History of Computers and The Internet

The First ComputerThe Abacus

At least 2500BC in Mesopotamia

Used by merchants to calculate transactions

The First Electronic ComputersSingle Purpose Computers

Analytical Engine Proposed in 1837 by Charles Babbage First mechanical adding machine concept Partially built by Henry Babbage in 1910 Could only perform basic calculations

Z1 Konrad Zuse in 1938 First truly functional modern computer

Alan Turing & Turing MachinesBrilliant British

MathematicianSecretly helped

Allies in WWIITheorized Turing

MachinesTuring Test is still

the Holy Grail of AI

ENIACFirst GENERAL

PURPOSE ComputerBuilt at University of

Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in 1946

The InternetInternet is a network of interconnected

computers that is now globalInternet born in 1969 - called ARPANET1969 ARPANET was connection of computers

at UCLA, Stanford, UCSB, Univ. of Utah

State of computers?What was the state of computers in the late

1960s and early 1970s?

Computers late 60s & 70sNo Personal

Computers – still large mainframe computers in late 60s

Mid 1970s – initial personal computersAltair: Box with blinking

lightsLate 1970s – Apple 2,

first usable PC

Altair & Personal ComputersJust a box with

blinking lightsNot where

Networking/ Internet was being developed

Internet - 19721972 - Telnet developed as a way to connect to

remote computer1972 – Email introduced

1977 - U. Wisconsin has first “large” Email system - 100 users

Internet - 19721973 - ARPANET

goes international550,000 Deep Sea

Cables1973 - File Transfer

Protocol (FTP) established

State of computers?What was the state of computers in the early

1980s?

Computers 1980s1981 – IBM PC1984 – Apple Macintosh1986 – Modem becomes option on PCs

Internet - 1980s1984 - Domain Name Server introduced

allows naming of hosts, no longer numeric1986 - NSFNET created

in 1990, becomes backbone of modern Internet when ARPANET is decommissioned

Completely privatized by 199556 K interconnection initially, increased rapidly

Internet 1990s1991 - Tim Berners-Lee releases World Wide

Web!TBL is computer programmer at CERN, a physics lab

in Europe (book Weaving the Web by TBL)1993 - Mosaic (becomes Netscape) designed by

graduate students at University of Illinoisfirst point-and-click browserlater developed into Netscape Navigator

These are the two most significant events in the formation of the WWW

World Wide WebVia Internet, computers can contact each

otherPublic files on computers can be read by

remote user usually HyperText Markup Language (.html)

HTTP - HyperText Transfer ProtocolURL - Universal Resource Locator - is name

of file on a remote computer http://www.patriotech.com/

HTTPWorld Wide Web uses HTTP Servers, better

known as web serverTwo kinds of computers, Servers, and Users

Server: Hosts content and transmits it to users Users: Any computer displaying content from a

server

Receive HTTP type request and send requested file in packets

Web BrowsersMosaic (1993) was first point-and-click

browserWeb browsers are the software we use to

view web pagesNetscape Navigator and Internet Explorer

were most popularNetscape Navigator was original, but

Microsoft leveraged IE on marketChrome, Safari, Firefox, Internet Explorer

State of computers?What was the state of computers in the early

to mid 1990s?

Computer History – 1990sWindows 95 GUI made computing easier for

PC-bound massesWindows 95 + Internet (AOL, others) Huge

increase in number of home PCsComputer on every desk in workplace

Universal Resource Locatorhttp://www.patriotech.com/secret/message.html

www.patriotech.comDomain Name - name of remote computer

http://identifies type of transfer

/secret/message.htmlFile Location on Remote Computer

Web TechnologiesShockwave Flash

Allowed for first interactive websitesPHP

Allowed for dynamically altered web pagesJavascript

Allowed for web based programs