA/D)

2009 NETLANDER ?

Planetary Exploration Missions

2005 Venus Express – Understanding atmospheric processes

Cassini/Huygens

When NASA & ESA work together

Huygens factsheet Landing on Titan, Saturn's mysterious moon. Name: Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) was a Dutch astronomer who discovered Saturn's rings and, in 1655, its largest moon, Titan. Description: Huygens will be the first probe to land on a world in the outer Solar System - on the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Data from Huygens may offer clues about how life began on Earth. Huygens is currently in space, hitching a ride on NASA’s Cassini spacecraft.

Determine abundance of atmospheric constituents (including noble gases); Establish isotope ratios for abundant elements; Constrain scenarios of formation and evolution of Titan and its atmosphere;Observe vertical and horizontal distributions of trace gases; Search for more complex organic molecules; investigate energy sources for atmospheric chemistry; Model the photo-chemistry of the stratosphere; Study formation and composition of aerosols ;

Scientific Objectives

Measure winds and global temperatures;

Investigate cloud physics, general circulation and seasonal effects in Titan's atmosphere;

Search for lightning discharges;

Determine the physical state, topography and the composition of the surface; infer the internal structure of the satellite;

Investigate the upper atmosphere, its ionization, and its role as a source of neutral and ionized material for the magnetosphere of Saturn;

Scien obj. cont’d

Mars Express:Can you be faster

and cheaper?

Mars Express orThe Search for Water & Life

Mars Express Scientific Objectives

ORBITER Global high-resolution photogeology

Super-resolution imaging of selected areas

Global mineralogical mapping at 100 m resolution

Global atmospheric circulation and composition

Subsurface structure a few km down to permafrost

Surface-atmosphere interactions

Interaction of upper atmosphere with solar wind

LANDER Geology and mineralogy of landing site

Organic and mineral geochemistry

Exobiology (i.e. search for life signatures)

Meteorology and climatology

Mars Express Instruments

HRSC: High Resolution Stereo Camera

ASPERA: Energetic Neutral Atoms Analyser

MaRS: Mars Radio Science

Experiment

MARSIS : Sub-surface

Sounding Radar Altimeter

OMEGA: Visible and Infrared

Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer SPICAM: Ultraviolet and Infrared

Atmospheric Spectrometer

BEAGLE- 2 Lander

PFS: Planetary Fourier Spectrometer

Venus Express

Once again we do it fast & cheap!

Venus Express – Payload Heritage

PAYLOAD Instrumental concept Heritage

VIRTIS UV-Visible-near-IR imaging Spectrometer ROSETTA

VERA Radio Science (RSI) ROSETTA

ASPERA Energetic Neural Atoms Analyser MARS EXPRESS

PFS Atmospheric High Resolution Fourier Spectrometer

MARS EXPRESS

SPICAM UV & IR Atmospheric Spectrometer MARS EXPRESS

Magnet magnetometerr ROSETTA

And a ….small camera to give eyes to the s/c

Solar System bodies with an atmosphere have a potential for triggering joint observations from space and the ground. In particular the ground-based observations may have an important role in monitoring large scale dynamical and chemical processes.

The difficulty in launching frequent missions to the gaseous giants of the Solar System makes the ground-based observations the only mean to follow over long periods of time the evolution of atmospheric processes

Rosetta : a space archeology mission

The Scientific PayloadOSIRIS: Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (H.U. Keller, Germany)

ALICE: Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (S.A. Stern, USA)

VIRTIS: Visible and Infrared Thermal ImagingSpectrometer (A. Coradini, Italy)

MIRO: Microwave Instrument for the RosettaOrbiter (S. Gulkis, USA)

ROSINA: Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (H. Balsiger, Switzerland)

COSIMA: Cometary Secondary Ion MassAnalyser (J. Kissel, Germany)

MIDAS: Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System W. Riedler, Austria)

CONSERT: Comet Nucleus Sounding (W. Kofman, France)

GIADA: Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator (L. Colangeli, Italy)

RPC: Rosetta Plasma Consortium

RSI: Radio Science Investigation (M. Pätzold, Germany)

Ground-based cometary observations have been for centuriesthe only tool to study cometary processes. Still to-day the relevance of these observations remains evident

Asteroidal Observations: the perfect synergy between ground-based and space-borne observations

SMART-!: testing electric propulsion in space

SMART-1:first lunar mission of Europe

• Launch 28/09/03 • A5 auxiliary P/L

(Cyclade)• <18 m cruise + 6

m operations• 350 kg at launch• 6 instruments (~

17 kg)

SMART-1 Payload

6 instruments operating in all mission phases (cruise/moon)10 distinct science and technology investigations:

• SPEDE SPEDE (Spacecraft Potential Electron and Dust Experiment)

• EPDPEPDP (Electric Propulsion Diagnostic Package)

• KATE KATE (Ka-Band TT&C Experiment)

– RSIS (Radio-Science Investigations for SMART-1)

• AMIEAMIE (Advanced Moon micro-Imager Experiment) – Laserlink (Experimental Deep-space Laser link)

– OBAN (On-Board Autonomous Navigation experiment)

• SIRSIR (SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer)

• D-CIXSD-CIXS (Demonstration of a Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer)

– XSMXSM (X-ray Solar Monitori

– (Embossed the investigations with dedicated HW)

BEPICOLOMBO

Telescope observations of atmosphereless planetary objects are inPrinciple very promising. However, the number of in-situ missions make the relevance of ground-based observations rather low unless high resolution spectroscopic capabilities can beImplemented…..