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The Federalist Presidents:
Washington and Adams
Washington Sets the Tone Washington designs the role of
the President Dignified, but not ostentatious
Travels in a coach “Mr. President” Formal receptions – all invited
Forms cabinet based on talent This establishes a precedent
Schools of Political Thought Federalists
Need for a strong central government Respected at home - put down rebellion within the borders Gain international respect Build economy through industry
Democratic Republicans Government should be limited in power. The government that governs best, governs least. The more you educate people the better their decisions will
become. America should be a nation of yeoman farmers
Hamilton Economics Funding and Assumption Plan.
Fund the national government Federal government assumes all debts Federal government uses funding proceeds to pay
down debt United States owed
$12 million to foreign creditors $42 million to domestic creditors
Assumption of Debt: Domestic IOUS The Issue: Speculators & IOUs Hamilton:
Pay current bondholder Must pay debt to gain respect… financial responsibility
Jefferson: Pay original holders They deserve it
Hamilton argued, How would we find them? Speculators took the risk
Assumption of Debt: State Debt Hamilton:
Government should assume all state debt
Jefferson: Unfair to responsible states
Compromise: Southern Capitol for
Jefferson’s support
First National Bank The First Bank of the United States, chartered 1791.
Privately managed Government owned the majority of the stock Only bank with federal charter Things it did
Depository for all revenue from land sales and taxes It would pay government bills Authorized to issue paper money The bank’s decisions had an effect on interest rates.
Problem It was a monopoly
Funding Plan – National Bank Jefferson:
Felt it would not serve the little guy
Argued it is not constitutional Hamilton:
Federal revenue and debt servicing had to be done
Necessary and Proper clause
Washington agreed with Hamilton and signed the legislation
Funding Plan – Tariffs Hamilton favored high tariffs to protect
American industry which was developing Jefferson disagreed – said it gave an unfair
advantage to the upper class
Revenue Sources Under Hamilton Selling Western land Tariff duties – 8-10% on mfg items
imported into the United States Excise taxes
Whiskey Rebellion The distillation of whiskey – a vital economic commodity on the frontier Government places an excise tax on whiskey – 1794 Western Pennsylvania farmers hold protests and demonstrations
Not represented well What about rum?
Response Harass tax collectors Washington calls in the militias Protestors back down Organizers are sentenced to death, but Washington pardons them.
Significance The new government proved that it would enforce its laws,
Issues with France French Revolution breaks out in 1789 They desire democracy Degenerates into Reign of Terror
Emperor takes power – Napoleon (1799) War in Europe springs from Revolution…England
declares war on France and it lasts from 1792-1814
American Response Some sympathize with British (Hamilton) Some sympathize with French (Jefferson) Neutrality Proclamation
“Citizen” Edmond Genet French ambassador - 1793 Received well by the people
French democracy He was a rock star
Blew off the Neutrality Proclamation Began to license privateers Handed out French military commissions
Washington received him and told him to knock it off Genet ignores him
Washington called for him to be deported Genet requested asylum
Neutrality of the Seas Violated American Trade Merchant shipping became
dangerous French warships would stop
American merchants English warships would stop
American merchants Seized merchant vessels Impressment of sailors
America’s Response to England Still steaming from Revolution British troops in NW forts British restrictions on trade with the US Now this…
Americans were calling for war Washington recognized that war would be
stupid and sent Chief Justice John Jay to work things out
Jay’s Treaty British didn’t give into US
demands Terms
Brits agree to … abandon western forts compensate merchants
for seized ships Open up trade in British
Asian colonies to America
America agrees to… Pay pre-revolution debts
(despised in America) Problems
No freedom of seas
Americans got little Burning effigies
Results of Jay’s Treaty American Indian Relations Pinckney Treaty of 1795
Spanish open the Mississippi River to Americans Treaty antagonizes the French
Washington’s Farewell Washington steps down Farewell Address
Avoid partisanship Mend east and west
sectionalism Maintain neutrality
Adams Takes the Reins XYZ Affair Alien & Sedition Acts
XYZ Affair – 1797 French raid American
merchant ships Adams sent diplomats to
France They were not well received
by the French French agents (X, Y, & Z)
demand bribes The Americans left insulted “Millions for defense, but not
one cent for tribute” US builds navy Led to Quasi-War (1798-
1800)
Alien and Sedition Acts -1798 Demo-Rep disliked military buildup Newspapers criticized Adams French-Americans perceived as threats Congress passed Alien and Sedition Acts
as a result
Alien and Sedition Acts Alien Enemies Act – During war, the President
can arrest and deport aliens subject to an enemy power
Sedition Act – High misdemeanor for Americans to speak out against the gov’t.
25 are indicted, 10 convicted - $2,000 max fine.
Treaty of Mortefontaine Also called French Convention of 1800 Ends Quasi War French/Americans dissolve their military
and political alliance of 1778 French debt forgiven – raids on
merchants Many people wanted full war with France
Adams knew war was a bad option This cost him popularity points