Index
9/11: attacks on US, 3, 17, 23, 33,
109, 111–13, 122–26, 127, 133,
153, 159, 239–41, 263–64, 267,
270, 275–76, 296; Commission
Report, 125–26
24, 252–53, 254–55
Abaaoud, Abdelhamid, 202
Abedi, Salman, 202
Abedin, Huma, 213, 331
Abu Ghraib Prison, 293
Abu-Lughod, Lila, 152–53
Acebes, Ángel, 180
Abduh, Muhammad, 230
Afghanistan. See Northern
Alliance; Soviet-Afghan War;
Taliban; War on Terror
Afghan Women and Children
Relief Act, 145–46
Agency, The, 252
Ahmed, Leila, 231
Al-Awlaki, Anwar, 156, 241
Algeria, 80, 82, 83, 144
Ali, Kecia, 152
Ali, Muhammad, 338, 339
All-American Muslim, 259–60
Allen, Christopher, 25
al-Qaeda, 3, 13, 22, 112, 116,
120–22, 125, 127, 128, 130,
131–32, 139, 180, 182, 184,
199, 208, 210, 241, 253, 277
Alsultany, Evelyn, 254–55, 256
al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 121
American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU), 291
American Enterprise Institute,
139, 224
American Freedom Defense Ini-
tiative, 23
American Sniper, 265–66
Amirahmadi, Hooshang, 285
Amnesty International, 156, 200
Anti-Defamation League (ADL),
23, 211
anti-Semitism, 36–38, 85, 279–80,
343, 350
365
Aquinas, Thomas, 50, 59
Arab-Israeli War, 88
Arab League, 191, 192
Arab nationalism, 115–17
Arab oil embargo (1973), 251
Arab socialism, 115
Arab spring, 144
Argentina, 86, 198
Argo, 266–67
Ashcroft, John, 274
Atran, Scott, 132
Austria, 18, 85, 196, 197, 218, 302,
310, 313, 314, 320, 324
Awad, Nihad, 285
Babel, 269
Bachmann, Michele, 213
Bahrain, 231
Balfour, Arthur, 86
Balfour Declaration, The, 86–87
Bangladesh, 142, 150, 152, 231,
232
Bannon, Steve, 216
Barlas, Asma, 152, 230
Barr, Roseanne, 258–59
Bayle, Pierre, 69–70
Belgium, 18, 161, 197, 200,
201–2, 221, 310, 326
Bibliander, Thomas, 64
Bigelow, Kathryn, 270
bin Laden, Osama, 112, 120–22,
126, 127, 132, 134, 265
Black Hawk Down, 264, 266
Black Lives Matter, 279
Black Tent, The, 268
Blair, Tony, 130, 286
Bloomberg, Michael, 316
Bolton, John, 217
Bosnia, 36
Boston Marathon Bombings, 130,
133
Boulainvilliers, Henri de, 71
Bouyeri, Muhammad, 170,
176–77, 178
Boycott, Divestment, and Sanc-
tions (BDS), 289
Boykin, William, 28
Brazil, 198
Breivik, Anders Behring, 13, 220,
302–6
Brennan Center for Justice, 279
Brexit, 219
Britain, 3, 11, 19, 20, 77, 79–80,
81–82, 86–87, 99, 127, 130,
136, 143, 160, 161, 163,
166–70, 182–88, 193 195–96,
197, 199–200, 202, 203, 211,
218, 219, 244, 260, 277,
285–88, 289–90, 300–301, 302,
315, 319, 320, 323, 326. See
also London Bombings (7/7);
London Bridge attack (2017);
Manchester Arena bombing
(2017); Westminster Bridge
attack (2017)
Brussels bombings (2016), 200,
201–2
Bulgaria, 313
THE FEAR OF ISLAM
366
Bulletproof, 262
Bunzl, Matti, 36–38
burqa, 23–24, 248–49, 311–15;
Belgian ban, 24, 313; French
ban, 24, 312–13, 315
Buruma, Ian, 223
Bush, George W., 32, 122–23,
128, 129, 138, 139–40, 145–46,
153, 181, 208, 224, 277, 331
Bush, Laura, 146
Bylund, Linus, 222
Cain, Herman, 214
CAIR (Council on American-
Islamic Relations), 254–55,
278–80, 343
Calvin, John, 63, 67
Cameron, David, 187, 348
Canada, 173, 225, 260, 266–67
Captain Marvel, 270
Captured by Bedouins, 262
Carlyle, Thomas, 90
Carson, Ben, 17, 214–15
Carter, Jimmy, 118, 166
Center for American Progress, 206
Chappelle, Dave, 338
Charlie Hebdo attacks (2015), 133,
199, 201, 202, 203, 300
Charlottesville rally (2017), 33,
279–80
Cheney, Dick, 123–25
Chile, 198
Chirac, Jacques, 307
Christianity: medieval views of
Islam, 51–60; Reformation
views of Islam, 63–67
CIA (Central Intelligence
Agency), 117, 143, 253–54,
282, 292–94
clash of civilizations thesis, 15,
99–108; Bush administration’s
reliance on, 122–25
Clinton, Hillary, 218, 331
Cold War, 103–4, 108, 113–22,
144–45, 333
Cole, Juan, 267
Colonialism: definition, 78; Euro-
pean, 78–84
Columbus, Christopher, 79
Community, 260
Conway, Kellyanne, 216–17
Cordoba, 45, 49, 57–58
Corsair, The, 262
Countering Violent Extremism
(CVE), 277–80
Counter-Terrorism and Security
Act (2015), 287
Crusades, 27, 44–45, 53–54
Cruz, Ted, 201–2, 214, 215
cultural racism, 17–18, 29–31
Curtis, Edward, 7, 332–33, 339,
343, 347, 348
Danish Cartoon Controversy, 19,
21, 188–99
decolonization, 81–84
INDEX
367
Denmark, 19, 21, 290, 313. See
also Danish Cartoon Contro-
versy
detention of Muslims and Arabs,
290–94
deportation of Muslims and Arabs,
290–94
Dewinter, Filip, 221–22
dhimmis, 46
Didsbury Mosque, 202
Dinet, Etienne, 9
Dionysus of Tel-Mahre, 51–52
discourse, definition of, 95
Dowd, Marueen, 248
EastEnders, 260
East of La Brea, 261
Egypt, 80, 82, 88, 115, 116, 117,
134, 142, 143, 144, 149, 151,
191, 192, 232, 293
Eisenhower Doctrine (1957),
115–16
El-Gamal, Sharif, 316
Ellison, Keith, 213, 329, 330, 331,
334, 337, 338, 340, 346, 350
El Saadawi, Nawal, 151
El-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 144
Emerson, Steven, 212, 241
English Defence League, 305
Enlightenment, The, 14–15,
68–76, 90, 95, 174
entrapment, 281–82
Erasmus of Rotterdam, 63
Esack, Farid, 231
Eritrea, 149
Esposito, John, 7, 140, 330, 335,
339, 343, 349, 350
essentialism, 25
Ethiopia, 82, 149, 173
European Court of Human
Rights, 294, 313
European Monitoring Centre for
Racism and Xenophobia
(EUMC), 37, 302
European Union, 38, 160, 219,
299, 302
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA),
179–81
extraordinary rendition, 292–93
Ezzat, Heba Raouf, 151–52
Farage, Nigel, 219
fatwa, 134–35, 166–68; Khomeini
fatwa against Salman Rushdie,
166–68
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion), 30, 137, 278, 280–82,
284, 285, 297–98
Fekete, Liz, 289
Female genital cutting, 147, 149,
151, 228, 234
Ferdinand of Aragon, 45, 48
Finland, 196
Fort Hood (TX) shootings, 240
Fortuyn, Pim, 171–72
Foucault, Michel, 95–96
France, 2–3, 77, 79–80, 81–82,
83–84, 91–92, 99, 160, 161,
THE FEAR OF ISLAM
368
193, 197, 198, 199, 200–201,
202–3, 218, 285–87, 288–89,
300, 312–13, 315, 320, 323,
326. See also burqa, French
ban; hijab, French ban;
November 2015 Paris attacks
François, Myriam, 7, 334, 342,
346–47, 348–49
Freysinger, Oskar, 324
Friedkin, William, 263
Friedman, Thomas, 134, 135
Gabriel, Brigitte, 211, 217
Gaffney, Frank, 211, 213–14,
216–17
Geller, Pamela, 17, 206, 209–12,
216, 305, 315, 329
Germany, 18, 35, 36, 140, 161,
193, 196, 218, 222, 260–61,
289, 302, 310, 313, 315, 319,
320, 322
Gérôme, Jean-Léon, 92
Ghana, 83–84
Gingrich, Newt, 214, 316
Giuliani, Rudolf, 130
Golden Hands of Kurigal, 262
good Muslim/bad Muslim, 24–27,
123, 154, 254–59, 261
Gorka, Sebastian, 299
Graham, Franklin, 28
Granada, 45
Grande, Ariana, 200
Greece, 2, 287, 288
Grey’s Anatomy, 261
Ground Zero Mosque. See Park51
Islamic Center
Guandolo, John, 30
Guantanamo Bay, 293–94
Gurib-Fakim, Ameenah, 150
hadith, 164–65
Halliday, Fred, 27
Hamas, 116, 134, 150
Hamdani, Salman, 213
Harris, Sam, 18
Hasan, Nidal, 240
hate crimes, 185–86, 203, 296–302
Helder, Luke, 242
Herzl, Theodor, 85–86
Hezbollah, 116, 132
hijab, 23–24, 247–48, 306–11;
French ban, 248, 306–10
hijra, 43
Hirsi Ali, Ayaan, 14–15, 21, 171,
172–76, 223–35, 236, 246
Hollande, François, 203
Holocaust, 18, 36, 87, 197, 316
Homeland, 253–56
Horowitz, David, 345
Human Rights Watch (HRW),
157, 288, 291, 315
Hungary, 2, 34, 320
Huntington, Samuel, 100, 103–8,
125
Hussain, Shahed, 281–82
Hussein, Saddam, 127–28, 139,
144
INDEX
369
Iberian Peninsula. See Spain
ijtihad, 227–28, 230
India, 61, 79, 80, 82, 165
Indonesia, 82, 142, 150, 152, 231
Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique,
92
Inquisition, Spanish, 48, 131
Insdorf, Annette, 270–71
Iran, 61, 80, 142, 143, 144, 151,
152, 155, 161, 166, 192, 295;
Revolution (1979), 11, 117–19,
251, 266–67, 333
Iraq, 80, 88, 161. See also War on
Terror
Irish Republican Army, 137, 179
Isabella of Castile, 45, 48
ISIS, 3, 5, 13, 22, 131–32, 137,
155, 184, 199–203
Islam: origins, 42–44
Islamic Center (Washington, DC),
129
Islamism: origins, 115–17
Islamophilia. See good Muslim/bad
Muslim
Islamophobia: definition of, 3, 4,
9–10, 12, 38–39; professional,
205–36
Israel. See Israeli-Palestinian con-
flict
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 11,
84–88, 122, 139, 184, 251,
288–89, 347–48
Italy, 2, 34, 80, 161, 287, 294, 314,
315
Jamaat-e-Islami, 134
Jambon, Jan, 201
Japan: attack on Pearl Harbor,
112, 275–76; US internment
camps of Japanese, 275–76, 296
Jarrett, Valerie, 258–59
Jefferson, Thomas, 73–75
Jeffress, Robert, 28
Jenkins, Roy, 169
Jerusalem, 44
Jesus, 43, 55–56, 197–98
jihad, definition, 113
jizya, 46, 48
John of Damascus, 54–57
Johnson, William, 33
Jordan, 82, 116, 134, 144, 151, 232
Joya, Malalai, 157
Juste, Carsten, 190
Justice and Development Party
(Turkey), 116
Kahf, Mohja, 231
Karman, Tawakkol, 336
Kent, Marjorie Dove, 7, 337,
343–44, 350
Kenya, 122, 131, 173
Khan, Humayun, 26–27
Khan, Khizr, 26
Khan, Majid, 293
Khan, Mohammed Siddique, 184
Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 230
Khomeini, Ruhollah, 118, 166
Kingdom, The, 264, 266
Kingdom of Heaven, 269
THE FEAR OF ISLAM
370
King, Martin Luther, 352
King, Peter, 130, 212–13, 217
Korteweg, Anna, 246–47
Koufax, Sandy, 338
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 33
Kurz, Sebastian, 320
Kuwait, 231
Kyle, Chris, 265–66
Last Temptation of Christ, The,197–98
League of Nations, 80
Lean, Nathan, 206
Lebanon, 80, 116 132, 142, 143,
151, 192, 269
Legends of Tomorrow, 261
Le Pen, Marine, 201, 222
Lewis, Bernard, 99–103, 105,
106–8, 123–25, 234
Libya, 80, 82, 192, 295
Little Mosque on the Prairie, 260
Locke, John, 74
London Bombings (7/7), 182–88,
203, 285
London Bridge attack (2017), 200,
202, 203
Loomba, Ania, 78
Lost, 256–58
Luger, Andrew, 279
Luther, Martin, 64–67, 90, 148
Macedonia, 322
Madjid, Nurcholish, 231
Madrid Bombings (11-M), 137,
179–82, 200, 285
Mahmood, Saba, 235
Malaysia, 79, 80, 142, 150, 151
Manchester Arena bombing
(2017), 200, 202, 203
Manji, Irshad, 223–35
Mather, Cotton, 72, 73
Mattson, Ingrid, 7, 331–32,
335–36, 340, 347
Mauritius, 150, 231
May, Theresa, 211
McCarthyism, 114, 208
McMahon, Colleen, 282
McVeigh, Timothy, 242
Mecca, 43, 164–65
Medina, 42, 43
Meer, Nasar, 31
Merabet, Ahmed, 203
Merkel, Angela, 218
Mernissi, Fatima, 231
MeToo movement, 233–34
Miller, Gregory, 66
minaret conflicts, 321–26, 324–26;
Swiss ban, 14, 323, 324–26
Modood, Tariq, 31
Mogahed, Dalia, 7, 329, 339, 341,
342–43, 344, 346, 350–51
Monty Python’s Life of Brian, 197
Moors, 51, 54
Mooz-Lum, 269–70
More, Thomas, 63
Morocco, 80, 142, 144, 181
Morsi, Mohamed, 142
INDEX
371
Mosaddegh, Mohammad, 267
Mos Def, 338
mosque conflicts, 315–20. See alsoPark51 Islamic Center
Ms. Marvel, 270
Mubarak, Hosni, 144
Mughal Empire, 61
Muhammad, Abdulhakim
Mujahid, 242–43
Muhammad, The Prophet: depic-
tion in The Satanic Verses,164–65; Enlightenment criti-
cisms, 68–71, 72; life, 42–43;
medieval criticisms, 53–54,
55–56, 57–59; Orientalist criti-
cisms, 90; Reformation criti-
cisms, 63–67. See also Danish
Cartoon Controversy
multiculturalism, 169, 173, 177,
187, 188, 218, 229, 255
Muslim ban (US), 216, 294–96
Muslim Brotherhood, 116, 117,
134, 142, 150, 213–14, 259,
331
Muslim Students Association
(MSA), 1–2
Mu’tazilism, 49
mujahideen, 119–21, 127
Napoleon, 79–80
Nasser, General Abdel, 115, 117
National Front. See National Rally
National Liberation Front (Alge-
ria), 83
National Public Radio (NPR), 19
National Rally, 218
National Security Entry-Exit Reg-
istration System (NSEERS),
276, 292
National Union of Teachers
(NUT), 287
native informants, 223–35
neocolonialism: definition, 83–84
Netherlands, 77, 79, 80, 81–82,
161, 170–78, 218, 221, 277,
314, 318
Newburgh Four, 281–82
Nice attack (2016), 137, 199, 201
Nkrumah, Kwame, 83
Northern Alliance (Afghanistan),
156–57
Northern League (Italy), 34
Norway, 161, 220, 302–6. See alsoBreivik, Anders Behring
November 2015 Paris attacks, 199,
200–201, 203, 204, 286, 318
NSA (National Security Agency),
285
NYPD, 282–85
Obama, Barack, 13, 130, 144,
155–56, 215, 249, 259, 277–79,
330–31
Oklahoma City bombing, 241–42
Old Ironsides, 262
Omeish, Abrar, 296
Orbán, Viktor, 34
THE FEAR OF ISLAM
372
Organisation of the Islamic Con-
ference, 134, 191
Orientalism: academic study,
89–94; art, 91–93; definition,
89, 94–96; relationship to
Islamophobia, 108–09; Said’s
Orientalism, 94–98
Oslo/Utøya attacks. See Breivik,
Anders Behring
Ottoman Empire: origins, 61–62
Page, Wade Michael, 302
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza,
117–18, 143–44
Pakistan, 6, 18, 43, 82, 134, 142,
147, 150, 155, 192, 231, 239,
249
Palestine. See Israeli-Palestinian
conflict
Palin, Sarah, 316
Pape, Robert, 132
Paris, je t’aime (Paris, I Love You),
269
Park51 Islamic Center, 1, 210–11,
315–17, 330
Patel, Eboo, 7, 330, 333–34,
338–339, 341–42, 344–46, 347,
348, 349–50, 352
Patriot Act (Netflix), 261
PEGIDA, 35, 201
Pelican Brief, The, 262
Perle, Richard, 124
Persian Gulf War, 121, 242,
256–57
Peters, Frances, 47
Peter the Venerable, 58–59, 64
Phillips, Melanie, 187–88
Pipes, Daniel, 206–9, 212, 226,
236, 305
Poland, 35, 293
political Islam. See Islamism.
Pompeo, Mike, 217
Poole, Elizabeth, 244
Portugal, 79, 302
Powell, Colin, 331
Powell, Kimberly, 240–41
Prevent (UK), 286–87
Prideaux, Humphrey, 72
Qatar, 125, 134, 231
Quinn, Frederick, 92–93
Qur’an, 5, 15–16, 22, 23, 43, 56,
63–64, 65–66, 67, 135, 149,
151–52, 174, 175, 176, 190,
222, 250, 337–38
racism. See cultural racism
radicalization theories, 277,
283–84
Rainolds, William, 67
Ramadan, Tariq, 7, 329, 337, 341,
351
Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 191–92,
194
Rauf, Feisal Abdul, 316
Reagan, Ronald, 120
INDEX
373
Reconquista, 27, 45, 54, 131
Renan, Ernest, 90–91, 97
Renoir, Auguste, 92
Rigby, Lee, 349
Roberts, John, 295–96
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, 268
Romania, 293
Roque, Frank, 301–2
Roseanne, 258–59
Rose, Flemming, 189–90
Rothschild, Walter, 86
Rules of Engagement, 262–64
Rushdie Affair, 11–12, 163–70,
175, 184, 194
Rushdie, Salman, 11, 21, 163–70
Runnymede Report, 10, 11–20,
22, 24–25, 37
Safavid Empire, 61
Safi, Omid, 230
Said, Edward, 94–98, 99, 106–8,
168–69. See also Orientalism,
Said’s OrientalismSaladin, 44, 269
San Bernardino attacks (2015), 294
Santorum, Rick, 140
Saracens, 51, 52, 53, 62
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 15
Satanic Verses, The. See Rushdie
Affair
Saudi Arabia, 13, 80, 132, 134,
144, 147, 151, 153, 173, 192,
264, 318
Schlüer, Ulrich, 14
Schudson, Michael, 238
Scott, A. O., 264
Seville, 45, 49
Shahada, 190–91, 345
Shaheen, Jack, 261–62, 264
Sharia, 16, 133, 142, 211, 215, 216
Siege, The, 262
Sikhs, 282, 301–2
Singapore, 80, 150, 231
Sisters in Islam (Malaysia), 150
Six-Day War (1967), 88, 116–17,
251
Sleeper Cell, 252
Sodhi, Balbir Singh, 301–2
Somalia, 18, 155, 161, 264, 295
Song of Antioch, The, 53
Sotomayor, Sonia, 296
South Africa, 165
Southern Baptist Convention
(SBC), 149
Southern Poverty Law Center,
211
Soviet-Afghan War, 117, 119–22,
127
Soviet Union, 83, 103, 113–15,
117, 119–22, 144
Spain, 2, 44, 45, 47–48, 49, 52, 54,
57–58, 79, 104, 161, 179–82,
185, 196, 200, 302, 313–14,
315. See also Madrid Bomb-
ings; Inquisition, Spanish
Spencer, Robert, 18, 206, 209–12,
216, 298–99, 305, 329
THE FEAR OF ISLAM
374
Spivak, Gayatri, 154
Submission, 174–76
Sudan, The, 82, 165
Suleyman the Magnificent, 61–62
Sutherland, Kiefer, 254
Sweden, 161, 222, 224, 287, 293,
323
Swiss People’s Party 14, 218,
324–26
Switzerland, 14, 161, 196, 218,
313, 324–26. See also minaret
conflicts, Swiss ban
Syria, 18, 80, 88, 116, 192, 295
Taliban, 127–28, 145–46, 153,
156, 249–50
Tanweer, Shehzad, 184
Tanzania, 122, 131
Taken, 268
Taken 2, 268
taqiyya, 16–17
Taylor, Ken, 267
Tell MAMA (UK), 301
Thief of Bagdad, The, 268
Threat Matrix, 252
Toledo, 49
torture, 292–94
Transjordan, 80, 88
travel ban (US). See Muslim ban
True Lies, 262
Trump, Donald J., 26, 32–34, 144,
156, 202, 215–17, 219, 243–44,
279–80, 294–96, 299, 330, 331
Tunisia, 80, 142, 149–50
Turkey, Republic of, 38, 80, 62,
116, 149–50, 152, 231, 268. See
also Ottoman Empire
Türkisch für Anfänger (Turkish for
Beginners), 260–61
United Arab Emirates, 151, 248
United Kingdom. See Britain
United Nations, 83, 87, 232, 249,
293, 325
USA PATRIOT Act, 275
Valls, Manuel, 15, 286
van Gogh, Theo, 170–71, 172,
176–78, 204
Veinstein, Gilles, 60–61
Vienna, Siege of, 62, 77, 101,
304–5
Voltaire, 70, 72
Wadud, Amina, 152, 231
War on Terror, 26, 112–13,
127–57, 181, 182, 184, 273–74
Weldon, Fay, 169
Westergaard, Kurt, 190–91, 192
Westminister Bridge attack
(2017), 200
Whitehead, Andrew, 33
white nationalism, 31–35
Wilders, Geert, 178, 201, 220–21,
223, 236, 305, 318
Williams, Juan, 19
Williams, Pharrell, 335
INDEX
375
Wolfowitz, Paul, 124
Woodward, Bob, 124
World War I, 77, 81, 86–87
World War II, 36, 83, 84, 99, 113,
114, 122, 143, 160, 182, 211,
251, 275–76, 296
Yemen, 6, 80, 147, 150, 155–56,
263, 295
Yerushalmi, David, 211
Yousafzai, Malala, 249–50
Yugoslavia, 161
Yurdakul, Gökçe, 246–47
Zapatero, José, 181
Zelenik, Lou Ann, 317, 325
Zero Dark Thirty, 265, 266, 270
Zionism: definition, 85; origins,
85–88
THE FEAR OF ISLAM
376