The femaleface ofmigration - Caritas Internationalis · The femaleface ofmigration SisterBernardaof...

The female faceof migration

ChristineCampeau/Caritas,SeanSprague/CRS,DavidSnyder/CRS

The female faceof migration

Sister Bernarda ofCaritas Guatemalaoperates a centrefor pregnantwomen andchildren.Rita Villanueva/CRS

Caritas Internationalis The female face of migration 3

Most of these women found jobs. But in the quest to improve theirlives, and those of their families, all had to pay a price. Poverty insome cases, ill health in others, and in one, a mother had to give upthe chance to see her children growing up.

More than 214 million people, half of them women, live outsidetheir countries of origin as migrants or refugees. The InternationalOrganisation for Migration (IOM) predicts that the total number ofinternational migrants will be close to 250 million by 2050.

Migrant women have often felt disempowered in their owncountries and so sought opportunities elsewhere. As poverty,conflict and climate change force more people from their homes,Caritas is working to protect their rights, especially those of women.

They face marginalisation because of the way we look at them asstrangers rather than neighbours; as a burden rather than productivehuman beings; with suspicion rather than friendship.

Governments have failed to implement policies to protectvulnerable women migrants from abuse and exploitation. Thisdocument illustrates the challenges they face so that both Caritasand society as a whole can better serve their needs.

Christian faith has long recognised the plight of the migrant. “Youshall treat the alien who resides with you no differently than the nativesborn among you; have the same love for him as for yourself; for you toowere once aliens in the land of Egypt.” (Leviticus 19:34)

Our obligations are deeply engrained in the Caritas commitmentto the poor and marginalised. Many Caritas activities began with the

care of refugees. And supporting migrants continues to be a majorpart of our work worldwide.

This means offering a range of services at every step of theirjourney, from counselling before they leave their homes to medical,livelihood and legal support once they have reached theirdestinations, as well as assistance for those who want to get back totheir homes.

Caritas does not just provide care; it advocates for more legalchannels of migration and works to promote better integration. Wehave an obligation to combat all human rights violations and thestructures that support them.

This document makes clear that migration is increasingly aboutwomen as well as men. It seeks to encourage reflection andexchange with experts and governments about the particular risksand challenges linked to the migration of women.

It aims to encourage discussion among Caritas staff about theservices we offer. Do they satisfy the material and psychologicalneeds of those we seek to support? Are we as welcoming andhelpful to migrants as we could be? What changes need to be madeto ensure that migration is legal, safe and empowering?

We want a fairer world for women migrants. We want to see themhave the same chances as others in their pursuit of happiness. Thestrength and determination of migrant women themselves will be amajor factor in bringing about change, and we fully support them inthat struggle.

ForewordBy Lesley-Anne Knight,Caritas Internationalis Secretary General

*Names changed to protect identities

Here are the stories of six women who tooka step into the unknown. Vivian, Zeina,Amina, Marion, Maria and Julia* left difficultconditions in their home communities to goin search of work, security and opportunity.

4 Caritas Internationalis The female face of migration

Would you like to be safer, richer, healthier and happier, withmore choices for yourself and your family? Millions of migrantwomen leave their homes in search of this dream every year.

Some are driven by poverty, or natural disasters, or a lack ofopportunities and a need for work. Others are fleeing persecution orconflicts. They leave their families and homes to take terrible risks.

Women migrants face exploitation and abuse, but they live in thehope that they will be able to improve their lives and those of theirchildren. This is the female face of migration.

For a long time migration was considered a purely male issue. Butthere is growing attention to the “feminisation of migration”: theincreasing number of women striking out alone without theirfamilies, husbands and children in some parts of the world.

Women who do this face different risks and challenges to malemigrants, and yet also enjoy different opportunities.

As more and more women migrate independently, the impact onfamilies and communities grows. Increasingly, women are becomingthe sole breadwinners.

Why women migrate:

• To join other family members or to marry abroad• To seek protection from persecution for themselves and their

family members• To flee poverty, economic and political instability and lack of

opportunities• Unemployment• For a better education• To escape cultural traditions that hinder their development• A desire for more freedom and respect• A dream of a better life

Social and economic conditions are often among the reasons whywomen migrate. Another important factor for migration is thatwomen workers are in greater demand in more and more countriesin sectors such as domestic work and healthcare. The jobs offermoney and opportunities that may not exist in their own countries. Itenables them to support families back home.

According to the IOM, remittances sent home by women andmen are up from $132 billion (€95 billion) in 2000 to an estimated$414 billion (€300 billion) in 2009. The money sent home feeds,clothes and educates children, provides healthcare and reducespoverty.

Women, migration and Caritas


120

100

80

60

40

20

01990 1995 2000 2005 2010

MIL

LIO

NS

YEAR

Estimated female migrants worldwide

Source: United Nations, Trends in Migrant Stock – The 2008 Revision

The feminisation of migrationon a global level

Females currently represent over half ofinternational migrants in moredeveloped regions, and slightly less thanhalf in the less and least developed areasof the world.

The difficulties faced by women who migrate:

• Exploitation• Physical and mental abuse• Lack of protection in the labour market• Lack of security• Economic difficulties• Lack of access to healthcare• Cultural alienation• Loneliness

By undertaking the migration journey, women are much morevulnerable than men to abuses, smuggling and trafficking.

Women who go abroad to work risk abuse from bothemployment agencies and employers. They often lack legal andhealth protection and can fall victim to discrimination. Their childrenborn abroad are sometimes denied citizenship and an identity.

Women are trafficked either against their will or as a result of adeception and are forced into prostitution or slavery.

Far left: Thousands ofundocumentedCentral Americanmigrants journeyacross Mexico everyyear, risking their livesin the hope ofreaching the USA andCanada.

Middle: Free tradepolicies havedevastatedeconomies inHonduras, El Salvadorand Guatemala,forcing people toleave their homes insearch of a better life.

Left: The journeythrough Mexico isoften by dangerousfreight trains knownas “the beast.”Manymigrants are victimsof robbery,kidnapping, rape andextortion along thetrain route.

Katie Orlinsky


The mission of Caritas is to fight poverty andinequality. Its work on integral humandevelopment through the thematic areas ofemergencies, climate change, health andpeacebuilding means that it is tuned intosome of the root causes of migration. Caritasunderstands the lack of opportunities andchoices that lead people to migrate.

Everyone should have the right to migrate orto stay where they are. Migrants, who areoften poor and marginalised, should be in acondition to make choices and shape theirlives in a way that they will prosper.

Caritas member organisations are located inmany of the major departure, transit andarrival countries for migrants. As aninternational confederation, Caritas can offerguidance and assistance at all stages of thejourney.

Caritas’s work with migrants is wide anddeep. It attempts to address the manycomplex issues that women face at everystage of the migration journey.


Prior to departureTo ensure that migration is an informed option, Caritas provides pre-departure counselling.Experts give guidance on risks, on what to expect and on how to make the experience safer.

Caritas Sri Lanka has awareness-raising programmes that warn potential female migrantsof the difficulties of going to places like the Middle East. Sometimes employers confiscatepassports, thus trapping vulnerable migrants in abusive situations. Caritas givescommonsense advice, such as telling migrants to give a copy of their passports to theirfamilies.

Support along the journeyThe journey to other countries can take migrants across deserts and seas. It can leave themopen to hunger, ill health and desperation. Caritas welcomes strangers and offers them foodand shelter, whatever their legal status. In the desert of Mali, the Caritas Gao Migrant Houseprovides a resting place during their departure and return trips. It gives them food, medicaland psychological support.

On arrivalWithout a family, support network or local knowledge, migrants often need an enormousamount of help in their host country. Caritas gives language and vocational training to helpmigrants settle in. Caritas offers social and legal support to those seeking refuge.

Healing traumaMany women have faced violence and torture before or during the journey. Specialisedservices are offered by some Caritas members to help migrants deal with trauma they mayhave faced in their host country, or with the difficulties of returning home.

Finding workCaritas helps migrants identify job and training opportunities both in their new country andalso if they return home. In Senegal, Caritas helps people start up small businesses. This givesthem an income and provides them with a reason not to migrate.

ChildrenChildren who migrate alone are particularly vulnerable. Caritas reports abuses and ensuresthat children’s best interests are taken into account. Caritas Switzerland actively campaignsagainst the genital mutilation of women and young girls.

Trafficking in human beingsCaritas supports COATNET (Network of Christian Organisations against Trafficking in HumanBeings). This offers advocacy and a network of service providers who give advice onpreventative measures, assistance and help on returning home.

ReturnEuropean Reintegration Support Organisations (ERSO) provide voluntary returnees with pre-departure counselling, information about reintegration when they decide to return andassistance once they arrive back home. Six of the ERSOs are Caritas members.

Advocacy and capacity buildingCaritas advocates for changes for migrants at local, national and international level. In 2010,Caritas launched the “Under one roof, under one law” campaign to highlight the need forgreater protection for migrant domestic workers. And Caritas Lebanon helped a domesticworker achieve an unprecedented legal victory when she received compensation for beingbadly treated.

The work of Caritason migration

Caritas Jordanprovides foodpackages tomigrant women.Michelle Hough/Caritas


Zeina’s* life took a downward spiral whenher husband died. He was a successfultrader in Fasher, Darfur, in Sudan. Hetravelled to the capital Khartoum, and toEgypt and Libya, as he built up hisbusiness.

“I lived like a queen. My husband had herdsof camels, cows and sheep. He earned a lotof money,” said Zeina, 45.

This life ended when her husband waskilled in the Darfur conflict. His elder brothertook over the running of the family andZeina’s family had to go and live with him inthe village of Angabra.

But the conflict caught up with themagain. They had no choice other than fleeingto safety in eastern Chad. It was in a camp inTiné that Zeina discovered that her brotherand other relatives had been killed too. Shewas at the mercy of her increasingly violentbrother-in-law.

Zeina has sustained wounds to her faceand hand. “It was he who injured me,” shesaid. “He tried to abuse me several times.Make me take him as my husband. To abideby tradition, I said I would marry my

husband’s younger brother. The older oneprevented this. He has made the youngerbrother leave the camp.

“He accused me of secretly seeing a manand being pregnant by him. One evening, hesent three men here to torture me so that I’dadmit being unfaithful.”

The violence only stopped after herbrother-in-law was arrested. He later escapedprison, where he’d been detained for whathe’d done to Zeina.

Many husbands and fathers were killed asa result of the war in Darfur. The widows andorphans are particularly vulnerable groups inthe refugee camp environment.

Through Caritas Chad (known nationallyas SECADEV), the women receive a smallamount of money to undertake group

activities that will increase their income.There are 23 groups of mostly women in theMilé camp in eastern Chad.

The group to which Zeina belongs ismade up of three women and two men andis called Lessis, which means “kind deed” inArabic. Each member of the group gets $40(€30). The idea is that the group gives backthe capital plus interest after six months.

Zeina bought a spaghetti machine. Caritastrained her in spaghetti making. Six trainingcentres in the camps teach womentechniques to make and sell local foodproducts, such as mango juice, tomato sauceand biscuits.

“At the moment I have about $150 (€113)of merchandise and make an average of $12(€9) a day,” said Zeina. “I use around a third ofthis to take care of my daily needs and thoseof my family. I put the rest to one side tofinance my activities, and I also send somemoney to my mother in Fasher.”

Zeina is still young. One day she wouldlike to remarry. But for now her focus is ontaking care of her family and earning enoughmoney to ensure her independence.

Working towards independence:Sudan to Chad

Chad

Sudan

Following violenceand displacement,Zeina has built up abusiness selling foodin Chad.SECADEV


“One evening, hesent three menhere to tortureme”

Zeina*


Maria* and her eight-year-old daughterare caught up in the endless conflict thathas been devastating Colombia for overfour decades. This war has left manypeople dead andmaimed. Millions ofpeople have been forced from theirhomes through fear, or in Maria’s case,quite simply because her home no longerexisted.

“I was forced to flee my home in thecountryside with my daughter when illegalmilitias burnt it down,” she said.

Maria, 44, lives in a little shack made out ofwood and plastic in the shanty town of Huila,in southwest Colombia.

“There is only one bedroom and I have notoilet or running water,” said Maria, who is asingle mother.

Half of the displaced people in Colombiaare women, according to the InternalDisplacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC).Forty-seven percent of displaced householdsare headed by women.

Maria used to make a living by sellingempanada snacks. Then, after training given

by Caritas, she and some other families setup a restaurant.

Besides Maria’s restaurant, 25 businesseshave been set up, including a coffee-growing cooperative, shoe and clothesmaking activities, a chicken-rearing business,a beauty salon and a scrap metal yard. Theprogramme also provides counselling andlegal advice.

The aim is that these enterprises, basedon people’s existing experience andexpertise, will enable them to earn a goodincome and become more self-reliant.

“I really hope our new business will be asuccess. There are many problems for youngpeople in this area, such as drugs, so I hopethis business will give me the opportunity toprovide a better life for my daughter and alsoto find a new home,” said Maria.

Women as actors of their development:Colombia

Colombia

Maria has set up arestaurant with otherfamilies in Colombiawith help fromCaritas.CAFOD


“I really hope ournew business willbe a success”

Maria*


“Sometimes I’m afraid when I see thepolice,” said Marion*. “If they catchme I’llbe sent back tomy country. I havenothing there. There’s nothing to eat.What would I do? Howwould I live?”

Marion, 50, left her home in Eritrea and cameto Jordan nine years ago.

The agency she signed up with told her tosay she was a secretary as it would be easierto get a work permit. She was really going tobe a domestic worker.

After four years she lost her job. Shewanted to change her permit to that of adomestic worker, but she couldn’t. Ever sincethen she has been undocumented.

Marion has no house, job or money toreturn to in Eritrea, but she has leftsomething very precious back home: herchildren. There are four of them, agedbetween 12 and 20, and they have grown upwithout her.

Her worn face draws into a frown and sherubs her side just below her ribs. “I have aspasmodic colon,” she said. “It comes fromthinking in the night about my children. I’venot seen them since they were very young.

I’ve lost a lot of weight because of it.”The children’s father is from Ethiopia. They

all lived there together, but Marion and herchildren had to return to Eritrea after warbroke out between the two countries in1998.

“I haven’t seen him since,” she said. “I don’tknow if he’s dead or alive.”

Her children live with her mother. Marionused to send them money from her salary,but now she works infrequently because herdocuments aren’t in order.

“Sometimes I work, but I also try to hide.Do you want to know why I wear this?” shesaid, scrunching the sides of her blue veil inher hands. “So I blend in and look like aMuslim woman. But I’m not, I’m Christian.”

Marion shares a room with two other

women. It costs 17 dinars (around $24) amonth. When she works, she contributes tothe rent; otherwise she relies on the help offriends. She tries to work one or two days amonth, always in the knowledge that if she’scaught she’ll be imprisoned.

A return home wouldn’t be easy. Undercurrent law she would have to pay for eachday she’s lived in Jordan undocumented. Shesaid after five years without a residencepermit, she would owe around 3,000 dinars(over $4,200). It’s a sum way beyond hermeans. Her only hope would be for anamnesty, which the King sometimes grantsto let migrants return home without payingfines.

Caritas has helped Marion do tests for herhealth problems. On this particular visit toCaritas Jordan’s community centre, she alsoreceived a food package containing lentils,tea, oil, sugar, milk, cheese, rice and stockcubes. She said her faith and the communitywhere she worships help her.

“Only God knows what will happen. Ihope that if I see my children I’ll be healthy,”she said.

Living in fear:Eritrea to Jordan

“I hope that if I seemy children I’ll behealthy”

Marion*

Jordan

Eritrea

Marion visits CaritasJordan to collectsome food supplies.Michelle Hough/Caritas



“My country is beautiful,”said Amina*.“It’sgot everything apart fromwork.”

Leaving seemed like the best option afterAmina’s tailoring school failed. In 2001 shewent to France where her brother and twosisters were already living with jobs. Herfather, who lived in a North African countrywith her mother and two other siblings, hadalso studied in France.

But Amina quickly realised France was adifficult place to get documents to stay. Shethen went to Italy where another brotherlived. Her arrival coincided with newlegislation. Non-EU migrants could onlyenter Italy if they had an employmentcontract with a firm or family. At the sametime, employers of undocumented migrantswere given the opportunity to apply for apermit for them to stay in Italy.

Amina’s brother knew a family whoneeded a domestic helper.

“The family took me in like a daughter.They paid my pension contributions andapplied for a residence permit for me to stayin Italy,” she said.

She continued working for the family

when she had her children, a boy and a girl,now aged four and two. She worked firstwith the mother, and then worked for thedaughter until July 2009 when the woman’shusband died.

Amina then took a free 160-hour course tobecome a family assistant. She now works fora family from 9am-2pm, Monday to Friday.

She also did a 120-hour course to workwith people with Alzheimer’s disease. Caritashelped her find a position as a volunteer tohelp a man with Alzheimer’s for 10 months tocomplete the requirements of the course. Shedoes four hours twice a week with the man.

Caritas has helped by providing her withused clothes for her children through the“Savethe Mothers”project, and by giving her foodcoupons to go to its basic needs supermarket.

“I’m lucky. I’ve looked for things myselfbut it’s also helped meeting good peoplelike the ones at Caritas,” says Amina, but addsthat integration is difficult.

“I always feel like a foreigner, and I’ve notbeen back to North Africa in five years,” shesaid.

Amina says that if one change should bemade to the law in Italy it should be thatchildren of immigrants who are born thereshould be given Italian citizenship.

“The difficult thing here is that mychildren were born here but they don’t havecitizenship, and yet they’ve never been toNorth Africa and they don’t know Arabic,”she said.

Amina realises that whatever she buildswill always be precarious under the currentimmigration law in Italy, even though she hasa permit to stay until 2013.

Her future has just been made moreuncertain after the family she’s been workingfor has told her they can no longer employher. She said, “I’ve got a permanent contract,but what does it mean when they can justget rid of me like a rag?”

When nothing is permanent:North Africa to Italy

“My children wereborn here but theydon’t havecitizenship”

Amina*

Italy

North Africa

An Eritrean womanqueues up in a campin France. Like Amina,she left Africa to findnew opportunities.S. Le Clézio/SecoursCatholique



Vivian*, 24, left Nigeria to look for abetter life in Europe. Almost two yearslater, she’s going back home having onlygot as far as Libya.

Even though Vivian has a degree in biologyand integrated science, she couldn’t find ajob at home in Nigeria. The journey acrossdesert and sea to a land where she didn’tknow anyone seemed like her only chance.

Getting to Libya was much tougher thanshe imagined. Vivian paid a trafficker to takeher across the desert. By the time they got toDuruku in Niger, he wanted more money.

“My family couldn’t afford to send me anymore money, so I had to ask a fellow travellerto help me,” she said.

The man who paid the trafficker $400(€290) was more than just another traveller.He was the father of the child that Vivian wascarrying. Vivian had got pregnant not longinto her journey. Every day she faced thechallenge of not having enough food orwater.

But with the dream of Europe, Vivianpersisted on her difficult journey. She didn’tgive up when she was arrested and detained

for two months in the desert. Even whenheavily pregnant, she still travelled 800km inthe back of a pick-up truck covered by atarpaulin.

She had to rely on strangers to help heron her journey once she got out of the campin the desert. The driver of the pick-up triedto help her find lodging with anotherNigerian once she arrived in Tripoli, but theman refused.

Exhausted and wandering the capital’sstreets alone, Vivian was lucky enough tomeet a woman who took her to the TripoliChristian Fellowship. There she was givenaccommodation and was helped withhospital bills when it was time to give birth.

The woman lost her job and was nolonger able to help Vivian. Through a friend,

she contacted Caritas in Tripoli. They helpedher with rent, food, clothes and with thingsfor her baby. Following so many difficulties,Vivian decided that the best option is toreturn home to Nigeria.

“I just can’t face more suffering,” saidVivian. “I’m now happy with the idea ofreturning home. I will continue my studies. Ihope to find a job that will give me a goodsalary and some dignity.”

Caritas helped Vivian contact theInternational Organisation for Migration toorganise her return. Sr Sherly Joseph, whoworks for Caritas in Tripoli, says they alsowork with migrant women to help themunderstand just how difficult life abroad canbe.

“Many of these young women are lookingfor a better life and an easier way to makemoney,” said Sr Sherly. “Many of them aren’tinformed about the risks, many don’t evenknow what an international passport is.”


The journey towards a better life:Nigeria to Libya

Libya

Nigeria

Sister Sherly Josephwith some of thechildren of destitutemigrants Caritas arehelping.Michele Bombassei/IOM2008 – MLY0003

“I just can’t face moresuffering. I’m nowhappy with the ideaof returning home”

Vivian*


“I told the agency there was no food,”saidJulia. “They said they didn’t care if I washungry.”

Julia*, a 48-year-old Sri Lankan woman, wascalling her employment agency in SaudiArabia out of desperation. She had left SriLanka several times to work as a maid in theMiddle East, once in Dubai and once inJordan. Though her time in those countrieswas difficult, she had never faced what shewas facing now in Saudi Arabia: near-starvation.

Julia’s wealthy employers – a doctor and ateacher – rarely ate at home. Days would goby and Julia might receive a piece of toast ora little meat. “They’d give me some friedchicken one day, and then there would betwo or three days with no food,” she said.

Like hundreds of Sri Lankan women whogo abroad as domestic workers, Julia couldn’tleave her employers’ house. The doors werelocked. In her case, she couldn’t even seeoutside. At the mercy of her employers andher agency, she worked for months, not onlyat her employers’ home but for their relatives.

Julia had dealt with ill-treatment inJordan, where she worked from 5am untillate in the evening. “I usually slept five hoursa night,” she said.

She earned about $100 (€78) a month,wages typical for Sri Lankan maids abroad.But at least she was fed.

In Saudi Arabia, she had to contend notonly with hunger but with suspicion.“Madam was afraid her husband would fall inlove with me,” she said. “She wouldn’t let metalk to him.”

Though her agency had promised her$133 (€103) a month, it paid only $88 (€68).After four months of hunger, Julia toldMadam she wanted to leave. Again she waslucky as they let her go.

Julia is back in Sri Lanka now, living nearKandy. Her husband is unemployed andbeats her. There is little money for their son.She is receiving support and training fromCaritas Kandy (SETIK).

Caritas trains migrant returnees in skillslike sewing, soap making, mushroom-growing, fabric-painting and homegardening. The goal is to give womenoptions so they can earn money in theirhome country.

For those who decide to go overseas,Caritas and Sri Lanka’s Catholic Migrant

Commission provide advice that preventswomen from being exploited, such askeeping copies of their passport in Sri Lanka,or leaving the employer’s contactinformation with relatives. They put postersin temples, churches and governmentoffices, making sure women know how tostay safe.

Caritas Kandy has formed a group calledRakawarna Hawla (“Guardian Gathering”) inwhich ex-maids tell village women about therisks and challenges of working abroad.

For migrant women who have beenabused and have returned home, Caritasprovides financial aid. In the worst cases,Caritas helps maids’ families take legal action.

“We don’t simply give them loans, we alsogive them training and identify their talents,”said Father Roy Clarence, Director of theCatholic Migrant Commission (Diocese ofKandy).

Julia is in the group, excited to learn howto make a space-saving garden. After alifetime of being at the mercy of others, shenow has access to the skills that can help herbecome independent.

More skills, less exploitation:Sri Lanka to Saudi Arabia


Saudi Arabia

Sri Lanka

Caritas ensuresmigrants areinformed about therisks before theymake the decision togo abroad.Laura Sheahen/CRS

“There would betwo or three dayswith no food”

Julia*


Conclusions

Caritas builds on the strength of women such as Vivian,Zeina, Amina, Marion, Maria and Julia and accompaniesthem on their journeys.

For these women the road has been long and hard, butthey have faced up to their difficulties and fears as theyhad no choice. The hope for a better future for them or theirchildren, and the will to cope with difficult situations, hasnever left them.

Their stories give us a starting point to reflect on thefollowing questions:

How do we ensure that migrant women find their voicesand that they are heard?

How can the numbers of lives lost during migration bereduced? How can we ensure that migration for womenbecomes a legal and safe option?

What steps are needed to ensure migrant women’s rightsbelong to themselves, and are not tied to a husband oremployer?

How can the fees and expenses linked to migration bereduced?

How can the protection needs of women fleeingpersecution be ensured?

What is the impact of migration policy on men and women?

To what extent are trafficking, abuse and exploitation,migration policies and the regulation of the labour marketinter-dependent?

How can Caritas balance its advocacy work with itshumanitarian and caring dimension?


Acknowledgements

The creation of this booklet was possible thanks to thesupport of:

Antoine Adoum Goulgué SECADEV (Caritas Chad)Barbara Davies CAFOD (Caritas England and

Wales)Anna Galdo Caritas RomeSr Sherly Joseph Caritas LibyaLaura Sheahen Catholic Relief Services

(a Caritas member in the US)Suhad Zarafili Caritas Jordan

This publication is by the Migration and Communicationteams at the Caritas Internationalis General Secretariat,under the leadership of Martina Liebsch, Director of Policyand Patrick Nicholson, Director of Communications.Special thanks go to Michelle Hough and Olha

Zhyvytsya who did the bulk of preparatory work.

Caritas LebanonMigration Centreworks with SriLankan domesticworkers.David Snyder/CRS

www.caritas.org

Palazzo San CalistoV-00120Vatican City State+39 06 698 797 99

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