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Unit 1 The First Americans
Geography and Climate Change the World
By: Mr. Casey
How did they get here?
• Scientists believe Native Americans came from Asia to what is now North America between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago.
Two Ways Native Americans Came:
1. Land Bridges (Bering Strait)2.Watercrafts along the coast
The land Bridge (Bering Strait)
Migration Across North America
Why did they come?
•FOOD “I’m Hungry!”• Many nomads followed their food
American Mastodon Big-horned bison
Agriculture Changes A Way of Life
• American Indians began to grow food. They still hunted and gathered but were able to stay in one place by growing crops.
Three Main Crops: “Three Sisters”1. Squash2. Beans3. Corn
*Usually Men hunted and fished, women gathered and farmed
Cultural Regions
There are four cultural regions
1. Pacific Northwest2. Desert Southwest
3. Great Plains4.Eastern Woodlands
*Each region had to adapt to meet their survival needs
Native american Cultural regions
Cultural Characteristics
• Geography
• Climate
• Shelter
• Tools
• Food
• Clothing
• Government
Northwest Region
Climate and Geography
• Take 10 minutes and discuss: “How did climate and geography effect...”
1. Food2. Shelter
3. Clothing4. Agriculture
5. Hunting6. Tools
7. Government
NOrhtwest RegionGeography - Land stretching up the Pacific Coast
from northwest California to southern AlaskaClimate - Long winters, heavy precipitation
Shelter - Multifamily houses made of wooden planksTools - Wood Carving tools to build and shape canoes and household containers, dishes, and spoons made of
animal hornsFood - Fish, especially salmon; whales, seals, roots and
berriesClothing - Thick clothing made from animal skins and
fur
The Showoffs
• The tribes of the northwest region were rich in comparison to most other native american tribes.
• All the people in the tribe were not equal - your status was based on wealth, property and prestige
The Showoffs
Totem Poles
LifestylePotlatches
Long Wooden Homes
Desert Southwest
Climate and Geography
• Take 10 minutes and discuss: “How did climate and geography effect...”
1. Food2. Shelter
3. Clothing4. Agriculture
5. Hunting6. Tools
7. Government
Southwest RegionGeography - Between the rocky mountains and the
Mexican Sierra Madre (present day Arizona)Climate - Desert
Shelter - Villages of large stone and adobe dwellings known as pueblos
Tools - Looms for making textiles; pottery
Food - Corn and beans; game such as deer, antelope, and rabbit
Clothing - Breechcloths made of cotton, with deerskin leggings and moccasins, (men) wraparound dresses made
of cotton, and deerskin moccasins (women)
The “Pueblo” Indians• The Native Americans of the southwest were
called the Pueblo Indians because of the homes they built that looked like apartment complexes
• The word “pueblo” means village in Spanish
Pueblo IndiansPeaceful Tribes except for the Apache
They were great craftsman. They made very ornate baskets, sandals, and belts.
Pueblo indians• Sipapu - The Great Creator
Kiva- sacred, ceremonial building
Kachinas- supernatural beings that were the
messengers of the gods; they brought good
fortune
Plains
Climate and Geography
• Take 5 minutes and discuss: “How the climate and geography may have effected...”
1. Food2. Shelter
3. Clothing4. Agriculture
5. Hunting6. Tools
7. Government
Plains RegionGeography - Between the Mississippi River and the
Rocky Mountains, stretching north into CanadaClimate - Temperate with four seasons
Shelter - Tepees (Crow); Earth lodges (Cheyenne)
Tools - Bows and Arrows, knives
Food - Large game such as bison, deer, elk, and antelope; sometimes traded for corn
Clothing -Shirts, leggings and moccasins made from deer or bison skin (men); dresses of deerskin and
moccasins (women)
Different lives
Most tribes were nomadic
(Comanche, Sioux, and Blackfoot) and
carried their homes with
them teepees... these could be broken down and turned into a sledge
called a travois
THE HORSE
Different lives Some tribes were not nomadic (Mandans). They grew crops and stayed in one place. They did
hunt, but stayed close to their homes and lived in permanent dwellings
Most tribes’ lives revolved around
the...
Different lives
Some bison meat was eaten fresh but some was beaten into a pulp and mixed with berries and fat.
This was called pemmican.
Bison hide or rawhide would be
used for clothing by tanning it
Different lives
Eagle Feathers
War Bonnets
Coup Stick
Sun Dance
Eastern woodlands
Climate and Geography
• Take 5 minutes and discuss: “How the climate and geography may have effected...”
1. Food2. Shelter
3. Clothing4. Agriculture
5. Hunting6. Tools
7. Government
Eastern WoodlandsGeography - From Lake Superior to the Atlantic Coast
(present-day eastern United States)Climate - Temperate climate with four seasons
Shelter - Longhouses made from a tree frame and bark walls; other Eastern Woodlands used wigwams
Tools - Stone Blades; wood utensils such as ladles and bowls; pottery
Food - Crops such as beans, squash, and most importantly, corn; men fished and hunted deer and birdsClothing -Deerskin clothing, including moccasins, sewn
with thread made from deer sinew (shredded fibers of tendon)
Mound Builders(Eastern Ancestors)
Built large mound temples- some as large as a 10-story building
Mound Builders(Eastern Ancestors)
Slave society- the rich women marry slaves
(“stinkards”) in order to keep the genetic line strong
Both are hunters and farmers
Three Main Groups
Iroquois (Mohawk and Seneca)
Algonquians(Fox, Mahican, Ojibwa)
Both groups hunt and farm, but the Iroquois are farming
experts
Creek Confederacy(Seminoles)
Algonquian & Iroquois
• They have no written language but they have a complex system of picture writing using tiny shell beads (wampum). They sew the beads onto clothing. It is often used as money.
The AlgonquianVillages of small homes
called wigwams
Several different
tribes, but they all speak
a similar language and
trade with one another
PowwowA large meeting where they settled
arguments, had festivals, and formed alliances
The iroquois
They believe in peace and brotherhood. They want to bring the
Algonquians into their league of Indian nations.
Call themselves Haudenosaunee (ho-dih-no-SHAW-nee)
The Algonquians dislike the Iroguois and call them the “terrible people”
The iroquois
They live in Longhouses of 20 or more families
The homes are 150 - 300 feet long
The iroquoisHave an unique form of government
It is a democratic league of five Indian nations
1. Each tribe has its own laws 2. Matters of war - council of all the tribes makes a decision3. Sachems (SAY-chums), ten from each nation, sit on the council4. Heads of family (women) choose the sachem5. Everyone on the council has to agree in order for an action to take place
Native american Cultural regions
Cultural Regions
There are four cultural regions
1. Pacific Northwest2. Desert Southwest
3. Great Plains4.Eastern Woodlands
*Each region had to adapt to meet their survival needs