The First Regional Meeting Global Environmental The First Regional Meeting Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Supported Countries in EMR Facility (GEF) Supported Countries in EMR Muscat, Oman, 6-8 March 2006 Muscat, Oman, 6-8 March 2006 Vector Control Vector Control Situation Within the Situation Within the Context of SC In Context of SC In Sudan Sudan Mustafa Y.H. Dukeen Mustafa Y.H. Dukeen Ahmed M. El Hindi Ahmed M. El Hindi Ahlam H. Ahmed Ahlam H. Ahmed Hmooda Toto Hmooda Toto
Transcript
The First Regional Meeting Global Environmental The First Regional Meeting Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Supported Countries in EMR Facility (GEF) Supported Countries in EMR
Muscat, Oman, 6-8 March 2006 Muscat, Oman, 6-8 March 2006
Vector Control Vector Control Situation Within the Situation Within the
Context of SC In Context of SC In SudanSudan
Mustafa Y.H. DukeenMustafa Y.H. Dukeen
Ahmed M. El HindiAhmed M. El Hindi
Ahlam H. Ahmed Ahlam H. Ahmed
Hmooda TotoHmooda Toto
CONTENTS:CONTENTS:
Fast Fact on Sudan,Fast Fact on Sudan,Principle Vectors of Disease & Distribution in Principle Vectors of Disease & Distribution in Sudan,Sudan,Multiple PreventionsMultiple Preventions (Evidence-based & cost (Evidence-based & cost effective intervention)effective intervention),,Vector Control Activities According to Vector Control Activities According to Stratification,Stratification,The Current Vector Control Interventions The Current Vector Control Interventions (tools & methods used),(tools & methods used),Pesticide management practices, including Pesticide management practices, including policy and legislative frameworks,policy and legislative frameworks,The status, quantities and management of The status, quantities and management of obsolete pesticide stockpiles, obsolete pesticide stockpiles, current constraints and needs,current constraints and needs,The existing mechanisms for intersectoral The existing mechanisms for intersectoral collaboration on vector control.collaboration on vector control.
Fast Fact on Sudan:Fast Fact on Sudan:
Location: G. coordinates: Location: G. coordinates: 15 0015 0000 N, 30 00 N, 30 0000 E, E,
. land: 2,376,000 sq km . land: 2,376,000 sq km . water: 129,810 sq km . water: 129,810 sq km
Climate: Climate: tropical in south; tropical in south; arid desert in arid desert in north; rainy north; rainy season (April to October),season (April to October),River Nile & tributaries: River Nile & tributaries: prominent feature.prominent feature.
Vector Control Vector Control Program Focus:Program Focus: Principle Vectors of Disease & Principle Vectors of Disease &
Their Distribution in Sudan,Their Distribution in Sudan,The current vector control The current vector control interventions (tools & methods);interventions (tools & methods);The pesticide management The pesticide management practices, practices, The status, quantities & The status, quantities & management of obsolete pesticide management of obsolete pesticide stockpiles (current constraints & stockpiles (current constraints & needs); needs); The existing mechanisms for The existing mechanisms for intersectoral collaboration on intersectoral collaboration on vector control; vector control;
Principle Vectors of Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Disease & Their Distribution in SudanDistribution in Sudan1. 1. Malaria Vectors :Malaria Vectors : Anopheles arabiensis:Anopheles arabiensis: all over country, all over country,
arid zones,arid zones, Anopheles gambiae:Anopheles gambiae: more humid & more humid &
forested habitats,forested habitats, Anopheles funestus :Anopheles funestus : more humid & more humid &
Principle Vectors of Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Disease & Their Distribution in SudanDistribution in Sudan2. 2. Leishmaniasis Vectors :Leishmaniasis Vectors : Phlebotomus papatasi:Phlebotomus papatasi: savannah & desert savannah & desert
fridgesfridges Phlebotomus orientalis:Phlebotomus orientalis: Gedarif, Sennar, Gedarif, Sennar, Blue Nile, Unity & Old Upper Nile Blue Nile, Unity & Old Upper Nile
StatesStates
3. 3. OnchocerciasisOnchocerciasis VectorsVectors : : Simulum damnosum Simulum damnosum & & S. surbanum:S. surbanum: South westSouth west Sudan Sudan
(Bahr El Ghazal & Bahr Al Arab mainly) &(Bahr El Ghazal & Bahr Al Arab mainly) & Abu hamad focusAbu hamad focus,
Principle Vectors of Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Disease & Their Distribution in SudanDistribution in Sudan4.4.Trypansomiasis Vectors Trypansomiasis Vectors
(Gambiensis & Rhodesiensis):(Gambiensis & Rhodesiensis): Glossina palpalis ,G.moristans & G. foscusGlossina palpalis ,G.moristans & G. foscus: : Mainly riverine & forest habitats inMainly riverine & forest habitats in
Southern Sudan,Southern Sudan,
5.5. Other vector-borne diseases: Other vector-borne diseases:– Bancroftian filariasis : (mosquitoes),Bancroftian filariasis : (mosquitoes),– Arboviruses: (mosquitoes mainly),Arboviruses: (mosquitoes mainly),– Other vectors/pests of PH importance: Other vectors/pests of PH importance:
flies …flies …
The Current Vector The Current Vector Control Interventions Control Interventions
(tools and methods (tools and methods used)used)
Malaria & Other VBDs Malaria & Other VBDs ControlControl
Malaria & Other VBDs Malaria & Other VBDs Control Control
is based on: is based on:
a variety of strategies a variety of strategies to to
Malaria & other VBDs Burden in Malaria & other VBDs Burden in SudanSudan
> 50% of malaria cases in EMR reported > 50% of malaria cases in EMR reported from Sudanfrom Sudan
The whole country is endemic with malariaThe whole country is endemic with malaria
All population at risk of malariaAll population at risk of malaria
80% of population live in epidemic-prone 80% of population live in epidemic-prone areasareas
Annual records on malaria accounts for:Annual records on malaria accounts for:
- 7.5 - 8.0 million cases- 7.5 - 8.0 million cases
- 35000 deaths- 35000 deaths
- Loss in working days- Loss in working days
- Treatment cost- Treatment cost
Other VBDs (Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis, A. Other VBDs (Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis, A. Sleeping Sickness and recently Y.F. & D.F.Sleeping Sickness and recently Y.F. & D.F.
Vector Control Management Vector Control Management Strategies:Strategies:
IVM implementation:IVM implementation:
Main IVM components according to stratification: Main IVM components according to stratification: ITNs, IRS, chemical Larviciding environmental & ITNs, IRS, chemical Larviciding environmental & IPT. IPT.
Focus at present: ITNs & DDT alternatives on VBDs Focus at present: ITNs & DDT alternatives on VBDs controlcontrol
Malaria Control annual budget Malaria Control annual budget ~ 3.2 million US$ 3.2 million US$ . VC comprising . VC comprising ~ 1/3 of the overall budget, 1/3 of the overall budget, . Proportion of ann. local budget . Proportion of ann. local budget ~ 1.92 m US$ 1.92 m US$ . Proportion of ann. Exter. budget . Proportion of ann. Exter. budget ~ 1.28m US$ 1.28m US$
Selective Vector Control Options based Selective Vector Control Options based on local Epidemiological Stratification :on local Epidemiological Stratification :
VECTOR CONTROL ACTIVITIES ACCORDING TO STRATIFICATION
IRSCL EM SITITNs
IPT)Intervention component(
LF)potential(
perineal
Irrigated
Seasonal
Urban
Desertstratification
INTERVENTIONS
INSECTICIDES RESISTANCE INSECTICIDES RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT Summery Of Results: ASSESSMENT Summery Of Results: last update; 2006last update; 2006
Malathion : effective* all over the country Malathion : effective* all over the country except Kassala, GZR, KRT & SEN Statesexcept Kassala, GZR, KRT & SEN StatesFenitrothion : effective* all over the countryFenitrothion : effective* all over the countryDeltamethrin : effective* all over the Deltamethrin : effective* all over the countrycountryPermethrin: effective* all over the country Permethrin: effective* all over the country except KRTexcept KRTDDT : Effective all over the country except ; DDT : Effective all over the country except ; KRT,GZR, Kassala & States (restricted). KRT,GZR, Kassala & States (restricted). Bendiocarb : effective* all over the countryBendiocarb : effective* all over the country
Average Average 95.8%95.8%range: 92 range: 92 – 98 – 98 525525
100% 100%
300300
77% 77%
325325
Al Ameir Al Ameir No. No. mosquitoes mosquitoes testedtested
100% 100% 5050
88.3% 88.3% 5050
xx64% 64% 5050
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, January 2006January 2006
Insecticide Insecticide Area Area
DDT DDT 4%4%
Permethrin Permethrin 0.75%0.75%
Bendiocarb Bendiocarb 0.1%0.1%
Malathion Malathion 5%5%
Al Salama Al Al Salama Al JadidaJadidaNo. mosquitoes No. mosquitoes testedtested
88% 88% 50 50
Average Average 96%96%range: 92 range: 92 - 100- 1005050
100% 100%
5050
xx
Soba Gharb Soba Gharb
No. mosquitoes No. mosquitoes testedtested
xx
Average Average 95.4%95.4%range: 88 range: 88 - 100 - 100 400400
100% 100%
5050
xx
Al Faki Hashim Al Faki Hashim No. No. mosquitoes mosquitoes testedtested
xx92% 92% 50 50
100% 100% 50 50
xx
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, January 2006 (contin.)January 2006 (contin.)
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, January 2006 (contin.)January 2006 (contin.)
Insecticide Insecticide AreaArea
DDT DDT 4%4%
DeltametDeltamethrin hrin
0.05%0.05%
Permethrin Permethrin 0.75%0.75%
Fenetrothion Fenetrothion 1%1%
MalathioMalathion 5%n 5%
SobaSoba 100100%%
99.2%99.2% 87.8%87.8% 100%100% 43%43%
BurriBurri 98.98.5%5%
98%98% 94%94% 100%100% 56.3%56.3%
KaforiKafori 9393%%
98.598.5 84.3%84.3% 100%100% 44%44%
Al Faki Al Faki HasimHasim
9494%%
98.5%98.5% xx xx xx
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum state, Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum state, Oct. –Dec..,‘05Oct. –Dec..,‘05
Insecticide Insecticide areaarea
DDT DDT 4%4%
PermethrPermethrin 0.75%in 0.75%
BendiocaBendiocarb 0.1%rb 0.1%
MalathioMalathion 5%n 5%
KaptoodKaptood(North (North DONGOLA)DONGOLA)
97%97%(100)(100)
99%99%(105)(105)
100%100%(100)(100)
99%99%(100)(100)
AkjaAkja(DONGOLA (DONGOLA town)town)
99%99%(100)(100)
100%100%(100)(100)
100%100%(100)(100)
100%100%(100)(100)
ErtidiErtidi(South (South DONGOLA)DONGOLA)
100%100%(100)(100)
100%100%(100)(100)
100%100%(100)(100)
100%100%(100)(100)
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at northern state-Dongola, Jan 06.Tests at northern state-Dongola, Jan 06.
Insecticide Insecticide AreaArea
DDT 4%DDT 4% Permethrin Permethrin 0.75%0.75%
BendeocarbBendeocarb%%
Malathion Malathion 5%5%
New Halfa New Halfa No. mosq. No. mosq. testedtested
97.6% 97.6% 245245
100 % 100 % 280280
100% 100% 260260
97.7% 97.7% 260 260
El Girba El Girba No. No. mosquito. mosquito. testedtested
Summery Results of Insecticides’ Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at New Halfa, Oct. Susceptibility Tests at New Halfa, Oct. –Dec.,‘05–Dec.,‘05
Collaboration with AgricultureCollaboration with Agriculture
Pesticide Management Practices
(policy & legislative frameworks)
Pesticide Regulations in Pesticide Regulations in SudanSudanPesticide ActPesticide ActPesticide Act / 1974 amended to Pesticide and Pesticide Act / 1974 amended to Pesticide and
Pest Control Act / 1994; Pest Control Act / 1994; Regulates all activities related to pesticides Regulates all activities related to pesticides import, transport, storage, uses, formulation …import, transport, storage, uses, formulation …etc;etc;NPC ; a multidisciplinary inter-ministerial NPC ; a multidisciplinary inter-ministerial committee, which includes representatives of committee, which includes representatives of all stakeholders; responsible for regulating all stakeholders; responsible for regulating Agric., Health and Vet. Pesticides,Agric., Health and Vet. Pesticides,Chaired by Under Secretary of the Ministry of Chaired by Under Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture & DG of PPD as repertoire and Agriculture & DG of PPD as repertoire and Registrar;Registrar;Registrar is responsible for all administrative Registrar is responsible for all administrative and executive functions;and executive functions;Abroad umbrella law with various explanations Abroad umbrella law with various explanations and specific details dealt with in seven relevant and specific details dealt with in seven relevant bylaws;bylaws;
Pesticide Regulation in Pesticide Regulation in SudanSudan Pesticide Bylaws,Pesticide Bylaws,1.1. Trading and organization of the commercial Trading and organization of the commercial
handling of pesticides and pest control handling of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002;products bylaw for the year 2002;
2.2. Pesticides and pest control products Pesticides and pest control products inspection bylaw for the year2002;inspection bylaw for the year2002;
3.3. Organization of the storage and transport of Organization of the storage and transport of pesticides and pest control products bylaw pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002;for the year 2002;
4.4. Protection of personnel dealing with Protection of personnel dealing with pesticides and pest control products bylaw pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002;for the year 2002;
5.5. Importation of pesticides and pest control Importation of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002;products bylaw for the year 2002;
6.6. Registration of pesticides and pest control Registration of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002;products bylaw for the year 2002;
7.7. Formulation of pesticides and pest control Formulation of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002;products bylaw for the year 2002;
The Registration System of Pesticides in Sudan:
Form 1 for provisional registration Form 1 for provisional registration submitted to NPC registrar;submitted to NPC registrar;The NPC passes the form to the technical The NPC passes the form to the technical committee to review the information and committee to review the information and either recommends to the NPC to reject or either recommends to the NPC to reject or accept the provisional registration of the accept the provisional registration of the pesticide;pesticide;Approval of provisional registration by NPC;Approval of provisional registration by NPC;Test by relevant research institutions under Test by relevant research institutions under local conditions;local conditions;Results of the test shall be approved by the Results of the test shall be approved by the NPDC which either recommends (or rejects) NPDC which either recommends (or rejects) to the NPC the registration for commercial to the NPC the registration for commercial use;use;NPC reviews the recommendation of the NPC reviews the recommendation of the NPDC and either approves it or rejects.NPDC and either approves it or rejects.Product registered for commercial use;Product registered for commercial use;
Registration System of Registration System of Pesticides in Sudan:Pesticides in Sudan:
– Method of testing should follow the Method of testing should follow the approved protocol;approved protocol;
– Residues of the product tested in edible Residues of the product tested in edible crops and/or the environment should be crops and/or the environment should be within acceptable limits;within acceptable limits;
– Standard treatment (s) must be included Standard treatment (s) must be included in every field assay and the standard in every field assay and the standard should be an already registered product; should be an already registered product;
– Test products are only recommended if Test products are only recommended if their biological performance is as good their biological performance is as good as or better than that of the standard as or better than that of the standard products;products;
Application for Application for provisional registration provisional registration
(form 1)(form 1)
Review and recommendation Review and recommendation by the Technical committee by the Technical committee
of the NPCof the NPC
Consider the Consider the recommendation of the recommendation of the Technical committee by Technical committee by
the NPCthe NPC
Provisional Provisional registrationregistration
Field testing for 3 months Field testing for 3 months to 3 years (form III and V to 3 years (form III and V for importation of samples for importation of samples
for testing)for testing)
Review of results of field Review of results of field testing by NPDC and testing by NPDC and recommendation for recommendation for
commercial registrationcommercial registration
Approval of Approval of commercial commercial
registration by NPCregistration by NPC
Commercial Commercial registration (form II registration (form II
and IV)and IV)
Import & Import & Formulation Formulation
licenselicense
Registration ChartRegistration Chart
The Status, Quantities and Management of Obsolete
Pesticide Stockpiles
Summary of Quantities Summary of Quantities POPS Pesticides, POPS Pesticides,
Contaminated Soil & Contaminated Soil & ContainersContainers in Sudan* in Sudan*
Item Item POPSPOPS
Pesticides Pesticides (Tons)(Tons)
ContaminatContaminated soil ed soil (Tons)(Tons)
ContainersContainers(Tons)(Tons)
TotaTotall
229.4229.44545
8,860.58,860.511
528.84528.84
** Source: Multi-stake-holders National Source: Multi-stake-holders National CoordinatingCoordinating Committee (MNCC) Inventory Report Committee (MNCC) Inventory Report ((20052005))
In addition to 901 TonsIn addition to 901 Tons ofof cotton cotton seeds dressed with POPs seeds dressed with POPs
PesticidesPesticides
Quantities of Inventoried Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & ContainersContaminated Soil & Containers Items in Different Items in Different States of Sudan States of Sudan (2005)(2005)
No.No. SiteSite POPSPOPSPesticides Pesticides
(tons)(tons)
Cont.sCont.soiloil
(Ton)(Ton)
ContainContainersers
(Ton)(Ton)
11 Northern Northern St.St.
06.2906.29 0203.0203.1010
36.0136.01
22 RiverRiver Nile Nile St.St.
13.7313.73 0235.0235.9292
00.0000.00
33 KhartoumKhartoum St.St.
03.2203.22 0016.0016.8080
03.4803.48
44 Gezira Gezira St.St.
00.0000.00 0009.0009.0000
02.0002.00
55 WhiteWhite Nile Nile St.St.
04.1804.18 0396.0396.4040
00.0000.00
66 Sennar & Sennar & Blue Nile Blue Nile StatesStates
00.0000.00 1942.1942.5050
02.0302.03
77 RedRed Sea Sea St.St.
00.0400.04 0005.0005.0000
02.0002.00
8.8.11
Kassala Kassala St.St.
58.8258.82 0059.0059.0000
13.1613.16
Quantities of Inventoried Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & ContainersContaminated Soil & Containers Items in Different Items in Different States of Sudan States of Sudan (2005)(2005)
No.No. SiteSite POPSPOPSPesticides Pesticides
(tons)(tons)
Cont.soCont.soilil
(Tons)(Tons)
ContainContainersers
(Tons)(Tons)
8.28.2 Gedarif Gedarif St.St.
00.0000.00 008.008.0000
01.0001.00
8.38.3 (RAC.)(RAC.) 03.3003.30 018.018.0000
09.0009.00
9 9 Bahr Bahr EljabalEljabal
State State (Juba)(Juba)
00.0000.00 015.015.0000
16.0016.00
1010 W. Bahr W. Bahr Elghazal Elghazal
St.St.
00.0000.00 002.002.0000
02.0002.00
1111 Upper Upper Nile St.Nile St.
00.0000.00 005.005.0000
00.0000.00
12a12a Gezira Gezira Sch. Sch.
(Managil)(Managil)
12.1712.17 315.315.4040
42.5542.55
Quantities of Inventoried Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & ContainersContaminated Soil & Containers Items in Different Items in Different States of Sudan States of Sudan (2005)(2005)
No.No. SiteSite POPSPOPSPesticides Pesticides
(Tons)(Tons)
Cont.sCont.soiloil
(Tons)(Tons)
ContainContainersers
(Tons)(Tons)
12.b12.b GeziraGezira Sch.Sch.
---------- 2324.2324.6060
267.267.2929
13.113.1 N.N. KordofKordofanan
000.40000.40 1656.1656.2020
074.074.0101
13.213.2 S. S. KordofKordofanan
001.00001.00 0628.0628.9292
001.001.8989
13.313.3 W.KordofW.Kordofanan
000.00000.00 0046.0046.0707
000.000.0000
14.114.1 N. Dar N. Dar FurFur
130.30130.30 0730.0730.6060
018.018.1010
14.214.2 S. Dar S. Dar Fur Fur
000.00000.00 0153.0153.0000
024.024.2222
14.314.3 W. Dar W. Dar Fur Fur
000.00000.00 0090.0090.0000
013.013.1010
Current Status, Current Status, Constraints & NeedsConstraints & Needs
Stockpiles of pesticides for Stockpiles of pesticides for public health use are not public health use are not creating a problem at presentcreating a problem at presentMain stockpiles are agricultural Main stockpiles are agricultural pesticidespesticidesStorage is poor,Storage is poor,All stockpiles are piled together,All stockpiles are piled together,Hence contamination of the Hence contamination of the total estimated quantity is total estimated quantity is inevitableinevitableNo facility for local disposal, No facility for local disposal, International efforts neededInternational efforts needed
The Existing Mechanisms for Intersectoral
Collaboration on Vector Control
Existing Mechanisms for Existing Mechanisms for Intersectoral Collaboration on Intersectoral Collaboration on Vector Control in SudanVector Control in Sudan
Coordination:Coordination: Federal Ministry Of Federal Ministry Of Health( Health( National Malaria Control Program, National Malaria Control Program,
Occupational Health Dept. &Occupational Health Dept. & State M. of Health) State M. of Health)
Multidisciplinary National Pesticide Council Multidisciplinary National Pesticide Council ( NPC):( NPC): Federal Ministry Of Health, Ministry Of Federal Ministry Of Health, Ministry Of Agriculture &Agriculture & Ministry Of Environment And Ministry Of Environment And Tourism,Tourism,responsible for developing regulations responsible for developing regulations governing use of all insecticides, including DDT, governing use of all insecticides, including DDT,
Cooperation:Cooperation: Ministry Of Agriculture & Ministry Of Agriculture & Ministry of Irrigation, water management, Ministry of Irrigation, water management,
Partnership:Partnership: Non-Governmental Organizations Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community-based organizations (Sudanese (NGOs), Community-based organizations (Sudanese Women Union (SWU) Women Union (SWU) & & Private SectorPrivate Sector e.g. ITNs, e.g. ITNs,
