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The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

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Despite laws put in place for their protection, orangutan populations in the wild continue to decline. From the populations existing in 1900, only 7% of the Bornean orangutan population and 14% of the Sumatran orangutan population have survived into the 20th century. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Linda Yuliani discusses why orangutan conservation efforts seem to have had such little success, and provides some possible alternative approaches for more effective orangutan conservation. This presentation was given to delegates at the 2nd World Biodiversity Congress held recently in Malaysia.
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The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia E Linda Yuliani M Moeliono H Adnan (CIFOR) Deni Bakara Ade B jani (Riak B mi) The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement E. Linda Yuliani, M. Moeliono, H. Adnan, (CIFOR), Deni Bakara, Ade Bujani (Riak Bumi), Budi Suriansyah, Muhammad Ilyas (DSNP Authority) THINKING beyond the canopy
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Page 1: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia

E Linda Yuliani M Moeliono H Adnan (CIFOR) Deni Bakara Ade B jani (Riak B mi)

The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

E. Linda Yuliani, M. Moeliono, H. Adnan,   (CIFOR), Deni Bakara, Ade Bujani (Riak Bumi),Budi Suriansyah, Muhammad Ilyas (DSNP Authority)

THINKING beyond the canopy

Page 2: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Presentation outlinePresentation outline

• Introduction• ObjectivesObjectives• Methods• Results

Page 3: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

INTRODUCTION

Page 4: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Orangutan distribution* and recent **population estimates**

• Sumatra (Pongo abelii) – 6,624( g ) ,• Borneo:

– Northwest (Pongopygmaeus subsp. pygmaeus) ‐ 3,000–4,500Central (P pygmaeus subsp– Central (P. pygmaeus subsp.wurmbii) at least 34,975

– Northeast (P. pygmaeusNortheast  (P. pygmaeussubsp.morio about 15,800)

*Map: Caldecott, J. and Miles, L. (Eds.) 2005. World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation, UNEP and WCMC

** Wich, S.A., Meijaard, E., Marshall, A.J., Husson, S., Ancrenaz, M., Lacy, R.C., van Schaik, C.P., Sugardjito J Simorangkir T Traylor Holzer K Doughty M Supriatna J Dennis R Gumal MSugardjito, J., Simorangkir, T., Traylor‐Holzer, K., Doughty, M., Supriatna, J., Dennis, R., Gumal, M., Knott, C.D. and Singleton, I. 2008. Distribution and conservation status of the orangutan (Pongospp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: How Many Remain? Oryx 42(3): 329‐339.

Page 5: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

A comprehensive legal frameworkA comprehensive legal framework• During colonial: 1925 Ordinance (Dierenbeschermingsordonnantie)g ( g )

• National laws and regulations:– Law 5/1990 on the Conservation of the Living Resources and thera 5/ 990 o t e Co se at o o t e g esou ces a d t e

Ecosystems, with implementing regulations on endangered species conservation (Peraturan Pemerintah 7/1999) and exploitation of endangered species (PP 8/1999);endangered species (PP 8/1999);

– Law 41/1999 on Forestry, with implementing regulations on forest protection (PP 45/2004), forest governance, planning and exploitation of 

( / )forests (PP 6/2007) and the Ministerial decree on guidelines for managing conflict between humans and wildlife (P.48/Menhut‐II/2008) ; and

– Law 26/2007 on Spatial Planning./ p g

• National Strategy and Action Plan for Orangutan, whose implementation is formalized through the Forestry Ministry decree P.53/Menhut‐IV/2007g y y / /

Page 6: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

However, orangutan populations in the wild continue to decline

Out of the populations extant in 1900, only 7% of the Borneanorangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) population and 14% of the Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii)Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii) population survived the 20th century

Rijksen, H.D. & Meijaard, E. 1999. Our Vanishing Relative: The Status of WildVanishing Relative: The Status of Wild Orang‐Utans at the Close of the Twentieth Century. Tropenbos Publications. Wageningen. Kluwer Academic Publishers, g g ,Dordrecht.

Page 7: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

In Danau Sentarum NP and its surrounding landscape (West Kalimantan)

Parameter Russon et al. 2001(data collection: 1997)

Our results (Jan‐Jul2010)

1997)No. of locations 7 10T l l h f A ATotal length of transect

Approx. 3km/locationTotal 15 75 km

Approx. 6km/locationTotal 52 51 kmTotal 15.75 km Total 52.51 km

No. of nests found 264 147

• A work in progress, but the results indicate a serious decline of OUpopulation

• In one location Russon found 20‐57 nests we found none as theIn one location, Russon found 20 57 nests, we found none as the forest has been totally cleared for oil palm

Page 8: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Major threatsDirect causes:• Habitat loss due to forest 

i i l f i iconversion, mainly for mining, oil palm plantations and timber plantations; 

• Habitat degradation and fragmentation caused by road construction, forest fires andconstruction, forest fires and illegal logging

• Poaching and illegal trading

Underlying causes: • Poor governance• Weak law enforcementWeak law enforcement • Ambiguous policy that explicitly protects species but not their habitat• Lack of awareness of the laws in place to protect endangered species• Poor coordination amongst key actors and poverty• Poor coordination amongst key actors, and poverty • Conflict with humans 

Page 9: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Conservation efforts and comprehensive legal framework have failed to stop the declining orangutan habitat

WHY?? WHAT CAN BE DONE?WHY?? WHAT CAN BE DONE?

Page 10: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Study of conservation policies and stakeholders perception on orangutan

Objectives:• To improve understanding 

f h ti iof why conservation in general has been characterized by so fewcharacterized by so few examples of success – from social perspectives

• To develop alternative approaches for more effective orangutanconservation

Page 11: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

METHODS• Conventional method: direct 

observation, questionnaire and in‐depth interview with district government, government conservationgovernment conservation agencies, NGOs and local peoplep p

• Action research: PRA techniques (Venn diagram, village sketch, FGDs), small workshops and meetings

Page 12: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

RESULTS

Page 13: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

The fate of (orangutan) conservation in Indonesia

• Inconsistent national and regional policies;

• Failure to involve local people in conservation efforts;

• Failure to assign clear rights, roles and responsibilities;

• Lack of coordination and communication; and

• Unclear accessibility and allocation of fundingg

Page 14: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Inconsistent national and regional policiesg p

• Indonesia’s laws: recognise the importance of protecting orangutans(and other key species), but this is not reflected in government programmes and policies.programmes and policies. 

• National Strategy and Action Plan on Orangutan Conservation launched by the President in December 2007, but neither national nor local governments adopt the strategies. 

Page 15: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

ExamplespNational Strategy:  Reality:gyThe best way to protect orangutans is by protecting their habitat

yNational and district land use planning: prioritizing large scale plantations and mining foresthabitat plantations and mining  forest clearing

Translocation is to be a last resort if habitat rehabilitation is impractical or impossible

Government  conservation agencies: relocation and translocation are the only optionor impossible translocation are the only option for saving the remaining orangutans from non‐protected areas, as they are unable to stop deforestation, and receive no support from other sectorssupport from other sectors. 

Page 16: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Failure to involve local peoplep pGrowing realisation and efforts to involve local people, but:

M l h i d b i i d i• Mostly characterized by a one‐way communication and not promoting social capital improvement:– informing local people of the programmeinforming local people of the programme– imposing restrictions without dialogue or adequate consultation– treating local people as threats rather than working through their 

potential to support conservation

Page 17: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Failure to involve local people

• Lack of capacity and knowledge of the key institutions on both orangutan ecology andorangutan ecology and socio‐cultural context of the local peoplep p

• The fundamental meaning of participatory/ collaborative management is poorly understood

Page 18: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Unclear rights roles and responsibilitiesUnclear rights, roles and responsibilities• Conservation: responsibility of all 

citizens with specific roles and duties, however key stakeholder groups consider conservation as theconsider conservation as the responsibility of the government agency for nature protection alone.

• Laws: not enforced, but government bodies are debating the creation of more regulations rather thanmore regulations rather than implementing the existing

• Government actions should rigidlyGovernment actions should rigidly follow the law and territoriality , and availability of budget  no action d iduring emergency

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Lack of coordination and communication

• Among government sectors• Government structure: 

absence of authority to coordinate other sectors andcoordinate other sectors and levels of government

• Efforts to build coordination and communication: – Too formal

Too high profile– Too high profile– Too much focus on producing 

formal documentsLack of processes to build– Lack of processes to build mutual trust, understanding and in‐depth communication

Page 20: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Unclear accessibility and allocation of funding

• Conservation funds: donors dand government

• From donors: F i l h– For orangutan is larger than for other species

– Short period, difficult to p ,undertake long‐term planningOne case: large funding– One case: large funding coordinated by one organization, but who could 

l d h t ti itiapply and what activities could be funded are unclear

Page 21: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Unclear accessibility and allocation of fundingUnclear accessibility and allocation of fundingGovernment’s budget: • Relatively small, mostly for 

routine operating costs and salariesand salaries

• Rigid allocation + territoriality + bureaucracy

Insufficient funds for rescue or emergency operationsor emergency operations, awareness‐raising programmes, capacity building and monitoring

Page 22: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

SOME ALTERNATIVE APPROCHESSOME ALTERNATIVE APPROCHES• Local people as• Local people as conservation cadresI t ti f l l• Integrating formal law with customary rules

• Appropriate reward mechanisms

• Meaningful multi‐stakeholder/ collaborative processes

Page 23: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Local people as conservation cadreKey: 

B ild l l l lfThrough:

A d• Build local people self‐motivation and self‐organizing capacity

• Awareness programs and capacity building based on folklore, local knowledge g g p y

• Rooted in local culture and knowledge

gand traditional norms

• Proper recognition and d f idreward from outsiders

Page 24: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Integrating policies/formal regulations with d ltraditional systems

L d t l P t b ild i d th• Law and customary rules• Protected area zonation with 

traditional land‐use system

• Processes to build in‐depth communication, mutual trust and understandingtraditional land use system g

• A series of training‐workshop on law enforcement

Page 25: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Appropriate reward mechanismsAppropriate reward mechanisms• Long‐term and equal benefits • Often in practical and simple forms, • Gender equity• No elite‐capture

e.g.:– Education facilities and healthcare, 

praying house micro hydro power• Build self‐reliance rather than 

dependency

praying house, micro‐hydro power, – Connection to NTFP market, 

capacity building to improve quality and get certification, association to stabilize NTFP price

– Media coverage and network withMedia coverage and network with civil societies  visitors better recognition and additional income snowball effectincome  snowball effect

• Work well when there is strong and clean local institution with good leadership

Page 26: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

Meaningful multi‐stakeholder/collaborative processes

• Focus on potentials rather than problems • Use organizational• Focus on potentials rather than problems• To promote communication, relation and 

sharing knowledge, NOT bureaucracy and 

Use organizational development tools, e.g.:– Appreciative inquiry

creation of formal documents• Should build the key stakeholders’ sense 

of belonging and pride NOT simply aimed

– Accelerated learning– Vibrant facilitation

• Every one has somethingof belonging and pride, NOT simply aimed to meet project targets

Every one has something important to say

• What I can contribute, NOT what others should do

Page 27: The fate of orangutan conservation in Indonesia and strategies for improvement

THANK YOU


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